4.1 stctwat charactersties of tube ara fting Seatfolds 4.2 design ads 87 4,3 Load combigations ‘imtstatedesion 101 4.4 ovecat sewctral behaviour af ted facade access ccattolas Lt 4.5 overal strocts Dehaviout of ters 8 irdcagesStructural design of tube and fitting scaffolds 4.1 Structural characteristics of tube and fitting scaffolds stucted from tubes and fitings can be ansiysed and designed making At frst sight it may seem that scaffolds fssumptions and structural modal sivor to thse used fr other tamed struc points of ference which need to be taken into account to avoid misleading result Conservative designs, The most notable sues ar discussed briefly below and where necessary in more detain 4.1.1 Slenderness Most scaffold stucturas and ther individual members are more slender than typical building and plot frameworks it Ie theretore important to toke nto account the stably effects of slendorness ether directly by seconctorder Pata {Computer anaiss or by elowances in hand ealulaions such as effective length factors 4.1.2 Connections ‘The majority of connections between members in steel bulding and plan frameworks are co-axial, nplane and Tolstely rigid in wanslavon-if nt aways in rtation, Many system scaffolds are simile, By contrast, the coupler TDanectons between seafftd tubes normaly alow the members to pass eachother so they are nether coaxial nor Ceupangr and they have much move limited stifess and strength properties than common steehwork connections. 412.1 Connection eccentricity “he bonding moments generated by coupler eccentric out-of-plane are vary smal and can be neglected in hand cheultons, However larger inplons eccentcties ae unavoideble to avoid cashing between acjacent couplers, op whore bracings are connected fo standords vith swivel couplers. Eecenrities les than 100mm must be Considered impracticable and it establsad practice in aceess scaffolding to allow up to 300mm ecceniviity fltmoon the contes ofa ajacent couplers and ths shouldbe catered for n practice! sructural design in situations nove th sultant bending moments are Hey t Be significant (e.g. a the lowest it standards where facade tracing Is connected witha swivel couple 41.22 Connection strength between ‘Allthe common couplers fr use wih scaffold tubes rely on tion ip to vansmit axial and shear fo. tubes, The fction grips gonaretod by cisping the coupler lap’ o‘sloeve' against the tube by means of tahtening nliZorht 1a bol The resultant class Aight angle or swivel coupler resistance to sips only about 20% ofthe weal bucting vesistance of atypical fagede bracing tube. Smal ship resistance may limit the vertical ioad capacity 4412.3 Connection stitiness ‘the ledger o standard connection formed witha right angla(RA) coupe, the edger and the standard ae each, coatnsous members But they can rotate semi-independent, The paral ity between the ledger ond standard rovidd by tw coupler fs usvoly calle ts cruciform stiffness, This san impostant property whichis discussed in rove dete in 7.2.1, 8.9 and Append G 32, Simar but lessee cruitorm stifness is provided bythe putlog couplers ‘onmecting board wansoms tothe supporting ledgers. Swivel couplers connecting bracing members to standards Slviouny have no ctuctorm stiffness In adtion to the sbove rotational sifness characteristics, scafold couples have rite wanslotionalstitinesses. The coupler siftnesscharacterstes and eecenttiesiflunce the bucking behevaue ofthe connected members expressed as thar affective lengths as discussed in 87. 4.1.3 Dominant dead load Seltweight and other desd fads usualy form alge proportion lypically 75%) ofthe design load supported by the Saati stoncards tis therefore important to ealulate the effects due to seltweight and added dead loads as, Sceurately ois practical However. tho practicalities of construction dictate that scaffold tubes are often signficanty Tonge than strictly necessary The dominance of dead load and its varity may be one of the reasons that EN12811r1 diverges rom the main stuctual Euracodes to appt an ‘adverse partial safety ectr of 10 instead of 1138 for se-eght and dead lads in load combinations atthe ulimate it states, 4.1.4 Horizontal supports Most facade access scaffolds are charactarsticallyslonder with wise and hight clinton external horizontal Niovorts prouged by multiple anchorages to the permanent structure. These supports are common termed tos! implying tension but they sul also act in compression and shea. Consequently the behaviour of es facade catfolds undor wing loeding is uit diferent fram most bulging and plant frames whieh are free-standing tall tied fagage scattolds the wind ld path ta the fagade anchorages are shorter and bier than the bracing ood paths ‘nich lake a secondoy rol. This stu for wind Toress bath normal and paral to the facadeSECTION 4 | Souza dg folate wh mtn enact ero est ult atoning wa ns roson Fei feecton in mecha cores eating Fade sce sates mpc Ne sys pe est stuces bt to oat whe powder ean to oan suc ana fhabese supports for scaffold standards should be normally considered to be pinned compression-only supports. Bera tsa Sa os rng Ur some co ee win ad combat, Ti fam wl to undo: ee pa sh hot be consdeed ava Tle pron ht he LE ey eee ictures which are free standing frequently require the provision of kentledge or Fa ey contrast. those scala at at overturning under auto sence wind load combinations, ans of foundation anchorage to Prove leeds actions) to be considered inthe design of access scafold structures ave defined in section 6.2 of Bt eens tor working’ values, Asin the main structural Euracodes, they ae clasiiog © Peomarentondsncsing the seweight oF th scald stucture and any ceding apd tert, InUktactional practice tov ads ae cated ded lads, atobe loads which may be subdivided into: erica! imposed loads appli tothe platforms or working a \erical ent hoizontal imposed loads applied to guardrails, toe boards et. ‘Notona horizontal oars appied to #ach working platform lve to ensure adequate atl stably and robustness i crecmeerees when wind loads are insignificant Show 0 ‘and ice loads ‘Aecidont toads “42:1 Pormanent (dead) loads Fhe rns common eattang natal nd components maybe tala om tle Rafer 68 EN 10111 PPeees Sorter matrats ns capone | Te weit of counters isnot insignificant an, if not inctuded individual in structural anasis models, appropriate Blewances should be mode, Table 5.2 provides useful data ‘Be oo proctcahios of coupler connections and stock tube ents, tensors and bacings ae always ger than © Computer anayis move ereeras cat ncluda membesrepesertng these projectors wil underestimate sel Hedi ods unease a oe mad. For example 1dOmm Sansom overhangs a 2m canes can [Bead sees na saves suPpoting mde! by 83%. Ths does at scanty fs teload | ited: but tne seo ymtned tee to te standards Signieet. Sim allowing fr to pial grate Honever is eqvaiy impertaniner wg overestimate the dead ead n fad combinations were tis Yovouabe lac SrestoFeg force 2 sug con seolore bo Made fignoing the ata lead of tbe over engt projections Gib basis trac whore er rane gnerous 1 SO para stety ctor or ded oad requed by EN 1281 1- SEPA tH 1.35 ne main structural code EN 1990. 422 Variable loads other than wind loads 4221 Vertical imposed loads applied to working arees and access routes 4221.1 Designation o folds SS Thezins og toro trade access scat | hich ie retained in tis ide © 282295 20n of 1620 mvodced a corvorient short form thee sit designation is fst a , 0 exo BMP fet oe designates po sald duty or 1088 class a described below (Lond class in the above err SMe Ferd 3 species te numberof main platorm boerds contained between the standards. (525 mm"mina with sctfld boards in the above 25:2 example. This width designation is more sulabeto UK usage than the width classes defined in cisuse 52 of EN 1281-1, Nota hat the actual net widths Helween standards fixed multiples of 225mm because ofthe permitted tolerances on wih and straighinss of sclfla bunrds aa the ual practco of inserting a toe board Between the outer pltfom bostd and the standard on one or bol sos of oy platform, The thd iit specifies the numberof inside platform boards placed between the iter standane aearge building fae supported on tansom cantver extensions of hop broke. (2 board inthe above 3:52 wens, 422.12 Werking areas Clouse 613.0 EN 12811-1 table 3 defines six load classes but does not assign them to any panicle wsage thus leaving e290 fr interpretation at atonal evel. Accordingly pres editors of TC20 hav asoptel lond cones yp 4 Tor acess scaffolds as they are roughly consistent wth treitionsl practice as formary expressed in 8S S873 ani This leads to the values given in table 4.1 below Table 4.1 - Service loads on working areas ‘Load Load duty Typical usage Uniformload_ Concentrated Concentrated Partial lass load on areaon load on areaon Toad '300%500mm_ 200% 200mm a ktvie Fan Fan 9k inspection depen, pining 07s. 150 1.00 a Lah uty string, sedotng. 1.80 1.00 la pomina gazng Cones Genaal bina work 150 Generate uniter ods nda ery wher appeal gvern he din of he man sucht tae caved down oe (Gouse 6.2.2.1 of EN 281-1 statos attr werking stole oud lass 1. eet wits sl be spcle of sep toto ots the desgn ofthe ram seal stctt yee 42.2.1.9 Access routes BSEN 12811-1 section 624 states that excopt fr class 1 scaold, horizontal accoss routes shall be capable a last lass 2 sonice lnadng, For stairways, the landings and treads shouldbe designed forthe move unfavourable of 1.00 kin uniformly istbute + 1LSDKN concentrated on 200% 200mm For design ofthe supporting structure the uniform load shall be apolied on treads and landings within 10m height Thistle has been appiod to the 1620 compliant designs or ladder towersSECTION 4 | Soar dig fae and fing fils ftinaly may be necessary t0coasider he effects of specific loads rater than ust applying the EN 12811-1 Toads. Table 63 provides Some dota which may be useul fr this purpose. BS EN 1901-1-1 Annex A provides a BBS 12911-1 cause 6226 states hot the lac on the supporting components ofa bidcage satod shall be lobed ty aosuring tat ne norm itrouted toed, speed in able ats on a reo of maxima 80m Beoriiraton wih oad of 0 7K over the remaining are. Tas province intended to low tr the uote oth serve load acting over ta whol actild smutansosKobouey does ntact he of birseages for sence loss 1. doos not ftoct tho design of standards and other mernbers in biden 9 ly consvucte nine UX i scald ube ler for wc the bay ses donot opproech 6 On may alert asian of bitdcages wath Booms instead of tbe ledgers Bloating allowance requirements for storage and loading boys should be agreed wit the client/main contractor recorded n the contact documents. BS EN 1901-11 Annex A provides data on densities which may be used fescue loose or unpacked storage loads. In many cases building mateals are delvered in packs ond pallets of # weigh and dimensions. Brick ad block pales are commonly 15 tonnes / 1BKN in weight and approximately {12e1.0!m in plan. cess i normaly roqured between palit so it may be possible fo agree a maximum of one pallet per ecatold bay. EBB Alow forthe dynamic ettoct of mechanical placement of pallets and similar age tems itis usual to increase the | Batic vertical load ofthe itam by 25% and appiya total oraontal load 10% ofthe vertical state load ofthe tem Ineach ofthe principal aroctionssepsratly. The horizontal dynam loads ee to be applied instead of the normal = Potions horizontal loads greater But not addtional thee, | 17820 complint toacing bay designs available to support ether 10kNin stati load aver both bays ofa leading $oWE OF 3 1BKN pallet load mechancaly placed one in each bay, Other arrangements require special design, 4222 Notional horizontal loads ‘Working level is loaded, : : © fet s2ch bay considered the