LESSON 24-- I. Vocabulary IV.Grammar Explanation Il. Translation Lahey Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences 2. BEF Conversation: VT-form {$5 ET Will you help me? (net I1LReference Words & Information: 3. N (person)4® V EXCHANGE OF PRESENTS 4. Interrogative#* V LESSON 25-- teen eee eweneeeeeens se aseeeeewen: +156 I. Vocabulary IV.Grammar Explanation Il. Translation 1. plain past form, ~ Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences 2. V/--formb, ~ Conversation: 3. VT-form Thank you for having been kind to me adj (9) ~ TP Ill.Reference Words & Information: tad [MIT . LIFE NT 4.tbandwy< 5 5.NA SUMMARY LESSON --- I. Particles II. How to Use the Forms IILAdverbs and Adverbial Expressions TV. Various Conjunctions APPENDICES:- I. Numerals Il. Expressions of time IILExpressions of period IV.Counters V. Conjugation of verbsINTRODUCTION 1. General Features of Japanese 1. Parts of Speech The Japanese language is comprised of verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs, conjunctions and particles. 2. Word Order A predicate always comes at the end of a sentence. A modifier always comes before the word or phrase to be modified. 3. Predicate There are three types of predicates in Japanese: noun, verb and adjective. A predicate inflects according to whether it is (1) affirmative or negative and (2) non-past or past. Adjectives are divided into two types according to their type of inflection. They are called \ ’-adjectives and %-adjectives. In Japanese, words do not inflect for person, gender or number. 4, Particle A particle is used to show the grammatical relation between words, to show the speaker’s intention or to connect sentences. 5. Omission Words or phrases are often omitted if they are understood from the context. Even the subject and object of a sentence are often omitted. Il, Japanese Script There are three kinds of letters in Japanese: hiragana, katakana and kanji (Chinese characters). Hiragana and katakana are phonetic representations of sounds, and each letter basically corresponds to one mora (a unit of sound. See II). Kanji convey meanings as well as sounds. In Japanese script, all three types of letters are used together. Katakana are used to write foreign names and loan words. 1945 kanji letters are fixed as essential for daily use. Hiragana are used to write particles, the inflectable parts of words, etc. Other than these three types of letters, romaji (Roman letters) are sometimes used for the convenience of foreigners. You may see romaji at stations and on sign- boards. Below are examples of all four types of script. mp <4 lt 37- XK & FA-b N HF BET. O OH 4 Oo A Ho OD Mr. Tanaka is going to the department store with Mr. Miller. AR Osaka O° * (O-kanji —hiragana A-katakana x —romaji)Ill. Pronunciation of Japanese 1. Kana and Mora hiragana script H-line [\\-line [7 -line [2-line [B-line katakana script the Roman alphabet brwl ST) Ot [77 aATP Br a i u e ° prowl DA) SF) C7 (47) 09 Sete [Fn ta | Ft ta k ka_| ki | ku {| ke | ko kya kyu kyo Y-row telev Le ve [le val] lava 8 se_| so sha shu sho te-row TFLEb be Fr | bn ta | 62 Fa E te to cha chu cho *-row BR[O? Ke se [Ke =a [Es a3 a ne_| no nya nyu nyo ld-ow | ltvs] DE] 7) AN] lb Veter |Um ta h ha_| hi_| fu | he | ho zrowl|t7[ Ai [LAL H** tt m ma_|_mi_| mu | me | mo Prow | PV [0 4)/ ba (a Z)] La y ya wi yu |) | yo bowl b7/) Vl Sulavlaa Ye de | YoYo] Ye Va t ra_| ori tu_| re | to rya ryu Tyo bow! b7 [04/09 VAD) EF w wa (i) (u) (e) o LY A Krow | eae | FFL CT (S| OF ¥e Fr [Xe Fa [Fr Fa g ga gi gu ge go gya gyu gyo Snow | Sl CY Ha eel ey Ce Yr [Ue Ya] Cr Ya z za_| ji | m | ze | 2 ja iu jo Haw | EIT EF [AS CFL OK d da | fi | mw | de | oo (£row | IL-5] VE | SF) AN EK Ue Er |p Ean [Ur