Fluid Mechanics Negi Sir PDF Free

FLUID MECHANICS
by
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
MECHANICAL HEAD (Unacademy Brands)
IR i
A IS
MANAGING DIRECTOR ENGINEERS HUB
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N
M.Tech IIT – B (Topper)

CLASS NOTES & PROBLEMS
A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
Revision – 0 (08/11/2021)
CHAPTER-1
FLUID & ITS
PROPERTIES
by
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N

A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
2 FLUID & ITS PROPERTIES
1.1 Definition of Fluid, Mass Density, Specific Weight & Specific gravity
1. The necessary and sufficient condition for a A. has that same shear stress at all points
surface to be called as ‘free surface’ is B. can deform indefinitely under the action of
A. no stress should be acting on it the smallest shear force
B. tensile stress acting on it must be zero C. has the small shear stress in all directions
C. shear stress acting on it must be zero D. is practically incompressible
D. no point on it should be under any stress. [GATE-1996-ME & CE]
[GATE-2006-CE]
E )
2. A fluid is one which can be defined as a
substance that
(X
1.2 Viscosity
1. ‘Kinematic
r
viscosity’ is dimensionally velocity at the interface (round off to two
IR i
A IS
represented as -1 decimal places) is ______m/s.
M M
A. B.
LT L2 T
T2 L2
C. D.
G
L T
[GATE-2021-CE] [GATE-2019-ME]
TE E
2. Two immiscible, incompressible, viscous 3. Consider the two-dimensional laminar flow of
fluids having same densities but different water (μ = 0.001 N. s/m2 ) between two
N
viscosities are contained between two infinite infinitely long parallel plates 0.1 m apart as
horizontal parallel plates, 2 m apart as shown shown in the figure below. The velocity
below. The bottom plate is fixed and the upper profile at any location is given by u(y) =
plate moves to the right with a constant 100(0.1y − y 2 ) m/s where y is in m. The
velocity of 3 m/s. With the assumptions of magnitude of shear stress (in N/m2 , rounded
off to 2 decimal places) acting on the bottom
A
Newtonian fluid, steady, and fully developed

laminar flow with zero pressure gradient in all plate is ________
G
directions, the momentum equation simplifies

to
d2 u
=0
dy 2
If the dynamic viscosity of the lower fluid, μ2 ,
is twice that of the upper fluid, μ1, then the
- 1 -
Fluid Mechanics (Fluid & Its Properties)
[GATE-2019-XE] 6. Two infinite parallel horizontal plates are

4. The dimensions of kinematic viscosity of a separated by a small gap (d = 20 mm) as shown
fluid (where L is length, T is time) are in figure. The bottom plate is fixed and the gap
A. LT −1 B. L2 T −1 between the plates is filled with oil having
C. LT −2 D. L−2 T density of 890 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity
[GATE-2019-AE] of 0.00033 m2 /s. A shear flow is induced by
5. A solid block of 2.0 kg mass slides steadily at moving the upper plate with a velocity of 5
a velocity V along a vertical wall as shown in m/s. Assume, linear velocity profile between
the figure below. A thin oil film of thickness h the plates and the oil to be a Newtonian fluid.
The shear stress (N/m2 ) at the upper plate is
)
= 0.15 mm provides lubrication between the
E
block and the wall. The surface area of the face _____
of the block in contact with the oil film is
(X
0.04 m2 . The velocity distribution within the
r
oil film gap is linear as shown in the figure.
IR i
Take dynamic viscosity of oil as 7 ×
A IS
-1
10−3 Pa − s and acceleration due to gravity
as 10 m/s 2 . Neglect weight of the oil. The [GATE-2017-XE]
G
terminal velocity V (in m/s) of the block is 7. Consider fluid flow between two infinite
_____ (correct to one decimal place). horizontal plates which are parallel (the gap
TE E
between them being 50 mm). The top plate is

sliding parallel to the stationary bottom plate
N
at a speed of 3 m/s. The flow between the

plates is solely due to the motion of the top
plate. The force per unit area (magnitude)
required to maintain the bottom plate
stationary is _____
N/m2 . Viscosity of the fluid μ = 0.44 kg/m-
A
s and density ρ = 888 kg/m3 .

G
[GATE-2016-ME]
8. In the parallel-plate configuration shown,

steady-flow, of an incompressible Newtonian
fluid is established by moving the top plate
with a constant speed, U0 = 1 m/s. If the
[GATE-2018-ME]
- 2 -
force required on the top plate to support this 11. For a fully developed flow between two
motion is 0.5 N per unit area (in m2 ) of the parallel flat plates, the velocity gradient at a
plate then the viscosity of the fluid between the point is found to be 1000 s−1 . If the density of
plates is _____ N − s/m2 the fluid is 880 kg/m3 and the kinematic
viscosity of the fluid is 7.4 × 10−7 m2 /s, the
shear stress at the same point is approximately
A. 0 Pa B.1.30Pa
C. 0.32 Pa D. 0.65 Pa
[GATE-2011-XE]
)
[GATE-2016-XE] 12. The viscosity of a Newtonian fluid depends
E
9. The gap δ between two concentric cylinders, primarily on X and to a lesser degree on Y. X
and Y are
(X
each of height h, is filled with an oil. The
A. X = temperature, Y = flow velocity
r
torque required to rotate the inner cylinder at
an angular velocity of ω against the fixed B. X = flow velocity, Y = pressure
IR i
A IS
outer cylinder is T. The diameter of the inner
-1 C. X = temperature, Y = pressure
cylinder is d and δ ≪ d. Then dynamic D. X = roughness of the surface across which
viscosity of the oil is given by. the fluid flows, Y = flow velocity
G
4πδT 4δT [GATE-2011-AG]

A. B.
d3 ωh πd3 ωh 13. A lightly loaded full journal bearing has
4πδT 4δT
TE E
C. D. journal diameter of 50 mm, bush bore of 50.50

d2 ωh2 πdωh3
mm and bush length of 20 mm. If rotational
N
[GATE-2015-XE]
speed of journal is 1200 rpm and average
10. In a simple concentric shaft-bearing
viscosity of liquid lubricant is 0.3 Pa-sec, the
arrangement, the lubricant flows in the 2 mm
power loss (in Watt) will be:
gap between the shaft and the bearing. The
A. 37 B. 74
flow may be assumed to be a plane Couette
C. 118 D. 237
flow with zero pressure gradient. The diameter
A
[GATE-2010-ME]
of the shaft is 100 mm and its tangential speed
is 10 m/s. The Dynamic viscosity of the 14. A 20 cm cubical box slides on oil (mas density
G
lubricant is 0.1 kg/m.s. The frictional resisting = 800 kg/m3 ), over a large plane surface with
force (in Newton) per 100 mm length of the a steady state velocity of 0.4 m/s. The plane
bearing is __________ surface is inclined at an angle of 30° with the
[GATE-2014-ME] horizontal plane. The oil film between the

block and the plane surface is 0.4 mm thick.
- 3 -
The weight of the cubical box is 64 N. The

kinematic viscosity of the oil is.
A. 0.8 Pa. s B. 0.001 m2 /s
C. 1.6 Pa. s D. 0.002 m2 /s
[GATE-2010-XE]
15. A 40 cm cubical block slides on oil (viscosity
= 0.80 Pa.s), over a large plane horizontal
surface. If the oil film between the block and
the surface has a uniform thickness of 0.4 mm,
)
what will be the force required to drag the Mgh Mgh
A. B. μ
μL2
E
block at 4 m/s? Ignore the end effects and treat
mgh mgh
the flow as two dimensional. C. 2 D. μ
μL
(X
A. 1280 N B. 1640 N
C. 1920 N
r D. 2560 N
[GATE-2006-ME]
IR i
18. An incompressible fluid (kinematic viscosity
A IS
[GATE-2009-XE]
= 7.4 × 10−7 m2 /s, specific gravity = 0.88) is
-1
16. A journal bearing has a shaft diameter of 40
held between two parallel plates. If the top
mm and a length of 40 mm. The shaft is
plate is moved with a velocity of 0.5 m/s while
G
rotating at 20 rad/s and the viscosity of the

the bottom one is held stationary, the fluid
lubricant is 20 mPa-s. The clearance is 0.020
attains a linear velocity profile in the gap of
TE E
mm. The loss of torque due to the viscosity of

0.5 mm between these plates; the shear stress
the lubricant is approximately:
N
in Pascal on the surface of bottom plate is:

A. 0.040 Nm B. 0.252 Nm
A. 65.1 B. 0.651
C. 0.400 Nm D. 0.652 Nm
C. 6.51 D. 651
[GATE-2008-ME]
[GATE-2004-ME]
17. A cubic block of side ‘L’ and mass ‘M’ is
dragged over an oil film across table by a 19. Newtons law of viscosity states that the shear
string connects to a hanging block of mass ‘m’ stress in a fluid is proportional to:
A
as shown is fig. the Newtonian oil film of A. the velocity of the fluid.
B. the time rate of change of velocity of the
G
thickness ‘h’ has dynamic viscosity ‘μ’ and the

flow condition is laminar. The acceleration fluid.
C. the rate of change of velocity of the fluid
due to gravity is ‘g’. The steady state velocity
‘v’ of block is: with the height of fluid film.
D. the square of the velocity of the fluid.
[GATE-2003-ME]
- 4 -
20. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity () is: A. 2.02 × 10−5 m2 /s

A. m2 /sec B. kg/m-sec B. 1.6 × 10−5 m2 /s
C. m/sec 2 D. m2 /sec 2 C. 1.2 × 10−5 m2 /s
[GATE-2001-ME] D. 3.2 × 10−5 m2 /s
21. Kinematic viscosity of air at 20°C is given to [GATE-1999-ME]
be 1.6 × 10−5 m2 /s . Its kinematic viscosity
at 70°C will be varying approximately:
1.3 Classification of fluids & Compressibility of fluids

1. Consider a fluid confined between two A. n > 1 B. n < 1
)
horizontal parallel plates and subjected to
C. n = 1 D. n = 0
E
shear flow.
In the first experiment, the plates are separated [GATE-2021-XE]
(X
by a distance of 1 mm. It is found that a shear 3. The variation of shear stress (τ) against strain
r
stress of 2 N. m−2 has to be applied to keep the rate (du/dy) is given in the figure. Identify
IR i
A IS
top plate moving with a velocity of 2 ms−1 ,
-1 the line/curve among P, Q, R and S, that
while the other plate is fixed. represents an ideal fluid.
In the second experiment, the plates are

G
separated by a distance of 0.25 mm. It is found

that a shear stress of 3 N. m−2 has to be applied
TE E
to keep the top plate moving with a velocity of

1 ms−1 , while the other plate is fixed. In the
N
range of shear rates studied, the rheological

character of the fluid is
A) Newtonian
B) Pseudoplastic
C) Dilatant
A. S B. P
A
D) Ideal and inviscid

C. Q D. R
[GATE-2021-CH]
G
[GATE-2020-XE]
2. The general relationship between shear stress
du
4. Rheological diagram of different types of
τ, and the velocity gradient (dy ) for a fluid is
fluids is shown in figure. Column I represent
du n
given by τ = k (dy ) , where k is constant with the nature of the fluid and column II represents
the curve showing the variation of shear stress
appropriate units. The fluid is Newtonian if
against shear strain rate.
- 5 -
Column I Column II P. Newtonian fluid 1. Curve 1

(i) Newtonian M Q. Pseudo plastic fluid 2. Curve 2
(ii) Shear thinning N R. Plastic fluid 3. Curve 3
(iii) Shear thickening O S. Dilatant fluid 4. Curve 4
(iv) Bingham plastic P 5. Curve 5
The most appropriate match between columns The correct match between Group I and Group
I and II is II is
A. P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-5
B. P-2, Q-5, R-4, S-1
)
C. P-2, Q-4, R-5, S-3
E
D. P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-4
[GATE-2016-CE]
(X
6. Which one of the following plots relating shear
r stress with strain rate represents Newtonian
IR i
A IS
-1 behavior of a fluid?
A. (i) - O; (ii) - N; (iii) - P; (iv) - M
B. (i) - O; (ii) - P; (iii) - N; (iv) - M
C. (i) - P; (ii) - O; (iii) - M; (iv) - N
G
D. (i) - P; (ii) - O; (iii) - N; (iv) - M

[GATE-2018-XE]
TE E
5. Group I contain the type of fluids while Group

N
II contains the shear stress-rate of shear

relationship of different types of fluids, as
shown in the figure
A. P B. Q
C. R D. S
A
[GATE-2014-MT]
7. Isothermal compressibility of a material is
G
given by
1 ∂V 1 ∂V
A. − P (∂P) B. P (∂P)
T T
1 ∂V 1 ∂V
C. − V (∂P) D. V (∂P)
T T
[GATE-2013-MT]
Group-I Group-II
- 6 -
8. The Rheological diagram depicting the [GATE-2007-ME]

relation between shear stress and strain rate for 10. For a Newtonian fluid:
different types of fluids is shown in the figure A. shear stress is proportional to shear strain
below. B. rate of shear stress is proportional to shear
strain
C. shear stress is proportional to rate of shear
strain
D. rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of
shear strain
)
[GATE-2006-ME]
E
11. Shear stress in the Newtonian fluid is
proportional to
(X
A. Pressure
r B. Strain
IR i
The most suitable relation for flow of tooth
A IS
C. Strain rate
paste being squeezed out of the tube is given
by the curve.
-1 D. The inverse of the viscosity
[GATE-1996-CE]
A. P B. Q
G
12. A fluid is said to be Newtonian fluid when the

C. R D. S
shear stress is
[GATE-2010-XE]
TE E
A. directly proportional to the velocity

9. Oil in a hydraulic cylinder is compressed from
gradient.
an initial volume 2 m3 to 1.96 m3 . If pressure
N
B. inversely proportional to the velocity

of oil in the cylinder changes from 40 MPa to
gradient
80 MPa during compression, the bulk modulus
C. independent of the velocity gradient
of elasticity of oil is
D. none of the above
A. 1000 MPa B. 2000 MPa
[GATE-1995-ME]
C. 4000 MPa D. 8000 MPa
A
1.4 Surface tension & Capillarity

G
1. The absolute value of pressure difference γ 4γ

C. D.
2R R
between the inside and outside of a spherical
soap bubble of radius, R, and surface tension, γ, [GATE-2021-XE]
is: 2. A small capillary tube of 3 mm inner diameter
is inserted into a fluid having density 900
2γ γ
A. B. kg/m3 , surface tension 0.1 N/m, and contact
R R
- 7 -
angle 30°. The rise in the height of fluid in the A. N/m2 B. J/m
capillary tube due to surface tension is C. J/m2 D. W/m
A) 111.4 mm B) 128.3 mm [GATE-1997-ME]
C) 89.1 mm D) 154.1 mm 6. The dimension of surface tension is:
[GATE-2021-PI] A. ML−1 B. L2 T −1
3. The difference in pressure (in N/m2 ) across an
C. ML−1 T −1 D. MT −2
air bubble of diameter 0.001 m immersed in
[GATE-1996-ME]
water (surface tension = 0.072 N/m) is _____
7. Surface tension is due to
[GATE-2014-ME]
A. cohesion and adhesion
4. If ‘P’ is the gauge pressure within a spherical
)
B. cohesion only
E
droplet, then gauge pressure within a bubble of
C. adhesion only
the same fluid and of same size will be
D. none of the above
(X
P P
A. B. [GATE-1989-CE]
4 r 2
IR i
C. P D. 2P
A IS
[GATE-1999-ME]
-1
5. The SI units of surface tension is:
G
TE E
N
1. FLUID & ITS PROPERTIES - ANSWER KEYS
1.1 Definition of Fluid, Mass Density, Specific Weight & Specific Gravity
A
G
1. C 2. B
1.2 Viscosity
1. D 4. B 9. B 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. C

18. B 19. C 20. A 21. A
- 8 -
2. 0.98 to 1.02 3. 0.01 to 0.01 5. 10.6 to 10.8 6. 72.5 to 75.0
7. 26.3 to 26.5 8. 0.0049 to 0.0051 10. 15 to 16
1.3 Classification of Fluids & Compressibility of Fluids
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. C
11. C 12. A
E )
1.4 Surface Tension & Capillarity
(X
r 1. D 2. B 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. A
IR i
A IS
-1 3. 287 to 289
G
::: SOLUTIONS :::

1.1 Definition of Fluid, Mass Density, Specific Weight &
TE E
Specific Gravity
N
1. Answer: C 2. Answer: B
The free surface of a fluid is acted upon by a A fluid is a substance that deforms
stretching force (Tension). But, there is no continuously under the action of infinitesimally
point on the surface at which shear stress is small shear stress.
acting.
1.2 Viscosity
A
1. Answer: D
G
[μ] [ML−1 T −1 ] 2 −1 ]
L2
[v] = = = [L T =
[ρ] [ML−3 ] T
2. Answer: 0.98 to 1.02
d2 u
Given dy2 = 0 & μ2 = 2μ1
⇒ u = C1 y + C2 → linear velocity profile.
- 9 -
At interface, shear stress on fluid on both sides V

F = μYA
is same. Let ‘Vi ’ is velocity at interface. F V
= μY
du du A
⇒ μ1 (dy) 1 = μ2 (dy) F 3
2 = 0.44 × 50×10−3
A
3−Vi Vi −0
⇒ μ1 × { } = μ2 { } F
1 1
= 26.4 N/m2
⇒ 3 − Vi = 2 {Vi − 0} ⇒ 3 = 3Vi ⇒ Vi A
8. Answer: B
= 1 m/s
πμωd3 L
3. Answer: 0.01 to 0.01 T=
4Y
du
τ = μ dy πμωd3 h 4δT
T= ⇒μ=
)
d 4δ πωd3 L
τ = μ dy [100(0.1y − y 2 )]
E
9. Answer: 15 to 16
τ = 100 μ (0.1 − 2y)
(X
At bottom plate
y=0
r
IR i
τb = 10μ = 10−2 N/m2
A IS
4. Answer: B
-1 Frictional resisting force
[μ] [ML−1 T −1 ] 2 −1
L2
[v] = = = [L T ] = = τ × (πdL)
[ρ] [ML−3 ] T
G
du
⇒ F = μ ( ) × (πdL)
dy
5. Answer: 10.6 to 10.8
TE E
V
F = μ × ( ) × (πdL)
WY Y
V=
N
μAS 10
⇒ F = 0.1 × ( )
(2×10)×0.15×10−3 2 × 10−3
V= × (π × 100 × 10−3 × 100
7×10−3 ×0.04
3 × 10−3 )
V=
0.28 1 10π
⇒ F= −3
× π × 104 × 10−6 =
V = 10.714 m/s 2 × 10 2
= 15.707 N
A
6. Answer:72.5 to 75.0
Δy 10. Answer: D
τ=μ
G
γ
du
V = 1000 s−1 = 103 s−1
τ = (ρν) γ dy
5 Y = 880 kg/m3
τ = 890 × 0.00033 ×
20×10−2
ν = 7.4 × 10−7 𝑚2 /𝑠
2
= 73.425 N/m
du du
7. Answer: 26.3 to 26.5 τ=μ ( ) = (ν × ρ) × ( )
dy dy
- 10 -
⇒ τ = (7.4 × 10−7 ) × 880 × 10−3 T=

π×20×10−3 ×20×403 ×10−9 ×40×10−3
4×0.020×10−3
= 0.6512 Pa
T = 0.04021 Nm
⇒ τ = 0.6512 Pa
16. Answer: C
11. Answer: C
The viscosity of a Newtonian fluid depends Fs = T
primarily on temperature and to a lesser degree Fs = W

V
on pressure. μ h L2 = mg
12. Answer: A mgh
V=
μL2
50.50−50
Y= × 10−3 = 0.25 × 10−3 m
)
2
17. Answer: B
E
2πN 2π×1200
ω= = = 40π rad/s V
60 60
τ = μ Y (Linear Velocity Profile)
πμω2 d3 L
(X
P= τ = ρv Y
V
4Y
r
π×0.3×(40π)2 ×503 ×10−9 ×20×10−3 0.5
IR i
P= τ = 880 × 7.4 × 10−7 × 0.5×10−3
4×0.25×10−3
A IS
P = 1. 2 π3
-1 τ = 0.651 N/m2
P = 37.207 W 18. Answer: C
13. Answer: B Newton’s law of viscosity states that the shear
G
V stress acting in a fluid is directly proportional