notional horizontal load shall be not les than 2.9% ofthe total ofthe uniformly | fistbsted toad g, specie in table 4 on that bay oF 03KN whichave isthe grater. The lod shal be applied atthe le 0f the working area and shal be applied separately along the principal horizontal aes, This eairement is similar to rules in other recent structural codes of practice which seek to provide A minimum level of norzoetal stongth and stitiness or resistance to sway: + Miowonce for horizontal dynamic elfects associated with tha movements of personnel and equipment, Tang Some of these otner codes donot relate their notional or minimum horontl bas to imposed asd but | _[elibts 0 the dead load or tothe total oad, Accordingly, although one option for calculating he national horizontal Ff" Seafoting is based on 2 proportion of the imposed lad its ot considered necessary tha the imposed | Bad should oiways be present simultaneously withthe notional load. The notional harzontal loads should alse be sidered to act with doad load onl Refer to 4.3 Tor load combinations Faster model for frame analysis. the notional horizontal load on a bay may be divided betwuen the nodes or Faits at he four comers af the bay, combining the forees tor adjacent bays 4223 Snow and icing londs Hho scatolt wi definitely not he in place during the UK winter, loads du to snow and icing can be ignored B11 P**soar, loads due to snow con be calculeted using BS EN 1991-1-9 and the UK national anne thereto, Frill onsidertion should be sven to the possibilty of dis forming ona platfrm oan cu ots configuration E 0 the adjacent building. The possibilty of snow sliding of adjacent roofs should also be considered These occurrens BW ocunerces maybe corners o> actor loads wit appopt ataleo otar appt te ad ofSafety issues normally preclude the use of scaffld in colons of snow and ie formation so itis not necessary to Consider snow and servic lads acting simultaneous Snow may ly over the top of storage ads buts unlikely to be significant increase in the UK Failures have accurred due to the increased wind obstruction of slndor structures due to icing up. This s@ poten hazard for towers end similar structures In exposed locations in the winter 4.224 Imposed londs applied to side protection components BSEN 12811-1 section 625 specifies design lands fr side protection components which ae intended not only to ensure safe containment of personae but ganeral robustness in use + A downvatd vertical load of1.25KN applies at any point ona principal or intermatiate guard This is lassi ‘san acadntl loa so that» reiced peta sate factor maybe applied in the relavant ULS load combination fr enhanced permissible sess ina working sess’ design [Anoraontal service lad of D3KN applied to any point ona princinal or intermediate guardrail or distributed over 200% 200mm angry fencing ‘horizontal service oad of 0.15KN appli to any point on 2 toe boar + An upward vertical load of 03KN apalied to any component other than 8 toe beard The above toads ate purely local to the members concerned and thei ings and axe not tobe applied to the primary structure, BS EN 128111 Seeton 632 stats tet deflections under the above horizontal loads should not exceed 25mm. sidrais made of scatold tube connected with sight angle couplers to standards ot spacings up to 2.7m are {dequte to resist the above loads. Toe boats consisting of mm thick scaffold boards on edge fked in accordance wrth the T620 Operational Guile section 6.16 between stendards at spacings up to 2.7m are also adequate. Within these condiins no calculations are necessary. “he above listed design loads re intends for working scaffolds. For scaffold structures fr public or vehicle access reler 03:11 and 312 4.2.3 Wind loads 423.1 Gener Th procedure for calculating wind leds on ecatflds recommended in this guide's given in BS EN 12811-1 section 15.27 and annex A refering to BS EN 1991-14 and the UK national annex thereto for peak veloc pressure, The following tenis intended to explain ané amp the EN procedure. It's appiable to scaffolds which do nothave fof cladding I Joes not appr to tomporay roots or building enclosures constucted of scafoling which behave ‘tforemiy ithe wand ond are tho subject of guidance in BS EN T981-1-4 and inthe forthcoming EN T6BUE. Inese Structures aren ay case ousie the Scope of TG20, However in some cumstances a scaffold may at iffront ‘Stages be cooled or at eoted for signticant periods. General the roofed condition will be more onerous because bf the possi of ignticant internal pressure but tvs eannot be guarantaed so wach case should be carefully “The wind force acting on any scaffold component inclading sheeting or des netting is calculated 2s Faexc xAxg, isthe cesutant foie inthe direction of wind fw in KN. Th fore on each component other thaa lading [rouse quit smal but the cumulative eect of wind anal he compgnents of even a bare scaffold is usualy Slonficant. The her terms inthe above equation aa discussed in the follwing sections I should be noted ‘hat occuring to BS EN 12811-143 Yor yn acting normal othe plane ofthe cladding, seas of scaffold ‘Component or ebects behind the cieding (sheeting oF aeting] may nat be considered.” The wors otra hero's signtiean Ifthe Hon face ofa catfold is clad but the ends are no, wind paral othe fagade ca impinge on the scaffold components and abjects behind the cladding to some unknown extent, However the ‘ilect unkly to be more severe than the force resulting from wind ona clad end ‘Other terms inthe above expression for Fare consdarod in the following sections 423.210 42.3.8, 4.2.3.2 oak volocity pressure, Gy is the peak velocity pressure ofthe wind flow in kNim* atthe loration ofthe component. Peak veloc pressure may be defined asthe theoretical pressure in unobstructed flow coresponding too wind gust of Y Second duration. The relationship betwoon pressure and veloc isSECTION 4 | Sra dig oft and fing afl q = 05x p xv Nine where: P= 1.226 fn, the average ar dani for UK winds blowing rom the Alani. hence: = 613% v2 Nin? ‘Tho presonceof a sttcture or compenent obstructs the wind flow so that i experiences surface pressures and eto which are related tothe peak velocity pressure bythe aerodynamic and ication coeticionts C, and Cas BSN 1281-1 clause 6.2.74 requir consideration of two intensities of wind lading: wotkag' and ‘maximum! 3s 4232.1 Working velociy pressure DBSEN 1281-1 clause 627.42 spectis the working velocity pressure for an exteinl scaffold 2s 0200KNimn* fonesponding tothe gust velocity of emis at which work shouldbe Suspended, For indoor seafoids which ae hot divetly exposed tothe wind in normal service this guide recommends a minimum working velocity pressure of 1 100KNi tis assured that working wind loads ean act tthe same time as in-service imposed loads 42322 Maximum veloc pressure Esto scatflds mus also be capable of sustaining a maximum velocity sressure whch is dopendent on the site sion ane topagraphical characteristics and thsi always greater than the working veloc pressure, However, the caf will ot be in use in a wind storm and so for design purposes ts asumed thatthe maximum wind leads act tine some time as out service imposed loads, “The maximum pak velocity pressure may be definad asthe theeretea pressure in unobstructed flow corresponding tothe wind gust of 1 second duration having 210.02 probably of being Bxceeded during te eof the structure ‘maybe calculated with varying degroes of comple and resultant sconmy| using the guidance in BS EN 199%-1-4 folowing ‘simple’ procedure provides conservative results which willbe adaquate for many citumstan 4232.21 Simple procedure to calculate maximum veloc pressure + Ascertain the ste lcation + Use igue 4.1 taken from the UK Nationa Annex fo BS EN 1901-14 figure NA) or ested software to get the Uk undarental basic wind velocity Vana f0F the site. This is done as the 10 minute mean velocity in mis at 1m above ground in open county with fow vegetation with probably corresponding to @ mean recurrence of ‘50 years normalised to sea level This value wlan th range 21.8 to 31. Célclete the most demanding topoaraphy factor Tray fom figure 4.2 by considering al possible vind _Aknowedge ofthe site location aquired Yo determine whether the train is naminaly at, moderately steep, for steop, His and ridges have diferent factors fo those for cfs and escarpment. [The range willbe fram 1. 126, Establish the site atu An metres above sea evel ofthe surlace on which the scaffold wil stand, This may be gtound lve or the lve af a permanent structure on which the scaffold is erected. (Calculate the attude factor: Gye = 1 + 0.001 x A for sticture or component heights 2 more than 10m above ground a lass conservative value may be calculated Cue = 140.001 x A x (10/2) Caleuat the sito wind fact": Swng = Twi * Got * Vena The site wind factors the 10 minute mean velocity in mis at 10 m above ground in open county with lon vegetation with prababiity corresponding to a mean recurrence of 50 years adjusted for site altitude {ar topography. Th term was introduced in 1620-05 as 4 measure of tewind exposure of the site and subsequently adopted in TG20:08 and in BS 5875;2006 + 1-201 it does not appear in BS EN 1901-14 or the Lic national Annex Iti retainec here for continuity rather than necessity Determine the probability factor Gay which allows forthe shot feof most scafold structures and temporary votks compared with the nominal 0 yea feof s permanent structure 0 as to maintain the same risk evel [Cho vale of 1083 is applicable for goatolding with design if lass than 2 years, For longer design Ife and siforentprobablty refer to BS EN 1991-14 clause 42 note 4 Determine the seasonal factor Cyaan: fit can be assured thatthe scaffold wl bein place only during months ‘ach havea reduced probabiy of wind Storms tis may be taken ito acount by means ef this factor which(0) Town (4 Stespterain average slope >t: 3 (6) ‘Town’ in woodland (a) Country ae, 4.2 Topographical factor (7, Figure 4.2 Town and country diagrams nin)Table 4.2 - Exposure factor ,(2) for sites in country terrain and ¢,l2}.