PRODUCTION OF SOAP Saponification ~ Songs are mind by the astion of alkalis on fatty naids, a process called saponification. cerca son rnin ston sstiing rod ¢ 6 ke fo cut away the solid soap hot saturate sj tame pm t ick pete sold soap oat po ~ Gils anal fats are hented by steam with sodiene hydroxide. The fots are broken down, Leaving, glycerol ana the sodiuam salt of the Long chained acid. ~The sodivra salt of the acicl ean be used as son ~ Sodium chloride is added +» sepavte the conp as ais upper Layer (he salting out of son). fatty acid + sodium ~ sodium salt (soap) + glycerol ~ Thesomp molecule nas a hydrepllte head and tne hydrocarbon tail is hydlrophobie. When washing with somp andwnter, Ske nydrophilic end is meracted to the water mucteoules while the hydrophobic ent ain with the ois fron the dirty object detaching then from the object anal tench themselves to the Somp yeopniicneseStages in the production of somp Baling = Thealleali anal fat ave boiled ina Large ete (steel tanke). After boiling the ass thickens as the fat rincts with the alealt producing soap and glycerine Separation or Salting = Salt is added to the meixture to cause the sonp product to vise tothe top of the eels and aligw the aleve to sete at the boteone In this way the glyseel is Sinaply tapped off frons the bottoms of te tle Refinement = Toremove tne snual antounts of fat that have net saponified, a strong ‘caustic alkali solution is added to the katte. The mass is brought to the boll again. ‘andl venct the Last of the fat turns to soap Pitehing = tmvetves boiling the sonp agate added water, The mass eventually Seqnvates into two layers. The bottore Layer called nigre containing, mast of tnt woter, inepurities tt such as dive Ona salt, The te Layer, called the neat soap is a quid Layer that contains alt the purified soap (FOR) and some water (sof). The vant somp is poured into nedulds and allowed to coc.