Wsinθ = μ Y As
to the rate of shear strain at that location.
TE E
WsinθY
μ= In case of a linear velocity profile, shear strain
VAs
N
64×2×0.4×16 pate is equal to rate of change of velocity of

μ=
0.4×0.2
the fluid with the height of fluid film.
μ = 0.8 N − s/m2 (Pa-s)
19. Answer: A
0.8
𝜐= 0.001 m2 /s N−s
800 μ 2
𝜈 = 0.001 𝑚2 /𝑠 𝜈= = m
ρ kg
14. Answer: A m3
A
kg − m s
V
F = μ Y As 2 × 2
= s m
kg
G
4
F = 0.8 × 0.4×10−3 × 0.42 m3
F = 1280 N m3 m2
= =
m−s s
15. Answer: A 20. Answer: A
μ
πμωd3 L ν=
T= ρ
4Y
- 11 -
1 3
T2 343 2 −5
ν∝ ⇒ ν2 = ( ) × 1.6 × 10
1/T 293
= 2.026 × 10−5 m2 /s
ν ∝ T 3/2
∴ ν at 70° C is approximately
ν2 T2 3/2
=( ) 2.02 × 10−5 m2 /s
ν1 T1
T2 3/2
ν2 = ( ) ν_1
T1
1.3 Classification of fluids & Compressibility of fluids

1. Answer: B
du du
Here (dy ) < (dy) and μ1 > μ2
)
1 2
E
du
So, μ is decreasing as (dy) is increasing so, the
(X
fluid is pseudoplastic
r 2. Answer: A
IR i
dy
For Newtonian fluid, τ = μ. (dy)
A IS
τ1 = 2 N/m2
-1 ∴ n=1
3. Answer: B
du
⇒ 𝜏1 = μ 1 ( ) Ideal fluid:
dy 1
G
2−0 μ=0
⇒ 2 = μ1 ( −3 )
10 du
τ = μ dy
TE E
−3
⇒ μ1 = 10 N − s/m2
τ=0
N
4. Answer: B
A
τ2 = 3 N/m2
G
du
⇒ 𝜏2 = μ 2 ( )
dy 2 5. Answer: C
⇒ 3 = μ 2 (1
1−0
)
du
×10−3 τ = Ay + μ. ( )
4 dy
−3
3
⇒ μ2 = × 10 N − s/m2
4
- 12 -
So, ‘P’ is the curve

10. Answer: B
Isothermal Bulk Modulus
P2 −P1
KT = (V2 −V1 )
−
V1
(P2 −P1 )V1

KT = V1 −V2
(80−40)×106 ×2
KT = 2−1.96
6. Answer: B K T = 2000 MPa

For Newtonian fluid, shear stress is directly 11. Answer: C
)
proportional to shear strain rate. So, the In case of a Newtonian fluid, shear stress is
E
relationship is linear. directly proportional to the rate of shear strain
du
(X
(or) shear strain rate.
τ=μ
dy r 12. Answer: C
IR i
7. Answer: C In case of a Newtonian fluid, shear stress is
A IS
1 ∂V
βT = ⌋
V ∂P T
-1 directly proportional to the rate of shear strain
(or) shear strain rate.
1
βT,I = P
13. Answer: A
G
Compressibility In case of a Newtonian fluid, shear stress is

8. Answer: directly proportional to the rate of shear strain
TE E
pending (or) shear strain rate.

9. Answer: A
N
Tooth paste is a Bingham plastic fluid and it

requires some yield shear stress for initiating
the deformation. (yield shear stress ≠ 0).
1.4 Surface tension & Capillarity

1. Answer: D θ = 30°
A
Pressure difference between inside & outside 4σcosθ

Capillary rise h = ρgD
of a bubble is equal to
4 × 0.1 × cos30°
G
8σ 4σ ⇒h= = 0.01307 m
ΔP = = 900 × 9.81 × 3 × 10−3
D R
⇒ h = 13.07 mm
2. Answer: 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟓
3. Answer: 287 to 289
D = 3 mm = 3 × 10−3 m
4σ
ρ = 900 kg/m3 Pg = D
σ = 0.1 N/m
- 13 -
Pg =
4×0.072 N M J
0.001 ∴ [σ] = × = 2
M M M
Pg = 288 N/m2 or
4. Answer: D Surface tension
4σ Surface energy (Es )
PgD = (Droplet) ⟶ (1) (σ) =
D Surface Area (A)
8σ
PgB = (Bubble) ⟶ (2) 6. Answer: D
D
equation (2) ÷ equation (1) [F] [MLT −2 ]

[σ] = = = [MT −2 ]
PgB [L] [L]
=2
PgD
7. Answer: A
PgB = 2 PgD Surface Tension is due to the imbalance of
)
PgB = 2P
E
cohesion and adhesion forces between fluid
5. Answer: C molecules and surrounding medium.
(X
Force N
[Surface Tension(σ)] = [ ]=
r Length M
IR i
A IS
-1
G
TE E
N
A
G
- 14 -
CHAPTER-2
PRESSURE & ITS
MEASUREMENT
by
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N

A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
PRESSURE & ITS MEASUREMENT
2.1 Pressure
1. A two-dimensional fluid element rotates like a
τ = 0 rigid body. At a point within the element,
the pressure is 1 unit. Radius of the Mohr’s
circle, charactering the state of stress at the
point, is
A. 0.5 unit B. 0 unit
C. 1 unit D. 2 units
)
[GATE-2008-ME] A. 1.01 bar B. 2.01 bar
E
2. A closed cylinder having a radius R and height C. 5.00 bar D. 7.01 bar
(X
H is filled with oil of density ρ. If the cylinder [GATE-2004-ME]
r
is rotated about its axis at an angular velocity of 4. A static fluid can have
IR i
ω, then thrust at the bottom of the cylinder is A. Non-zero normal and shear stress
A IS
A. πR2 ρgH
-1
ρω2 R2
B. Negative normal stress and zero shear stress
C. Positive normal stress and zero shear stress
B. πR2 + 4
D. Zero normal stress and non-zero shear
C. πR2 (ρω2 R2 + ρgH)
G
stress
ρω2 R2
D. πR2 ( 4 + ρgH)
[GATE-2003-ME]
TE E
[GATE-2004-ME] 5. The dimensions of a pressure gradient in a fluid

3. The pressure gauges G1 and G2 installed on the
N
flow are
system shows pressures of PG1 = 5.00 bar and A. ML−1 T 2 B. ML−3 T −2
PG2 = 1.00 bar. The value of unknown pressure C. ML−2 T −2 D. M −1 L−3 T −2
P is [GATE-1995-CE]
2.2 Pascal’s Law and Hydrostatic Law

A
1. A pressure measurement device fitted on the to gravity is 9.8 m/s 2 . The depth H is
G
surface of a submarine, located at a depth H ______m

below the surface of an ocean, reads an (round off to the nearest integer).
absolute pressure of 4.2 MPa. The density of [GATE-2021-ME]
sea water is 1050 kg/m3 , atmospheric 2. A lake has a maximum depth of 60 m. If the
pressure is 101 kPa, and the acceleration due mean atmospheric pressure in the lake region
is 91 kPa and the unit weight of lake water is
- 15 -
Fluid Mechanics (Pressure & Its measurement)
9790 N/m3 , the absolute pressure (in kPa,

round off to two decimal places) at the
maximum depth of the lake is ________.
[GATE-2021-CE]
3. Consider a tank filled with 3 immiscible
liquids A, B and C at static equilibrium, as
shown in the figure. At 2 cm below the liquid [GATE-2021-XE]
A – liquid B interface, a tube is connected from 5. A three-fluid system (immiscible) is connected
the side of the tank. Both the tank and the tube to a vacuum pump. The specific gravity values
)
are open to the atmosphere of the fluids (S1, S2) are given in the figure.
E
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
At the operating temperature and pressure, the
G
specific gravities of liquids A, B and C are 1,

2 and 4, respectively. Neglect any surface
The gauge pressure value (in kN/m2, up to two
TE E
tension effects in the calculations. The length

decimal places) of P1 is ______
of the tube L that is wetted by liquid B is
N
[GATE-2018-CE]
_______ cm.
6. A closed tank contains 0.5 m thick layer of
[GATE-2021-CH]
mercury (specific gravity = 13.6) at the
4. For the configuration shown in the figure, oil
bottom. A 2.0 m thick layer of water lies above
of density 800 kg/m3 lies above water of
the mercury layer. A 3.0 m thick layer of oil
density 1000 kg/m3 . Assuming hydrostatic
(specific gravity = 0.6) lies above the water
A
conditions and acceleration due to gravity g =

layer. The space above the oil layer contains
2
10 m/s , the length L (in meters, up to one
G
air under pressure. The gauge pressure at the

decimal place) of water in the inclined tube is
bottom of the tank is 196.2 kN/m2. The density
_____.
of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the acceleration
due to gravity is 9.81 m/s2. The value of Gauge
pressure in the air space is
A. 92.214 kN/m2 B. 95.6444 kN/m2
- 16 -
C. 98.922 kN/m2 D. 99.321 kN/m2 [GATE-2014-ME]

[GATE-2018-CE] 10. Three rigid buckets, shown as in the figures
7. In a 5 m deep vertical cylindrical tank, water is (1), (2) and (3), are of identical heights and
filled up to a level of 3 m from the bottom and base areas. Further, assume that each of these
the remaining space is filled with oil of buckets have negligible mass and are full of
specific gravity 0.88. Assume density of water water. The weights of water in these buckets
as 1000 kg/m3 and acceleration due to are denoted as W1 , W2 and W3 respectively.
2
gravity to be 10 m/s . The gauge pressure (in Also, let the force of water on the base of
kN/m2 , rounded off to the first decimal place) bucket be denoted as F1 , F2 and F3
)
at a depth of 2.5 m from the top of the tank will respectively. The option giving an accurate
E
be ____ description of the system physics is
[GATE-2017-XE]
(X
8. Consider the density and altitude at the base of
r
an isothermal layer in the standard atmosphere
IR i
to be ρ1 and h1 , respectively. The density
A IS
-1
variation with altitude (ρ versus h) in that layer
is governed by (R: specific gas constant, T:
temperature, g 0 : acceleration due to gravity at
G
A. W2 = W1 = W3 and F2 > F1 > F3

sea level) B. W2 > W1 > W3 and F2 > F1 > F3
TE E
g
ρ −[ 0 ](h−h1 ) C. W2 = W1 = W3 and F1 = F2 = F3
A. =e RT
ρ1
D. W2 > W1 > W3 and F1 = F2 = F3
N
g
ρ −[ 0 ](h1 −h)
B. =e RT [GATE-2014-CE]
ρ1
11. If a small concrete cube is submerged deep in
RT
ρ −[ ](h−h1 )
C. =e g0 still water in such a way that the pressure
ρ1
RT
exerted on all faces of the cube is P, then the
ρ −[ ](h1 −h)
D. =e g0
maximum shear stress developed inside the
ρ1
A
cube is
[GATE-2015-AE]
P
9. Assuming constant temperature condition and A. 0 B.
2
G
air to be an ideal gas, the variation in C. P D. 2P

atmospheric pressure with height calculated [GATE-2012-CE]
from fluid statics is 12. Two tanks, A and B, with the same height are
A. linear B. exponential filled with water till the top. The volume of
C. quadratic D. cubic tank A is 10 times the volume of tank B. What
- 17 -
can you say about the pressure PA and PB at the A. gd [ ha – (H – h ) A]

bottom of the tanks A and B respectively. B. gdHA
A. PA = 10 PB C. gdHa
B. PB = 10 PA D. gd (H – h ) A
C. PA = PB [GATE-1995-ME]
D. Additional data is required to compare the 14. In a static fluid, the pressure at a point is
two pressures. A. equal to the weight of the fluid above
[GATE-2011-XE] B. equal in all directions
13. The force F needed to support the liquid of C. equal in all directions, only if, its viscosity
)
density d is is zero
E
D. always directed downwards
[GATE-1996-CE]
(X
15. If, for a fluid in motion, pressure at a point is
r same in all directions, then the fluid is
IR i
A IS
A. a real fluid
-1 B. a Newtonian fluid
C. an ideal fluid
G
D. a non-Newtonian fluid
[GATE-1996-CE]
TE E
N
2.3 Barometer & Manometers

1. In an inverted manometer (as shown in the
figure), the pressure difference, PB − PA is
100 kPa. Use specific gravity of oil as 0.8,
density of water as 1000 kg/m3 , density of
mercury as 13600 kg/m3 and acceleration due
A
to gravity as 10 m/s 2 . The height of the water

G
column, H is ________cm. (rounded off to one

decimal place).
[GATE-2020-XE]
2. The mercury manometer shown in the figure
below is connected to a water pipe at one end
while the other end is open to the atmosphere.
- 18 -
The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 , the 0.5γ, respectively. The schematic arrangement
specific gravity of mercury is 13.6 and the with manometric readings and other
gravitational acceleration g is 10 m/s 2 . The dimensions are shown in the Figure. In order to
gauge pressure pw (in kN/m2 , rounded off 2 ensure zero-gauge pressure in the tank at the
decimal places) in the water pipe is ______ mid-height level (h/2), the height of the tank h
(in m) is ________
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
[GATE-2019-XE]
3. The figure shows a U-tube having a 5 mm ×
G
5 mm square cross-section filled with mercury [GATE-2017-PI]

(specific gravity = 13.6) up to a height of 20 cm 5. An inverted U-tube manometer is used to
TE E
in each limb (open to the atmosphere). measure the pressure difference between two
N
pipes A and B, as shown in the figure. Pipe A

is carrying oil (Specific gravity = 0.8) and pipe
B is carrying water. The densities of air and
water are 1.16 kg/m3 and 1000 kg/m3 ,
respectively. The pressure difference between
pipes A and B is _____ kPa. Acceleration due
A
If 5 cm3 of water is added to the right limb, to gravity g = 10 m/s2
the new height (in cm, up two decimal places)

G
of mercury in the LEFT limb will be

__________
[GATE-2017-CE]
4. A manometer is used for the pressure
measurement in a closed tank. The three fluids
f1, f2 and f3 have specific weights γ, 2γ and
- 19 -
A. 118.4 103 B. 118.4
)
[GATE-2016-ME] C. 11.84 D. 1.184
E
6. The figure below shows water flowing through [GATE-2012-XE]
a pipe. The pressure difference between points 8. A differential U – tube manometer with
(X
P and Q measured using a water-over-mercury
manometer is
r mercury as the manometric fluid is used to
IR i
measure the pressure difference between two
A IS
sections P and Q in a horizontal pipe carrying
-1 water at steady state as shown in the figure
below. If the difference in mercury levels in the
G
two limbs of the manometer is 0.75 m, the

difference in pressure (kPa) between sections P
TE E
and Q is
N
A. ρ2 gH B. ρ1 gh
C. (ρ2 − ρ1 )gH D. (ρ2 − ρ1 )g h
[GATE-2015-MT]
7. A U-tube mercury (Hg) manometer as shown
below is employed to measure the pressure of
A
an oil-filled vessel. The densities of Hg and oil

13600 kg/m3 800 kg/m3 ,
G
are and A. 49.275 B. 94.275

respectively. The gravitational acceleration C. 9.4275 D. 492.75
2
may be taken as 10 m/s . The gauge pressure [GATE-2010-XE]
(in Pa) at point A when h1 = 0.5 m and h2 = 9. In the monometer shown in the figure, the
0.9 m, is approximately. pressure PA of the gas inside bulb A is
approximately,
- 20 -
11. A two-dimensional fluid element rotates like a

τ = 0 rigid body. At a point within the element,
the pressure is 1 unit. Radius of the Mohr’s
circle, charactering the state of stress at the
point, is
A. 0.5 unit B. 0 unit
C. 1 unit D. 2 units
[GATE-2008-ME]
12. In the inclined manometer shown in the figure
below, the reservoir is large. Its surface may be
)
assumed to remain at a fixed elevation. A is
E
A. 0.8 bar B. 1.2 bar
connected to a gas pipeline and the deflection
C. 1.4 bar D. 1.6 bar
(X
noted on the inclined glass tube is 100 mm.
r [GATE-2009-XE] Assuming θ = 30°C and the manometric fluid
IR i
10. The figure below shows water over mercury
as oil with specific gravity of 0.86, the gauge
A IS
manometer.
-1 pressure at A is
G
TE E
N
A. 43 mm water (Vacuum)
B. 43 mm water
If the density of water is denoted by ρw and that
A
C. 86 mm water
of mercury by ρM and ‘g’ denotes the D. 100 mm water
G
acceleration due to gravity, the pressure [GATE-2004-CE]

difference (PA − PB ) will be equal to 13. Two pipelines, one carrying oil (mass density
A. −(ρM g H) B. (ρW − ρM ) g H 900 kg/m3 ) and the other water are connected
C. ρM g H D. (ρM − ρW ) g H to a manometer as shown in figure. By what
[GATE-2009-MT] amount the pressure in the water pipe should be
increased so that the mercury levels in both the
- 21 -
limbs of the manometer become equal? (Mass [GATE-2000-ME]

density of mercury = 13550 kg/m3 and g = 9.81 15. Refer to figure, the absolute pressure of gas A
m/s2 ) in the bulb is
E )
(X
r
IR i
A. 771.2 mm Hg B. 752.65 mm Hg
A. 24.7 kPa
A IS
C. 767.35 mm Hg D. 748.8 mm Hg
B. 26.5 kPa
C. 26.7 kPa
-1 [GATE-1997-ME]
16. A mercury manometer is used to measure the
D. 28.9 kPa
G
static pressure at a point in a water pipe as

[GATE-2003-CE]
shown in Fig. The level difference of mercury
14. In given figure, if the pressure of gas in bulb A
TE E
in the two limbs is 10 mm. The gauge pressure

is 50 cm Hg vacuum and patm = 76 cm Hg,
at that point is
N
then height of column H is equal to

A. 1236 Pa B. 1333 Pa
C. Zero D. 98 Pa
A
G
[GATE-1996-ME]
17. A U-tube with both limbs open to atmosphere
A. 26 cm B. 50 cm contains two immiscible liquids of densities ρ1
C. 76 cm D. 126 cm and ρ2 (Figure shown below). Under
equilibrium the distance h is given by
- 22 -
A. 1.0 B. 0.5
ρ
A. h = L (1 − ρ1 ) C. 0.2 D.0.05
2
ρ
[GATE-1990-ME]
)
B. h = L (ρ1 − 1)
2 19. A pipe carrying water is attached to a
E
ρ2
C. h = L ρ differential gauge. Deflection in mercury gauge
1
(X
D. h = 0 is 0.6 m, the (PA - PB ) is _______m of water
r
IR i
[GATE-1996-CE]
A IS
-1
18. The cross-sectional area of one limb of a U-
tube manometer [figure shown below] is made
500 time larger than the other, so that the
G
pressure difference between the two limbs can

be determined by measuring ‘h’ on one limb of
TE E
the manometer. The percentage error involved

N
is
A. 7.56 meters of water
B. 75.76 meters of water
C. 8.16 Meters of water
D. None
[GATE-1989-CE]
A
G
- 23 -
2. PRESSURE & ITS MEASUREMENT - ANSWER

KEYS
2.1 Pressure
1. B 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. C
2.2 Pascal’s Law of Hydrostatic Law
E )
8. A 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. C
6. A
(X
1. 397 to 399 2. 677.50 to 679.50 3. 8 to 8 4. 1.7 to 1.9
r
5. −9.0 to − 8.0 7. 22.6 to 22.6
IR i
A IS
-1 2.3 Barometer & Manometers
G
6. C 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. A

16. A 17. A 18. C 19. C
TE E
N
1. 30.5 to 34.5 2. 33.25 to 33.75 3. 20.70 to 20.76 4. 2.0 to 2.0

5. −2.21 to − 2.19
SOLUTIONS
2.1 Pressure
1. Answer: B
A
Rigid Body Rotation represent Fluid at