¢, for sites in town Site in town, more than 2k upwind from the site Bene tans othe oni km Elective lst dite ot sn ping km = 2 100 eee eee ee 2 4 6 : ima ae 5 28 owt som om wma woe ae am aw eee nea nae wae am an am mou am 301 3% ab a6 oan wa amo so 3m ae ae Coe 30 ‘may be obtined trom the UK Nato Annex 9 EN 1991-1. able NA2. Examples of values ofthe seasonal Cana = 0.71 for any to months in May to Augus Cuannn = 0.84 fr the si months Act to September inclusive Cannp * 0.86 forthe tive months February and March Cason = 1.00 forte sx months October to March inclusive + Caleulate vp the basic 10 minute mean wind velocity allowing fr probabil and tm of year: Yo = Csaran * Cos * Sin Caleulate qs the (10 minute mean) basic velocity pressure y= 0.613 X Vy 1000 kN Determine the combined ste exposure factor €f2)., » The combined exposure factor quantifies the turbulence’ of the wind He the fluctuations causing the peak 1 second gust pressure affecting stuctores anc in wind speed due to height above ground, the ground roughness of the terrain upwin of the stucture and ther the structure isn town environment Inti ‘simple’ procedure te tenan and envionment should be elected 1 corespand withthe unwind rcton with last roughness ale isthe exposure factr for county train and depends onthe effective helght af the structure ar component fg, andthe distance form the shoreline and spotted n figure NA7 of he UK NA to BS EN 991-1 ‘combined in table 15 of BS 5975;2008-+A1:2011 which is reproduced here as table 4,2, Note that gg is the displacoment height allowing forthe favourable eect of surounding bulkings in reducing wind speed. may bo ealeuated using BS EN 122411 AS or conservatively taken as ero + ally calla the peak velocity ressure: y= C42). Ca x Qy kNIn The simple procedure sboveis applicable to scaffold structures up to 60m in height. For alr structures ctor to the ‘main cases of practice mentioned above. Less conservative estimates of wind pressure may be abtained by taking inte account directions! effects s described in Appendix Aor using cleuaton software based thereon, For 20 ‘mplant scaffolds the TG20 Operational Guide chapter provides @ method of assessing wind exposure without | caleuiston by the user. The TG20 eGuide provides simatbut more refines procedure, The background o these siven in Appendix A2 4232.22 Reference height In mary designs it willbe suiiclent and conservative to caleulate the combined exposure factor and resulting peak locity pressure a the hight of he top it ofthe scafold and apy ths throughout the structure However n 30m 3505 it maybe werthwhile to alow fr vation with height above ground. Tiss feasibio when using aviomated design softwareSECTION 41 Scio dogn of mb d iin x 4232.23 Ettect of rge neighbouring structures Wire 2 acato i tobe eocted inthe vic of ulfing which f more than twice as igh 8 the neighbouring Her eteeance shuld be mad to BS EN 1901-1-4 Annex Afr ajvstment tothe eerence height 4232.24 Dynamic response factor, He Nationa onex to 8S EN 1991 clause NA2.20 gives guidance on calculating te dynamic factor Cy which rae wetieg tothe posk velclty pressure to alow fr dynamic response ofthe structure applicable, BS Sane rie Gott cleuse 176.11 suggests that forthe mao af flsowerk stuctureslresumebly including Fee ol te are ecto ean be taken 95 10 Te access satel ad bircege scafads are unity aaa aantcant dynamic behaviour but tl scaffold towers may need special consideration pacualy if cag 423,228 S80 factor Cx, «ie UK Notional Annox 6 BS EN 1901 cleuse NA.2.20 gives guidance an calusting te sia factor Chere called Frees Satin tom the se coeticent sedi BS EN 1281-1 which can be spi 0 he Beak velocity Ci neff of te peak vloty nol sting smuancusi en the whole stetue otherwise the Hoct of gust siz ‘ble NA gives coefficients inthe range 1.0010 0.62 which are dependent on «the sizeof the structure or component expressed as B+ where Bis the brea of the loaded area and fis the length or eight of the loaded area + the effective reference height 2 ~Ma of 1 Tonos A. Bor C which ae deinen ures NA? ond NAB, structure or component sine actor Cyue~ 1.0 apie to B +) ~ Sm an therfore almastallndidul sate components ond adn Sie factor Cae = 0 apes 0 be apps 10 veal sacar effects [0 or den of Bracing, standard foundations 4.23 Roference area A “Ais the reteronce area ofthe scatfold component in wich, n accordance with 8S EN 1281-1 clause 6.2.7, ig seen heoajcrd ore oral tote wind flow. Howe! for shoating and ders netting, BS EN T2811 Aa a i diferent asthe atl face erea ofthe lang, the effet of non-parallel wind boing defines tho eee ote forthe pall action A method of resolving tvs inconsistency fs deserbed 4233.1 Appleton of eferonce ores senclorcnee area fora scattld standards the tbe diameter length in any horizontal wind How whereas the eae a i seatoX tubes ts Gependent on tei incinaion othe foe dteeton. The reference area for ea catics bods ete simir repiacing diameter with height. It theretore follows that ina fagade sat f the creation of wind fein the orzonta panes dain by the angle Band B~ 0 winen Sind blows normal othe fagade then «The eteronce area of horizontal tubes and board components aligned paral tothe Fade fs bx length x cos. «The reference area of horizontal tubes and board components aligned normal to the fades 1b tenath x sinB For tubes is the damater in metros, For boards 1 notional face areas Bis the effective width measured vertealyhe vector resultant force components nora and parallel tothe fagade [or equivalent tis nota facade seat) may be obtained by futher mutipyng by cos and sin B respectively to gat tho following wind loads per unit actuat Tength of the components for input int rame analysis software or manual calculations! 4+ Vertical tubes tstandars unitood parteliotagace = Gx opxb x qx sins unitload normaliofagade == FG, x6, xDxq x cos + Horizontal tubes and boards signed paral othe fagade Lunitlood parallel tofagade == F= 0, x ox xg x sinB x unitioadnormaltotagade = F= Gx) xb xg x cos? toricontal tubes and boards aligned normal tothe fagade: nitlosd parle to fagede =F = Gx, xb xq xsin'B united nomaltotagade = F= Gx ;xb xq xsinB x cosB ‘By applying the above expressions to typical long eg fade) unclad scaffolds canbe shoven that +The total wind force in the direction normal to the fagade ss maximum when B= 0 as might be expected «+The total wind force inthe direction paral othe fagade is maximum wien B= approximately 70° not 80" as right be expectes «results consistent with wind tunnel tests on model seafolds casas out by researchers in Germany Typically the total wind force paral othe fagade due to wind incident athe citical skew angles about 16% ‘Nghe than won wind blows parallel. However when estying ut aflame structural analysis isnot genraly ‘Convent to specticaly consider wind incident at skew angles especial ifthe scaffold is clad in pats and unead Sinmwrtore Keely only analyses for tho twe cases procucing maximum wind fects normal and paral to the fag Should be dane This can he achioved with sufiiemt accuracy as flow “The member loads for the case pracucing maximuen wind offects normal to the fagade (B= 0) re {Suaightforwerd Tube and board components aligned paral to the fagade ae fly loaded. Tube and board ‘Components aligned normal te the fagade are not loaded. Cladcing components ae loaded according to the For the case producing maximum wind elects paral to the facade, the rame is considered as it = 90° oF $0" bu wth adjustments to tho component lands por unit actual length to alow for wind incident at he enol angle a8 follows For orizontal tube and board components pall tothe fagade the normal and ail wind loads in KN px mete seal length aro Fg =0,% 6; xB xq x SinB x cosB Fey = 6% 6, xq x c08*B For tbe and board components normal ta the fagade the normal and dil wind loads pec mete actual length 1x0) xb xq x Sint Fog = 6% 6,0 xq x sinB x cosB and for B= 70, sine = 0.989; cos'B = 0.117; sin x cos = 0221 may be observed that tis quite laborious o apply the above expressions to multiple members ofa scaffold frame tape az the bonding effects of wand on unelad members usualy quite smal snd any the cumulative effect bn the frame as 0 wholes significant There fs therefore scope Tor deriving equivalent area o join loads. This has bean done In section 5.14 to produce expressions fr calelating equivalent pont loads which ean be appl tothe Dinas! nodes ofthe sivtutl analysis model fo represant tho effect of wing on the unclad scatfld. Section 6.18 has similar expressions forts frees. Fora cladding rea paral othe fagade the parallel ivplane] wind load per unt area isSECTION 41 9252 Efscive exposed heioh at pintorm edge Tevlerence 120 ofa toe boat sits height * Projoete 9214, requires the rlarance area the egg bn the working patorms by means of an ete, wind condition and 200mm fr the out oF-Servcy ference heights gven in able 4:3 which include vy lenth across the wind flow. However BS EN 1281" fa boarded uncla seatold allow forthe prosance of "ve Height above top ofthe platform of aCOrmm forthe i © wind condtion. With 225 x fmm thick boa! this leads to he blattorm teal = Reference heights forthe wind loading of too boards ut of serves Toe board a'oraside piston board 025m Toe Boer O° €0P of platform board 26am Toe bowrd Alon asia piston board 0238 __Tee beard 00 19m of piattonn board 13.4 Aerodynamic force coeticiontc, piste aerodynamic force costcient forthe comPOne alos and in sor cases the nature of the wind fig ficients and alved data fom which the following a ete ben encanta od Raya tanto 929 wich ge 78h he has a bootded lit the aerodynamic force coefficient for wind Hlows rough porte! to the surface and perbendiygs oarded It the acodynamic force costiit eulor tothe tube is Cy ~ 00. ‘Components such a te boards spp to qualify aseclon 78st se Te Pol 88 sharp comer rectangle sections to whch 8S EN 189) ‘Of fleynolds number. The coetficiont varies from 1 ‘posit are ae eal ves 10M ob or acgna ine eactan ponte ens oe Hhovatr or acoaycon a ie 2086" How, Howver BS EN IZBTt cae 6272 sts tat inn tran pos ard noma ne fH a 30 jt ws ean es Fo attache rig components ike sign boards ref 8 ' to BS EN 1991-14 cause 743, Ft fags reer to 8S EN 1091-14 couse 7.12 For sheoting and debris netting SEN 12811-1 Peotone recta nating BS EN 1 © A.2 provides detault values for aerodynamic force Table 4.4 ~ Aerodynamic force coetfice rie A= Aerodynamic force coetfelents for sheeting and debris-neting from BS EN 12611 Sheeting Debris netting 120 130 0.10 00 Wind force normal tothe cladding Gy, Wind force paral! tothe cladding 6, However wind tune! tests ware cared atin Germ, less onerous values may be assumed fo the Camm tsonnel and objects cleat visible onthe scaol c flowing cote were nape bsed a ofa he SoBe YD can tage ses he ny on numerous netting products which inacate that On high pormeabilty debris nets .e netting which laaves‘Table 4.5 ~ Aerodynamic force coefficients adopted for TG20 compliant scaffolds Sheeting High-permeabiiy neting Wind force nomslt0 the cladding ¢, 120 066 Wind force paral to the edsing Gy 010 ow Ittaw parmetilityneting i o be used, seredyamic coetfcints shouldbe obtained rom the manufacturer or Io EN 1281-1 default values sGopted. For sheeting BS EN 128) 1-1 cause A2.2 ives no scope for adopting Cy ‘lerence 49 have coafcients fr values based on tests, However a numbor of products sted os “netting ‘ind ores parali to the cladding as low as 0.05. It should be nated that the seredynamie coffcients fr wind free parallel 0 the fagae are based on tests in vats the netting sample panels were exposed 1 range of angles of incident wand flow andthe maxim ‘olues shvays comespand to skew angles. Tey therefore ake ino account not only the roughness of the fabric but other efecis such 09 curvature under pressure and the vector component ofthe incident wind 2 kext angle «+ For brick guards no published values of aerodynamic coefficients wore found In developing the TG20 Comotant {esigns the following values were clculsted based onthe aerodynamic properties ofthe wes: ‘Table 4.6 - Aerodynamic force coefficients for brick guards for TG20 compliant scaffolds Plastic brick guards Wire brick guards Wind force normal 10 the cladding ovr 0.088 Wind fore paral ta the coding 0073 0.059 howe a back guard overlaps with 2 toe board or @ notional edge 20ne as dfind in table 4.3 or wth guard tubes hese may be deducted Irom the height of brick guard considered tobe exposed to wins 42.25 Site or location coeticiontc, ie ‘ste content dependent on te Ineation ofthe companent relative to an adscent building wich may fm the ul ore af incicent win flow On the leeward fe. downing) side ofan impermeable vindward sie the wind iesalod uiding the scaffold benefits fom its shetenng oF 'wind shadow’ effect. On the tr 'stagnatas’in font of the ulin 8 that objects in front ofthe Buiing experience lawer wind forces than in fee flow conditions “Tho extent of wind shielding by adjacent bulking vies and canbe totalin some leew situations but for simplicity EN 1011-1 adopts vlue 025 for unclad seafold components near both the windward an leeward faces of fn impermeable building, The same coetiient applias to areas of high permeabity netting For shesting and low permeabiity netting the station on the windward foce only diferent and instead of tho bulging shielding the cladding the cladding sho the bulcing and so experiance fll wing pressure wth C, = 1 0, Low permeabity