Ea b ba_| bi | bu | be | bo bya byu byo (£row [ILS] UE] RA] AAT EK Uets |e ta | Ur ba P pa_| pi_| pu | pe | po pya pyu pyo The katakana letters in the square on the right are not in the above table. They are used to write sounds which | are not original Japanese | sounds but are needed for } use in loan words Fadi Fodu ! F a dyu |The Japanese language is based on five vowel sounds: 4 (a), \‘ (i), 9 (u), 2 (e) and 4 (0) (see the table on the previous page). All spoken sounds are derived from these five vowels. They are used alone or are attached to either a consonant (e.g., k +a = 4) or a consonant plus the semi-vowel “y” (e.g.,k+ y +a= ¥ ¥). The exception to this is a special mora, A (n), which is not followed by vowels. All of these sounds are of equal length when spoken. [Note 1] A mora is a unit of sound in Japanese. [Note 2] In order to write the Japanese language according to the pronunciation, kana are used. (See “Kana and Mora” on the previous page.) One kana letter or one kana letter accompanied by a small kana letter (¢.g., ¥ ) basically corresponds to one mora. 2. Long Vowels. A long vowel is pronounced twice as long as the ordinary vowels 4, \', 7, % and #. If you count the length of the vowel 4 as one, the length of the long vowel 4& is counted as two. This means 4 is one mora long, whereas 4 & is two moras long. Whether a vowel is long or not can change the meaning of the word. eg, BIE A (aunt): bIZH & A (grandmother) BUA (uncle): 6 ULL * A (grandfather) D ® (snow) D3 * (courage) & (picture) :% A (yes) & 4 (take): & BS (pass) = (here): C45 5 (high school) ~\*?(room): \1)*? (plain) AK (card) 77 (taxi) A= <= (supermarket) F—T (tape) 7 — + (notebook) [Note] 1) How to write the long vowels in hiragana (1) The long vowels of the 4-line Add 4% to the hiragana letters belonging to the 4-line. (2) The long vowels of the \ ‘-line Add \ ° to the hiragana letters belonging to the \ ‘-line. (3) The long vowels of the 4 -line Add 4 to the hiragana letters belonging to the 4 -line. (4) The long vowels of the %-line Add \ to the hiragana letters belonging to the %-line. (exceptions: 2 & yes, 41% say, B11 x A elder sister) (5) The long vowels of the }-line Add 7 to the hiragana letters belonging to the -line. (exceptions: 5 *\) big, 6\. many, ¢ \ » far, and some others)2) How to write the long vowels in katakana For all the lines, add “—.” 3. Pronunciation of A A never appears at the beginning of a word. It constitutes one mora. For easier pronunciation, the way it is said changes according to the sound that comes after it. 1) It is pronounced /n/ before the sounds in the 7:-, £-, 5- and 4-rows. eg. (LAAN (opposite) 7A F (sport) +44 (rail) AA% (all) 2) It is pronounced /m/ before the sounds in the (-, (Z- and £-rows. eg. LASK (newspaper) 2 AU (pencil) 7 41) (destiny) 3) It is pronounced /1)/ before the sounds in the 4>- and 4*-rows. eg. CA% (weather) (44.4°< (visit) 4, Pronunciation of 2 > appears before a sound belonging to either the 4-, ¥-, 7:- or (d-row. In writing loan words, it is also used before sounds belonging to the +*-row, ¥ -row, etc. It constitutes one mora and has one mora’s length. e.g. 384 (subordinate) : 3‘ 4> (commodity price) O° X\) (fire) : 2X1» (applause) BL (sound): 62 ¥ (husband) (55% Giary) * > L (magazine) % 7 T (stamp) \vald\) (acupof~) J» 7 (glassy) ~“_F (bed) 5. Pronunciation of Letters Combined with ®, or £ *, ¥,L, , 5, 1c, OU, G, & or |) can combine with *, » or t, and the two letters together constitute one mora. eg. UX < Gump): Ux < (hundred) UW 3 (freedom) : Uw 7 (ten) UL IFA (beauty parlor): Ut 3\.A (hospital) Lx (shirt) BHP (tea) Fw 7 (Ew 7 (milk) X29 (today) 35 £4 (department chief) |) t= 7 (travel) 6. Pronunciation of the #°-row The