Relative Rest.
G
τ=0
2. Answer: D
- 24 -
2
ρω2 R2
∴ F = πR { + ρgH}
4
3. Answer: D
)
PG1 = P − P1 ----- (1)
E
PG2 = P1 − Patm,L ----- (2)
Pressure Head due to rotation at a radius
(X
PG1 + PG2 = P − Patm,L eq(1) + eq(2)
ω2 R2
′
′r =
2g
r P = Patm,L + PG1 + PG2
IR i
Static Head = H P = 1.01 + 5.00 + 1.00 = 7.01 bar
A IS
-1
∴ Total elemental head at a radius 4. Answer: B
ω2 R2 A static fluid can have no shear stress acting on

′
′r = +H
2g it but a normal compressive stress acting.
G
∴ Elemental Force acting on base

So, Negative Normal stress and zero shear
ω2 R2
TE E
R = ρg ( + H) (2πrdr) stress
2g
5. Answer: C
N
∴ Total thrust on the base

R ω2 r2
= ∫o ρg ( + H) 2πrdr
2g
R
= ∫ (ρω2 r 3 π + 2πρgHr)dr
o
R4
= ρω2 π + πρgHR2
4
A
ρω2 R2
= πR2 { + ρgH}
4
G
2.2 Pascal’s Law and Hydrostatic Law

1. Answer: 398.34 (397 to 399)
- 25 -
Applying static Pressure balance about

Patm,L Section x-x
Patm,L + ρA gHA + ρB gHB
= Patm,L + ρB gL cos60°
Given ρA = ρw ; ρB = 2 × ρw
⇒ ρw g(4 × 10−2 ) + 2ρw g(2 × 10−2 )
1
= 2 × ρw × g × L ×
Pabs, Submarine = Patm,L + ρgH 2
⇒ L = 8 × 10−2 m = 8 cm
⇒ 4.2 × 106 = 101 × 103
4. Answer: C
)
+ (1050 × 9.8 × H)
F = ρgh̅A
E
(4200 − 101) × 103
⇒H= = 398.34 m L
(1050 × 9.8) h̅ = (2 sin θ)
(X
2. Answer: 677.50 to 679.50 A = Lw
r L
IR i
F = ρg(2 sin θ)(Lw)
A IS
L2 wsin θ
-1 F = ρg ( 2
)
ρg
F=
2√2
G
5. Answer: −𝟗. 𝟎 𝐭𝐨 – 𝟖. 𝟎
TE E
Pabs, A = Patm,L + ρgH

N
⇒ Pabs, A = 91 × 103 + (9790 × 60)

= 678400 Pa
∴ Pabs, A = 678.4 kPa
3. Answer: 8 to 8
Patm,L + ρw g(0.5) = P1 + ρf1 g(0.5) +
ρf2 g(1)
A
P1 − Patm,L = ρw g(0.5) − ρf1 g(0.5) −

G
ρf2 g(1)
= ρw g(0.5 − 0.88 × 0.5 − 0.95 × 1)
= −0.89 × g
= −0.89 × 9.81
= −8.7309 kPa
6. Answer: A
- 26 -
F1 = F2 = F3 = ρw ghA
∴ W2 > W1 > W3 ∵ V2 > V1 > V3
11. Answer: A
PA −PB ρm −ρf
hw = =( )h
ρwg ρw
ρm −ρw
hw = ( )h
ρw
Flowing Fluid = Water

= 12.6 × 0.6
PA −PB
hW = = 7.56 m of water
ρw g
)
PB = PA + ρ0 g(3) + ρw g(2) + ρHg g(0.5) 12. Answer: D
E
VA = 10 VB
PA = PB − [ρ0 g(3) + ρw g(2) + ρHg g(0.5)]
AA = 10 AB
(X
Pg,A = Pg,B − [0.6 × 3 + 2 + 13.6 × 0.5] ×
103 × 9.81
r 13. Answer: B
IR i
FH = PA
= 196.2 × 103 − 103.986 × 103
A IS
FH = (dgh)A
= 92.214 kPa
-1
7. Answer:
PA = Patm,L + ρ0 g(2) + ρ w g(0.5)
G
PgA = ρ w g(1.76 + 0.5)

TE E
PgA = 22.6 kPa

8. Answer: A
N
8
P2 − P1 ρ − RT h
g
ρ = ρ1 ρ − (h − h1 ) 14. Answer: B
RT
9. Answer: B In a static fluid, pressure at a point is equal in
g
) all the directions. (Pascal’s law).
P2 = P1 e(−T)(z2−z1
15. Answer: C
A
Static
In the absence of shear Forces Pascal's law is
Isothermal
G
applicable for Fluid in motion also.

Ideal Gas
10. Answer: D
2.3 Barometer & Manometers

1. Answer: 30.5 to 34.5 Pg = P2 + ρm g(0.45 + 1) … (a)
P1 = P2 PA = P1 + ρ0 g(0.15) + ρw g + 1 … (b)
- 27 -
2. Answer: 33.25 to 33.75 PA − PB = ρA g(0.08) + ρ0 g(0.2) −

P1 = P2 ρw g(0.38)
Pw + ρw g (0.05) = Patm,L + ρm g(0.25) 1.16
= ρw g[1000 × 0.8 + 0.8 × 0.2 − 0.38]
Pw −Patm,L + ρm g(0.25) − ρw g(0.05) PA − PB = −2.2 kPa
3. Answer: 20.70 to 20.76 Pressure difference between A & B is 2.2 kPa
6. Answer: C
∆P = (ρm − ρf )gh
PV − PQ (ρ2 − ρ1 )g − H
7. Answer: A
)
ρL ρV 103 ×5×10−6 PA + ρ0 gh1 = Patm1 + ρm gh2
r = 2ρf f = 2ρf = 2×13.6×103 ×25×10−6
E
m m A
PA − Patm1 = ρm gh2 − Patm1
r = 0.73529 cm
(X
= ρw g(13.6 × 0.9 − 0.8 × 0.5)
New Height of Mercury in left Limb = y + x
=20.735 cm
r = 104 (1224 − 04 )
IR i
= 104 × 11.84 Pg
A IS
4. Answer: 2.0 to 2.0
-1 8. Answer: B
P1 = P2
ΔP = (ρm − ρf )gh
h
PA + 0.5γ (2 + 0.5) + 2γ(0.2) = 0.5 γ
ΔP = ρw (13.6 − 1) × 9.81 × 0.75
G
0.25 γh + 0.3γ Patm,L + γ(1.2)1.2 γ ΔP = 94.275 kPa

PgA = 0.5γ − 0.25 γh 9. Answer: C
TE E
h − 2 (in m)
N
5. Answer: 2.0 to 2.4

A
G
Applying static Equilibrium at x-x

PA = P1 + ρa g(0.08) + ρ0 g(0.2) --- (1) PA + ρw g(10 × 10−2 )
PB = P2 + ρw g(0.380) ---- (2) = Patm,L + (ρHg × g × 30 × 10−2 )
Equation (1) + Equation (2)
- 28 -
⇒ PA = Patm,L + g(30 × 10−2 × ρHg − 10

× 10−2 × ρw )
⇒ PA = 105 + 9.8(30 × 10−2 × 13600 − 10
× 10−2 × 103 )
⇒ PA = 139004 Pa = 1.39 bar ≈ 1.4 bar
∴ PA = 1.4 bar
PA = Patm,L + ρ0 gh
10. Answer: D
PA − Patm,L = S0 ρw g(100 sin 30°) × 10−3
Pg,A = ρw g(0.86 × 50) × 10−3
Pg,A
= 43 × 10−3 m of water
)
ρwg
E
of water
Pg,A
= 43 mm of water
(X
ρw g
r 13. Answer: A
IR i
A IS
-1
Applying static pressure balance about
PA + ρw g(x + H) = PB + ρw gx + ρm gH
G
⇒ PA − PB = (ρm − ρw )gH
∴ PA − PB = (ρm − ρw )gH
TE E
11. Answer: B
When the body rotates like a solid body,
N
(z = 0)
p .
Radius of Mohr’s circle → ↑p
(z = 0) P0 + ρ0 g(3) = PW + ρW g(1.5) + ρHg g(0.2)
σx − σy ⟶ eq (1)
√( ) + z2
2
Here in static condition,
σx = σy = −p and z = 0
A
∴ Radius of Mohr’s circle = 0 units

G
12. Answer: B
- 29 -
P0 + ρ0 g(2.9) = PW + ρw g(1.6) ⟶ eq (2)

eq (2) - and (1)
−ρ0 g(0.1) = (PW′ − PW ) + ρw g(0.1) −
ρHg g(0.2)
PW′ − PW = ρHg g(0.2) − ρw g(0.1) −
ρ0 g(0.1)
= ρw g(13.55 × 0.2 − 0.1 − 0.9 × 0.1)
= 9810 × 2.52
= 24.7 kPa
)
14. Answer: B
E
PA + ρw g(0.17) = Patm,L + ρw g(0.05) +
ρHg (0.02)
(X
r PA = Patm,L + ρHg g(0.02) − ρw g(0.12)
0.12
IR i
PA = Patm,L + ρHg g(0.02) − ρw g ( )
A IS
-1 13.6
0.12
= Patm,L + ρHg g (0.02 − )
13.6
= Patm,L + ρHg g × 0.0112
G
= 760 mm of Hg + 11.2 mm of Hg
PV,A = 50 cm Hg  771.2 mm of Hg
TE E
Patm,L = 76 cm Hg 16. Answer: A

N
PV,A = Patm,L − Pabs,A
50 cm of Hg = 76 cm of Hg- PA
PA = 26 cm of Hg
P1 = P2
Patm,L = PA + ρHg gH
A
76 cm of Hg = 26 cm of Hg +ρHg gH
ρHg gH = 50 cm of Hg
G
ρHg g(0.5)
H= = 0.5
ρHg g
H = 50 cm PA + ρw g(x + 0.01) = Patm,L + ρm g(0.01)
15. Answer: A PA − Patm,L = ρδg (0.01) − ρw g(x + 0.01)

PA − Patm,L = (ρδg − ρw )g(0.01)
Pg,A = 1236.06 Pa
- 30 -
1 1
17. Answer: A = 500 a × 100 = × 100
1+( ) 501
a
ρf Lf = ρm (2r) = 0.1996 = 0.2

ρf Lf
r = 2ρ 19. Answer: C
M
Difference of liquid levels in two limbs

ρ Lf
d = Lf − 2r = Lf − 2 × 2ρf
m
ρf
d = Lf (1 − )
ρm
ρf
d = Lf (1 − )
ρm
)
From diagram ↓ ↓
E
ρ1
h = L (1 − ) Give PA − PB = 0.6 m of Mercury Head
ρ2
(X
Converting Mercury Head to water Head
18. Answer: C
r ⇒ (0.6) × (13600) = x × (1000)
The percentage error involved
⇒ x = (0.6 × 13.6) = 8.16
IR i
1
= × 100
A IS
A ∴ x = 8.16 m
1 + a sinθ
-1
Here A = 500 a & Right tube is vertical (θ = ∴ 0.6 m of Mercury Head = 8.16 m of water
90°) head
G
∴ % error involved
TE E
N
A
G
- 31 -
CHAPTER-3
HYDROSTATIC
FORCES
by
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N

A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
3. HYDROSTATIC FORCE
3.1 Plane Surfaces
1. The barrier shown between two water tanks of hydrostatic force (in kN) on the side face of the
unit width (1 m) into the plane of the screen is tank due to the air and water is ______(accurate
modeled as a cantilever. to two decimal places).
[GATE-2018-AE]
4. A 2m × 2m square opening in a vertical wall
is covered with a metallic plate of the same
dimensions as shown in the figure below.
)
Consider the acceleration due to gravity to be
E
10.0 m/s2 . The force (in kN) exerted by water
(X
on the plate is______.
r
Taking the density of water as 1000 kg/m3 ,
IR i
A IS
and the acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s2 ,
-1
the maximum absolute bending moment
developed in the cantilever is ______________
G
kN-m (round off to the nearest integer).

[GATE-2020-ME]
TE E
2. An open tank of 2m × 2m × 2m is filled with

layers of two fluids. Depth of each layer is one
N
meter. The top layer is that of an oil of specific

[GATE-2016-PI]
gravity 0.8. The bottom layer is of water.
5. A triangular gate with a base width of 2 m and
Consider the density of water ρw = 1000 kg/
a height of 1.5 m lies in a vertical plane. The
m3 and acceleration due to gravity g =
top vertex of the gate is 1.5 m below the surface
2
9.8 m/s . Neglecting the effect of atmospheric of tank which contains oil of specific gravity
A
pressure, the force (in N) exerted by the fluids 0.8. Considering the density of water and
on one of the side walls of the tank is ______ acceleration due to gravity to be 1000 kg/m3
G
[GATE-2019-PI] and 9.81 m/s2 respectively, the hydrostatic

3. Consider a cubical tank of side 2 m with its top force (in kN) exerted by the oil on the gate
open. It is filled with water up to a height of is_______
1 m. Assuming the density of water to be [GATE-2015-CE]
3 2
1000 kg/m , g as 9.81 m/s and the
atmospheric pressure to be 100 kPa, the net
- 32 -
Fluid Mechanics (Hydrostatic Force)
6. A hinged gate of length 5 m inclined at 300 C 8. The gate is 1 m wide perpendicular to the
with the horizontal and with water mass on its plane of the paper. The force (in N) exerted on
left, is shown in the figure below. Density of the gate is approximately.
water is 1000 kg/m3 .The minimum mass of the A. 2.23 × 103 B. 2.23 × 104
gate in kg per unit width (perpendicular to the C. 2.23 × 105 D. 2.23 × 106
plane of paper), required to keep it closed is [GATE-2012-XE]
9. Consider an L-shaped gate with water level
above the hinge as shown. At approximately
what height D of the water level will the gate
open? Neglect the mass of the gate. Assume
)
g = 10 m/s2 .
E
A. 5000 B. 6600
(X
C. 7546 D. 9623
r [GATE-2013-ME]
IR i
A IS
Common Data for Q-07 & Q-08:
-1
A vessel containing water (density 1000 kg/
m3 ) and oil (density 800 kg/m3 ), pressurized
G
by gas, is shown in the figure below. Assume

that the gravitational acceleration is 10 m/s 2 A. 3.46 m B.4.36m
TE E
C. 6.43 m D. 5.36 m
[GATE-2011-XE]
N
10. Two walls are holding back water as shown in

the figures below. The resisting moments per
unit length of the walls at points P and Q are
MP and MQ . Denoting the specific weight of
water as γ, the difference in the moments
A
(MQ − MP )is
G
7. The pressure (in bar) exerted on the bottom

wall inside the vessel is approximately.
A. 0.238 B. 2.38
√3γh3 2γh3
C. 23.8 D. 238 A. B.
2 √3
[GATE-2012-XE]
- 33 -
γh3 γh3 13. A vertical triangular plane area, submerged in

C. D.
18 2
water, with one side in the free surface, vertex
[GATE-2010-XE]
downward and altitude ‘h’ has the pressure
11. Cross section of an object (having same section
centre below the free surface by
normal to the paper) submerged into a fluid
A. h/4 B. h/3
consists of a square of sides 2 m and triangle as
C. 2h/3 D. h/2
shown in the figure. The object is hinged at
[GATE-1996-CE]
point P that is one meter below the fluid free
14. The force per unit width on the rectangular door
surface. If the object is to be kept in the position
submerged in a liquid of density ρ (figure
as shown in the figure. The value of ‘x’ should
shown below) is
)
be
E
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
A. 2√3 m B. 4√3 m ρg
A. √2 ρg B.
2
C. 4 m D. 8 m
G
ρg 2
[GATE-2005-CE] C. D.
2√2 ρg
TE E
12. The centre of pressure of a liquid on a plane

[GATE-1996-CE]
surface immersed vertically in a static body of
15. A circular plate 1 m in diameter is submerged
N
liquid, always lies below the centroid of the

vertically in water such that its upper edge is
surface area, because
8 m below the free surface of water. The total
A. in liquids the pressure acting is same in all
hydrostatic pressure force on one side of plate
directions
is:
B. there is no shear stress in liquids at rest
A. 6.7 kN B. 65.4 kN
C. the liquid pressure is constant over depth
C. 45.0 kN D. 77.0 kN
A
D. the liquid pressure increases linearly with

[GATE-1988-ME]
G
depth
[GATE-1997-CE]
3.2 Curved Surfaces

1. A cylinder (2.0 m diameter, 3.0 m long and 25 and oil (specific gravity = 0.8) on other side as
kN weight) is acted upon by water on one side shown in the figure.
- 34 -
3. A sector gate is provided on a spillway as

shown in the figure. Assuming g = 10 m/s2, the
resultant force per meter length (expressed in
kN/m) on the gate will be________
The absolute ratio of the net magnitude of

vertical forces to the net magnitude of
horizontal forces (round off to two decimal
)
places) is _____
E
[GATE-2021-CE]
2. Consider a frictionless, mass less and leak-
(X
proof blocking a rectangular hole of
r
dimensions 2R × L at the bottom of an open
IR i
A IS
tank as shown in the figure. The head of the
-1 [GATE-2016-CE]
plug has the shape of a semi-cylinder of radius 4. A semi-circular gate of radius 1m is placed at
R. The tank is filled with a liquid of density ρ the bottom of a water reservoir as shown in
G
up to the tip of the plug. The gravitational figure below. The hydrostatic force per unit
acceleration is g. Neglect the effect of the width of the cylindrical gate in y-direction is
TE E
atmospheric pressure ____ kN. The gravitational acceleration, g =

9.8 m/s2 and density of water 1000 kg/m3
N
The force F required to hold the plug in its

A
position is
π
A. 2ρR2 gL (1 − 4)
G
π
B. 2ρR2 gL (1 + 4)
[GATE-2016-XE]
C. πR2 ρgL
π 5. Water is retained against a sluice gate in the
D. 2 ρR2 gL
form of a circular segment as shown in the
[GATE-2016-ME]
figure. If ρ and g are the density of water and
gravitational acceleration respectively, the
- 35 -
upward force exerted by the gate on the water 7. The force ‘F’ required at equilibrium on the
per unit depth perpendicular to the plane of the semi-cylindrical gate shown below is
figure is
)
A. 9.81 kN B. 0.00 kN
E
C. 19.62 kN D. None of these
1
(X
A. ρR2 (θ − 2 sin 2θ)g [GATE-2002-CE]
2 2
r 1
B. ρR (cos θ − 2 sin θ) g
8. The horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces
IR i
Fx and Fy on the semi-circular gate, having a
A IS
1
C. ρR2 (cos θ − 2 sin θ) g width ‘w’ into the plane of figure, are
-1 1
D. ρR2 (cos 2 θ − 2 sin2 θ) g
G
[GATE-2015-XE]
6. A dam with a curved shape is shown in the
TE E
figure. The cross-sectional area of the dam

(shaded portion) is 100 m2 and its centroid is
N
at x̅ = 10 m. The vertical component of the

A. Fx = ρghrw and Fy = 0
hydrostatic force, Fz , is acting at a distance xp .
B. Fx = 2ρghrw and Fy = 0
The value of xp is ______m.
C. Fx = 2ρghrw and Fy = ρgwr 2 /2
D. Fx = 2ρghrw and Fy = πρgwr 2 /2
[GATE-2001-ME]
A
9. In which one of the following arrangement

G
would the vertical force on the cylinder due to

water be the maximum?
[GATE-2014-XE]
- 36 -
10. Shown below are three cylindrical gates which

restrain water in a 2-D channel. Which gate
experiences the maximum vertical component,
the minimum vertical component and the
maximum horizontal component of the
hydrostatic force?
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1 [GATE-1993-ME]
[GATE-1998-CE]
G
3. HYDROSTATIC FORCE - ANSWER KEYS

TE E
3.1 Plane Surfaces

N
6. D 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. A 11. A 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. B
1. 104 to 106 2. 33000 to 34000 3. 9.8 to 9.81 4. 120: 120