noting fs defined in BE EN 2B11-1 Ad as having ay, value greater than 080 Ie should be noted thatthe values of ste coetiient given EN 1281-1 are based on wind tunnel tests on catfold modeis of elatvely narow width fquivalert to sbout 1 metre fullsize, Itis not known to shat extent an permeable bling shields wider eccess scatolds co further res0arch is desirable to justify the curren practice of spplvng the same factor to fagadeacoase scaffolds up to twice 3s wide. ont buldng fs permeable i doesnot shield the scafold so well. a BS EN 1281-1 clause 6.27.92 Wen the ag the permeabiiy ofthe bulding is expressed in trms ofa soli ravo Ags the net ara of fagade otter deducting openings. ‘ag the goss 000 ofthe facadeSECTION 4 1 Srl de abcd fting fils ~ Figure 4.4 Variation ofthe sito cooficintc, with the solidity ratio Py Based on the results of wind tunnel model testing, BS EN 12811-1 figue 6 provides a linoarelatonship ich may = -0899@q + 1.0893 between, = 1.0 and 0.25 over the range ip ~ 0.10 and 1.00 with, = 10 for 5 = 0.10, ‘This is shown graphicalyin figure 4.4. The same relationship given in BS EN 1281-1 figure A. for high Petmesbiity nating Note that the openings 0 be taken into account are those which actualy low wind to blow through the buléing in normal ercumstances ding the ie ofthe scaffold. Smal randomly paced openings replied! In some cumstances where there i large permanent dominant opering ora busing ame tha is bung progres clad stoped of ledaing it may be more cease fo model ara of he fagade as permeable or imp than ‘averaging the sly or permesbilty ofthe lagad '23.5.2 Ste cocci for wind forces parallel to the fogade —uncld important to note that 8S EN 12811-1 clause 6.27.3. states that for wind forces parallel to the fagade on unelad Scalolds Cap ~ 10, This means that no shelter effects ae avaiable when calculating forces paral othe focade he wind une model ests on which the EN roles" actualy demonstrted that signteant shielding does scour wen the wind is incident at skew anges from behind the fag but nol when incident om the same side 98 the scaffold. As tis not generally practicable to afferents between the two conditions shielding should not be esSumed or wind forces parallel tothe fagace where the satfld is uncle, 423.53 Ste cootcont or wind forces poralie to the facade — debris nated scatods When the scaffold fs clad with high permesbilty nating, BS EN 1261-1 Ad states thatthe site coefcient may be applied as applicable tothe building soit (2. C, = 0.25 Hf the fagace is impermeabe}. Ths advices clay ance with that fr uncladstaolds buts based on wind tunnel model tests by the same resetch eam which ‘evealedcitferent How conditions for this case". This apples to the nfting paral tothe facade. Howover the etn athe end ofthe facade scaold is ina efecent station being afectivaly a windward face without 9 bulng behind and so A. species , ~ 1.0 for this cose en the scaffolds clad with sheeting or low pecmeabiltynetng, C,~ 1.0 for windward faces. This includes the Vindwerd end of scafolding on side fae itself paral to the wind. The factor C, ~ 1.0 aso applies to ind foras 18 ara tothe fagade dus to wind incident onthe paral ace at skew angles. Howover, forthe leeward face 2nd for suction acting nermal to sie faces thomselves paral to tho wand site coefficients ate shown i the near Curve 3 of BS EN 1281-1 Aire At which ean be expressed as For@es010, c= 10 For @p0.10t0070, ¢, =-0.983 y+ 1.083 For @p 0.7010 1.00, , = 1.899 y+2.088 he above commentary anticipates on expected amendment to clay the wording of BS EN 1281-1 Aa ee |)m 42355 Site coetcient for wind efecs ar windward co In previous eitions ofthis guide and in the former BS 5973, the sito coufcientc, ~ 2.0 was proposed to mode peak tnd suctons which occur on sides paral to the wind nea othe leading windward comers. BS EN 12811-1 makes rhammenton af hs, However it would be prudent fo consider this or checking scaffold members and ties supporting Tange notre boards or cadding at scalfok external corer of ends and ithe scaffold is very shor, the overall 4.2.6 Effect of boarded its 42:61 Horizontal wind fore 'BS EN 12811-1 makes no mention of horizontal wind effets ona seaold due tothe presence of platform horizontal boording tony considers wind 00 toe boards and the relerence aroas containing them, This is somewhst surprising ot might bu expected that sgnicant ction eflecte might arisen along scaffold. However the research report on tabi th EN flos records that nthe wind tunnel tests on scaffold medals and on component sub-assembles, the ‘Sition of boarding had the effect of shah reducing the measured horizontal wind force parallel t the fagade, The featon forties not explained inthe research report but the results wore replated by more than one source. One possible explanation fe a8 folios: ‘Assuming the toe boards shield the upper surtace of he platform then tho wind force paral tothe fagade due to ‘he platotm ls the sum of ftional effects onthe lowe surface ofthe board with Cy ~ 0.02 for rough boards as ted in BS EN T9S1-1-4 table 7 10h and the force on the transoms with C, = 08 instead of 1.2 06 noted previousy in 1422.64) The results @ itl less than the foreeon the trensoms with Cy 1.2in free flow without boards. Therefore te may be conelided that ether + the wind effects on the patorm boos can be igoored and the frees onthe transoms calculated as if i reo towr with Cy = 12.6 88 in an unboardod if) oF: + the wind effects onthe platform boards can be calculated with Cy = 0.02 on the lower sufece only and the sd vith; = 08. forces on the transoms cae 4.2.6.2 Voriea wied forces SEN 12811-1 doesnot speciialy mention wind uit on platform urits but cea her isa possibilty of alo boa!ds and othe oose platform unite being dislodged in high winds, Reference may be made to BS 1975 2008 + A1:2011 clause 17 5.1183 for guidance intended for sot ormaork which sas0 reevant to scaffold platform units, Ths may be used 0 calzlateTorces with which to select scaffold board clips. Once the seafold Boars have been securely fed down to thei tansoms the effects of wind upitloeding on the supporting tbe ‘Sructur wil ed fo Be investigated ony for fans cantiever patios and some special structures. Net pressure coetfciens for monopteh canopies ae given in BS EN 1881-14 section 7.3 and table 7. which can be interpreted for application to fans and platforms general. As a guide. the worst case, for blocked canopy Dl lope up to 10" 1. one for which the wind flow is blocked atts juncbon with the buting, the maximum value Of the not pressure cosfcient x -1.4 up, tthe canopy snot blocked, the maximum valve ofthe net pressure Coefficient 0.9, The maximum coetticent producing downwatd loading is +0°. These values are for the design Gf the supporting sttucture of scffold tubes, For indvvalscafotd boards, local coefficients as high a8-27 for 10 Slope and22 for O° ar indicated. 4.2.37 Wind shielding effects 18S EN 12811-1 clause 62.71 states catagancaly that “shilling fects shall ot be taken into account”. However this statement ought tobe qualia: “other than the shioiing effects ofan adjacent impermeabve uising 3s ‘ipresued in the ste coetfient 6," and: “other than the shielding of components and objects behind lading as, noted nA The shilling refered to here that provides by windward Scaffold components other than cladding to other Components dewmvind This effect can be significant in some temporary and permanent works where the Components are of substan sation and densa spaced but scaffold components are genealy 0 narow Lind widely spaced to benefit especialy when the vind i nedent at oven 2 small angle to the alignment ofthe Components Refeconce mey be made fo BS 5976:2008 + At-2011 clause 175.114 for confimation 4.238 Wind tunneling effects Where a fagade scaffold serves one of two closely spaced buildings wind How through the space paral tothe facade maybe significantly aecelorted leading 1 increased suction onthe buling surlaces and any sattld ‘lading. Unlod scaffolding not affected. 8S EN 1261-1 does net mention tis but some guidance may be ‘blaine by interpretation of UK National Annex to BS EN T981-1-4 section NA227 notes (and. The renge of ‘Gens between buldings lily tobe flected by funneting is expressed as @/4 1 @ where @is the lesser of the ‘slues of @ foreach bung and for each building € isthe lesser ofthe cross wind breath of the buding and 2 % the height ofthe bungSECTION 4 | Seas don of be and fing als 4.3 Load combinations and ‘limit state design’ 431 General background {11128111 section 10 assumes that stetura calculations to very sat designs wl adopt imi state 8 00h Using partial safety foctrs and makes relerence to oer European codes for suture desigh wich opt ihe same design format. The pata safety factor format was fist promoted for bulding sutures nthe 19605 frspons0 10 Once that the adonal permissible stress” or working load capacity’ method di not prt a stent atonal eat mento bth positive and negative veratons ads, By way of example it maybe fated care u86 othe permissible sess approach inthe design ofthe cooing towers at Furybridge C power station is earsired o bea significant contbutory foctor leading to thelr colapse in 1965, tin 1870, masomy 18S S62 178 and toon SS S05 108 and vnaw my cousin he Sed pf 42810" of the TG20 compliant standard scaffolds. However, in response to industry demand the current TG20_ Desat Guide l50 presents a design approach in permissible stress terminology using traditional familiar terms on as “safe working loads and capacities”. These values have been derived from the limit state codes to provide | ‘Sy subiect to careful consideration of relavant load combinations. In sections 68 and 6.9 methods are given for aiimber 9d coupler design checks using this approach with recommended capacities. Designers wha wish to use x partial Safety factor method can simply multiply the safe working load capacities by 1.50 for use with ultimate Fg tod combinations ndtace fe The essen iertece tron tro dag ores te et inet of Safety margins and variations inthe megntuda af lads and the resistances of materials and structures ematised in the fliwing sections sit Petmissble stress or working load format infewatn 28 relevant) Considered likely accur in service. The designer considers which combinations of loads ore {Leable oF likely 1o be entical and calculates the effects of each load combination on the structure in terms of force, inatfate working capacities af the members and connections, The safe working apectis or safe loads are obtained Iimpviino the characteristic ulimate resistances by a‘alabal factor of safety whichis taken as 1.68 for seatfolding Aihes 2nd OUPletS. The characterstic ultimate resistances of tubes ae calculated from ther geometric soction une by the manufacturer, The global facto of ste is mtendad to cover fr adverse venation in bot ends nd po cro For overal stably i usually 2 factor ofsaety against overturning a sling of 1.60. rye pineal advantage ofthis formats that srcturalanaysis is cari outa the working load eve fora effects rer Partial Safety factor aporoach requires sepacate load combinations for senceablty Idaplecement! iff ae fr ultimate fale checks, tne pind disadvantage ofthe pormissible stresshworking load format i that it doesnot allow automaticaly fo seminar response ofthe structure as loads aa increased from working to ultimate levels (eg. due to itoff at nantnear effec of increasing one adverse load companent (e.g wind whilst othe favourable loads are constant {ao the restoring effect of dead loa gains! ese effects mean thatthe apparent 1.50 factor of safety enay not actualy be achieved if one or al ofthe fay ete20"2S ara increased by a factor of 1.50, Consider a simple exemple _anwostng loads ‘orson