consonant of this row, when it comes at the beginning of a word, is pronounced [ 9]. In other cases, it is usually pronounced [10]. Recently some Japanese do not differentiate between [9] and [0], and always use [9].7. Devoicing of Vowels [i] and [u] The vowels [i] and [u) are devoiced and not heard when they come between voiceless consonants. The vowel [u] of [su] in ~ C4 or ~ FF is also devoiced when the sentence finishes with either ~ C$ or ~ #4. eg, F% (likey LA ‘TH (wanttodo) % % £F (listen) 8. Accent The Japanese language has pitch accent. That is, some moras in a word are pronounced high and others low. The words are divided into two types according to whether a word has a falling pitch or not. Words with a falling pitch are subdivided into three types according to where the fall in pitch occurs. The standard Japanese accent is characterized by the fact that the first and the second moras have different pitches, and that the pitch never rises again once it has fallen. [Types of Accent] 1) A fall in pitch does not occur. {| ] eg., {fh (garden) (af (nose) JE X (name) {=[£A —(Vapanese language) 2) A fall in pitch comes after the first mora, PL) e.g., (L(book) TK % (weather) B[If'> (next month) 3) A fall in pitch comes in the word at some place after the second mora. [. ] eg, AFIS egg) UTS (airplaney 4K EL. (teacher) 4) A fall in pitch comes after the last mora. {J 1 e.g., .3°4> (subordinate) : 32.4. (commodity price) 4X0) (fire) : 4 SV) (applause) $Y (sound): 6 > & (husband) (53% (diary) * 2 L (magazine) % > T (stamp) \voldvs (acupof ~) Fy 7 (glass) ~“_y F (bed) 5. Pronunciation of Letters Combined with *, or + UX < Gump): Ue ¢ (hundred) U5 (freedom): LU 4 (ten) UL IFA (beauty parlor): Ut 7A (hospital) Yry (shirt) BH (tea) X35! 7 (milk) % £9 (today) Sth £9 (department chief) |) & = 4 (travel) 6. Accent 1 (garden) 4J¥ A (name) (=F = (Japanese language) [_| ug ] {HL (book) “TIA (weather) 5]. ‘14’ (next month) L_) SEIS (egg) UE1G& (airplane) KEL (teacher) [ ] Fl(shoes) X7F Al (holiday) $I 7 Ul (younger brother) [_J~ ]] (JU (bridge) : [2LL. (chopsticks) 1 YS] (one) : \ 14 (location) Tokyo accent : Osaka accent (the : (ale (flower) WYRE: WAS (apple) Bai : HAL (music)7. Intonation eg, tik : SLA Ride HERE LEd. I] LI-FAKG VGLEK AREtLM [LV] 29-2 bb OotHHA, DV) Sato __: I'll go to see the cherry blossoms with my friends tomorrow. Won't you come with us, Mr. Miller? Miller: Oh, that sounds good. Il. Classroom Instructions 1. Let’s begin. 2. Let’s finish (the lesson). 3. Let’s take a break. 4. Do you understand? (Yes, I do./No, I don’t.) 5. Once more. 6. Fine. / Good. 7. That's not OK, / That’s wrong. 8. name 9. exam, homework 10. question, answer, example Il. Daily Greetings and Expressions - Good morning. 2. Good afternoon. 3, Good evening. 4. Good night. 5. Good-bye. 6 7. 8 . Thank you very much. . Excuse me. / I’m sorry. Please. = z merals zero one two three four five six seven eight nine BowmrdsHawnroZTERMS USED FOR INSTRUCTION R-% lesson — £8 xe sentence pattern Ha BX example sentence S34 Bis conversation cd ae practice CSA pe exercise Bia Ba answer ala aw reading practice ein ae review Be BK contents wethia Ral index RE grammar x sentence Shs G8) word 4 phrase 28 i clause Pi Woe 5 38 Re pronunciation 28 oe vowel . Fe consonant He i mora #@ Teh accent AYbR—Y 3 intonation out (row dae Al (\‘Jline polite style of speech plain style of speech inflection form ~form modification exception noun verb adjective \ -adjective tW-adjective particle adverb conjunction quantifier counters interrogative (question word) noun (predicate) sentence verb (predicate) sentence adjective (predicate) sentence subject predicate object topic affirmative negative perfective imperfective past non-past