5. 29.30 to 29.50
A
3.2 Curved Surfaces

G
2. A 5. A 7. B 8. D 9. D 10. A,C,D
1. 0.35 to 0.40 3. 126.00 to 128.00 4. 15.3 to 15.5 6. 7 to 7
- 37 -
SOLUTIONS
3.1 Plane Surfaces
1. Answer: 105 (104 to 106) 33000 to 34000
3. Answer: 9.8 to 9.81
E )
FP = ρgh̅A
(X
a a
ΣM = M1 − M2 FP = ρg ( ) (a × )
r 4 2
h1 h2 1
ΣM = Fp1 ( ) − Fp2 ( )
IR i
3 3 FP = ρga3
8
A IS
h1
-1
ΣM = ρg ( ) (h1 × w) ( )
2
h1
3
1
FP = × 1000 × 9.81 × 23
8
h2 h2 FP = 9.81 kN
−ρg ( ) (h2 × w) ( )
G
2 3
4. Answer: 120 to 120
ρgw 3
ΣM = (h1 − h32 )
6 FP = ρgh̅A
TE E
1000 × 10 × 1 3 = 1000 × 10 × 3 × (2 × 2)
ΣM = (4 − 13 )
6
= 120 kN
N
10
ΣM = × 63 kN 5. Answer: 29.30 to 29.50
6
ΣM = 105 kN
2. Answer: 33000 to 34000
Fp 1 1
= 2 P1 gh12 + p1 gh1 h2 + 2 P2 gh22
w
Fp 1 1
A
= ρ0 g(1)2 + ρ0 g(1) (1) + P wg(1)2

w 2 2
Fp 1 L
G
= P wg (2 × 0.8 + 0.8 + 2)
w FP = ρgh̅A
Fp 1
= 1.7 P wg FP = 800 × 9.81 × 2.5 × (2 × 1.5 × 2)
w
Fp
= 1.7 × 9.8 × 1000 FP = 29.43 kN
w
Fp = 3.4 × 9.8 × 1000 6. Answer: D
Fp = 3320 NN
- 38 -
Wx = FP y
L
FP = ρgh̅A = ρg(2 sin θ)(L × 1)
2L sin θ 2L
h∗ = , y=
3 3
L
x = 2 cos θ
L L 2L Pressure at the interface of oil-water
)
mg (2 cos θ) = ρg (2 sin θ) (L) ( 3 )
E
2ρL2 sin θ 2
= ρgas + (ρoil × g × 1)
2
m= = 3 ρL tan θ
3 cos θ
= 2 × 105 + (800 × 10 × 1) = 208 kPa
(X
2 1
m = 3 × 1000 × 52 × ∴ Height of water column equivalent to 208
√3
50000
r kPa is
IR i
= = 9622.23 kg
3√3 = 208 × 103 = 103 × 10 × h
A IS
7. Answer: B
-1 ⇒ h = 20.8 m
∴ Force exerted on gate
= 103 × 10 × (1 × 1) × (21.8 + 0.5)
G
= 22.3 × 104 = 2.23 × 105 N

TE E
9. Answer: A
D
F1 = ρg ( 2 ) (Dw)
N
D
h1 = 3
F2 = ρg D × (2w)
h2 = 1 m
Pressure on the bottom wall
At equilibrium:
= ρgas + (ρoil × g × 1) + (ρwater × g × 3)
F1 h1 = F2 h2
A
= 2 × 105 + (800 × 10 × 1) + (1000 × 10

D D
× 3) ρg ( ) (DW) ( ) = 300 (200) × 1 ⇒ D2
2 3
G
= 238000 Pa = 12
= 2.38 bar 10. Answer: A
∴ Pressure on bottom wall = 2.38 bar h h
Fp = ρ g ( ) ( × w2 )
8. Answer: C 2 sinθ
h h h
Moment at Q = ρ g (2) (sinθ × w 2 ) × 3sinθ
- 39 -
1
MQ = γh3
6 sin2 θ
1 1
MQ − MP = 6 sin2 θ γh3 − 6 γh3
1
= 6 γh3 [cot 2 θ]
1
= γh3
18
11. Answer: A Depth of center of pressure,
Ixx . sin2 θ
h∗p = h̅ +
A. h̅
bh3
∗
⇒ hp =
h
+ 36 × 1
)
3 1 h
× b × h × (3)
E
{2 }
∗ h h 3h h
⇒ hp = + = =
(X
3 6 6 2
r ∴ Depth of center of pressure =
h
2
IR i
At equilibrium (Hinge) 14. Answer: B
A IS
x
-1
Fb1 × 1 = Fb2 ×
3
ρ × (2 × 2 × w) × g × 1
G
1 x
= ρ × ( × 2 × x × w) × g ×
2 3
x2
TE E
= 4 ⇒ x 2 = 12
3
N
x = 2√3m
12. Answer: D Given width of the door = 1m
The center of pressure of a liquid on a plane Force exerted on door = ρg Ah̅

surface immersed vertically in a static body of 1
⇒ F = ρg(1 × 1) × { × sin45°}
2
a liquid, lies below the centroid of the surface
ρg 1 ρg
area because the liquid pressure increases ⇒F= × =
2 √2 √2
A
linearly with depth. So, most of the effect due ρg

∴ Force exerted on door per unit width =
2√2
to liquid acts on the bottom of the surface.
G
15. Answer: B
13. Answer: C
- 40 -
Total hydrostatic pressure force on one side of

the plate = ρgAh̅
π
⇒ F = 103 × 9.81 × ( × l2 ) × (8.5)
4
⇒ F = 65.49 kN
)
3.2 Curved Surfaces
E
1. Answer: 0.35 to 0.40 Fr,net 39.72
∴| |=| | = 0.3749 ≈ 0.37
FH,net 105.948
(X
r 2. Answer: A
IR i
A IS
-1
Net horizontal force on cylinder = FH , water -
FH,oil
G
̅w − (ρoil × g × D
⇒ FH,Net = (ρw g × D × L) × h
2
TE E
̅oil
× L) × h
2
= (1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 3) × 2 − (800 × 9.81 ×
N
2
1
× 3) ×
2
= 105.948 kN
Net vertical Force on cylinder
π
FVI = ρ [R2 L − 4 R2 L] g
= Fr,water + Fr,oil − W
π FVI = ρR2 Lg (1 − 4 )
π
A
⇒ Fr,Net = ( D2 L × ρw + g)
8
π Similarly
+ ( D2 L × ρoil × g) − w
G
16 π
FVII = ρR2 Lg (1 − 4 )
π 2 ρoil
∴ Fr,net = d Lg (ρw + )−w π
8 2 F = FV = 2ρR2 Lg (1 − )
π 800 4
= × 4 × 3 × 9.81 (1000 + ) − 25000 3. Answer: 126.00 to 128.00
8 2
= 39719.9 N = 39.72 kN
- 41 -
FP
= 1000 × 10 × 52 × 0.50814
L
FP
= 127.034 kN/m
L
4. Answer: 15.3 to 15.5
Semi cylindrical gate → Curved surface
FV = Wfd
FV = ρf Vf dg
FP = √FH2 + FV2 FV = ρf Vs g
π
FP FH 2 FV 2 FV = ρf ( r 2 w)g
√ 2
= ( ) + ( ) → (1)
)
L L L π
FV = 100 × ( × 12 × 1) × 9.8
E
1
FH = FV
FV = 15.393 kN
r
(X
FH = ρg ( ) (rL)
2 5. Answer: A
1
= ρgr 2 L
r Depth ⇒ w
IR i
FH
2 Vs = Aw
A IS
FH 1
L 2
-1
= ρgr 2 ⇒ (a) FV = ρf Vs g
A = A1 − A2 Vs = Aw
G
π Vs = (A1 − A2 )w
A1 = r 2
6 A1 = r 2 θ
√3 2
TE E
A2 = r r 2 sin 2θ
4 A2 =
2
N
FV = Wfd
FV = ρVs g
FV = ρAlg
π √3 2
FV = ρ[ r 2 − r ]Lg
6 4
FV π √3
= ρg ( − ) r 2 → (b)
A
L 6 4
FH F V
Substituting & in eq(1) 1
G
L L × r cos θ × 2r sin θ
2
2 2
FP 1 π √3 r 2 sin 2θ
√
= ( ρgr ) + (ρg ( . ) r 2 )
2
L 2 6 4 2
Radian
2
FP 1 π √3
= ρgr 2 √ + ( − ) 2π ⇒ πr 2
L 4 6 4
- 42 -
πr 2 =
500 × (Distance of centroid of unshaded Region)
1⇒ 500
2π
πr 2
2θ ⇒ × 2θ
2π
⇒ r2 θ
2
r 2 sin 2θ
Vs = (r θ − )w
2
2
r 2 sin 2θ
FV = ρ (r θ − ) wg
2
FV sin 2θ
= ρr 2 (θ − )g
w 2
)
6. Answer: 7 to 7
E
Let dFz is the vertical component of hydrostatic
we have Ax̅ = A1 x1 + A2 x2
(X
force acting on the dam at a distance ‘x’
r 15
moment of dFz about oz is given by ⇒ (40 × 15) × ( )
2
IR i
= (100 × 10) + (500 × x2 )
A IS
-1 ⇒ 300 × 15 = 1000 + (500 × x2 )
⇒ x2 = 9 − 2 = 7 m
500 × 7
G
∴ 𝑥𝑝 = = 7𝑚
500
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥𝑝 = 7𝑚
TE E
7. Answer: B
N
FP × 0 = F × 1
F=0
dFz . x = ρg(zdxw). x.
∴ dFz . x = ρgw. xzdx.
A
By static Equilibrium
∬ ρw g(zwxdx) = Fz . Xp
G
⇒ ρw gw ∬ xz. dA
A
= ρw g(40 × 15) − 100) × wx × xp.

∬A xzdx 8. Answer: D
⇒ xp =
500
- 43 -
1
FH = ρgh̅AV FV = ρ [ πr 2 w] g The vertical component of force acting on the
2
gate is proportional to the fluid displaced by the
FH = ρgh(2rw) FV = πρgr 2 w/2
gate. So maximum vertical force is on B &
FH = 2 ρghrw
minimum is on ‘C’. The horizontal component
9. Answer: D
of force is proportional to the difference in fluid
For the vertical force on the cylinder due to
columns on either side of the gate.
water to be maximum, the volume of the
So maximum is on gate ‘C’.
cylinder submerged in water has to be
Minimum is on gate ‘B’
maximum. So, in option ‘D’ the volume
submerged is maximum.
)
10. Answer: A, C, D
E
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
G
TE E
N
A
G
- 44 -
CHAPTER-4
BUOYANCY AND
FLOATATION
by
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N

A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
BUOYANCY AND FLOATATION
4.1 Buoyant Forces, Centre of Buoyancy and Condition of
floatation
1. The figure shows three glasses P, Q and R with side being horizontal. The specific gravity of
water and floating ice cube. Glass P has a solid the block is
ice cube, glass Q has an ice cube with a small A. 0.8 B. 0.6
solid steel ball embedded in it and glass R has C. 0.5 D. 0.4
an ice cube with an air bubble. After the ice [GATE-2018-XE]
cube melts, the level of water in glasses P, Q 4. A spherical balloon of diameter 15 m is
)
and R, respectively; supposed to lift a load of 3000 N. The lifting of
E
load is achieved by heating the air inside the
balloon. Assume, air to be an ideal gas and
(X
r atmospheric pressure either outside or inside
IR i
the balloon. The value of acceleration due to
A IS
gravity is 9.81 m/s2 and the values of
-1
A. remains same, increases, and decreases temperature and density of atmospheric air are
B. increases, decreases and increases 15°C and 1.2 kg/m3 , respectively. In order to
G
C. remains same, decreases and decreases lift the specified load, the air inside the balloon
D. remains same, decreases and increases should be heated to a temperature (°C) of
TE E
[GATE-2021-AE] ________
2. A cube of side 100 mm is placed at the bottom [GATE-2017-XE]
N
of an empty container on one of its faces. The 5. The large vessel shown in the figure contains
density of the material of the cube is oil and water. A body is submerged at the
800 kg/m3 . Liquid of density 1000 kg/m3 is interface of oil and water such that 45 percent
now poured into the container. The minimum of its volume is in oil while the rest is in water.
height to which the liquid needs to be poured The density of the body is ____ kg/m3 .The
A
into the container for the cube to just lift up is specific gravity of oil is 0.7 and density of
____mm water is 1000 kg/m3 .Aacceleration due to
G
gravity g = 10 m/s2
[GATE-2019-ME]
3. A parallelepiped of (2m × 2m) square cross-
section and 10 m in length, is partially floating
in water upto a depth of 1.2 m, with its longest
- 45 -
Fluid Mechanics (Buoyancy and Floatation)
[GATE-2016-ME]
6. A block is floating at the oil-water interface as [GATE-2014-ME]
shown. The density of oil is two-thirds of that
8. An aluminum alloy (density 2600 kg/m3 )
)
water. Given that the density of the block is
E
casting is to be produced. A cylindrical hole of
3 3
800 kg/m and that of water is 1000 kg/m , 100 mm diameter and 100 mm length is made
(X
the fraction of the total height of block in oil is in the casting using sand core (density
___________ r 1600 kg/m3 ). The net buoyancy force (in
IR i
A IS
-1 Newton) acting on the core is ________
[GATE-2014-ME]
9. A cylinder of mass 10 kg and area of cross-
section 0.1 m2 is tied down with string in a
G
vessel containing two liquids as shown in

TE E
Figure. Calculate gauge pressure on the

cylinder bottom and the tension in the string.
N
[GATE-2016-XE]
Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 . Specific
7. A spherical balloon with a diameter of 10 m,
gravity of A = 0.8. Specific gravity of B (water)
shown in the figure below is used for
= 1.0.
advertisements. The balloon is filled with
helium (R He = 2.08 kJ/kg − K) at ambient
conditions of 15°C and 100 kPa. Assuming no
A
disturbances due to wind, the maximum

allowable weight (in Newton) of balloon
G
material and rope required to avoid the fall of

the balloon (R air = 0.289 kJ/kg. K) is ______
[GATE-1998-ME]
10. A cylindrical body of cross-sectional area A,
height H and density ρs , is immersed to a depth
- 46 -
h in a liquid of density ρ, and tied to the bottom bottom layer is mercury and the top layer is
with a string. The tension in the string is water. The height of top surface of the rod
above the liquid interface in cm is
A. 8.24 B. 7.82
C. 7.64 D. 7.38
[GATE-2001-CE]
12. In an iceberg, 15% of the volume projects
above the sea surface. If the specific weight of
sea water is 10.5 kN/m3 , the specific weight of
iceberg in kN/m3 is
A. ρghA B. (ρs − ρ)ghA
)
A. 12.52 B. 9.81
E
C. (ρ − ρs )ghA D. (ρh − ρs H)gA
C. 8.93 D. 7.83
[GATE-2003-ME]
(X
[GATE-1999-CE]
11. A 15 cm length of steel rod with relative density
r
IR i
of 7.4 is submerged in a two-layer fluid. The
A IS
4.2 Rotational Stability of Completely Submerged & Floating
-1 bodies
1. Which of the following conditions is used to D. centre of gravity is below its centre of
G
determine the stable equilibrium of all buoyancy

partially submerged floating bodies? [GATE-2020-CE]
TE E
A. Centre of buoyancy must be above the 3. A body is under stable equilibrium in a

centre of gravity homogeneous fluid, where CG and CB are
N
B. Centre of buoyancy must be below the center of gravity and center of buoyancy,
centre of gravity respectively.
C. Metacenter must be at a higher level than Two statements ‘P’ and ‘Q’ are given below:
the centre of gravity P: For a fully submerged condition, CG
D. Metacenter must be at a lower level than the should always be below CB
A
centre of gravity Q: For a floating body, CG need not be below

[GATE-2020-ME] CB
G
2. A body floating in a liquid is in a stable state Choose the option that is valid for the present
of equilibrium if its situation
A. metacenter lies below its centre of gravity A. P is False; Q is True when metacentre is
B. metacenter lies above its centre of gravity below CG
C. metacenter coincides with its centre of B. P is False; Q is True when metacentre is
gravity above CG
- 47 -
C. P is True; Q is True when metacentre is 7. For a completely submerged body with centre
below CG of gravity ‘G’ and centre of buoyancy ‘B’, the
condition of stability will be
D. P is True; Q is True when metacentre is
A. G is located below B
above CG
B. G is located above B
[GATE-2020-XE]
C. G and B are coincident
4. For stable equilibrium of a floating body,
D. Independent of the locations of G and B
which one of the following statements is
[GATE-2014-ME]
correct?
8. Let M, B and G represent respectively the
A. Centre of gravity must be located below
)
metacenter, centre of buoyancy and the centre
the centre of buoyancy.
E
of mass of a floating buoy. Which of the
B. Centre of buoyancy must be located below
following statements is correct?
the centre of gravity.
(X
A. M is above G; Buoy unstable.
r
C. Metacentre must be located below the
B. B is above G; Buoy stable.
IR i
centre of gravity.
A IS
C. M is above G; Buoy stable
D. Centre of gravity must be located below
-1
the metacenter.
D. B is above G; Buoy unstable.
[GATE-2013-XE]
[GATE-2019-XE]
G
9. For a body completely submerged in a fluid,

5. For the stability of a floating body the
the centre of gravity (G) and centre of
A. centre of buoyancy must coincide with the
TE E
Buoyancy (O) are known. The body is

centre of gravity
considered to be in stable equilibrium if
B. centre of buoyancy must be above the
N
A. O does not coincide with the centre of mass

centre of gravity
of the displaced fluid
C. centre of gravity must be above the centre
B. G coincides with the centre of mass of the
of buoyancy
displaced fluid
D. metacenter must be above the centre of
C. O lies below G
gravity
D. O lies above G
A
[GATE-2017-ME]
[GATE-2011-CE]
6. For a floating body, buoyant force acts at the
G
10. For the stability of a floating body, under the

A. centroid of the floating body
influence of gravity alone, which of the
B. center of gravity of the body
following is TRUE?
C. centroid of the fluid vertically below the
A. Metacenter should be below centre of
body
gravity.
D. centroid of the displaced fluid
[GATE-2016-ME]
- 48 -
B. Metacenter should be above centre of B. For a body floating in liquid the stability is
gravity. ensured if the center of buoyancy is below
C. Metacenter and centre of gravity must lie the centre of gravity of the body.
on the same horizontal line. C. For a body floating in a liquid the stability
D. Metacenter and centre of gravity must lie is ensured if the center of buoyancy and
on the same vertical line. the centre of gravity coincides.
[GATE-2010-ME] D. For a body floating in a liquid the stability
11. For a floating body, G, B, and M represent the is ensured if the center of buoyancy is
centre of gravity, centre of buoyancy, and the below the center of gravity and the meta
)
metacenter, respectively. The body will be centre is above both the centers of gravity
E
stable if and buoyancy.
A. G is located above B [GATE-1997-CE]
(X
B. B is located above M 13. Floating body with its center of gravity at ‘G’
r
C. M is located above B center of buoyancy at ‘B’ and meta centre at
IR i
‘M’ is stable when
A IS
D. M is located above G
-1 [GATE-2009-XE] A. G lies above B
12. Which one of the following statements is true B. B lies above M
G
with regards to bodies that float or submerged C. B lies below M

in liquids: D. G lies below M
TE E
A. For a body wholly submerged in a liquid [GATE-1989-CE]

the stability is ensured if the center of 14. Bodies in floatation to be in stable equilibrium
N
buoyancy is below the center of gravity of the necessary and sufficient condition is that
the body the centre of gravity is located below the
_____
[GATE-1994-ME]
A
4. BUOYANCY AND FLOATATION – ANSWER

G
KEYS
4.1 Buoyant Forces, Centre of Buoyancy and Condition of Floatation
- 49 -
1. C 3. B 10. D 11. D 12. C
2. 80 to 80 4. 62 to 66 5. 860 to 870 6. 0.59 to 0.61 7. 5300 to 5330