free in a standard or anchorage due to wind er notional horizontal foreWwW REE Compression force due to dead load Fxg = ADIN Fequited utimate anchoragatensionresistane Fig = 15KN jn force in standard or anchorage due to 1.5 wind of national hodeontl force: Fyy = 75KN CComprassianforea due 10 constant dead load Fag =A0KN Resultant tenson/pit force and requiced ultimate resistance: Fy = a5kn ‘Therefor inthis example increasing the wind load by 80% produces 250% inerase in tensowanchorage force and he required tensionfanchorage resistance s underestimated by 57% if caleulated at working load. nore to obtain a corect’ estate of roqured tension resistance or overturning stably for @ load combination inating opposing load clfects using analysis at working ood ie necessary to ‘unfactar the Tovourabie ar restoring loads by dvcing by 1.5, 43.12 Partial safety factor format 2 actor ofsaety sve into partial safety foetors on loads and esetance which can be ‘arid separately forthe purpose of checking uttmate strength and stably. Checks on servizeabiiy (dispacersont) Sre-carrind out on the results of analysis at working load level nthe same way as nthe permssibiestess/vorking Toad method but when checking uimete svength and stabi load combinations oe crested with loads mutipied by Tolovent portal stat factors ypeal in the ange 00 to 180, The member and coupler force effects from the later Uitte tnt state [ULS oad combination analyses must be less than or equal to he ‘design uate resistance hich ara obtained by divding the characteristic ulimote resistances by the partial safety factor or esistance which for sealing tubes and couplers 110, The erterion fr overall stabiity of 8 ULS load combination i That he factor Of safety agamst overturning or siding must be not les than 1. “he principal advantage ofthe pata safety factor formats thatthe strangth and stability ofthe structure is actualy tested at tha ULS lim state and so any non near behaviour ofthe structure is automaticaly ken ito secount provided that such nontnear elects 99 Suppor lit. and formation of paste hinges ae ineuced in the analysis Thus spurous factors of safety are avoided The rain csavantage is hat more load combinations have tobe analysed 4.3.2 Load categories In order to clear organise the calulations for veivng a strueturl design, esp the incval loads acting on the siruturl analysis model are usualy groued int oad eategores. load category may be defined as a st of toads which are considered to ac together on tho strutur! mode wi the same pata "ety factor applied. Grouping the loads inthis way facitats the dentin of loge combintios for analysis “hte the working loadipermissible stress format or the it statlparl safety factor forma is adopted. The Fotowing lod catagories were used in the development ofthe TG20 Compliant designs for ted independent facade seated Load category description Abbreviation Sellweight of scaffold tubes and couplers sm) ‘Deed loads adltonal to solfveight #9, platform boards and t boards o In-senice imposed loads lating in conjunction with wotking wind or notional horizontal loads) {is} Cuto-senice imposed loads (ating in conjunction with maximum win loads) (os "Notional horizontal loads acting parle! to facade left to ight jena [Notona horizontal loads acing pale! to fagade right att i) [Notana horizontal loads acting normal 9 fagade nea to far lena) Notion horizontal osds ating normal to faeade far to near tn Wirking wind loads ating pail to facade lat to ght (Wi Working wind loads ating paral to facade right t let mig Working wind loads acting normal to fagade nea o for (we) Working wind loads acting normal to fagade far to neat eves Maximum wind loads acting parallel t facade lott ight (on Maximum wind loads acting parallel to fagade right ol (ox Maximum wine loeds acting normal to fagade near to fa (Wor Maximum wind loads acting normal to facade for to neatSECTION 41 Sone de of tbe and ing fl [similar set of load categories were used in th development ofthe 1620 camplan desis for nonfagade access Saffoles wth simi names replacing ‘paral ofagade’ with parallel tothe axis and replacing normal to facade! wth paras to tbe Z axis ‘The abbreviations shovm in brackets weve fun Yo be useful for defining aad combination in shot form ‘Additional load categories may be required for special designs, It wil be nate that use of computer aided structural false software enables numerous oad celegores and load combinations tobe generated analysed end design Chocked automaticaly with ease but when using hand calculations the designer il ncessetly use engineering, judgement nd expocance to fiter out eatagorias ana combinations wich ara abviously not cial forthe curtent tecign Note that allowance was made fr reversal of horizontal loads paral to the facade (+/-X) because the bracing arangaments are frequent non symmetrical causing diferent responses due to suppor it of. 4.33 Load combinations ‘load combination may be defined aso set ol oad cetegoris considered to act together forthe purpose of structural anaiysis inorder to wey a design. At lest one lad combination needs to be analysed fr verification of a Scaffold design using the permissibie stress/verking lad format whereas at least wo load combinations are requted ‘hen using it state aalyse wth partial safety factors ~ one fr the soriceaity limit state (SLS} of detlecion and {ne forthe ulimate lint state [ULS) of strength and stably, When using computor software for stctral anolyss osigners wil usualy erste and examine more ld combinations to ensure that al easble design stations have been checked. Lead combinations which are found to be non-evtical can always be doled to reduce data storage $3.21 Load combinations for limit stat dosign with partial safety factors The following load combinations were considered in tho development ofthe 1620 compliant designs for ied independent fagade seafelds using iit tate analysis with part safety factors. Note that inte folowing, the X aus 'S pall to the Tacade or longer plan dimension of the Scatfold and the 2 ass normal theroto imate tt sae laa combinations Load combinations producing maximum compression in +15 x {sof wight + dead + in service imposed + national +X) +15 «(eof weight + deed + in service imposed + notional x) +15 «(self weight + dead + in sence imposed + notional +2) 115 «(self weight + dead + in service imposed + national Zi 115 (saf weight + doad + in service imposed + working wind +X) 5 x (sel weight + dead + in service imposed + working wind -X) 115 x (sel weight + dead + in servoe imposed + working wind ~2) 115 x (Gell weight + dead + in sence imposed + working wind -Z) 1.5 x (sel weight + dead + out ef sevice imposed + maximum wind +0 115 (ctf weight + dead + out of serie imposed + maximum wind 115 x (sof weight + dead + out ol service imposed + maximum wind +2 115 x sof weight + dead + out of sevice imposed + maximum wind Z} Load combinations producing maximum upi/ tension n standards + 1.0 x|solf weight + dead) + 1.5 national 4) + 10% sett weight + dead) + 1.83 (national -X + 110% sett weight + dead) + 18 x(notional +21 + 10> (sei weight + dead) + 15 x(notionel-2) +10 (Sol weight + dead) +18 x maximum wind 00 + 110% (Golf weight + deaa) + 1.8 maximum snd 2) + 110% (Seif weignt + dead) + 1.8 xfmasémum iad +2) + 10 x self weight + dead] + 1.5 fmaximum sind 2] ‘Serviceatily limit sta load com + 1.0 x sot welght + dead) + 10 x sof weight + dead +in service imposed) + 10% ist weight + dad + working wind +XI + 10> set woight + dead + working wind -X) + 110% ett weight + dead + working wind +2) + 110% sett woight + dead + working wind -2 ‘Tha in-service load combinations with national hvizontal leads tond tobe rial when the wind exposures low to moderate, #237The outof-sence load combinations with maviowm wing tend tobe etical when the vind exposures mag netted scaffolds except for tie forces normal to the facade, For sheeted scaffolds load combinations normal to the 4 For bindcageseafflds and indoor towers the working wind aed catagories inthe SLS load combinations w replaced by estegories containg the corresponding national horgontl lads, "Note tat 8S EN 1980 and the UK national annex thereto din load corsination factors ip which oe tedtion factors to allow forthe reduced probability of sellaneaus occurence of maximum values ol two or mote eee of variable load #9. imposed loads and wind loads. BS EN 1281-1 makes ne mention ofthese factors, nstead roves fortwo diferent values each of imposed and wind loads to be combined namely + Inservice imposed load with working wind load + Out ofservies imposed load with maximum wind load 28 noted previously It es not appear valid 1 apply load combination factors inthis context. 43.32 Load combinations for permissible stress / working load design The following lad combinations may be considered for permissibio stess/verking load design: Load combinations producing maxim compression in standards 1.0 (sof weight + dead + in sence imposed + notion 1.0 (sof weight + dead + inseniee imposed + notion 1.0 [sef wight + dead + in sence imposed + notional +2 1.0 (self weight + dead + in sevice imposed + notional 2) 10 (self weight + dead + in sree imposed + working wind +) 1.0 (self weight + dood + in service imposed + working wind XI 110 x sel woight + dead + in serve imposed + working wind +2) 1.0 x self woight + dead + in serdoa imposed + working wind 2) {10> self weight + doad + outof erie imposed + maxinum wind 1.0 (golf weight + dead + out of service imposed + maximum wind 1.0 x se woight + dead + out of service imposed + maximum vind 1.0 x self woignt + dead + out of service Impased + maximum wind Load combinations producing maximum uplift / tension in standrds (0.57 x (sol weight + deac) + 1.0 Inotonal +x) (0.7 x (sl weight + dead] +1.0x notional) 10.67 x (sf weight + dead} + 1.0 x notional +2) 1.67 % (cll wesght + deaa} + 10 xInotona 167 % (self weight + dead} + 10 x{maximum wind +X) 067 x (self woight + dad} + 1.0ximanimum wind -X) 067 x (st weight + dead} + 10:x(maximum wind +2) 067 x [self weight + ded) + .03(maximum wind -2) 4.4 Overall structural behaviour of tied fagade access scaffolds: Ted independent fagade access scafflds constructed with loose tubes and ftings may be classed into two main + Tiactona scaffolds with akemate pairs of standards ledger braced. Strict speaking, ladger bracing does not ‘comply with the clear access requirements of section §.2 of BS EN 1281-1. However the method i 90 fem {entrenched in UK practice and familiar to the worktotee that ts recognised by te industry and the UK Health nd Safety Executive as an acceptabie national Gaparture from the Euronorm, Scaffold in which al pis of inner and outer standards oe connected with propritary ‘system transom unis ‘ich have integral welded und connections which are olted or wedged tothe standards and eds. The Drincipal feature ofthis constuction estegory is the pata ty ofthe connection betwen the transom ard the standards which s promoted 3s being sufiiont to pert the omision of ledger bracing thereby facing lat access along the platforms as requ by section 5:2 of BS EN T2811, A varation ofthis estego" 5 combine system transoms with edger bracing of alternte pais of standards. This sometimes done to ache ‘teater safe heights than would otherwise be achievable without doug at standards whichis alse sometimesSECTION 4 | Soastieldesin of tbe and ising wus done and which inves doubling the trans. Hithto the use of integral ransom units by saffold engineers has been inhibited by lack of specific structural esign parameters. This snow arly acdasod by a program of tats commissioned by the NASC™H Unfortunately atthe dene of iting, onl one sures of prefabricated structural ransom unit connections has been tested. Lowarbound