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Managing Risk in Cleaning Validation
Managing Risk in Cleaning Validation
VALIDATION
Michael Gietl
Technical Service Specialist
STERIS Corporation
michael_gietl@steris.com
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Agenda
• Regulatory background
• Risk identification
– Residues
– Sampling
– Analytical methods
– Microbial considerations
– Limits
• Grouping
• Risk Management Tools
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Cleaning Validation Master Plan
Limits Methods
Definition Validation
Hold Time
Definition Recovery
Studies
Engineering Hard to Clean Worst Case
Runs Locations Definition
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Regulatory Requirements
• Worldwide GMPs
– EU Annex 15 (Paragraph 36) (2006) & GMP Part II
(formerly Appendix 18) (2005)
– US FDA, Guide to Inspections of Validation of
Cleaning Processes (1993)
– Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention (PIC/S),
Recommendations on…Cleaning Validation (2001)
– WHO Technical Report No. 937: WHO Supplementary
Guidelines on GMP (Annex 4): Validation (2006)
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RISK IDENTIFICATION
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Types of Soils
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Cleaning Chemistry
• Cleaning depends on process control…
Time
Action
Concentration / Chemistry
Temperature
• Cleaning also depends on cleaning conditions…
– Water Quality
– Individual Performing Cleaning (esp. in manual cleaning)
– Nature of Soil
– Surface being cleaned
• Coupon/beaker studies
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Understanding Your Soils
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Sampling
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Sampling Methods
Parameter Swab Rinse Placebo
Physical Removal Good Poor Moderate
Technique Dependent Yes No No
Hard to reach locations Poor Good Good
Adaptable to irregular Moderate Good Moderate
surfaces
Controlled Area Yes No No
Non-Invasive No Yes Yes
Adaptable to on-line No Yes No
monitoring
Can use solvents Yes Yes No
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Identify and Define Sampling
Methods
• Swabs – area to be used
• Rinse – define and qualify method
• Microbial – recovery?
• Blanks and controls – handling & methodology
• Sample locations
– ID
– Justification
– Risk rationale
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Analytical Methods
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Microbiological Residues
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Residue Limits
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Residue Limits
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Residue Limits
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Residue Limits
• Need to determine how much product we just
cleaned will be administered to each patient
taking the next product
– How much will that represent in the next batch?
– How much will that represent on the surface?
– Need the residual amount to be “safe”, add safety
factor
– Need to recognize variability in manufacturing
process that may change from lot to lot and
incorporate into the strategy
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The Three Types of Limits
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Calculating Residue Limits
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Minimum Daily Dose of Active
in Product A
• How much of the product we just cleaned
(Product A)
– May be expressed as one of the following:
• Toxicity or LD50 (with appropriate safety factor)
• Therapeutic Dosage
• Allergenic Level
• Minimum pharmacological effect level
• NOEL (No Observable Effect Level)
– Most Conservative Approach
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Maximum Daily Dose of
Product B
• Amount that will be administered to each patient
taking the next product (Product B)
– The amount of the next product that may be
administered
– Always most conservative to over-estimate this term
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Safety Factor Term
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Safety Factor Term
(Continued)
• One option is to apply safety factors uniformly
within a plant
– Topical Products: 10 to 100*
– Oral Dosage Products: 100 to 1000*
– Parenteral/Opthalmic Products: 1,000 to 10,000
– Research/Investigational Products: 10,000 to 100,000
(Hall, W.A. 1997. Cleaning for bulk pharmaceuticals chemicals. In Validation of
bulk pharmaceutical chemicals)
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Calculating Residue Limits
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Batch Term
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Surface Area Term
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Calculating Residue Limits
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Limits for Cleaning Agents
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Other Considerations
• Route of administration
– Topical, oral, parenteral, etc.
• Type of patient likely to receive product
– Adult vs. Child
• Position / role of equipment in process
– Conservative strategies moves one toward a purer
product as the product is processed to a finished
dosage (e.g. UF/DF skids, fillers)
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Visually Clean
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Visually Clean
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Things to Avoid in Setting
Limits
• Limits based on analytical assay
– LOQ (maybe?)
– LOD (never!)
• Limits based on compendial water specs
• Limit unrelated to target residue
• Limits selected arbitrarily
• No documentation of rationale or risk ranking for
how selected
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Clean Hold Time (CHT) and
Dirty Hold Time (DHT)
• Clean Hold Time
– Following cleaning, how long equipment remains
“clean” before reuse.
