CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter focuses on the different literature and studies that relate to the
researchers topic. Different sources were used as a basis for the citations used in this
chapter.

I.RELATED LITERATURE

A. LOCAL

A career choice is important because it determines your success in the next stages of your

life (PAMS, n.d). One of the tasks of high school students is to explore and plan for their post-

secondary career options. High school students are at the exploration stage of career

development. Many factors affect career choices of high school students. Identifying these

factors would give parents, educators, and industry an idea as to where students place most of

their trust in career selection process (Super, 1990).

Senior High School is two years of specialized upper secondary education; students may choose

a specialization based on aptitude, interests, and school capacity. Each student in Senior High

School can choose among three tracks: Academic; Technical-Vocational-Livelihood; and Sports

and Arts. The Academic track includes three strands: Accountancy, Business Management

(ABM); Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS); and Science, Technology, Engineering,

Agriculture, and Mathematics (STEAM). The choice of career track will define the content of the

subjects a student will take in Grades 11 and 12 (Official Gazette, 2012).

On the first semester SHS students were divided by their chosen strand. However, for this second

semester there are SHS students who opt to transfer to the other strand. It is in this context that
the proponents of the study would like to determine the factors that influence SHS student of

SCC in the choice of strand.

This study is aimed at finding the factors that influence the senior high school students in their

chosen strand. It seeks answers to the following questions: What are the factors that influences

senior high school students in choosing their strand and what is the demographic profile of senior

high school students who choose their specialization in terms of: (a) Ideal Jobs, (b) Personality

(c) Family and (d) Peer/Classmate. The result of the study may provide them information on the

most and least influential factors of Senior High School students in choosing their strand. The

result will help the faculty members in their programs to guide students in choosing the strand

for themselves. This study may give information on the factors that influence Senior High

School students in choosing their strand. This study may serve as reference for other researchers

who may be interested in the same problem and in others that are related to it. This study was

focused on the factors that influence the senior high school students in choosing their strand.

Only the Senior High School students enrolled in the 2nd semester at Southern Christian College

(SCC) in the school year 2016-2017

Descriptive survey design was used in determining the factors that influence Senior High School

track/strand. Two sections from the four track/strands specially for HUMSS sections B and C,

for STEAM sections G and H, for ABM sections O and P, for TVL sections L and N. The

researchers asked permission from the principal of senior high school to conduct the study. Upon

approval, the questionnaire was administered by the researchers to the respondents in the school

campus. The data gathered was tabulated by statistical analysis.

B. FOREIGN
 When students begin college, they're often intimidated by the rarified atmosphere of

intellectual life, so their colleges walk them through course enrollment and see to it that

they enroll in a variety of courses designed to give them a good start on academic life.

After the first semester, however, students begin to make more informed and independent

course choices, which may be based on requirements, practicalities, and personal bent.

Is it hard or easy for them? Many freshmen and sometimes sophomores and upper

classmen often try to schedule courses that they have heard are easy. This may be a

symptom of laziness, but it may also be fear. Sometimes taking a course that seems easy

is a practical concern: When a student enrolls in challenging courses, she may offset the

workload by enrolling in one "easy" course so that she can still carry a full-time credit

load for financial aid purposes and allow enough time and intellectual space for more

challenging courses. In fact, College Board, a student advisement organization,

recommends this approach. It's not unusual for students to try to get into a course because

of the reputation of the professor teaching it. This may be because a professor is

perceived as easy, or because the professor is an outstanding scholar in her field or

because the professor is regarded as a fine teacher. Nearly all colleges and universities

have general education requirements, which cover a variety of disciplines within the

humanities, mathematics, the natural sciences and social sciences. Students can choose

from among lists of approved courses, but must take at least one course or more courses

in each discipline. The idea is to give students academic breadth, as well as depth, so that

when they graduate they will have a fuller sense of the world and how it works.
All students must fulfill their major requirements, and every major has a list of required

courses and a list of major other courses from which students may choose, as long as they

complete a required number of major credits before graduation. Some schools also

require that a student choose a specialization within the major. For example, a student

majoring in business may have to choose a specialization in management or finance, so a

given student will also have to choose courses that fulfill his specialization. Students who

plan to attend graduate school, law school or medical school often enroll in courses that

they believe will help them either on an entrance exam, such as the Law School

Admissions Test, or that will give them a head start once they are working toward a

graduate degree. These courses may include logic, philosophy, research methodologies,

advanced writing and others.