structural design saameters have teen derived from these test and ar istod in tale 5.18. The units that were tested ated on site using bots torqued fo SON. No data is cuanty ‘alabe or ransom Units fred on ait useghammerod wedges. In order to confdomly use tho data inthis {uid for design of scaois with system tatsom uns iis necessary to conf thatthe product intended for use wil nave stuctual peoperis at latas good as those std ntabe 5.15. This doesnot precide the ‘evelopment of aitematve more lavourdie tata bared on tests on Superior products cared aut in accordance with te est speciation avaiable rom theNASC™" The structural bet our ofthe main categories ole independent fade scafoids is outined inthe following 4.4.1 Ledger braced tube and fitting scaffolds The principal feature of ledge braced scaffolds ofcourse, the ledger bracing its A pair of stanérds andthe attached ledger braces acta relstvel st aoe girder spanning vertical fo Wansmit hoiontal loads acing normal to the fagade tothe horizata ines of bes. 44.1.1 Behaviour under mainly vertical loading In oad combinations in which the vert loads aa dominant al the standards remain in compression up to the litmate limit state and ne tof occurs at the bases. Assuming thatthe ledgers and the connections tothe Standards are not overloaded, faire occurs by baking of the Standards under thet axial compression forces. Due {othe reatval low cruciform stifness of th igh angle couplers connecting the ledgors tothe standards bending ‘moments indubed inthe standards ae quite smalleven under unsymmeticarangements Section 5.6 gives theay and sate ail load tables fo seatfold tubes and 6.7.8 provides information onthe effective Tonaths oF standards whet 1 gues the mnteractonformuibe Tor checking the momber design fer combined ax force and moment As discussed in more detalin 5.7.3, the eflectivelength ofthe standards depends onthe mode of buckling which 's governed bythe tis pator. Whore is re provided in evry it the fue mode s by bucking ofthe non edger braced standards n the direction nara tothe fade. Where is te proved at altmate lit or exceptionally every thi it, the flute mode is usualy by Bucking of to inne standrds paral othe facade. The outer standards are ‘more stable than the inner standards due to te piesence of facade bracing, However the ail forces in the inner and outer standards ar usual diferent, The presence of inside boards and ‘air loading induces more fore inthe nner ledgrs and standards due tothe cantlaver and anchor span action fhe board warsoms, The load on the outer ledgers and standards is reduced accordingly Conversely tho outr Sandars support more guardrails and the tos bowds except were itis deemed necessary to provide them onthe inside face 44.12 Behaviour under wind normal to the faade In toad combinations ncuding significant wind loading normal to the facade the windward lodger braced standards ‘may it off ther bases, However the edger bracing system ' usually sti and song enough to cantiever below the lowest ine of vas and therafoce sil effective 382 vortcallyspanring tice girder. The aval forces inthe ledger bracing due to wind acting normal tothe fagade ae quite smal except for sheeted scaffolds in high wind exposure. ‘Tho standards, quod ais and lodgers act asa rd ame to dalver the wind loads to the os. The local bonding ctcts nthe members ofthis gid are very smal the sctfold is unclad, modest If neting is atached, but can be severe if sheeting r law petmeabiyneting ie atached. The resultant te forces acting normal tothe fagade may be Caleulstod by ame analysis software or by manual methods. Section 6.16.1 provides formulae for manual calculation thie ake ito account the arrangement of ties shouldbe noted thatthe maximum ve force is always more than that which might be ealulatod based on simple tibutay arses, This e du to continuity and eantiever elects inthe abovementioned ‘gi structure as eiseussed in 5.15.1 and Append G16. Scatflds with sheeting or iw erent netting presenta severe problem for scaffold designers. The ste Coatiiant ¢, = 0.25 which allows for the wind eter effects ofan imparmeablefagade ineroases to 10 fo the windward fae a a shosted scstold as discuseod in 42.35 (hawover, the factor C, = 0251s stil applicable othe Suction faces). There ara wo methods of dealing vith the resulting effects on the suture and its es: ‘+ Plan bracing canbe introduced betwen the ledgers to provide a series of horizontal tie girs spsnning direct between the fagade anchorages, However this solution fs then dependent on the push-pull es bang Ble o provide compression resistance four mes th requtd teasion resistance + Adgitional structural tronsoms butting the fagade can be provided midway between the main push-pull ties, Thishas tho ual efacs of reducing hencng inthe ledgers so that plan bracing is es likely tobe required and to ‘more eveniyastrbute the compression forces tothe facade |nmost cases it wl aot be sufficient to ely on alosting al he board transoms to but the fagade if they are ‘cannected with putlog couplrs because oftheir vary low slip resistance. instead butting ransom should be ‘oonected to the ledgers with right angl coupes oF band and pate couplers wih equivalent sip resistance 44.1.3 Behaviour under wind parae tothe fagade As discussed in 42:33, maximurnhorizata wd skew angles father than exactly parallel, However tu tfocts paral! to the facade result from wind incient at ual analysis can be simpiied by apphing equivalent paral Fer unclad scaffolds the pall wind loads are mostly accumulated rough uniformly along the length ofthe Scoffle except forthe small components fram wind onthe end toe bostd ansom and quad ails. Fr clad scsfflds a substantial component wind forces acquired om the cladding on the windward ond with the remainder Accumulated frm the cladding on the front ace ofthe scaled. In bath eates tho longer the scaffold tho large the total wind force but this is resisted by mote components and more external supports (the foundations of the Sfandards an te shear resisting anchorages inthe facade, na ed idopendent scaffold the folowing oad paths ‘combine 19 deliver he paral wind foras [or notional horizontal frees) othe supports: “Trvough the fagade bracing delivering tothe foundations of the braced standards Semisigi tame action ofthe standards an ledgers delivering tothe foundations of all the outer standards. 8 somisgic frame action jin the horizontal plane ofthe te tubes, ledgers and board transom delivering to the lagade anchorages. This may be greaty augmented by plan racing and triangulation of te tubes where Semi frame action of nner standards and ledgers delivering ta the foundations ofa the ner standard Elastic rane anaiysis indleates that fr tal scaffolds the proportion ofthe total paral horizontal force delivered to the foundations by the focace bracing is much less than for low rise seffods, Above 10m height almost ll the Dall wind ore is delved othe ts anchorages Ths is because ati level the load paths to the fagade are thuch shorter than those tthe foundations Table 47 shows typical proportions for six bay models. ‘Table 4:7 - Proportion of parallel wind force delivered to shear resisting ties to the facade Scaffold height Single bay Continuous Single bay facade bracing Continuous fogade bracing () facade bracing With lowest it ineective with lowest it inetectve 6 61% wom we 8 ax 25% 84% 10 75% s3% 22% 2 78% 90% 20% “ 2% 22% 9156 16 2% 2% 92% 8 26% 98% 22% 20 20% 95% 94% 2 29% 959% 95% 2 90% 96% 95% 26 1% 98% 95% 23 1% 83% VGA SURGERIES inload combinations which couse sigificant wind forces paral othe facade, the windward standard ofeach facade bracing set may if off ts base the connected brace in tansion the lowest it ofthe bracing thereby becomes ineffective the conncted brace in compression ft remains par effective but deflections increase due to loss of anchorage ofthe windward standard, Consaquanty where more than one seo facade bracing is provided itis good practice to ensure tha coneecutive ses slope in opposing dtecions so as to maxrise the number of braces in compression after it off and therefore party effective whatover the direction of loading Liftof isnot the only occurence hich ean raduce the effectiveness of fagade bracing + The forcoin he bracing may exceed the sip resistance ofthe coupes. n theory supplementary couplers may be used te augment sip capacity Dut according to BS EN 12811-1 Annex Cl tabi C1, doubling couplers ‘only provides 80% increase incapacity. Addtonally couplers ara needed both ends of @ brace and to cate or ‘ovorsl of wind ores a supplementary coupler woula be required ch side of tha main coupler otal af fou ‘supplementary couples per brace, Obviously this isnot a outine solution but may be juste local in specialSECTION 4 Sree! dope of ube and fing fle scaffolds, Special couplers with shear pins engaging with hols inthe joined tubes would appear to oer an ‘obvious and efficient soution tut ar rarely seen nthe UK The force components induced in a standard by an attached bracing tube are asa and shea. the brocng is tached tothe standard at the maximum permitted eecentety of 300mm above the baseplate the bending ‘romentndvced bythe shear component may exceed the Plastic resistance moment af the tube section. It the facade bracing becomes entity or part ineffective when resisting wind fores parallel othe fagade this does ot necessarily result in chase ofthe scalfold provided that the ast the facade ae stil capable of prowling Sufficient away resistence and tho various Components ofthe Scaffold can delver the Forces thereto, However the effeciwe lengths of he standards increase asa result of removing the fagads bracing in one or moe itt 03 ‘uantitedin able 5 14e. With tow to moderate wind exposure the consequent reduction in lead capacity tends tobe Balanced by te reduction in inposed load forthe ‘out at-service’ coadlion assumed when maximum wind oad is ppliog Fr high and extreme wind xposute the aut ofserce / maximum wind load combination governs. These are typical but not necessary general observations and individual cases need individual analysis. Ktmay be Noted that analysing a satfld fame ater removing Tacade bracing tequenty resus n coupe oises being reported, These can be accommodated by downgrading the sifness of the alected couplers and reanasing and recsiulating te sulin neeased effective langths. This is essential # quasi plastic anahysis method wich ‘vertu resus infil of standard ater some Reratons. eis nly fessible with automated computer aided analysis for prepaing standard designs. For special designs the onginee il usualy sete for a more conservative proach 4.4.2 Scatfolds with system transom units This section moinly considers scaffolds having system vansom units without ledger brecing. The effect of adding Teclger bracing st enhance the vertical lad performance, The elfect ofthe ledger bracing is dominant because of the greater elstve snes ofthe ledger braced frames. Consequenty the stuctural behaviors sir to thet of @ "tational ledger braced seaffoa and wil nat be discussed fur The brincpa feature of sealols having systam transom without ledger bracing fs, of course, the vertical semicinid \erendoat iors forme by the specal ransom andthe sandas, These act smi older brace ames to stifness between consecutive pas tt may alse be noted that when there are no inside boards, the system transom can and wil ct as 3 board beating transom. However where inside boards ar provided iis usualy necessary toad addivona board bearing transoms because the system tansoms use atthe std postions are not extendable to sunpert the inside boards. This ‘doesnot epply when the inside boss ara supparted on "hop up ype brackets rather than extended transom For avoidance of doubt t may be noted thatthe tying requirements fr this category of scaffold are the same as for ledger traces scaffolds incluing the desirability of eannecting tle tubes to both inner and outer ledgers wth ht ang couples excep in certain lovise scaffolds in conditions of low wind exposure, 4.2.1 Behaviour under mainly vertical loading Behaviour under mainly vertical load ifs from that dgeussed in 4.41.1 insofar as the bucking mode for ll the Standards i aways in fvetion nonnal to he facade 98 deserbed in more detalln 5.7.32. Elective lengths area lite greater thon fr ledger braced scstolds as given in abe 5. for scalfolds with tansom couple's having the stuctural properties given in abe 5.15. 