8. 7.0 to 8.0 9. 2011
4.2 Rotational Stability of Completely Submerged & Floating Bodies
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. D 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. B
11. D 12. D 13. D
14. Metacentre
)
SOLUTIONS
E
4.1 Buoyant Forces, Centre of Buoyancy and Condition of
(X
floatation
1. Answer: C r ∴ Volume occupied by water from melting of
IR i
ice = volume of ice cube submerged initially.
A IS
-1 So, no change in level of water (Level remains
same)
So, in case of R, the air bubble occupies some
G
volume of ice cube and when the ice cube

melts, the volume of water formed is less than
TE E
the volume of ice cube submerged initially. So

N
level decreases.
For equilibrium, weight of ice cube = buoyancy In case of Q, initially,
on ice cube. (msteel + mice )g = ρw g. γ1 (γ1
Let ‘L’ be the side of ice cube. → volume of fluid displaced by icecube)
3
⇒ L L . ρice g = ρwater g. L x 2 msteel mice
⇒ v1 = ( )+( )
x ρice ρw g ρw g
⇒ =
L ρwater when ice cube melts, total volume v1 =
A
When ice cube melts, Vsteel + VNewly formed water

G
mice = mwater formal newly. msteel mice

=( )+( )
⇒ Volume occupied by water from ice ρsteel ρw g
mice Here ρw < ρsteel
=
mwater ⇒ V1 < V
⇒ Volume occupied by water from ice So, the level of water decreases
ρice L3 g x In case of P, → level remains same
= = L . L3 = L2 x
ρwater g
In case of Q, → level decreases
- 50 -
In case of R, → level decreases To

ρ0 [1 − ]V g = W
2. Answer: 80 to 80 Ti b
To W
1− =
Ti ρo Vb g
To W
= 1−
Ti ρo Vb g
To
Ti =
W
1−ρ V g
o b
288
Ti =
3000 × 6
1−
1.2 × π × 153 × 9.81
)
For the block to just lift, weight of the block = Ti = 336.53 K
E
Buoyancy on block Ti = 63.53°C
(X
⇒ ρc . L3 × g = ρl . (L2 × h) × g 5. Answer: 860 to 870
⇒ h = L. {
ρc
ρL
r
} = 100 × {
800
1000
}
VST
VB
ρ
× 100 = ρ FB−ρ B
FB
−ρ
FT
IR i
1000−ρB
45 = 1000−700
A IS
⇒ h = 80 mm
3. Answer: B
-1 135 = 1000 − ρB
ρ
F = ρb specific gravity ρB = 865 kg/m3
b
G
4. Answer: 62 to 66 6. Answer: 0.59 to 0.61

ρw −ρb
f0 = ρw −ρ0
TE E
1000−800
= 2
1000− ×1000
3
N
= 0.6
7. Answer: 5300 to 5330
Pi = Po
A
ρi RTi = ρo RTo
ρi Ti = ρo To → (a)
G
At equilibrium
Fb = Wa + W
ρo Vs g = ρi Vb g + W
(ρo − ρi )Vb g = W
ρi
ρo [1 − ] Vb g = W W + WHe = FB
ρo
- 51 -
W = FB − WHe T = [ρA AhA + ρB AhB − mB ]g

π π
W = ρa 6 d3 g − ρHe 6 d3 g T = [800 × 0.1 × 0.1 + 1000 × 0.1 ×
π 0.125 − 10] × 9.81
W = (ρ𝑎 − ρHe ) 6 d3 g
T = 103.005 N
P 1 1 π 3
W = T (r − R ) 6 d g
𝑎 He 10. Answer: D
100×103 1 1 π
W= (0.289×103 − 2.08×103 ) 6 × 103 × We know that
288
T = (ρF VS − ρB VB )g
9.81
T = (ρAh − ρS AH)g
W = 5313.85 N
T = (ρh − ρS H)gA
8. Answer: 7.0 to 8.0
11. Answer: D
)
Net buoyancy force on core
VST ρFB −ρB
E
⇒ Fbuoyancy − Weight of core =ρ
VB FB −ρFT
π
⇒ Fbuoyancy, = ρAl ( 4 D2 L) g − hST 13.6−7.4
=
(X
net
π 15 13.6−1.0
ρsand ( 4 D2 L)g r 6.2
hST = 12.6 × 15
π
IR i
= [ × (10−2 × 10−1 ) × (2600 − 1600)]
A IS
4 -1 hST = 7.3809 m
× 9.81
12. Answer: C
π
= × 9.81 = 7.704 N % of Submergence
4
ρb
G
∴ Fbuoyancy,net = 7.704 N = × 100

ρ𝑠
9. Answer: 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝐍/𝐦𝟐 , 103 N
wb
TE E
P = Patm,L + ρA ghA + ρB ghB 85 = × 100

w𝑠
P − Patm,L = ρA ghA + ρB ghB wb
N
85 = × 100
10.5
P − Patm,L = (ρA hA + ρB hB )g
wb = 8.925 kN/m3
= (800 × 0.1 + 1000 × 0.125) × 9.81
= 2011.05 N/m2
T = (ρF1 VS1 + ρF2 VS2 − ρB VB )g
4.2 Rotational Stability of Completely Submerged & Floating

A
bodies
1. Answer: C For stable equilibrium of partially submerged
G
For stable equilibrium of partially submerged floating bodies. Metacentre must lie above
floating bodies. Metacentre must lie above the center of gravity of body.
the center of gravity of body. 3. Answer: D
2. Answer: B For stable equilibrium of
(a) Floating body → Metacentre should lie
above CG & CG need not be blow CB.
- 52 -
(b) Fully submerged body → CG should lie For completely submerged bodies, to be in
below CB. stable equilibrium center of gravity (G)
So, ‘P’ is correct and ‘Q’ is correct when should lie below the centre of buoyancy (O).
Metacenter is above CG. 10. Answer: D
4. Answer: D For stable equilibrium of partially submerged
5. Answer: D For stable equilibrium of partially submerged
)
E
(X
6. Answer: D For stable equilibrium of
r
For a floating body, the buoyant force acts (a) Floating body → Metacentre should lie
IR i
A IS
through the centroid of the displaced fluid
-1 above CG & CG need not be blow CB.
known as center of buoyancy. (b) Fully submerged body → CG should lie
7. Answer: A below CB.
G
For completely submerged body to be in 13. Answer: D

stable equilibrium, ‘G’ should lie below ‘B’ For stable equilibrium of partially submerged
TE E
(centre of gravity should lie below the center floating bodies. Metacentre must lie above
of buoyancy). the center of gravity of body.
N
8. Answer: C 14. Answer: Metacentre

When ‘M’ is above ‘G’, Buoy is stable (since For stable equilibrium of partially submerged
buoy is floating). floating bodies. Metacentre must lie above
9. Answer: D the center of gravity of body.
A
G
- 53 -
CHAPTER-5
FLUID KINEMATICS
by
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N

A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
FLUID KINEMATICS
5.1 Velocity and Acceleration
1. A two-dimensional Eulerian velocity field is 3xytĵ m/s. The magnitude of acceleration of a
given (in m/s) by V = [√5x]î − [√12y]ĵ, fluid particle located at
where x and y are the coordinates (in meters) in x = 1 m, y = 1 m at the time t = 1s, in m/s 2 is
a Cartesian coordinate system. The magnitude A. 16.0 B. 18.1
of the acceleration (in m/s 2 , up to one decimal C. 24.1 D. 34.1
place) of a fluid particle at x = 1 m and y = [GATE-2018-XE]
−1 m is ________. 6. For a steady flow, the velocity field is.
)
[GATE-2021-XE] ⃗V = (−x 2 + 3y)î + (2xy)ĵ
E
2. Water flows through a pipe with a velocity The magnitude of the acceleration of a particle
(X
4
given by ⃗V = ( t + x + y) ĵ m/s where ĵ is the at (1, −1) is
r
unit vector in the y direction, t (> 0) is in
A. 2 B. 1
IR i
C. 2 √5 D. 0
A IS
seconds, and x and y are in meters. The
-1 [GATE-2017-ME]
magnitude of total acceleration at the point
(x, y) = (1, 1) at t = 2 s is ____m/s 2 . 7. The velocity field in Cartesian coordinate
system for a two-dimensional steady flow is
G
[GATE-2019-ME]
3. The velocity field in a flow system is given by given as:
⃗V = 2i + (x + y)j + (xyz)k. The acceleration ⃗ = (V0 ) (xî − yĵ)
V
TE E
L
of the fluid at (1,1,2) is where, V0 and L are constants. Which one of the
N
A. 2i + 10k B. 4i + 12k following expressions represents the

C. j + k D. 4j + 10k acceleration field (a⃗) for this flow?
[GATE-2019-CE] A. a = 0
4. The velocity components in Cartesian V
B. a⃗ = ( L0 ) (xî + yĵ)
coordinates in a two-dimensional
V2
incompressible flow are u = ey cos(x) and v = C. a⃗ = ( L20 ) (xî − yĵ)
A
ey sin(x). The magnitude of total acceleration V2

D. a = ( L20 ) (xî + yĵ)
at the point (−1, 1) is
G
[GATE-2017-XE]
A. 0 B. 1
8. A steady, incompressible, two-dimensional
C. e D. e2
velocity field in Cartesian coordinate system
[GATE-2019-XE]
is represented by the following expression.
5. The velocity field in a two-dimensional,
⃗V = (0.7 + 0.4x)î + (1.2 − 0.4y)ĵ
unsteady flow is given by ⃗V(x, y, t) = 2xy 2 î +
- 54 -
Fluid Mechanics (Fluid Kinematics)
The coordinates of the point (x, y) in the flow magnitude of the acceleration of the particle
field having “zero” velocity is, (in cm/s2 ) at t = 0 is _______
A. (1.75, −3) B. (−1.75, 3) [GATE-2014-CE]
C. (1.75, 3) D. (−1.75, −3) 13. For an unsteady incompressible fluid flow, the
[GATE-2017-XE] velocity field is
9. An idealized velocity fields is given by ⃗V = ⃗V = (3x 2 + 3)tî − 6xytĵ,
4txî − 2t 2 yĵ + 4xzk̂. At point (−1, 1, 0) and where x, y is in meters and t is in seconds.
t = 1, the magnitude of the material Acceleration in m/s2 at the point x = 10 m
acceleration vector of the fluid element is and y = 0, as measured by a stationary
_____
)
observer is.
E
[GATE-2017-AE] A. 303 B.162
10. Velocity vector in m/s for a 2-D flow is given C. 43 D. 13
(X
in Cartesian coordinate (x, y) as [GATE-2014-XE]
2 r
⃗ = (x î − xy ĵ). Symbols bear usual meaning.
V 14. The velocity in a one-dimensional unsteady
IR i
4 2
flow is given by (x 2 − t), where x is the
A IS
At a point in the flow field, the x- and y-
-1
components of the acceleration vector are position and t is the time. The total acceleration
given as 1 m/s 2 and −0.5 m/s 2 , respectively. at any x and t is

A. −1 + xt + x 3 B. −1 + xt + 2x 3
G
The velocity magnitude at that point is ______

m/s. C. −1 − xt − x 3 D. −1 − 2xt + 2x 3
TE E
[GATE-2016-XE] [GATE-2012-XE]
11. Consider a two-dimensional velocity field 15. The temperature field in a fluid flow is given by
N
⃗ = πyî − πxĵ, where î and ĵ are the

given by V (60 − 0.2xy)° C. The velocity field is
unit vectors in the directions of the rectangular ⃗ = 2xyî + tyĵ m/s. The rate of change of the
V
Cartesian coordinates x and y, respectively. A temperature measured by a thermometer
fluid particle is located initially at the point moving along with the flow at (2, −4) m at t =
(−1, 1). Its position after unit time is 4 s is
A
A. (−2, −2) B. (1, −1) A. −12.8° C/s B. −10.6° C/s

C. (1, 1) D. (3, −1) C. −6.4° C/s D. −4.8° C/s
G
12. A particle moves along a curve whose 16. The velocity field of a two-dimensional fluid
flow is as follow:
parametric equations are x = t 3 + 2t,
x y
y = −3e−2t and z = 2 sin(5t), where x, y and u = U0 L , v = −U0 L
z show variations of the distance covered by the Where, U0 and L are, respectively, the
particle (in cm) with time t (in s). The characteristic velocity and length.
- 55 -
If L = 0.2 m and the resultant of total 60×103 300×103

Vr = − ( ) m/s and Vθ = ( ) m/s
2πr 2πr
acceleration in x - and y - directions at (x =
where r (in meters) is the distance from the
L, y = L) is 10 m/s 2 , the magnitude of U0 (m/
centre of the whirlpool. What will be the
s) is
distance of the leaf from the centre when it has
A. 1.414 B.2.38
moved through half a revolution?
C. 1.19 D. 11.90
A. 48 m B. 64 m
[GATE-2010-XE]
C. 120 m D.142 m
17. In a steady flow through a nozzle, the flow [GATE-2005-ME]
velocity on the nozzle axis is given by ⃗ = 2yî + 3xĵ
20. A velocity field is given as V
u = u0 (1 + 3x/L), where x is the distance
)
where x and y are in meters. The acceleration
E
along the axis of the nozzle from its inlet plane of a fluid particle at (x, y) = (1,1) in the x -
and L is the length of the nozzle. The time direction is
(X
required for a fluid particle on the axis to travel
A. 0 B. 5.00 m/s2
r
from the inlet to the exit plane of the nozzle is
C. 6.00 m/s2 D. 8.48 m/s 2
IR i
L L
B. 3u ln 4
A IS
A. u -1 [GATE-2004-CE]
0 0
L L
C. D. 2.5u 21. In a steady radial flow into an intake, the
4u0 0
[GATE-2007-ME] velocity is found to vary as (1/r 2 ), where ‘r’ is

G
18. In a two-dimensional velocity field with the radial distance. The acceleration is
velocities u and v along x and y directions proportional to

TE E
respectively, the convective acceleration along A. 1/r 5 B. 1/r 3

N
the x-direction is given by C. 1/r 4 D. 1/r

∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v [GATE-1999-CE]
A. u ∂x + v ∂y B. u ∂x + v ∂y
22. The acceleration of a fluid particle in steady
∂v ∂u ∂u ∂u
C. u ∂x + v ∂y D.v ∂x + u ∂y one-dimensional flow is
[GATE-2006-ME] du
A. 0 B. u dx
19. A leaf is caught in a whirlpool. At a given u2 u2
A
C. D.
2g x
instant, the leaf is at a distance of 120 m from
[GATE-1996-CE]
G
the centre of the whirlpool. The whirlpool can

be described by the following velocity
distribution;
5.2 Types of fluid flows and fluid lines

1. A two dimensional flow has velocities in x and where t denotes time. The equation for
y directions given by u = 2xyt and v = −y 2 t, streamline passing through x = 1, y = 1 is
- 56 -
A. x 2 y 2 = 1 B. xy 2 = 1 C. steady and one-dimensional

C. x 2 y = 1 D. x/y 2 = 1 D. unsteady and two-dimensional
[GATE-2021-ME] [GATE-2018-ME]
2. Which one of the following options is TRUE? 5. During an experiment, the position of a fluid
A) Pathlines and streaklines are the same in an particle is monitored by an instrument over a
unsteady flow and streamline and streaklines time period of 10 s. The trace of the particle
are the same in a steady flow. given by the following figure represents a
B) Pathlines and streaklines are the same in an
unsteady flow, and streamlines are tangential
to the local fluid velocity at a point.
E )
C) Streamlines are perpendicular to the local
fluid velocity at a point, and streamlines and
(X
streaklines are the same in a steady flow. A. streamline B. streakline
r
D) Streamlines are tangential to the local fluid C. pathline D. timeline
IR i
velocity at a point and streamlines and [GATE-2017-XE]
A IS
-1
streaklines are the same in a steady flow. 6. For a certain two-dimensional incompressible
flow, velocity field is given by 2xy î − y 2 ĵ.
[GATE-2021-XE]
3. The velocity components in the x and y The streamlines for this flow are given by the
G
directions for an incompressible flow are family of curves
given as u = (−5 + 6x) and v = −(9 + 6y), A. x 2 y 2 = constant

TE E
respectively. The equation of the streamline is B. xy 2 = constant

C. 2xy − y 2 = constant
N
A. (−5 + 6x)(9 + 6y) = constant

−5+6x D. xy = constant
B. = constant
9+6y
[GATE-2016-ME]
9+6y
C. = costant 7. Velocity field of a 2-D steady flow is provided
−5+6x
D. (−5 + 6x) − (9 + 6y) = constant ⃗ = c(x 2 − y 2 )î − 2cxyĵ. The equation of
as V
the streamlines of this flow is.
A
[GATE-2020-CE]
y2
4. In a Lagrangian system, the position of a fluid A. x 2 y − = constant
3
G
y2
particle in a flow is described as x = xo e−kt B. xy 2 − = constant
3
and y = yo e−kt where t is the time while y
C. xy − 3 = constant
xo , yo , and k are constants. The flow is
y3
D. x 2 y − = constant
A. unsteady and one-dimensional 3
B. steady and two-dimensional [GATE-2016-XE]
- 57 -
8. Consider the following statements regarding [GATE-2014-XE]

streamline(s): 11. For an incompressible flow, the existence of
i. It is a continuous line such that the tangent components of acceleration for different types
at any point on it shows the velocity vector of flow is described in the table below.
at that point Type of Flow
ii. There is no flow across streamlines P. Steady and uniform
dx dy dz Q. Steady and non-uniform
iii. = = is the differential equation
u v w
R. Unsteady and uniform
of a streamline, where u, v and w are
S. Unsteady and non-uniform
velocities in directions x, y and z,
)
Components of Acceleration
respectively
E
1. Local exists, convective does not exit
iv. In an unsteady flow, the path of a particle
2. Both exist
is a streamline
(X
3. Both do not exist
r
Which one of the following combinations of
4. Local does not exist, convective exists.
IR i
the statements is true?
A IS
Which one of the following options
A. (i), (ii), (iv) B. (ii), (iii), (iv)
C. (i), (iii), (iv)
-1 D. (i), (ii), (iii)
connecting the left column with the right
column is correct?
[GATE-2014-ME]
A. P − 1; Q − 4; R − 3; S − 2
G
9. A flow field which has only convective

B. P − 4; Q − 1; R − 2; S − 3
acceleration is
TE E
C. P − 3; Q − 2; R − 1; S − 4
A. a steady uniform flow
D. P − 3; Q − 4; R − 1; S − 2
B. an unsteady uniform flow
N
[GATE-2014-XE]
C. a steady non-uniform flow
12. To observe unsteady separated flow in a
D. an unsteady non-uniform flow
diverging channel, bubbles are injected at each
[GATE-2014-ME]
10 ms interval at point A as shown in figure.
10. Velocity in a two-dimensional flow at a time t
These bubbles act as tracer particles and
and location (x, y) is described at: ⃗V = 3t 2 î +
follow the flow faithfully. The curved line AB
A
(x − 1)ĵ. The equation for the path line of a

shown at any instant represents:
particle passing through the point (1, 0) at t =
G
0 is.
A. x 4 − 4y 3 = 0
B. (x − 1)3 − 2y 4 = 0
C. (x − 1)4 − 64y 3 = 0
D. (x + 1)4 − 16y 3 = 0
A. Streamline, streak line and path line
- 58 -
B. Streamline and path line C. A blob (or drop) of dye is injected and a
C. Only a path line snap shot is taken
D. Only a streak line D. A blob (or drop) of dye is injected and a
[GATE-2014-AE] long-exposure picture is taken
Common Data Questions 13 & 14: [GATE-2012-XE]
The velocity field within a laminar boundary 17. A flow has a velocity field given by
layer is given by the expression: ⃗V = 2xî − 2yĵ
Bu∞ y Bu∞ y 2 The streamlines for the velocity field look like
⃗V = î + ĵ
x 3/2 4x 5/2
Where B = 100 m1/2 and the free stream
)
velocity u∞ = 0.1 m/s.
E
13. Calculate the x-direction component of the
(X
acceleration m/s 2 at the point x = 0.5 m and
y = 50 mm _______.r
IR i
[GATE-2013-XE]
A IS
-1
14. Find the slope of the streamline passing
through the point x = 0.5 m and
y = 50 mm ________.
G
[GATE-2013-XE]
15. The x and y velocity components of a two- [GATE-2011-XE]
TE E
dimensional flow field are, 18. If the density of a fluid changes from point to
N
cy cx point in a flow region, the flow is called

u= ,v = , where c is a
x2 +y2 x2 +y2 A. steady flow
constant. The streamlines are a family of B. unsteady flow
A. hyperbolas B. parabolas C. non-uniform flow
C. ellipses D. circles D. compressible flow
[GATE-2013-AE] [GATE-2011-AG]
A
16. Identify the visualization method that shows a 19. The wind is blowing east-west at time t < T
PATHLINE in an unsteady flow, assuming and switches to south-north at t = T at t > T
G
that the camera covers the required field of which of the following curves represent
view. streaklines?
A. A dye is continuously injected and a snap
shot is taken.
B. A dye is continuously injected and a long-
exposure picture is taken.
- 59 -
C. 3dx + 2dy = 0
D. xy = 6
[GATE-2005-CE]
22. An inert tracer is injected continuously from a
point in an unsteady flow field. The locus of
locations of all tracer particles at an instance of
time represents
A. Stream line B. Path line
C. Stream tube D. Streak line
[GATE-2010-XE]
)
[GATE-2005-CE]
20. A two-dimensional flow filed has velocities
E
23. A fluid flow is represented by the velocity field
along the x and y directions given by
⃗V = ax î + ay ĵ, where a is a constant. The
u = x 2 t and v = −2xyt respectively, where t
(X
equation of stream line passing through a point
r
is time. The equation of streamline is
(1, 2) is
IR i
A. x 2 y = constant
A IS
A. x − 2y = 0 B. 2x + y = 0
B. x y 2 = constant
-1
C. x y = constant
C. 2x − y = 0 D. x + 2y = 0
[GATE-2004-ME]
D. not possible to determine
G
[GATE-2006-ME] 24. Streamlines, path lines and streak lines are
21. The velocity in m/s at a point in a two- virtually identical for

