GROUP 5: SET A

ENVIRONMENTAL
TREATIES ON
PLANETARY
STEWARDSHIP
 OVERVIEW
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) known
informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a
multilateral treaty. (A multilateral treaty is a
treaty to which two or more sovereign states
are parties.[1] Each party owes the same
obligations to all other parties, except to the
extent that they have stated reservations.
 The Convention was opened for
signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de
Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into
force on 29 December 1993. The United
States is the only UN member state
which has not ratified the Convention.[1]
It has two supplementary agreements,
the Cartagena Protocol and Nagoya
Protocol.
 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this Convention, to be pursued in
accordance with its relevant provisions, are the
conservation of biological diversity, the
sustainable use of its components and the fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the
utilization of genetic resources, including by
appropriate access to genetic resources and by
appropriate transfer of relevant technologies,
taking into account all rights over those resources
and to technologies, and by appropriate funding.
 SCOPE

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an

international treaty that aims to conserve biodiversity,
ensure sustainable use of biological resources, and
promote the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising
from the utilization of genetic resources. Its main objectives
are:
1. Conservation of biological diversity
2. Sustainable use of its components
3. Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the
utilization of genetic resources
The CBD covers a wide range of subjects related to
biodiversity, including the protection of ecosystems,
species and genetic diversity, the sustainable use of
natural resources, and the equitable sharing of
benefits. It also addresses issues such as
biotechnology, indigenous knowledge, and biosafety.
The treaty recognizes the importance of biodiversity
for human well-being and sustainable development,
and calls for international cooperation to achieve its
goals.
 OBLIGATIONS FROM THE

CONTRACTING PARTIES
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) outlines
obligations for biodiversity conservation, focusing on
sustainable use, fair and equitable sharing of benefits,
access to genetic resources, environmental impact
assessment, public awareness, reporting, cooperation,
capacity building, and financial resources. These
obligations aim to address global biodiversity loss and
ensure sustainable management of biological resources,
ensuring equitable sharing and access to genetic
resources.
 OBJECTIVES