44.2.2 Behaviour under wind normal to the fagade ‘Structural behaviour of scatfols with system transom under wind losing norma othe facad is similar o ledger braced scaffolds as described in 4.1.2 except that instead of ste lines of support at alternate pais of standards ‘i to eg bracing, al pais of standards oe of equal stiffness resulting in more uniform and slighty more favourable cstouton of te feces 44.2.2 Behaviour under wind parallel tothe fagade Structure! betaviour of scaffolds with system iansoms under wind froe effects paral to the faa aso simi Toledger braced scaffolds a8 desorbed in 44.1.3.4.5 Overall structural behaviour of towers and birdcages 45.1 Towers In this guide seatold towers are defn ‘uidarce fr stu ca having four standard 0 ne comers and fie diferent types re ‘of which tree are foe standing and require special attention to stably. Section 2.5 provides ral design hia ‘tals chapter 16 of the TG20 Operational Guide illustrates normal ca Its sufficient ner to undetine that u ledge the erties! mode offers tobe designee agains wil be lowing lit of at two ofthe four supports, Cares raqured to ent the erica load combination and 4.5.2 Birdcages relevant clecussion on this point. onthe diferent braving raquo uidance forthe of brdcage aatflds with particular emp ing requirements for free standing scaffolds as distinc! from those which ae ted o an adequate ‘clacon permanent structure, Reference shoul also bo made to chapte 13 Othe 1620 0} for practical Construction details most of which ave oss eto special designs as wall as to the T620 compliant ‘signs provided in chapter 3 thoreot and bythe TG20 eGuide desenbed in , T20 Operational Guide re he scribed n 23 of is que and stated n cha {Rauttanasing many iferent rangements forte development ofthe TG20 compan designs for fee sending nsgo cage cates. Although the brary arangernens were designed fet only te national Rorontl Winer tir indoors, they val provide useful inl arrangements fr extemal birdeages and ether spacial designs. ciondanne a 2 xR080K tothe natural wind environment Kertledge or ground anchors wil ls be required an some Standards 0 wai the Sosa we ton : 452.1 Tied or butted biedeages oe scafol i ted or buted toa parmanen stucture tthe top itll nrmaly be sll ng ach ne of sanded, For TG20 common bdcage Gears bracing sh ron ant lsmnting the scatold would become potently unstable when the top horizontal esis are Mot resent thats th ined. Thareor ies intormedata levels also, A method statement shouldbe prepoed agree an ih fol remains 828 of erection, service and dismantling As an alternative the birdeage may be designed sree Sura, Tis has the advantace of removing the nee for bt tia connections ta the paemanent srocture ane duces i tkainood of athe a expense of instability during erection and dismantling, These advantages are achioved at ‘more complex bracing arengements as ocussed below ata birdcage the permanent siaca wwotkorce, ‘may bo tied/butted and free standing in orthogonal rections to Suit the avaibityof walls of lure but care must be taken fo ensure thal the fequements are clearly cammunicsted fo the Structural desig 1805 fora ted or butte bide Bending resistane eg sion f notional horizontal frees tothe external horizontal stants ~ note tat putlog couples have liited sip resistance ° (05.11.13 for detalled guidance and effects of sleeved coupler positions Bending resistance of ledgers (is roquied to determine the eitical arrangement of point loads tom the 121.2 for detailed guidance; edgerto-standard coup * Arial load eesistance of standards - penitimate stand supporting perimeter bays o adder bays may bo trea Rofer to Append ve lngths of standards in birdcage satfolds, 25 fer uence 0 45.22 Free standing birdeages The structural design issues ls i i “ led above ae leo o fe standing bicdeages except that the no horizontal forces must be delvered to tne bissnd G er than to extornal But a tes. However the mi pene tly 298inst notional horizontal loads or wind loads the bitdcage i external, Single bay bracing i Sessa adequate to prevent it-off and reultar ineffective bracing and consequent large sway deflections Research and development for the 1620 compliant bineage scatfod rsuled inthe folowing brecing rules fo minimise it oft 20.complant bioSECTION 4 | Sacral deen oft ond ing afl 1. Bracing shoul be continuous. However this cen be made up of shorter lengths of one oF two bays as ong 2. _Inesch direction in which the birdcage is freestanding, each lin of standards should have at least two sets of bracing with the braces sloping in opposite directions Atleast one st of bracing must be continued up to the top it. her sets} must be continued tothe top tt 4. Generally the minimum two bracing sets should statin either the end or nextto-ond bays. However for singe it 5. Where the bittage is suticiey lng fr bath sets of tracing o reach the top if there wl be a numberof eral bays without bracing, The maximum number of sequential unbraced intemal bays fs govend by the nett bays Twoorthvecitis: 2 bays Where thes limits would be excoedad an adtionl sot of bracing shouldbe started. Where 3 sets ate requires he middle sot can face ether way, Where four are requied thoy should aerate in direction, re the scaffold has morolits then bays the bracing cannot continue in aie othe top it sot shouldbe ‘wrapped around or igzagged' across the length ofthe scaffold unt caches the top pation. Typical arrangements following thse rule ae ilustrated in figures 138 10 13.11 ofthe Y620:13 Operations! Guide, shih ae reproduced in section 2 ofthis guide as figure 2.18, This information does nat preclude the adoption o ‘ther arrangements they ean be justified by analy. A furthar option for feostanding ntdcages isto prove kKemtedge or equivalent anchorage at tho braced standards, This may permit simpler bracing patterns to be adopted aaltllScaffold design data 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 55 56 5.7 58 59 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 Scaffolaing sett weights fea lands 12 Vertical imposes lads 113 Loads pest per itor ogee seainds | 114 Section propertios of scat boseds 16 Seatfols tubes 19 ‘Axial oad capacies of sto! seaff tubes 120 etocive nth of Seated bemoans 124 design entoria foctubulsemembers 132 seaffoldcouniens 13S Function & ood capacity of seatold boards 137 Function & oad capacity of stoi vaneome Function & lod eapasiy of seafod ledgors Function & oad ea to tubes & sway of cont 144 Eauivoent joint 6108 loads fr unclagseatolas 145° Tie/anchortorees 146ia Scaffold design data 5.1 Scaffolding self-weights and dead loads th weights of common seaffoling mates nd components may be taken rom the following Ist Refer to BS EN rials and components 1901-11 Annex A for ater Table 5.1 - Scaffold component weights ‘Scaffolding material ‘Configuration Mass, Type 4 galvanised steel sotfold ube 48:3x4.0mm CHS 437 kgm 0.043. kN ype 9 aalvorisedsteo scaffold tube 4833.2mm CHS 356 kon 0.095. kN Softwood timber seatfold boards 38mm thick 25" kglm’ 025" Nine ‘0mm thick 3" kim? 092" kN ‘52mm thick 41° kgm? 0.40" KN? Profied metal sheeting ‘5mm thick 5 igh 0.08 0.7m tick 7 kim? 097 1.0mm thick 10 kgim® 0.10 Debris neting High permeability (0060-0.125 kin? <0001 KNin? Low permesbiity 100-0200 Kgl? — <0,009 Nin Sheeting Reinforced potyathylene 0,160 0.400 gin? <(1004_ Nini (Fe Brick guards Paste 89% 50 x5mm 0.73 kin? 0.007 KN ‘aid < 3mm thick Galvanised stool wire 1.6 ko? 0.018. ANP 5080 «2.5mm Pressed Forged ‘Stee couplers*™ Paaog coupler 077 ig 100 kg Right ange coupler oat kg 125 bg Sivel coupler 108 kg 13 ko might bo deduced for tabla A of BSEN 1981 ih may mclode an allowenee foe saturation an ‘The values for scaffold boards ao significant bigher th TH Thoy ate waditional wales taken ror table 6 of BS 5973, accumulation a dt te incvidualy in strctura analysis models, ++ The weight of couplers isnot insigniieant and if nt includ spectre slowaness should be made. The following examples may assis: ‘Table 5.2 - Weights of couplers as % addition to total weight of scaffold tube ‘Arrangement Pressed couplers Forged couplers Type 4 tes Noinide boards 2m lift 2.quard rats inside and out 110% 145% inside boards 2m 2 quad als outside only 108% 49% Zinsideboards Smit 3 guard als outside only 34% 125% “ype 3 tubes: Noineide boards 2m it 2 guardrails inside and out 135% 77% 130% 173% ] inside boaids _2mlift guardrails outside only inside boards Sm lift 3 guard rls outside only 119% 184%. |TION 5 | Sol den da 5.2 Vertical imposed loads on working areas & access routes For discussion of imposed loads, notional horizontal loads and notes on application refer to section 4.22 5.2.1. General imposed loads Table 4.1 Service loads on working areas Load Load duty Typical usage Uniform load Concentrated Concentrated Partial area class load on area on load on areaon load '300%¢600mm 200%200mm aki? FAN Fan akin? Inspection nd nection ping. 07s 180 1.00 oa Upkecuty Paste. ean 1.00 la ener) Gnaa aig werk sa 4 Hesrduty Hoy dt batog 5.2.2 Specific imposed loads Exceptionally it may be necessary to consider the effects of speciticloads rather han jst applying the EN 12811-1 Shivice tas, Table 53 prowes sone daa which say be useal for thi purpaze. 8S EN T9B1-1-1 Anna A provides @ wider rang. Table 5.3 Mass of men and materials hem Mass | Non vege ‘019 | Man th alo) 10089 | Spot bows maar 209 ebro io meta a Tesains an ings Tigh? Loins an fairs ata woes 5g Titer stood kn? gh a ives ot ter tis tsps ‘089 alan ong sc Je, rot ls, ses rt ade ab consid in pai cs includ Dt rom demotion, oer an fue caring 1g00igh 2mm hee pois on sea bes Stan Core spite onthe ges Sign33335 ** (tt 5.3 Loads per standard per lift for fagade access scaffolds The folowing data may bo used forthe manual caleulaton of ‘leg loads’. th unfactore axa forces scting on the tandords of the lowest it and delivered tothe foundations. procedure and example calculations are provide in 5.3.1 General Gravity lids per standard pe ft for various bay lengths and board configurations can be calculated sing the ‘given n clauses 5.1 and 52. ln most cases the outer and iner standards reloaded ferent. Tbles 8.4 and 5 Shaye gwve the worst case. 53.1.1 Unboarded lifts fable $4 gives the set weight lad per 2m it on one standas ofan unbosded scaffold taking into account tw stondards of it height, twa ledgers, the prncipal uardral and one main transom and ether one or two board ransoms, a orton ofthe ledger bracing, a portion ofthe longitudinal bracing and appropiate fing. ‘Table 5.4 Self weight load per standard in kN of an unboarded 2m high lift Load per standard in kl from an unboarded 2m high it Man side sai aa ea enc eg aes Desinason Boards boots ky x.3.0 a o os\ os agama x40 0 os) om)? ag eat 4 1 te 03) = ods xia 4 2 oo om) owas x-5-0 5 om 08am xosot 5 om 0g) a8 x-5-2 5 2 oa oot X-6-0 6 ° 2 03 os) x6 6 1 02 oan aaa Notes: 1. The lad is for ONE standard, ether inside or outside. 