– Not concerned with process residue; focus is on
controlled storage (bioburden proliferation)
• Dirty Hold Time
– How long “dirty” equipment can remain dirty prior to
cleaning
– Generally, longer DHT à increasingly difficult to clean
– Be aware of potential changes in active/excipient
physicial or chemical properties
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RISK ASSESSMENT
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Product Grouping (Matrixing)
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Product Grouping (2)
OTC Products 2
Dietary supplements 1
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Product Grouping (3)
• Solubility: Solubility of active in water/solvent/
cleaning agent being used to clean equipment
• Example:
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Product Grouping
Cleanability Factor Description Example
1 Easiest to clean Very soluble tablets;
product does not stick to
surfaces
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Example (Dietary Supplements)
Cleanability
in
Potency
-‐
RDA
Toxicity
Alkaline
Total
RPN
Oral
Dosage
Form
Solubility
(ac5ve)
(mg)
Oral
LD50
(mg/kg)
Detergent
(S×P×T×C)
Prac5cally
Calcium
7
insoluble
1
800-‐1200
1
6450
2
14
0.050-‐0.2
Chromium
4
Not
specified
5
00
2
100-‐400
2
80
Not
Potassium
3
soluble
3
specified
1
7200
2
18
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Equipment Grouping
• Similar equipment design
– Materials of construction
– Equivalent geometries/design risks
– Equivalent “hot spots” and critical sites (sampling
sites)
• Similar manufacturing process
– Role/position in process
– Campaign length/dirty hold time
• Identical cleaning process
– Cleaning agent
– TACT
– Frequency of cleaning
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EXAMPLE: DETERMINING
WORST-CASE LOCATIONS IN
FERMENTOR
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1 baffle
2 Spray balls
Instrument
ports (pH, DO,
etc)
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1. Coverage testing
(riboflavin testing)
2. Instrument/sample
port(s)
3. Air-liquid interface
4. Representative
surface
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References & Additional
Reading
• Fourman, G.L. and Mullen, M.V., “Determining Cleaning Validation Limits for
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Operations,” Pharmaceutical Technology 17(4), 54-60
(1993).
• FDA, 1993, Guide to inspections of validation of cleaning processes. Rockville, MD,
USA: Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Affairs.
• Forsyth, R., O’Neill, J.C. and Hartman J.L. (2007) Materials of construction based on
recovery data for cleaning validation. Pharmaceutical Technology, Oct., pp. 103–116.
• LeBlanc, D.A. (2000) Validated Cleaning Technologies for Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing. USA: Interpharm Press.
• Verghese, G. and Lopolito, P. (2007) Process Analytical Technology and Cleaning.
Contamination Control, Fall 2007, pp. 22–26.
• LeBlanc, Destin A. et al., Cleaning Technology for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Technology 17:7, 84-92 (1993).
• Points to Consider for Cleaning Validation. PDA Technical Report No. 29. PDA.
Bethesda, MD.March 30, 1998.
• Forsyth, RJ. et al., Correlation of Visible-Residue Limits with Swab Results for
leaning Validation. Pharmaceutical Technology 30 (11), 90-100 (2006).
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References & Additional
Reading (2)
• LeBlanc, Destin A., Issues in Setting Limits for Actives in Bulk Biotech Manufacture.
Journal of Validation Technology 15 (1), 71-76 (2009).
• Pluta, P (editor). Cleaning and Cleaning Validation Volume I. PDA Books (2009).
ISBN 1933722371.
• Troy, F., Hold Time Studies: A Lost Parameter for Cleaning Validation. Journal of
Validation Technology 13 (3) 206-209 (2007).
• Rathore, N. et al., Bench-Scale Characterization of Cleaning Process Design Space
for Biopharmaceuticals. BioPharm International 22 (3), 32-44 (2009).
• Kendrick, K. et al., Analysis of Degradation Properties of Biopharmaceutical Active
Ingredients as Caused by Various Process Cleaning Agents and Temperature.
Journal of Validation Technology 15 (3), 69-77 (2009).
• *Note: This is not a complete listing, just a guidance to literature the speaker has
found to be interesting/beneficial.
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Questions?
THANK YOU!
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