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention

on Biological Diversity is an international treaty
governing the movements of living modified organisms
(LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology from one
country to another. It was adopted on 29 January 2000
as a supplementary agreement to the CBD and
entered into force on 11 September 2003.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, also known as the
Biosafety Protocol, was adopted in January 2000, after a CBD
Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Biosafety had met six
times between July 1996 and February 1999. The Working Group
submitted a draft text of the Protocol for consideration by
Conference of the Parties at its first extraordinary meeting,
which was convened for the express purpose of adopting a
protocol on biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity.
After a few delays, the Cartagena Protocol was eventually
adopted on 29 January 2000. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to
protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by
living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology.
 OBJECTIVE
The CPB is to set internationally binding safety standards
for the import of genetically modified organisms (GMOs),
and defaults for the risk assessment of these GMOs for
biological diversity taking also into account risks to
human health. It is also intended to guarantee the right of
member states to make a decision about the import of
GMOs after being informed in advance. This is
particularly significant for importing countries that do not
yet have GMO regulations. The CPB can thus be seen as
an instrument that protects biological diversity in
developing countries and this explains why it has
received such strong support from these quarters.
 OVERVIEW
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the
Convention on Biological Diversity is an international
treaty governing the movements of living modified
organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern
biotechnology from one country to another. It was
adopted on 29 January 2000 as a supplementary
agreement to the CBD and entered into force on 11
September 2003.
 SCOPE
This Protocol shall apply to the
transboundary movement, transit, handling
and use of all living modified organisms
that may have adverse effects on the
conservation and sustainable use of
biological diversity, taking also into
account risks to human health.
OBLIGATION FROM THE CONTRACTING PARTIES: The Cartagena
Protocol on Biosafety, adopted in 2000, outlines obligations for
contracting parties to ensure the safe handling, transport, and
use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern
biotechnology. These obligations include risk assessment,
advance informed agreements, biosafety clearing-houses,
capacity building, public awareness, monitoring and reporting,
liability and redress mechanisms, and socio-economic
considerations. These obligations aim to address potential
risks associated with modern biotechnology and promote the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.
 OVERVIEW
The Nagoya Protocol, adopted at the tenth meeting of
the Conference of the Parties, aims to promote the fair
and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the
utilization of genetic resources. It establishes legal
certainty and transparency for both providers and
users of genetic resources, ensuring equitable sharing
of benefits. The Protocol also strengthens access to
traditional knowledge held by indigenous and local
communities, promoting the conservation of biological
diversity and its contribution to sustainable
development and human well-being.
EXAMPLES
OBLIGATIONS FROM THE CONTRACTING PARTIES: The Nagoya
Protocol, a supplementary agreement to the Convention on
Biological Diversity, outlines obligations for contracting parties
in the utilization of genetic resources. These obligations
include access to genetic resources, fair sharing of benefits,
compliance with regulations, capacity building, monitoring and
reporting, establishing a clear clearing-house, promoting
public awareness, providing genetic resource origin
information, and adopting legal and policy measures to
prevent misappropriation. The protocol aims to promote the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity,
ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits.
 OVERVIEW
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted in
1982, establishes a comprehensive regime of law and order in the
world's oceans and seas. The Division for Ocean Affairs and the
Law of the Sea (DOALOS) serves as the secretariat, providing
information, advice, and assistance to States. The DOALOS
monitors developments related to the Convention, the law of the
sea, and ocean affairs, and assists the United Nations Open-ended
Informal Consultative Process on Oceans. The objective of the
Protocol is the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the
utilization of genetic resources, contributing to the conservation of
biological diversity and sustainable use of its components.
 OBJECTIVE
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS), adopted in 1982, aims to establish a legal
framework for the peaceful and sustainable use of the
world's oceans. It sets out rules for maritime zones,
promotes cooperation among nations, protects the marine
environment, encourages sustainable resource utilization,
and provides mechanisms for resolving disputes. UNCLOS
emphasizes cooperation, environmental protection,
sustainability, and peaceful conflict resolution in ocean
governance.
 SCOPE
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is a
comprehensive international agreement that governs various
aspects of maritime law and management of the world's oceans. It
covers the delimitation of maritime zones, such as the territorial
sea, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf, defining the
rights and responsibilities of coastal states. UNCLOS also
addresses sustainable use and conservation of marine resources,
navigation rights, environmental protection, international
cooperation in marine scientific research, and dispute resolution
mechanisms. Overall, UNCLOS aims to promote cooperation,
sustainability, and peaceful coexistence among nations in
managing the oceans.
OBLIGATIONS FROM THE CONTRACTING PARTIES: The United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) outlines
obligations for nations in the world's oceans, including the
territorial sea, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), continental shelf,
freedom of navigation, right of innocent passage, marine
scientific research, protection of marine environment,
conservation of living resources, dispute settlement, and
international cooperation. These obligations aim to promote
peaceful use of the seas and oceans, facilitate international
cooperation, and ensure sustainable management and
conservation of marine resources. The Convention also promotes
capacity building and technology transfer to developing states
 OVERVIEW
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, signed
in 1985, is a multilateral environmental agreement that aims to
reduce the production of chlorofluorocarbons, which contribute to
the destruction of the ozone layer and an increased threat of skin
cancer. The World Meteorological Organization and the United
Nations promoted the issue of reduced ozone, which led to the
creation of the Montreal Protocol. The Vienna Convention, ratified
by 198 states, serves as a framework for international efforts to
protect the ozone layer, but does not include legally binding
reduction goals for the use of chlorofluorocarbons, the main
chemical agents causing ozone depletion.
 OBJECTIVE
The overall objective of the Vienna Convention is to protect human
health and the environment against the effects of ozone depletion. As
a framework convention, it does not establish any specific controls on
ozone depleting substances. Instead, it establishes a general
obligation upon the parties to protect the ozone layer and emphasizes
the need for international cooperation. The Vienna Convention
requires parties to take “appropriate measures” against the adverse
effects of human made ozone depletion. These measures include the
adoption of legislative and administrative measures, cooperation on
research and scientific assessment, information exchange and
development and transfer of technology.
 SCOPE
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone
Layer, adopted in 1985, aims to safeguard the ozone
layer in the Earth's stratosphere by promoting
international cooperation, research, monitoring,
technology transfer, capacity building, and the
development of regulatory frameworks. It serves as the
foundation for addressing ozone depletion issues and
implementing measures to reduce ozone-depleting
substances globally.
OBLIGATION OF EACH TREATY AND EXAMPLES: The Vienna
Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, adopted in
1985, outlines obligations for contracting parties to control
ozone-depleting substances, report production, consumption,
and trade, promote research and monitoring, provide technical
assistance, facilitate information exchange, ensure compliance,
participate in amendments and protocols, raise public
awareness, and provide financial support to developing
countries. These obligations aim to mitigate the adverse effects
of ozone depletion on human health and the environment
through international cooperation, scientific research, and
technology transfer.
Each of these treaties plays a crucial role in addressing different
aspects of planetary
stewardship:
1. **Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992:** This treaty
aims to conserve biological diversity, ensure sustainable use of its
components, and promote fair and equitable sharing of benefits
arising from genetic resources. It's vital for safeguarding ecosystems
and species worldwide.
2. **Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in 2000:** The protocol focuses
on the safe handling, transport, and use of living modified organisms
(LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology to protect biodiversity
and human health. It addresses concerns about potential risks posed
by biotechnology
3.**Nagoya Protocol on Access to genetic test send the fair and Equitable
Sharingof Benefits in 2010:**This treaty supplements the CBD by providing a
framework for fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of
genetic resources,ensuring that countries benefit fairly from the commercial use of
their biodiversity.
4. **United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982:**
UNCLOS establishes the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable
use of the oceans and their resources. It governs issues such as marine
pollution, conservation of marine biodiversity, and the management of marine
resources.
5. **Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1985:** This
convention, along with its Montreal Protocol, aims to protect the ozone layer by
phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances.
It's critical for preventing harmful ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth's
surface, which has significant implications for human health and ecosystems.
IMPLEMENTATIONS OF EACH TREATY AND EXAMPLES:
Implementation of the Convention on Biological
Diversity:
1. National Plans: Parties to the convention create
national plans to meet the goals of biodiversity
preservation and sustainable use of resources.
2. Cooperation: Countries collaborate to find ways to
preserve biodiversity across regions and worldwide,
ensuring a healthy and viable world for future
generations.
Implementation of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety:
1. Risk Assessment: Conducting risk assessments of living modified organisms
prior to their intentional introduction into the environment.
2. Advance Informed Agreement (AIA): Establishing procedures for the advance
informed agreement for the import of living modified organisms intended for
intentional introduction into the environment.
3. Biosafety Clearing-House: Establishing and maintaining a biosafety clearing-
house to facilitate the exchange of information on living modified organisms.
4. Capacity Building: Parties receive support in developing their capacity for
risk assessment, management, and decision-making regarding LMOs.
5. Compliance and Enforcement: Monitoring mechanisms ensure that parties
comply with the protocol's provisions and take appropriate enforcement actions
when necessary.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was established in 1992 to
promote sustainable development and conservation of biological diversity.
The obligations of contracting parties include:

1. Conservation: Implementing strategies and measures for the conservation

and sustainable use of biological diversity.
2. Sustainable Use: Promoting the sustainable use of biological resources.
3. Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits: Ensuring the fair and equitable
sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources.
4. Access to Genetic Resources: Facilitating access to genetic resources and
sharing of relevant technologies.
5. Environmental Impact Assessment: Integrating biodiversity considerations
into environmental impact assessment and decision-making processes.
The implementation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic
Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits in 2010 has had
a significant impact on various sectors, including the livestock industry.

Impacts on the Livestock Sector:

•The Nagoya Protocol has introduced measures for fair and equitable
sharing of benefits from genetic resources utilized in the livestock
sector.
•The protocol has influenced how countries regulate access to genetic
resources and ensure that benefits are shared appropriately.
•The livestock sector has seen limited impacts from the protocol due to
the nature of gene flow and the types of genetic resources involved.
The implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS) in 1982 has been a crucial milestone in regulating ocean
activities and ensuring the sustainable use of marine resources. Here is an
example of how the UNCLOS has been implemented in the context of
marine conservation:
Implementation of MPAs under UNCLOS: - UNCLOS provides the legal basis
for states to establish MPAs within their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)
and on the high seas.
States have the sovereign right to designate and manage MPAs to
protect marine biodiversity, habitats, and ecosystems.
The establishment of MPAs under UNCLOS contributes to achieving the
objectives of marine conservation and sustainable use of marine
resources.
Implementation of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
in the Agriculture Sector

Implementation in Agriculture:
•The convention has prompted agricultural stakeholders to adopt practices
that reduce the use of ozone-depleting substances such as methyl bromide
and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). - Agricultural activities, such as pesticide use
and soil management, contribute to ozone depletion. The convention has
encouraged the adoption of eco-friendly alternatives to mitigate these
impacts.
•Countries have implemented regulations and policies to control the use of
ozone-depleting chemicals in agriculture, promoting sustainable farming
practices.
Thank

you!