2 3. old values allow for atonal ransom for 2.4m and 2.7m bays 4 For x 1 load includes ona guardrail and one transom for greater than 1.5m bays. ation ofthe sctfold designation code eter to 2.1.22 5.3.12 Boarded fits ‘Te addtional dead and imposed load from a bearded it W) onthe more hen loaded standar, due to the platform board, the toe bosrd, tha intermediate quar tings ad the service imposed load onthe it are given in Table 55. They do nt include the eltavight of he satel, which fs given in table 5.4SECTION 54 Sond dngn de table. 5 Sa tata ons a mat art 5 Tage ond Length of Bay ee rT Boards {Nim kN KN kN KN KN KN kN5.4 Section properties of scaffold boards and timber beams 5.4.1 Scaffold boards 3 2482-2000 defines tne categories of timer Scaold boards, However only the lowest grade of mm hick Doaid is gully Used in setfads formed with tubes and fitings vere tis necessary o support loads fo storage or speci! equipment or where scaffold bonds fe used as ar eee parameters wile equved for use ncalculstios, BS 24822009 ble At gives two volves to ei poment forte 12m target sa grade boa a 7% moisture content and one week load «+ D.50kNm per Boor when aetng ncidually to support concentrated lads othe service uniform load «Geren per borden aesst four boards act together to support agit bling prodvt pack or tem of quioment ang ese vaues in conuncson wth BS 52682:2002 (the code of pratce for he sutra use of timber cont a oe ee atta tray be deduced that this tmber conforms to Sength loss C24 as dined by BS ae a a ve parnaters or hat strength cass may be apple in srctral caleltions 1 8S 8260-2 ving the permissible stess mathod as given bol 5.4.2 Timber strength and stiffness parameters ‘BS EN 330:2000 able species 12 strength classes for sofveod species but ony two ofthese are wily sed the UK namely C18 and C24, rable S6 enacts he relevant ‘rade’ stresses and modulo last fr thse stength losses fom table do BS sae cet te5.1 aunmarse the relevant modieton factors Krom clauses 2.6 02.10 of BS8208-2 Soar ee map tothe grade paarnetrs 10 get the pexmissible parameters for design. 5.4.3 Section capacities for common timber sections the folowing section capacy calculations ae resented in woking tess frmatin accordance wth the forme rae ono ech sow oily superseded by the Euocode BS EN 1995-11 which sin patel sfey factor Fre cate mportant caren stand for scaffold boards BS 2422008 gives strength ro snmatunt wath BS 62682 and hee Is currently no det coreation with the Eurocode, 186 52062:2002 couse 09 states na for se purpo2e of sleusting he strat of member at any section the Perea cmon dou be akon asthe are size. This sneered as requing no alowance for mn tt eg aatfald board section should be tatan ares and not the mrimum perms ee atonces 220 abi The section properties nthe following are caused accord i a smporiange of load duration in the design of timber members is necessary to assess 2 Aer ev tns vase prs of the nc combination unr consideration and slet the factor Ky scorn toe eo rans duration about 6 months is assumed which shoud be conservative fr tor used functions for most scaffolds in whi 75% ofthe load is dead los. rhe working load sheer capac o rectangular timber section mey be caluated as fotos: Py = Kp Ky Ky XK, 2 fy x Ay / 1000 KN moiiicatin factor on shear stress for extemal use if eppliable drain of load factor factor or load sharing if aplieable. ver srenath enhancement factor (= 1.6 fr temporary works (as given by clause 16.428 01 Bg so78-2008 ,41:2011, No explanation or source for ths facta is gen soit is conservative ignored (made ~ 10) in table 58. ‘rae permissible shoa stress in Nim? 067 xb xh tloctve shear area in mn allowing for parabolic distribution of shear stess breadth of section in mm. depth of ection in mm, ‘he working load bending moment cape af @ rectangular imber sation maybe eaeuated as followsSECTION 5 | Seb dn ds Table 5.6 ~ Grade stresses and moduli of elasticity forse 2 classes 1 and 2 (indoor use at ‘maximum moisture content 20%) Timber suength class cw 24 Units Bending paral othe grain h 3 7.50 Nin ‘Shear paraiso the grain & o6r O71 Wim Compression porpendcula to the grain Ibearing)* fa 220 240 Nim? Mean modulus ofeasity Eat 880 1080 AN Minimum modulus of elasticity Em 590 7.20 kam *Note values for bearing assume that wane! snot permitted inthe vicinity of beings. ‘Table 5.7.1 - Modification factors K, for sovic class 3 (outdoor use at molsture contents greater than 20%) On bending tess Ke 090 On shear strase ky 090 (On bearing sie Ki 60 (On modulo elasticity Kee 090 ‘Table 5.7.2 - Modification factors K, for durat Long term 100 1 month 190 1 140 Very short term tind lad combinations) ‘Table 5.7.3 - Modification factor K, or concentrated besrings more than 7mm from the end ofa member Length of bearing (nin Value of K, Length of bearing (mm) Value of k, 183 00 0 La 150 or mor 0 ‘Table 5.7.4 - Modification factor K, for member depth applied to bending stresses only % 16 v0 5mm depth 200mm depth ‘Table 5.7.5 ~ Modification factor K, for load sharing apy ied to stresses only (oc load sharing conditions unless storage leading 110 120M, Ky x Ky fy x 2/1000 we = ttt eo wid to Table 58 provides ste shear and mo and moment resistance values for savin timber sections and conditions commonly Table 5.8 - Properties ble 5.8 ~ Properties of timber sections for conditions commonly found in scaffolding structure Ste section Chienaton Seaton Socion Srongin Wong lad Working sean Sesion, Sue seorenpecy moment ap reo cman? i wn Zsvsonmectsieed insta assure cH ows savin isd a5 ota ok 2et9 7 eeper see ca 167 5.396 onedge 128 a9 cre 78 cates 8 aan 225 rom noe iene way aos v2 cu ro cneise 1007 suze ce 8 2468 ‘ ca 80 1388 225x1t0mmiinber Laide aas rg ct 2246 co are Cine ee ‘ot ue ca 20 esis | 2o0%76mminier nid tga 878 tas af 9! On edge 180 500.0 cB 16 2788 rat ca 88 on ommimter tas ias wos ce ost cat 60 128 Onedge 11258 «781318 57 oi cm 60 2a 00% Some snbor : lait sows B 25 ons ca 27 Onedge 60s—iéwHSD 25 ea aoe — «monteSECTION 5 1 Sifild doin dee 5.5 Section properties of scaffold tubes Table 5.9 cts the pr forthe stat scaffold tube sypes comment used in os For permissbe stress desig and thei Foc properties of aluminium tubes rete to Appendix C table In accordance with previous prective data is provided for both teas new’ and ‘used’ conditions. Gahan good condition are normally considered to bm 8s iew’ even though they may significant degradation, The section properties forthe ‘used condition f reduction in thekness extemal render the scaffold tub ve been used many tes without low previous practice in applying 10% In practice this amount ofcoresion implies a5 ofthe galvanised costing and would ncceptabie for use, Internal carosion is much more ikaly However asthe has ove ‘merely @ notional allowance for detricration a change in approach has nt booted, ‘Table 5.9 - Section properties of scaffold tube ‘Outer Nominal Unit Section Second Radius Plastic Characteristic Safe —Safe lamater thickness mass area moment of section yield stress working wasting ‘oferea gyration modulus moment shear Demm) mm) (ham) A, fem] Hem’) fem) Sten), N/mm), (km) ka Type dsteo tube to 8S EN 39:2001 ar BS 1120-11: 1990 as new) 8340 a7 38187787 208 12204 Toe 4 steal ube to BS EN 99:2001 or BS 1190+1-1:1990 (used, with 10% cortosion allowance) 475 3643749820 235 09 259 Type ste! tube to BS 1138-1982 jas nom 42 400 aug? rr 210 100 280 Type 4 steel ube to BS 1139-1982 used, with 10% conosion allowance) 47538 4aT 496201806 210 os 22 3.2m galvonised ste! tube grade $355 to BS EN 10210 01 8S 10219 (as n 4332358453610 355 4 se 48:33.2mm galvanised steel ube grade S265 t0 BS EN 10210 or BS 10219 used, with 10% corrosion allowance) o7 28358 400 159 580 265 125 ma Jmm” 5.6 Axial load capacities of steel scaffold tubes ‘The sia load capacity ofa scaffold tube is Using the provisions of Ewocode BS EN 1998-1-1:2006 the chara isthe cross sectional area ofthe tbe, Is the sioner A d ‘ai; Fs the radius of gyration E isthe elastic modus = 210000Nim fy tthe old stress; 1 5 the importection factor ax 0.49 3 cle formed tube; = 0.21 for ho fnshed tu BS EN 12811-1, for it state design using the paral safety factor format the pal safety factor loads = ', 15 and the matoial factor, -y= 1.1. Ti is equivalent to a ‘gabal safety factor = 1.8 %1-1 = 1,65 so thatthe sale working load inal compression for use Inthe permisab ‘working load design format may be written as crking wal load P, conditions wt ta the now absolate BS 17 arange of table S10 for type 4 tubes to 8S EN Nima. The values for the used condition include an allowance for Sickness. This tabve may also be used for ype 4 tube manufactured 13011990 which has practically tha same properties. Corresponding values of safe ail load are given in table for type 4 tubes to the former standord 8S 1198-1962 which speotied a lower minimum yield stress f= 210 Nin rresponcing values of safe ava loa for 48.9 3.2mm grade ven in table 6 10a Table 5 100 provides sa 10210-12008 which has a more favourable in formed tube to BS EN 102191:2006 ae nial loads for 4B. 3 3.2mm grade S365 hot fnahed tubo to BS EN aly for alumina tube are given in table C2 Values of design ukimate axial bucking resistance for use in the limit stata patil saat factor desig format may be ‘sind by multiplying the values in the tales 6,10, 5.109, 5.10b, C.2 and 0.1 by Reference should be made to soction 5:7 to determine the rlovan effective length becouse the effective lengths of mo scaffold members are not tho somes the longth betwaen intersections wih ether members e.. The effect ths of standards are not usual the same as the Mt heightSECTION 5 | Sf dig dee Tb 510 Sate xi fonds or perissbe stress design of 8S E30 Type 4 stl ctl ues “As new” tubes “Used” tubes os . Pus) be mm) x Pe 1200 765 619 1200 70 459 — 2000 127. 2.1 1000 128.4 256 &3333°** mi ‘Table 5.10 - Safe axial loads for permissible stress design of S355 48.3 x 3.2mm cold formed “As new" tubes Elective length Le (mm) 200 400 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 3000 3200 3400 500 4000 200 aoa 00 000 5200 400 5600 5200 6000 Slonderness ratio Safe axial load P. 3 19 06 73 72 86 56 52 48 42 aa = tube manufactured to BS EN 10219-1 “Used” tubes Effective length. Slenderness ratio Safe axial fond eto) 20 400 00 200 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 3000 3200 400 800 2800 2000 2200 4400 4200 5000 5200 5400 5000 5800 6000 26 218 oma m2 79 2687 ama P. cn 827 105 94 78 70 63Sou de ‘Table 5.10b ~ Safe axial loads for permissible stress design of S355 48.3 x 3.2mm hot finished ‘tube manufactured to BS EN 10210-1 “Rs now" tubes “Used?” tubes tet) : Pett) ein) . Pan 2000, 125.1 HQ 2000 126.1 25 ‘5.7 Effective lengths of scaffold tube members 5 the length of a pr-ended member o ual member hae when incorporated onvanient to refer to elective length ster than actu ‘hereby where Le isthe etective length isthe etfctve length factor Table 511 ilustetes the effctve length factors which are used and in onventional stuctures, However it must be emphasised tho end cond ustrated in the tables rol if ever applicable to seatfold structure olted by engineers inthe design of diate direction. The direction of axis (9, the fagade) or possibly in some intr fords the least resistence! least end restrain and her tho scatold standards its necessary to consider thee possible + Scatoids effectively braced or extemal retrained atl ifs, toll at any suppon cithor becaus Sn Comprassion due to suficient vertical aad, No falura of the bracing Itself due to bucking or coupler sip + Untied scaffols with ineffective brscng 10 eases of increasing complaxty are considerod below 5.7.1 Fully braced and vertically anchored scaffolds he ands of structural members ae held in poston in both detions by bracing or by external restraints al members intersecting cancanicaly athe node points tis safe a take the effective longths a equal tothe