TE E
A. uniform flow
dimensional flow is given as ⃗V = 2 î + 3 ĵ . The
B. flow of ideal fluids
N
equation of the stream line passing through the

C. steady flow
point (x, y) is
D. non uniform flow
A. 3dx − 2dy = 0
[GATE-1994-ME]
B. 2x + 3y = 0
5.3 Continuity equation

1. A high velocity water jet of cross section area
A
= 0.01 m2 and velocity = 35 m/s enters a

G
pipe filled with stagnant water. The diameter

of the pipe is 0.32 m. This high velocity water
jet entrains additional water from the pipe and The flow rate of entrained water
the total water leaves the pipe with a velocity is______liters/s(round off to two decimal)
6 m/s as shown in the figure. [GATE-2021-ME]
- 60 -
2. For a two-dimensional incompressible flow [GATE-2021-XE]

having velocity components u and v in the x 5. The two-dimensional velocity field V of a flow
and y direction, respectively the expression in a Cartesian coordinate system is given in
∂(u2 ) ∂(uv) dimensionless form by V = (x 2 − axy)i +
+
∂x ∂y y2
(bxy − ) j. Here i and j are the unit vectors
2
can be simplified to
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
along the x and y directions respectively, a
A. u ∂x + u ∂y B. 2u ∂x + u ∂y
and b are independent of x, y and time. If the
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
C. 2u +v D. u +v flow is incompressible, then the value of (a −
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
b), up to one decimal place, is ______.
)
[GATE-2021-ME]
[GATE-2021-XE]
E
3. A three-dimensional velocity field is given by 6. The velocity field of an incompressible flow in
V = 5x 2 yi + Cyj − 10xyz k, where I, j, k are
(X
a Cartesian system is represented by
the unit vectors
r in x, y, z directions, ⃗V = 2(x 2 − y 2 )î + vĵ + 3k̂
respectively, describing a Cartesian coordinate
IR i
Which one of the following expressions for v
A IS
system. The coefficient C is a constant. If V
-1
describes an incompressible fluid flow, the
is valid?
A. −4xy − 4xz B. −4xz + 6xy
value of C is
C. 4xz − 6xy D. 4xy + 4xz
G
A. −1 B. 0
C. 1 D. 5 [GATE-2020-ME]
TE E
[GATE-2021-CH] 7. An incompressible, steady flow with uniform

4. Which one of the following statements is velocity condition at the inlet between parallel
N
TRUE about the continuity equation plates is shown in figure. The flow develops
∂u ∂v ∂w into a parabolic laminar profile with u =
+ + = 0 (where u, v, w are the
∂x ∂y ∂z
ay(y0 − y) at the downstream end, where ‘a’
velocity components along the x, y, and z
is a constant. Assume unit depth of the plate.
coordinates respectively).
For U0 = 7.5 cm/s, y0 = 3 cm and the fluid
A) The equation is valid only for steady
with density, ρ = 800 kg/m3
A
incompressible flows
The value of ‘a’ is _________
B) The equation is valid for both steady and
G
unsteady incompressible flows

C) The equation is valid only for unsteady
compressible flows
D) The equation is valid only for steady
compressible flows [GATE-2020: XE]
- 61 -
8. A flat plate of width L = 1 m is pushed down following expression.

with a velocity U = 0.01 m/s towards a wall ⃗V = (ax + by)î + (cx + dy)ĵ
resulting in the drainage of the fluid between where, the coefficients a, b, c and d are
the plate and the wall as shown in the figure. constants. For an incompressible flow, which
Assume two-dimensional incompressible flow one of the following relations is TRUE?
and that the plate remains parallel to the wall. A. a + d = 0 B. a + c = 0
The average velocity, uavg of the fluid (in m/s) C. b + d = 0 D. b + c = 0
draining out at the instant shown in the figure [GATE-2017-XE]
is ______ (correct to three decimal places). 12. A channel of width 450 mm branches into
)
sub-channels having width 300 mm and
E
200 mm as shown in figure. If the volumetric
flow rate (taking unit depth) of an
(X
incompressible flow through the main channel
r is 0.9 m3 /s and the velocity in the sub-channel
IR i
[GATE-2018-ME]
A IS
-1 of width 200 mm is 3 m/s, the velocity in the
9. If u = 2(x 2 − y 2 ) and v = −axy represent the
sub-channel of width 300 mm is ______(m/
x- and y- components of the two-dimensional
s) Assume both inlet and outlet to be at the
velocity filed of an incompressible flow, the
G
same elevation.
value of the constant a is ________
TE E
[GATE-2018-PI]
10. Consider the two-dimensional velocity field
N
given by
⃗ = (5 + a1 x + b1 y)î + (4 + a2 x + b2 y)ĵ,
V
where a1 , b1 , a2 and b2 are constants. Which
one of the following conditions needs to be
satisfied for the flow to be incompressible? [GATE-2016-ME]
A. a1 + b1 = 0 B. a1 + b2 = 0
A
13. For a two-dimensional flow, the velocity field

C. a2 + b2 = 0 D. a2 + b1 = 0 ⃗ = 2 x 2 î + 2 y 2 ĵ,where î and ĵ are the
is V x +y x +y
G
[GATE-2017-ME]
basis vectors in the x-y Cartesian coordinate
11. In a Cartesian two-dimensional coordinate
system. Identify the correct statements from
system, u and v represent the velocities in x
below:
and y directions, respectively. For a certain
(1) The flow is incompressible
flow, the velocity field is represented by the
(2) The flow is unsteady
- 62 -
(3) y-component of acceleration, 16. The velocity field of an incompressible flow is

−y
ay = (x2 given by
+y2 )2
V = (a1 x + a2 y + a3 z)i + (b1 x + b2 y +
(4) x-component of acceleration,
b3 z)j + (c1 x + c2 y + c3 z)k,
−(x+y)
ax = (x2 where a1 = 2 and c3 = −4.the value of b2 is
+y2 )2
A. (2) and (3) B. (1) and (3) _______.
C. (1) and (2) D. (3) and (4) [GATE-2015-ME]
[GATE-2016-ME] 17. A nozzle is so shaped that the average flow
14. A horizontal pipe is feeding water into a velocity changes linearly from 1.5 m/s at the
)
reservoir from the top with time-dependent beginning to 15 m/s at its end in a distance of
E
m3 0.375 m. The magnitude of the convective
volumetric flow-rate Q ( ) = 1 + 0.1 × t
h
acceleration (in m/s 2 ) at the end of the nozzle
(X
where t is time in hours. The area of the base
is______
r
of the reservoir is 0.5 m2 . Assuming that
[GATE-2015-CE]
IR i
initially the reservoir was empty, the height of
A IS
-1 18. A fluid enters a control volume through an
the water level in the reservoir after 60 minutes
inlet port (denoted with subscript ‘i’) and
is ______m.
leaves through two outlet ports (denoted with
[GATE-2016-XE]
G
subscripts ‘o, 1’ and‘o, 2’) as shown in the

15. Consider a fully developed, steady,
figure. The velocities may be assumed to be
incompressible, 2-D, viscous channel flow
TE E
uniform across the ports. The rate of change of

with uniform suction and blowing velocity v0 ,
mass in the control volume in kg/s, at the
N
as shown in the figure given below. The

instant shown in the figure is ______
centerline velocity of the channel is 10 m/s
along the x-direction. If the value of vo at both
the walls is 1 m/s, the value of y-component
of velocity inside the flow field is _____m/s.
A
G
[GATE-2015-XE]
19. A two-dimensional velocity field is given by
⃗V = 10(y 3 − x 2 y)î + 2Cxy 2 ĵ, where î and ĵ
[GATE-2016-XE] are the unit vectors in the directions of the
- 63 -
rectangular Cartesian coordinates x and y, and 5 cm, respectively. If the velocity at a

respectively. If the flow is incompressible, the section at 15 cm diameter portion of the pipe
constant C should be. is 2.5 m/s, the velocity of the fluid (in m/s) at
A. −10 B. 0 a section falling in 5 cm portion of the pipe
C. 5 D. 10 is_____
[GATE-2015-XE] [GATE-2014-CE]
20. For an incompressible flow field, ⃗V, which one 24. Steady state incompressible flow through a
of the following conditions must be satisfied? pipe network is shown in the figure. Inlets
A. ∇. ⃗V = 0 B. ∇ × ⃗V = 0 marked as (1), (2) and (3) and exit marked as
)
⃗⃗
∂V
(4), are shown with their respective diameters.
⃗ . ∇)V
C. (V ⃗ =0 D. ⃗ . ∇)V
+ (V ⃗ =0
E
∂t The exit flow rate at (4) is 0.1 m3 /s. A 20%
[GATE-2014-ME]
increase in flow rate through (3) results in a
(X
21. In a two-dimensional steady flow field, in a
10% increase in flow rate through (4). The
r
certain region of the x-y plane, the velocity
original velocity through inlet (3) is ____ m/s.
IR i
component in the x-direction is given by vx =
A IS
-1 1
x 2 and the density varies as ρ = x. Which of
the following is a valid expression for the

velocity component in the y-direction, vy ?
G
A. vy = −x/y B. vy = x/y
TE E
C. vy = −xy D. vy = xy
[GATE-2014-CE]
N
[GATE-2014-XE]
x
22. A plane flow has velocity components u = T , 25. For a steady, incompressible two-dimensional
1
y
v=− and w = 0 along x, y and z directions flow, represented in Cartesian co-ordinates
T2
(x, y), a student correctly writes the equation
respectively, where T1 (≠ 0) and T2 (≠ 0) are
dx
constant having the dimension of time. The of pathline of any arbitrary particle as, =
dt
given flow is incompressible if dy

ax and dt = by, where a and b are constants
A
T2
A. T1 = −T2 B. T1 = − having unit of (second)−1. If value of a is 5,
2
G
T2
C. T1 = D. T1 = T2 the value of b is ______
2
[GATE-2014-AE]
[GATE-2014-CE]
23. An incompressible homogeneous fluid is 26. An incompressible fluid at a pressure of 150
kPa (absolute) flows steadily through a two-
flowing steadily in a variable diameter pipe
having the large and small diameters as 15 cm dimensional channel with a velocity of 5 m/s
as shown in the Figure. The channel has a 90°
- 64 -
bend. The fluid leaves the channel with a B. u = 10xt, v = −10 yt

pressure of 100 kPa (absolute) and linearly y 1/7
C. u (δ) , v = 0(δ = constant)
varying velocity profile. Vmax is four time
D. u = 2y, v = 2x
Vmin . The density of the fluid is 914.3 kg/m3 .
[GATE-2012-XE]
The velocity Vmin , in m/s, is
29. A fluid with a volumetric flow rate of 5 m3 /s
enters the nozzle shown below. The cross-
sectional area varies with x as A(x) = 1/(1 +
x 2 ). Assuming that the flow is parallel and
uniform at each cross-section, the acceleration
)
at any point in the nozzle is given by
E
(X
A. 25 r B. 2.5
IR i
C. 2.0 D. 4
A IS
-1 [GATE-2013-XE]
27. The circular water pipes shown in the sketch A. 50(x + x 3 ) B. 50(1 + x 2 )
are flowing full. The velocity of flow (in m/s) C. 0 D. 50(x 2 + x 3 )
G
in the branch pipe “R” is [GATE-2011-XE]

TE E
30. Consider steady flow of water in a situation

where two pipe lines (pipe 1 and pipe 2)
N
combine into a single pipe line (pipe-3) as

shown in the figure. The cross-sectional areas
of all three pipelines are constant. The
following data is given
A. 3 B. 4
Pipe
A
C. 5 D. 6 Area Velocity
[GATE-2012-CE] (𝐦𝟐 ) (m/s)

G
number
28. In the following equations, u and v are the
1 1 1
velocities in the x- and y- directions,
2 2 2
respectively and t is time. The flow field that
3 2.5 ?
CANNOT be termed as incompressible is.
A. u = x 3 + xy 2 , v = y 3 + yx 2
- 65 -
R: Steady compressible flow

S: Unsteady compressible flow
A. P, Q, R B. Q, R, S
C. P, R, S D. P, Q, S
[GATE-2009-XE]
33. Consider steady flow of water in a situation
Assuming the water properties and the where two pipe lines (Pipe 1 and Pipe 2)
velocities to be uniform across the cross combine into a single pipe line (Pipe 3) as
section of the inlets and the outlet, the exit shown in the figure. The cross – sectional areas
velocity (in m/s) in pipe 3 is
)
of all three pipelines are constant. The
E
A. 1 B. 1.5 following data is given:
C. 2 D. 2.5
(X
[GATE-2009-ME]
r
31. Consider incompressible flow through a two-
IR i
dimensional open channel. At a certain section
A IS
-1
A-A, the velocity profile is parabolic.
Neglecting air resistance at the free surface,
find the volume flow rate per unit width of the
G
Area Velocity
channel. Pipe number
(m2) (m/s)
TE E
1 1 1
N
2 2 2
3 2.5 ?
Assuming the water properties and the
velocities to be uniform across the cross
section of the inlets and the outlet, the exit
velocity (in m/s) in pipe 3 is
A
A. 10 m3 /s B. 13.33 m3 /s A. 1 B. 1.5
G
C. 20 m3 /s D. 33.33 m3 /s C. 2 D. 2.5
[GATE-2009-XE] [GATE-2009-PI]
32. Under what conditions is the equation 34. For a continuity equation given ∇. ⃗V = 0 to be
⃗ = 0 valid?
∇. ρV valid, ⃗V where is the velocity vector, which
P: Steady incompressible flow one of the following is a necessary condition?
Q: Unsteady incompressible flow A. Steady flow
- 66 -
B. Irrotational flow ⃗V = (5x + 6y + 7z) î + (6x + 5y +

C. Inviscid flow 9z)ĵ + (3x + 2y + λz)k̂ and the density
D. Incompressible flow varies as ρ = ρ0 .e−2t . In order that the mass is
[GATE-2008-ME] conserved, the value of λ should be
Statement for Linked Questions 35 & 36: A. −12 B. −10
The gap between a moving circular plate and C. −8 D. 10
a stationary surface is being continuously [GATE-CE-06]
reduced, as the circular plate comes down at a 38. The following data about the flow of liquid
uniform speed V towards the stationary was observed in a continuous chemical
)
bottom surface, as shown in the figure. In the process plant:
E
process, the fluid contained between the two
plates flows out radially. The fluid is assumed
(X
to be incompressible and inviscid.
r Mean flow rate of the liquid is
IR i
A. 8.00 liters/s B. 8.06 liters/s
A IS
-1 C. 8.16 liters/s D. 8.26 liters/s
[GATE-2004-ME]
G
39. For a fluid flow through a divergent pipe of

length L having inlet and outlet radii of R1 and
R 2 respectively and a constant flow rate of Q,
TE E
35. The radial velocity Vr , at any radius r when the

assuming the velocity to be axial and uniform
N
gap width is h, is
at any cross-section, the acceleration at the exit
Vr Vr
A. Vr = B. Vr = is
2h h
2V h Vh 2Q(R1 −R2 ) 2Q2 (R1 −R2 )
C. Vr = D. Vr = A. B.
r r
πLR32 πLR32
[GATE-2008-ME]
2Q2 (R1 −R2 ) 2Q2 (R2 −R1 )
36. The radial component of the fluid acceleration C. D.
π2 LR52 π2 LR52
A
at r = R is [GATE-2004-ME]
3V2 R V2 R
A. B. 40. The x component of velocity in a two-
G
4h2 4h2
dimensional incompressible flow is given by
V2 R V2 h
C. D. u = 1.5x. At the point (x, y) = (1, 0), the
2h2 4R2
[GATE-2008-ME] y − component of velocity v = 0; The
37. The velocity field for a flow is given by: equation for the y − component of velocity is
A. v = 0 B. v = 1.5y
- 67 -
C. v = −1.5x D. v = −1.5y [GATE-1996-CE]

[GATE-2004-CE] 43. x- component of velocity in a 2-D
41. Which of the following two-dimensional incompressible flow is given by u = y 2 +
incompressible velocity fields satisfies the 4xy. If y- component of velocity v equals zero
conservation of mass at
A. u = x, v = y y = 0, then the expression for v is given by
B. u = −2x, v = 2y A. 4y B. 2y 2
C. u = xy, v = xy C. −2y 2 D. 2xy
D. u = x 2 − y 2 , v = 0. [GATE-1996-CE]
)
[GATE-1996-CE] 44. The velocity components in the x and y
E
42. Fluid flows steadily through a variable area directions are given by u = xy 3 − x 2 y, v =
duct. At section (1), density = ρ1 , cross 3
xy 2 − 4 y 4 . The value of  for a possible flow
(X
sectional area =A1 , Velocity V1 and pressure =
r
P1 and the corresponding values at section (2)
field involving an incompressible fluid is
3 4
IR i
A. − B. −
A IS
are ρ2 , A2 , V2 and P2. Then, the following
-1 4 3
4
relation is satisfied. C. D. 3
3
ρ1 V21 ρ2 V22
A. A1 V1 = A2 V2 B. = [GATE-1995-ME]
2 2
G
C. ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ2 A2 V2 D. P1 A1 = P2 A2
5.4 Linear strain rate, Shear strain rate, Angular velocity, Vorticity and circulation
TE E
1. If u and v are the velocity components in the D. incompressible and irrotational

x- and y- directions respectively, the z-
N
[GATE-2019-XE]
component of vorticity ωz at a point in a flow 3. For a two-dimensional incompressible flow
field is ⃗ = A(xî − yĵ), where A > 0,
field given by u
∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u which one of the following statements is
A. ∂x + ∂y B. ∂x − ∂y
FALSE?
∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u
C. ∂y + ∂x D. ∂y − ∂x
A. It satisfies continuity equation
A
[GATE-2019-XE] B. It is unidirectional when x→0 and y→ ∞.