Once in a while a student has to choose a course because it fits his schedule and it's

available. This happens when a student's schedule is tightly constrained by major

requirements. For example, some courses are available only once every two years. It also

can happen when a course that a student wanted to take is filled and the student is thus

"closed out" and must make a last-minute choice that fits into a schedule of other courses.

At some point, many students try to fit in a course or two based purely on personal

interest. While their majors may reflect their primary interest, most people are interested

in more than one intellectual pursuit, so a biology major who has a passion for movies

might take a film course.

II. RELATED SUDIES

A. LOCAL

Unemployment rate in the country is commonly associated with the misfit graduates

produced by universities and colleges and the workforce needed by different companies.

The wrong choice of course taken by most of high school students adds to the

unemployment and underemployment rate of newly graduate students. With this the study

determined the factors affecting the fourth year high school students’ career preference of

University of Rizal System’ Laboratory School in Morong Rizal. The relationship of the

factors affecting students’ preference of course to their career preference, Brainard’s

Occupational Preference Inventory (BOPI) results, academic achievement and their

elective grades were considered. Frequency, percentage and chi-square were used as

statistical treatments. The findings revealed that the availability of work after college is the

first consideration of students in choosing a course in college. Most of the students prefer

to take scientific related field courses, or the “popular courses” for Filipinos. The least

preferred course are in the Agricultural field. The BOPI results showed that most of the

student-respondents are suited to take professional courses. Students’ preferred course is

related to their BOPI result as well as to their father’s occupation. Other factors such as

mother’s occupation, monthly family income, students’ sibling position and students’ third

year general average grades are not related to the students’ preferred course in college to

their BOPI results. BOPI results are significantly related to the students’ elective course

grades. Students’ career success can be best attained if proper guidance is given in

choosing the right course in college, suited to students’ personality, ability and intellect.
 To be able to find ways to lessen misfit qualification of graduates to the needed

workforce of companies and institutions, the government, particularly the Department of

Education finds ways to elevate the quality of graduates before even reaching the

collegiate level. This is one of the reasons why the government implemented the K-12

program in the educational system. One of the objectives of the Department of

Education’s K-12 program is to produce graduates who are equipped with knowledge and

skills to be productive citizens and an additional work force to promote economic

development in the even after high school. There are many factors considered by school

administrators aside from the school curriculum or the academics to promote student

educational success. Other perspective which is characterized by a differentiated view of

schooling that promotes students’ success aside from student learning and academic

engagement is the students’ social engagement. Students’ social engagement may require

different resources such as the counselors .

One of the roles of guidance and counseling is to make it possible for an individual to

see and explore his or her unlimited endowed options. Vocational guidance counseling,

one of the major services of guidance and counseling is to come up with career

development program which enables guidance counselors to assist individuals to identify

and learn the skills by which they can be more effective in planning for and in choosing

jobs, in making effective transitions and adjustments to work and in managing their own

careers and career transitions effectively. He further added that the National Career

Development Association (NCDA) in the United States in 1993 noted that “Helping
 individuals increase self-understanding of their abilities, interests, values and goals is a

vital foundation of the career development process”

A.FOREIGN

Choosing the right career path is becoming more and more important for young

students today.Students have to take into account many things when choosing a career

and college major. Many factors can influence a student’s decision, including parents,

coaches, religious figures, or any role models in a student’s life. Participation in

agriculture clubs such as FFA and 4-H can also have an effect on students’ career

choices.The objectives of this research study were to determine what factors affect

agriculture students’ choice of career path. A questionnaire was developed to examine

areas of interest and attributes that may have influenced students when choosing a career

path. The questionnaire was completed by 128 students in the freshman studies classes of

The University of Tennessee at Martin who plan to major in Agriculture. Chi-square tests

were used to examine relationships among study factors.According to this survey,

students are most influenced by family when choosing a major; 22%chose family as the

most important factor influencing their choice of major. However, 21% ofthe students

chose “a career that is personally rewarding” and 20% chose “FFA/4-H experience”as the

most important factors affecting their choice. FFA played a bigger role in choosing

amajor than 4-H. Farming background and the size of schools did not play a role in

choosing amajor. However, students with a farming background were more likely to plan

on working inproduction agriculture than students without a farm background. The

students who completed thequestionnaire had a positive outlook on their career. Students
believe their projected careers will make a positive impact on the world. Students also

believe that there are excellent career opportunities in agriculture.

1. What are the factors that influence Grade 10 students in choosing their SHS strand and what is

the demographic profile of Grade 10 students who choose their specialization in terms of: (a)

Ideal Jobs, (b) Personality (c) Family and (d) Peer/Classmate.