2. A two-dimensional velocity field in Cartesian C. Its streamlines are given by x = y
G
coordinates is defined by V = yi − xj. This D. It is irrotational.

flow is [GATE-2018-ME]
A. compressible and rotational 4. A flow field is given by u = y 2 , v =
B. compressible and irrotational −xy, w = 0. Value of the z-component of the
C. incompressible and rotational angular velocity (in radians per unit time, up to
- 68 -
two decimal places) at the point (0, −1,1) is Incompressible

∇ × ⃗V
____________ P I continuity
=0
equation
[GATE-2018-CE]
⃗ = xy 2 î + 4xyĵ m/s ,
5. If the velocity field is, V ∇. ⃗V
Q II Steady flow
=0
vorticity of the fluid element in the field at
⃗
DV
(x = 1, y = 2) in s −1 in is ________ Irrotational
R Dt III
flow
[GATE-2018-XE] =0
6. In a two-dimensional, incompressible and
⃗
∂V Zero
irrotational flow, fluid velocity (v) in the y- S ∂t IV acceleration of
=0
)
direction is given by v = 2x − 5y. The fluid particle
E
velocity (u) in the x-direction is
A. P-IV, Q-I, R-II, S-III
A. u = 2x – 5y B. u = 2x + 5y
(X
B. P-IV, Q-III, R-I, S-II
C. u = 5x + 2y D. u = 5x − 2y
r [GATE-2018-XE]
C. P-III, Q-I, R-IV, S-II
IR i
D. P-III, Q-I, R-II, S-IV
A IS
7. In given flow field, the velocity vector in
-1
Cartesian coordinate system is given as:
[GATE-2015-ME]
10. Consider a velocity field ⃗V = K(yî + xk̂),
⃗V = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )î + (xy + yz + y 2 )ĵ
where K is a constant. The vorticity, z , is
G
+ (xz − z 2 )k̂
A. – K B. K
What is the volume dilation rate of the fluid at
TE E
C. – K/2 D. K/2
a point where x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3?
[GATE-2014-ME]
A. 6 B. 5
N
11. The streamlines of a potential line vortex is

C. 10 D. 0
concentric circles with respect to the vortex
[GATE-2017-XE]
center as shown in figure. Velocity along these
8. A 2-D incompressible flow is defined by its
streamlines, outside the core of the vortex can
cy
velocity components in m/s as u = − Γ
x2 +y2 be written as, vθ = 2πr, where strength of the
cx Γ
and v =
A
x2 +y2
. If the value of the constant c vortex is 2π and r is radial direction. The value
is equal to 0.1 m2 /s, the numerical value of of circulation along the curve shown in the
G
vorticity at the point x = 1 m and y = 2 m is figure is:
_____s −1 .
[GATE-2016-XE]
9. Match the following pairs:
- 69 -
14. The velocity vector corresponding to a flow

field is given, with usual notation, by
⃗V = 3xî + 4xyĵ. The magnitude of rotation at
the point (2,2) in rad/s is
A. 0.75 B.1.33
C. 2 D. 4
[GATE-2013-XE]
15. If A is the area of circle of radius r enclosing a
plane forced vortex flow, with origin at the
)
A. Γ B. −2Γ centre of the vortex and if ω is the angular
E
C. 2Γ D. 0 ⃗ is the velocity
velocity, ζ is the vorticity, V
[GATE-2014-AE] vector, then the circulation around the contour
(X
12. Velocity in a two-dimensional flow field is of the circle is given by
specified as:
r u = x 2 y; v = −y 2 x. The A. 2ωA B. 2ζA
IR i
A IS
magnitude of the rate of angular deformation ⃗A
C. 2V D. 0
-1
at a location (x = 2 m and y = 1 m) is ____ [GATE-2013-XE]
−1
s 16. In a two-dimensional flow field, the velocities
G
[GATE-2014-XE] in the x- and y- directions are u and v,

13. The velocity components of a two- respectively. The shear stress for a Newtonian
TE E
dimensional plane motion of a fluid are: fluid having dynamic viscosity μ is given by
3
y ∂v ∂u ∂v
+ 2x − x 2 y and A. μ (∂x − ∂y) B. 2μ ∂y
N
u=
3
∂u ∂v ∂u
x3 C. 2μ ∂x D. μ (∂x + ∂y)
v = xy 2 − 2y −
3
[GATE-2012-XE]
The correct statement is:
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 17
A. Fluid is incompressible and flow is
& 18:
irrotational
A
Two flat parallel plates are separated by a

B. Fluid is incompressible and flow is
small gap h filled with an incompressible fluid
rotational
G
of viscosity μ . Assume that the length and

C. Fluid is compressible and flow is
width of the plates to be much larger than the
irrotational
gap h. The top plate moves horizontally while
D. Fluid is compressible and flow is rotational
the bottom plate is held stationary. The
[GATE-2013-CE]
magnitude of the difference between the shear
- 70 -
stress at the top and bottom walls is found to C. rotational and incompressible
be Δτ. D. irrotational and incompressible
17. The velocity of the top plate is [GATE-2010-XE]
A. hΔτ/(2μ) B. hΔτ/μ 22. You are asked to evaluate assorted fluid flows
C. 2hΔτ/μ D. 3hΔτ/(2μ) for their suitability in a given laboratory
[GATE-2011-XE] application. The following three choices
18. If a finite width slender object is introduced expressed in terms of the two-dimensional
parallel to the plates in the middle of the gap, velocity fields in the x-y plane, are made
the time at which it would have rotated available.
clockwise by 90° would be P: u = 2y, v = −3 x
E )
A. 2πμ/(Δτ) B. πμ/(Δτ) Q: u = 3xy, v = 0
C. 2πμ/(3Δτ) D. πμ/(4Δτ) R: u = −2x, v = 2y
(X
[GATE-2011-XE] Which flows should be recommended when
r ⃗ =
19. A velocity field in a plane flow is given by V the application requires the flow to be
IR i
A IS
2xyî + 3yĵ m/s. The vorticity at the point
-1 incompressible and irrotational?
(2,4) m is A. P and R B. Q only
A. −4k̂ rad/s B. −3ĵ rad/s C. Q and R D. R only

G
[GATE-2009-ME]
C. −2k̂ rad/s D. −3î rad/s
[GATE-2011-XE] Common Data for Questions 23 and 24:
TE E
20. Velocity vector of a flow fields is given as The velocity field for a two-dimensional flow
x y
⃗ = 2xyî − x 2 zĵ. The vorticity vector at
V is given by; ⃗V(x, y, t) = t î − t ĵ
N
(1, 1, 1)
23. The total acceleration is
A. 4î − ĵ B. 4î − k̂ x y x y
A. î − ĵ B. − 2 î + ĵ
t2 t2 t t2
C. î − 4 ĵ D. î − 4 k̂ 2x 2y
C. î D. ĵ
[GATE-2010-ME] t2 t2
[GATE-2009-XE]
21. The velocity field of a two-dimensional fluid
A
24. The given velocity field is

flow is as follow:
x A. incompressible and rotational
u = U0 , v = −U0 y/L
G
L B. compressible and rotational

Where, U0 and L are, respectively, the C. incompressible and irrotational
characteristic velocity and length. D. compressible and irrotational
The above fluid flow can be described as [GATE-2009-XE]
A. rotational and compressible
B. irrotational and compressible
- 71 -
25. Which combination of the following

statements about steady incompressible forced
vortex flow is correct?
P: shear stress is zero at all points in the flow.
Q: vorticity is zero at all points in the flow. The gap height h, is 5 mm and the space is
R: velocity is directly proportional to the filled with oil (specific gravity = 0.86,
radius from the center of the vortex. viscosity μ = 2 × 10−4 N – s/m2 . The
S: total mechanical energy per unit mass is bottom plate is stationary and the top plate
constant in the entire flow field. moves with a steady velocity of V = 5 cm/s.
)
A. P and Q B. R and S
The area of the plate is 0.25 m2 .
E
C. P and R D. P and S
[GATE-2004-CE]
[GATE-2007-ME]
28. The rate of rotation of a fluid particle is given
(X
26. The velocity components in the x and y by
r
directions of a two-dimensional Irrotational V
IR i
A. ωy = 0: ωz = − 2h
∂u
A IS
flow are u and v, respectively. Then ∂y is equal V
to
-1 B. ωy = 0: ωz = − h
V V
∂v ∂v
C. ωy = h; ωz = h
A. ∂x B. − ∂x
G
V
∂v ∂v
D. ωy = h; ωz = 0
C. D. − ∂y
∂y
[GATE-2004-CE]
TE E
[GATE-2005-ME]
29. The power required to keep the plate in steady
27. The circulation ‘⌈’ around a circle of radius 2
N
motion is
units for the velocity field u = 2x +3y and A. 5 × 10−4 watts
v = −2y is B. 10−5 watts
A. −6π units B. −12 π units C. 2.5 × 10−5 watts
C. −18 π units D. −24 π units D. 5 × 10−5 watts
[GATE-2005-CE] [GATE-2004-CE]
A
Common Data for Questions (28 & 29): 30. The 2-D flow with, velocity
The laminar flow takes place between closely
⃗ = (x + 2y + 2)î +(4−y)ĵ is
V
G
spaced parallel plates as shown in figure

A. compressible and irrotational
below, the velocity profiles is given by u = V
B. compressible and not irrotational
y
.
h C. incompressible and irrotational
D. incompressible and not irrotational
[GATE-2001-ME]
- 72 -
31. The relation that holds good for the flow to be are constants. The condition for which, the
irrotational is flow is irrotational is_____
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v [GATE-1994-CE]
A. − ∂x = 0 B. = ∂y
∂y ∂y
35. A velocity field is given as
∂2 u ∂2 v ∂u ∂v
C. + ∂y2 = 0 D. ∂y = − ∂x
∂x2 ⃗ = 3x 2 yî − 6xyzk̂ where x, y, z are in m and
V
[GATE-1999-CE] V is in m/s. Determine if
32. Circulation is defined as line integral of (i) It represents an incompressible flow
tangential component of velocity about a ____ (ii) The flow is irrotational
(fill in the blank) (iii) The flow is steady
)
[GATE-1994-ME] A. (i) and (iii) B. (i) and (ii)
E
33. For a fluid element in a two-dimensional flow C. (ii) and (iii) D. (i) only
field (x – y plane), it will undergo [GATE-1993-ME]
(X
A. translation only 36. A Newtonian fluid has the following velocity
r
B. translation and rotation field:
IR i
⃗V = x 2 yî + 2xy 2 z ĵ − yz 3 k̂. The rate of shear
A IS
C. translation and deformation
-1
D. deformation only deformation ε̇ yz at the point x = −2, y = −1
[GATE-1994-ME]
and z = 2 for the given flow is:
34. Let the ‘x’ and ‘y’ components of velocity in
G
A. −6 B. −2
steady, two-dimensional, incompressible flow C. −12 D. 4
TE E
be linear function of ‘x’ and ‘y’ such that ⃗V = [GATE-1988-ME, CE]

(ax + by)î + (cx + dy)ĵ, where a, b, c and d
N
5.5 Velocity Potential function line & stream function line

1. ϕ(x, y) represents the velocity potential of a 2. If the stream function(Ψ(x, y)) for a two-
two-dimensional flow with velocity field ⃗V = dimensional incompressible flow field is given
u(x, y)î + v(x, y)ĵ, where î and ĵ are unit as 2y(x 2 − y 2 ), the corresponding velocity
vectors along the x and y axes, respectively. field is
A
Which of the following is necessarily true? A. ⃗V = 2(x 2 − 3y 2 )î + 4xyĵ

A. ∇2 ϕ = 0 B. ⃗V = 2(x 2 − 3y 2 )î − 4xyĵ
G
B. ∇ × ⃗V = 0 ̂
⃗ = 2(x 2 y)î − 4xyj1
C. V
C. ∇. ⃗V = 0 ⃗ = 2(x 2 y)î + 4xyĵ
D. V
D. u = − ∂ϕ/ ∂y , v = ∂ϕ/ ∂x [GATE-2018-XE]
[GATE-2019-AE] 3. In a two-dimensional, incompressible and
irrotational flow, stream function (Ψ =
- 73 -
Ψ(x, y)) and velocity potential (ϕ = ϕ(x, y)) 7. Velocity potential for an incompressible fluid
exist. The velocities in x and y directions are flow is given as: ϕ = 2(x 2 + 2y − y 2 ).
non-zero. The product of Assume the value of stream function at the
dy dy origin to be zero. The value of stream function
| and | , is____
dx ϕ=constant dx Ψ=constant
at
A. −1 B. 0
[(x, y) = (2, 2)] is _____
C. 1 D. ∞
[GATE-2014-XE]
[GATE-2018-XE]
8. For a plane irrotational flow, equi-potential
4. The stream function (Ψ) of a velocity field at lines and streamlines are
any location (x, y) is given as, Ψ = xy 2 − A. parallel to each other.
)
2x 2 y 2 . What is the rate of rotation of a fluid B. at an angle of 90 to each other.
E
element located at (x = 2, y = 2)? C. at an angle of 45 to each other.
(X
A. 8 B. 10 D. at an angle of 60 to each other.
C. 12
r D. 14 [GATE-2014-XE]
IR i
[GATE-2017-XE] 9. For a two-dimensional flow field, the stream
A IS
-1
5. If ϕ(x, y) is velocity potential and Ψ(x, y) is function  is given as  =
3
2
(y 2 − x 2 ). The
stream function for a 2-D, steady, magnitude of discharge occurring between the
G
incompressible and irrotational flow, which stream lines passing through points (0,3) and
one of the followings is incorrect? (3,4) is
dy 1
TE E
A. (dx) =− dy
A. 6 units ` B. 3 units
ϕ=const ( )
dx Ψ=const
C. 1.5 units D. 2 units
N
∂2 Ψ ∂2 Ψ
B. + =0 [GATE-2013-CE]
∂x2 ∂y2
dy 1 10. The stream function for a potential flow field is
C. (dx) = dy
ϕ=const ( )
dx Ψ=const given by Ψ = x 2 − y 2 . The corresponding
∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
D. + ∂y2 = 0 potential function, assuming zero potential at
∂x2
the origin, is
[GATE-2016-XE]
A. x 2 + y 2 B. 2xy
A
6. If the fluid velocity for a potential flow is given

C. x 2 − y 2 D. x − y
by V(x, y) = u(x, y)i + v(x, y)j with usual
G
[GATE-2013-XE]
notations, then the slope of potential line at
11. If Ψ is the stream function, the Laplace’s
(x, y) is
v u equation ∇2 Ψ = 0 is true when the flow is
A. B. −
u v
A. incompressible
v2 u
C. D. B. incompressible and irrotational
u2 v
[GATE-2015-ME] C. irrotational
- 74 -
D. compressible ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
C. u = − ,v = D. u = ,v =
∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
[GATE-2012-XE]
[GATE-2010-AE]
12. A streamline and an equipotential line in a flow
16. Stream function CANNOT be defined for
field
A. two-dimensional incompressible flow
A. are parallel to each other
B. two-dimensional compressible flow
B. are perpendicular to each other
C. three-dimensional incompressible flow
C. intersect at an acute angle
D. axi symmetric incompressible flow
D. are identical
[GATE-2009-XE]
[GATE-2011-ME]
17. For two-dimensional irrotational and
13. A flow has a velocity field given by
)
incompressible flows
⃗V = 2xî − 2yĵ
E
A. Both potential and stream functions satisfy
The velocity potential ϕ(x, y) for the flow is
the Laplace equation.
(X
A. 2x − 2y + const. B. 2xy + const. B. Potential function must satisfy the Laplace
r
C. x 2 + y 2 + const. D. x 2 − y 2 + const. equation but the stream function need not.
IR i
[GATE-2011-XE]
A IS
-1 C. Stream function must satisfy the Laplace
14. Let ϕ and Ψ represent, respectively, the equation but the potential function need
velocity potential and stream function of a flow not.
field of an incompressible fluid. Which of the
G
D. Neither the stream function nor the

following statements are TRUE? potential function need to satisfy the
P: ϕ exists for irrotational flows only
TE E
Laplace equation.
Q. Ψ exists for both irrotational and rotational [GATE-2009-AE]
N
flows 18. A stream function is given by:

R: ϕ exists for rotational flows only Ψ = 2 x 2 y + (x +1)y 2 . The flow rate across a
S: ϕ exists for both rotational and irrotational line joining points A (3, 0) and B (0, 2) is
flows A. 0.4 units B. 1.1 units
A. P, R B. Q, S C. 4 units D. 5 units
C. Q, R D. P, Q [GATE-2005-CE]
A
[GATE-2010-XE] 19. For a two-dimensional irrotational flow, the

15. If ϕ is the potential function for an
G
velocity potential is defined as ф = log e (x 2 +

incompressible irrotational flow, and u and v y 2 ). Which of the following is a possible
are the Cartesian velocity components, then stream function, Ψ, for this flow?
which one of the following combinations is 1
A. tan−1 (y/x) B. tan−1 (y/x)
2
correct?
C. 2 tan−1 (y/x) D. 2tan−1 (x/y)
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
A. u = ,v = B. u = − ∂y , v =
∂x ∂x ∂x [GATE-2003-CE]
- 75 -
20. Existence of velocity potential implies that 23. Which of the following functions represent the
A. fluid flow is in continuum velocity potential of an Incompressible flow.
B. fluid flow is irrotational A. ф = x 2 + y 2 B. ф = x 2 − y 2
C. fluid flow is ideal C. ф = 2x 2 y 2 D. ф = x 3 − y 3
D. fluid flow is compressible [GATE-1992-CE]
[GATE-2003-ME] 24. If velocity potential function satisfies Laplace
21. Two flow patterns are represented by their equation, the
stream functions Ψ1 = x 2 − y 2 , Ψ2 = 2xy A. flow is rotational
These two patterns are superposed on one B. flow does not satisfy continuous equation
another, the resulting streamline pattern can be C. flow is irrotational but does not satisfy
)
continuity equation
E
represented by one of the following:
A. A family of parallel straight lines D. flow is irrotational and satisfies continuity
(X
B. A family of circles equation.
r
C. A family of parabolas [GATE-1990-CE]
IR i
D. A family of hyperbolas 25. The stream function in a two-dimensional flow
A IS
field is given by  = x 2 − y 2 . The magnitude
-1 [GATE-1997-CE]
22. In a flow field the stream lines and of the velocity at point (1,1) is
equipotential lines A. 2 B. 2√2
G
A. are parallel C. 4 D. 8
B. cut at any angle [GATE-1988-ME]
TE E
C. are orthogonal everywhere in the field 26. The velocity potential function for a source
N
D. cut orthogonal except at the stagnation varies with the distance r as

points A. 1/r B. 1/r 2
[GATE-1994-ME] C. er D. ln r
[GATE-1987-ME]
A
5.6 Potential Flow

1. Column I represents a list of elementary plane Q: Doublet, Uniform flow
G
flows and Column II represents flow past

geometry obtained by superposition of these R: Source, Uniform flow
elementary plane flows. S: Doublet, Free vortex, Uniform flow
Column I Column II
P: Source, Sink, Uniform flow 1: Rankine half body
2: Rotating Cylinder
- 76 -
3: Rankine oval 4. The inviscid flow past a rotating circular

4: Cylinder cylinder can be generated by the superposition
The correct match between Columns I and II is, of
A. P-3; Q-2; R-1; S-4 A. uniform flow, source and vortex
B. P-1; Q-2; R-3; S-4
C. P-3; Q-4; R-1; S-2 B. uniform flow, doublet
D. P-1; Q-4; R-3; S-2 C. uniform flow, sink and vortex
[GATE-2020-XE] D. uniform flow, doublet and vortex
2. A fluid with constant density of 1 kg/m3 flows [GATE-2018-XE]
past a semi-cylindrical structure with a 5. Which one of the following figure represents
)
freestream velocity of 2 m/s as shown in the potential flow past a circular cylinder with
E
figure below. The difference in static pressure clock-wise rotation of the cylinder?
(X
between points P and Q is 10 N/m2 . If the
r
gravitational acceleration g is 10 m/s 2 and the
IR i
flow is assumed to be potential, what is the
A IS
radius
-1
r (in m) of the semi-cylindrical
structure?
G
[GATE-2017-XE]
TE E
6. In a two-dimensional potential flow, a point

A. 1 B. 0.8
source is located at the origin (x = 0, y = 0)
N
as shown in the figure. The strength of the point

C. 0.6 D. 0.4
source is 2 cm2 /s. A uniform flow with
[GATE-2019-XE]
velocity 1 cm/s is approaching towards the
3. A uniform flow with a velocity of 2 m/s in the
point source at an angle of 30° from the
x-direction approaches a line source placed on
horizontal axis. What is the distance (cm) of
the x-axis at a distance of 0.1 m from the
A
the stagnation point in the flow field from the

origin. If the origin is the stagnation point in the
point source?
G
resulting flow, the strength of the source (in

m2 /s, rounded off to 2 decimal places) is
_____
[GATE-2019-XE]
- 77 -
PA , PB , PC , and PD respectively. State which

one of the following statements is true. The
arrow indicates the free stream flow direction.
A. 1/𝜋 B. 2/𝜋
C. 1/2𝜋 D. √3/2𝜋 (A) PA = PB and PC > PD
[GATE-2017-XE] (B) PA > PB and PC > PD
)
7. Velocity potential and stream function in polar (C ) PA = PB and PC < PD
E
coordinates (r, θ) for a potential flow over a (D) PA > PB and PC < PD
cylinder with radius R is given as
(X
[GATE-2016-XE]
ϕ = U∞ (r +
R2
r
r ) cos θ and 9. Consider a Two-dimensional potential flow
IR i
field with the radial and tangential velocity
R2
A IS
ψ = U∞ (r − ) sin θ, respectively. Here, U∞ m k
r vr = 2πr vθ = 2πr,
-1
denotes uniform freestream velocity, and θ is
components, and
respectively, where m and k are constants. The

measured counter clockwise as shown in the
stream function is such that it increases along
G
figure. How does the velocity magnitude, q,

the direction of traverse of a line in the flow
over the surface of the cylinder will vary?
field if the flow is from left to right across that
TE E
line. The stream function ψ for this flow field,

N
with ψ = 0 at r = a and θ = 0, is
mπθ kπ r
A. + ln a
2 2
mπθ kπ r
B. − ln a
2 2
mθ k r
C. + 2π ln a
A. q = 2U∞ cos θ 2π
mθ k r
− 2π ln a
A
B. q = 2 U∞ sin 2θ D. 2π
C. q = U∞ cos 2θ [GATE-2015-XE]
G
D. q = 2U∞ sin θ 10. A cylinder of radius 0.1 m rotating clockwise

[GATE-2016-XE] about its own axis at an angular velocity of
8. The flow filed shown over a bluff body has 100/π radians per second is placed in a cross-
considerably curved streamlines. A student stream of air flowing at a velocity of 10 m/s
measures pressures at points. A, B, C, and D from left to right. The density of air is 1.2
and denotes them as
- 78 -
kg/m3 . The lift force per unit length of the D. Sink, vortex
cylinder in N/m is ______. [GATE-2013-XE]
[GATE-2015-XE] 15. In a potential flow, the superposition of the
11. Flow around a Rankine half-body is stream functions of a uniform flow and a line
represented by the superposition of source gives rise to a dividing streamline
A. source and vortex flows. representing
B. source and uniform flows. A. Rankine’s half-body
C. vortex and uniform flows. B. infinite circular cylinder
D. source, vortex and uniform flows. C. Infinite rotating circular cylinder
[GATE-2014-XE]
)
12. A source with a strength of k1 and a vortex with D. infinite elliptical cylinder
E
a strength k 2 are located at the origin. The [GATE-2012-XE]
(X
resultant velocity of a radial distance 𝑟 from 16. Consider an ideal fluid flow past a circular
r
the origin due to the superposition of the source cylinder shown in the figure below. The
IR i
and vortex is expressed as peripheral velocity at a point P on the surface
A IS
A)
k1 +k2
-1 B)
√k21 +k22
of the cylinder is
r r
√k21 −k22
G
k1 −k2
C) D)
r r
[GATE-2014-XE]
TE E
13. In a steady state two-dimensional potential

flow field due to a point source, the
N
acceleration of a particle at a distance r from

A. 0 B. U∞
the point source is
C. U∞ sin θ D. 2 U∞ sin θ
A) proportional to r −1
[GATE-2010-XE]
B) proportional to r
Common Data Questions 17 & 18:
C) a constant
A long cylindrical object submerged in still
A
−3
D) proportional to r
water is moving at a constant speed of 5 m/s
[GATE-2014-XE]
G
perpendicular to its axis, as shown in the figure.

14. Flow past a circular cylinder can be produced
Neglect viscous effects and assume free stream
by superposition of the following elementary
pressure to be 100 kPa.
potential flows:
A. Uniform flow, doublet
B. Uniform flow, vortex
C. Source, vortex
- 79 -
μ Γ−2𝜋𝑈
C. R = √Γ−2πU D. R = √ 𝜇
[GATE-2008-XE]
20. Where are the stagnation points located?
A. θ = 0 and θ = π
Γ
B. θ = sin−1 (4πUR) and θ = π −
17. The fluid velocity at point P with respect to the
Γ
cylinder will be approximately sin−1 (4πUR)
A. 3.5 m/s B. 5 m/s C. θ =
π
and θ = − 2
π
2
C. 7 m/s D. 10 Γ
D. θ = cos −1 (4πUR) and θ = 2π −
)
[GATE-2009-XE]
Γ
E
18. The absolute pressure at point P will be cos −1 (4πUR)
approximately [GATE-2008-XE]
(X
A. 137 kPa B. 112 kPa 21. A uniform stream of an ideal fluid with velocity
C. 87 kPa
r D. 62 kPa U and pressure P∞ flows past a circular cylinder
IR i
A IS
-1 [GATE-2009-XE] as shown in the figure below.
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 19
& 20:
G
The potential function for an ideal flow over a

cylinder with rotation is given by
TE E
μ Γ
ϕ(r, θ) = Ur cos θ + cos θ + θ
2πr 2π
N
The velocity components are related to the

∂ϕ
potential function as ur = and
∂r The fluid velocity on the cylinder wall is given
1 ∂ϕ
uθ = . by Vθ = 2U sin θ. The pressure coefficient is
r ∂θ
P−P
defined as CP = 0.5ρU∞2. The minimum value of
CP on the surface of the cylinder is

A
A. 1 B. −1
C. −3 D. −4
G
[GATE-2007-XE]
Common Data Questions 22 & 23:
A line source and a line sink, both of unit
19. What is the radius of the cylinder? strength, are placed on the x-axis at x =
μ 2πU −1 and x = +1 respectively.
A. R = √2πU B. R = √ μ
- 80 -
22. In terms of the Cartesian unit vectors i and j, the The following two cases are compared: (I)
velocity at the point (0,1) is given as cylinder is rotating at a slow rate about its axis
1 (II) cylinder is not rotating. Consider the
A. 0i + 0j B. 2π i
1 1 statements.
C. 2π j D. π i
P: The lift force in case I is zero
[GATE-2007-XE]
Q: The lift force in case II is zero
23. If the source and sink are placed in a uniform
R: The drag force in case I is non-zero
approach stream, the resulting external flow
S: The drag force in case II is zero
corresponds to that
Which one of the following combinations is
A. of a doublet
TRUE?
)
B. over a circular cylinder
A) PQR B) PRS
E
C. Over a Rankine half-body
C) PS D) QR
D. over a Rankine oval
(X
r
IR i
24. Consider the steady flow of a uniform stream
A IS
past a circular cylinder, for a viscous fluid.
-1
5. FLUID KINEMATICS - ANSWER KEYS
G

TE E
3. D 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. B 11. B 13. A 14. D 15. C

N
16. C 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. C 21. A 22. B
1. 12.9 to 13.1 2. 3 to 3 9. 20 to 20 10. 1.4 to 1.42

12. 12 to 12
5.2 Types of Fluid Flows and Fluid Lines

A
G
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. C
11. D 12. D 15. A 16. D 17. D 18. C 19. C 20. A 21. A 22. D
23. C 24. C
13. −5 to − 5 14. 0.025 to 0.025
5.3 Continuity Equation

- 81 -
2. D 3. B 4. B 6. A 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. B 19. C 20. A

21. C 22. D 26. C 27. B 28. A 29. A 30. C 31. B 32. A 33. C
34. D 35. A 36. A 37. C 38. C 39. C 40. D 41. B 42. C 43. C
44. D
1. 130 to 134 5. 0.9 to 1.1 7. 5 to 5 8. 0.045 to 0.055

9. 3.9 to 4.1 12. 0.99 to 1.01 14. 2.09 to 2.11 15. 0.9 to 1.1
16. 1.9 to 2.1 17. 540 18. 0.7 to 0.8 23. 22 to 23
)
24. 17.55 to 17.75 25. −5.0 to − 4.9
E
5.4 Linear Strain Rate, Shear Strain Rate, Angular Velocity, Vorticity and
(X
Circulation
r
IR i
1. B 2. C 3. C 6. C 7. B 9. C 10. A 11. D 13. A 14. D
A IS
15. A
25. C
16. D
26. A
-1 17. A
27. B
18. A
28. A
19. A
29. C
20. D
30. D
21. D
31. A
22. D
33. C
23. D
34. A
24. C
36. C
G
4. 1.5 to 1.50 5. 4 to 4 8. −0.00001 to 0.00001 12. 3 to 3

35. b = c
TE E
32. Closed Curve
5.5 Velocity Potential Function Line & Stream Function Line

N
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. B 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. B
12. B 13. D 14. D 15. D 16.C 17. A 18. C 19. C 20. B 21. D
22. D 23. B 24. D 25. B 26. D
7. 8 to 8
A
5.6 Potential Flow

G
1. C 2. D 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. D 9. D
11. B 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. D 17. C 18. C

19. A 20. B 21. C 22. - 23. A 24. -
3. 1.25 to 1.27 or 0.20 to 0.20 10. 23 to 25
- 82 -
::: SOLUTIONS :::

1. Answer: 12.9 to 13.1 ∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z
⃗ = (√5x)î − (√12 y)ĵ
Given V
ax = 0
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂v
ax = u +v +w + ay = u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
= (√5x). (√5) ay = 2(1) + (x + y )(1) = 2 + x + y
∂w ∂w ∂w
= 5x m/s 2 az = u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z
)
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
az = 2(yz) + (x + y)(xz) + xyz(xy)
E
ay = u + v. + w. +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
az = 2yz + (x + y)(xz) + x 2 y 2 z
= (−√12y). (−√12)
(X
a⃗ = (2 + x + y)ĵ + [2yz + (x + y)(xz) +
= 12 y r x 2 y 2 z]k̂
IR i
∴ a⃗ = 5xî + 12yĵ
At (1, 1, 2)
A IS
At x = 1 m, y = −1m,
a⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − 12ĵ
-1 a⃗ = 4ĵ + 10k̂
4. Answer: D
2
⇒ |a⃗| = √52 + (−12)2 = 13 m/s
For 2 − D (x-y plane) steady flow
G
2. Answer: 3 to 3
a⃗ = ax î + ay ĵ
4
⃗ = ( + x + y) ĵ
V
TE E
t ∂u ∂u
ax = u +v
∂x ∂y
a⃗ = ay ĵ
N
= ey cosx(−ey sinx) + (ey sinx)(ey cosx)

∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = u +v +w + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
4 ∂ 4 ∂v ∂v
ay = ( + x + y) ( + x + y) + ay = u
∂u
+v
∂y
t ∂y t
∂ 4 = ey cosx(ey cosx) + ey sinx(ey sinx)
( + x + y)
∂t t
= e2y
A
4 4
ay = + x + y − a⃗ = e2y ĵ
t t2
4 4 At (−1,1)
G
ay
(1,1) at t=2 = +1+1− 2 =3
2 2 a⃗ = e2 ĵ
3. Answer: D 5. Answer: C
⃗V = 2î + (x + y)ĵ + (xyz)k̂ ⃗ (x, y, t) = 2xy 2 i + 3xytj
Given V
u = 2 v = x + y w = xyz For 2-D (x-y plane) flow
for steady flow ∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = u. +v +
∂x ∂y ∂t
- 83 -
= 2xy 2 (2y 2 ) + 3xyt(4xy) + 0 ax =

V0
x×
V0
=
V20
x
L L L2
4 2 2
= 4xy + 12x y t ∂v ∂v
ay = u ∂x + v ∂y
∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = u +v +
∂x ∂y ∂t V0 −V0 V2
=− y( ) = L20 y
L L
= 2xy 2 (3yt) + 3xyt(3xt) + 3xy
v02 v02
3
= 6xy t + 9x yt + 3xy2 2 a⃗ = xî + yĵ
L2 L2
a⃗ = ax î + ay ĵ v02
(xî + yĵ)
a⃗ = (4xy 4 + 12x 2 y 2 t)î + (6xy 3 t + 9x 2 yt 2 L2
+ 3xy)ĵ 8. Answer: B
At (1, 1) & t = 1 ⃗ = (0.7 + 0.4x)î + (1.2 − 0.4y)ĵ

V
)
a⃗ = 16î + 18ĵ For zero velocity u = 0, v = 0
E
0.7 + 0.4 x = 0 1.2 − 0.4 y = 0
⇒ |a⃗| = √162 + 182
(X
−0.7 −1.2
= 24.083 m/s 2 x= y=
0.4 −0.4
≃ 24.1 m/s 2 r x = −1.75 y=3
IR i
A IS
6. Answer: C -1 9. Answer: 20 to 20
V = (−x 2 + 3y)î + (2xy)ĵ ⃗
⃗ = 4txi − 2t 2 yj + 4xzk
Given V
u = −x 2 + 3y, v = 2xy ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = u. +v +w +
For 2-D (x-y plane) steady flow ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
G
∂u ∂u
ax = u ∂x + v ∂y ⇒ ax = (4tx)(4t) + 4x = 16xt 2 + 4x
TE E
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
= (−x 2 + 3y)(−2x) + (2xy)(3) = 2x 3 ay = u +v +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂v ∂v
ay = u ∂u + v ∂y = (−x 2 + 3y)(2y) +
N
⇒ ay = 2t 2 y(2t 2 ) − 4ty
(2xy)(2x) = 4t 4 y − 4ty
ay = 2x 2 y + 6y 2 ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
az = u. + v. + w. +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
a⃗ = 2x 3 î + (2x 2 y + 6xy 2 )ĵ
= (4tx)(4z) + 4xz(4x)
At (1, −1)
= 16txz + 16x 2 z
a⃗ = 2î + 4ĵ
A
At the point (−1,1,0), and t = 1

|a⃗| = √22 + 42
a⃗ = (16xt 2 + 4x)î + (4t 4 y − 4ty)ĵ + (16txz
G
|a⃗| = 2√5 units

+ 16x 2 z)k̂
7. Answer: D
At (−1, 1, 0) and t = 1
⃗ = V0 xî − V0 yĵ
V
L L a⃗ = −20î
For 2-D (x-y plane) steady flow |a⃗| = 20 m/s2
∂u ∂u
ax = u ∂x + v ∂y 10. Answer: 1.414 (1.4 to 1.42)
- 84 -
x2 xy xdx + ydy = 0
Given ⃗V = î − ĵ
4 2
x2 y2
For 2-D (x-y plane) steady flow + =C
2 2
x 2 2x
ax = ( ) + v(0) x2 + y2 = C
4 4
x2 + y2 = C
x3
= m/s2 ↓
8
ax = 1 (−1, 1)
x3 −12 + 12 = C
=1
8 C=2
x=2 x2 + y2 = 2
)
x2 y −xy −x ⇓
ay = (− ) + ( )( )
E
4 2 2 2
x = √2 − y 2
−x 2 y x 2 y x 2 y
= + =
(X
8 4 8 dy dy
U= ⇒ =v
ay = −0.5 r dy
dt dt
IR i
x2y = −πx
A IS
= −0.5
-1 dt
8
dy
x 2 y = −4 = −π√2 − y 2
dt
y = −1 dy
G
= −πdt
∴ the given point is (2, −1). √2 − y 2
y
⃗ = î + ĵ
⇒V 1
dy
TE E
∫ = ∫ −πdt
⃗ | = √12 + 12 = √2 = 1.414 m/s
⇒ |V √2 − y 2
1 0
N
11. Answer: B y y
[sin−1 ( )] = −π[t]10
⃗V = πyî − πxĵ √2 1
y 1
sin−1 ( ) − sin−1 ( ) = −π
√2 √2
y 3π
sin−1 ( ) = −
√2 4
A
y −3π 1
= sin ( )=−
√2 4 √2
G
Steady flow y = −1
↓ x2 + y2 = 2
Equation of Pathline = Equation of Streamline

dx dy
=
πy −πx
xdx = −ydy
- 85 -
= (3x 2 + 3)t. (−6yt) + (−6xyt). (−6xt) −

−6xy
In case if observer is stationary, the observer
will not observe convective acceleration, hence
only local acceleration will come into the
picture.
For stationary observer
2π(√2)
T= ax = (3x 2 + 3); ay = −6xy
V
a⃗ = (3x 2 + 3)î − 6xyĵ
⃗V = πyî − πxĵ
At (10, 0)
)
⃗ | = √π2 y 2 + π2 x 2
|V
a⃗ = 303î
E
= √2π |a⃗| = 303 m/s2
(X
2π(√2) 14. Answer: D
T=
√2π r y = x2 − t
IR i
T = 2 units
For 1-D flow
A IS
Given
-1
12. Answer: 12 to 12
ax = u
∂u ∂u
+
∂x ∂t
x = t 3 + 2t; y = −3. e−2t ; z = 2 sin(5t) ∂ ∂
ax = (x 2 − t) ∂x (x 2 − t) + ∂t (x 2 − t)
G
⇒ u = 3t 2 + 2; v = 6. e−2t ; ω = 10 cos(5t)
ax = (x 2 − t)(2x) + (−1)
−2t
⇒ ax = 6t; ay = −12. e ; az = 0
ax = −1 − 2xt + 2x 3
TE E
a⃗ = 6 + î − 12e−2t ĵ 15. Answer: C

N
At t = 0 DT ∂T
or
a⃗ = −12 ĵ Dt ∂t
|a⃗| = 12 cm/s 2 DT ∂T
⃗ . ∇)T +
= (V
Dt ∂t
13. Answer: A
DT ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T
⃗V = (3x 2 + 3)tî − 6xytĵ =4 +v +w +
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
For 2-D (x-y plane) flow DT ∂
A
= (2xy) (60 − 0.2xy)

∂u ∂u ∂u Dt ∂x
ax = u +v +
∂x ∂y ∂t ∂
G
+ ty (60 − 0.2xy)
= (3x 2 + 3)t(6xt) + (−6xyt)(−6xt) ∂y
+(3x 2 + 3) DT
= (2xy)(−0.2y) + ty(−0.2x)
Dt
= 18x 3 t 2 + 18xt 2 + 36xyt 2 + (3x 2 + 3)
= −0.4xy 2 − 0.2xyt
∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = u. + v. + At (2, −4)& t = 4
∂x ∂y ∂t
- 86 -
DT At time required by fluid particle to travel dx

= −0.4 × 2 × (−4)2 − 0.2(2)(−4) × 4
Dt distance is dt.
DT
= −12.8 + 6.4 dx
Dt dt =
u
DT
= −6.4 °C/s dx
Dt ⇒ dt =
3x
16. Answer: C Uo (1 + L )
x y T L
dx
u = Uo . ; v = −Uo . ⇒ ∫ dt = ∫
L L 3x
0 0 U0 (1 + L )
at (L, L)
Given |a⃗| = 10 m/s 2 3x L
ln (1 +
⇒T=
1
[ L )]
)
x Uo Uo 2 U0 3
⇒ ax = (Uo ) =( ) x L
E
L L L 0
y −Uo U 2 L 3x L
And ay = (−Uo L) ( ) = ( L0 ) y ⇒T= [ln (1 + )]
(X
L 3Uo L 0
2 2
a⃗ = (
U0
L
r U0
) xî + ( ) y. ĵ
L ⇒T=
L
{ln(1 + 3) − ln(1 + 0)}
IR i
3U0
A IS
At x = L, y = L-1 L
T= ln 4
U02 U02 3Uo
a⃗ = î + ĵ
L L 18. Answer: A
Uo2
G
∴ |a⃗| = √2. = 10 The convective acceleration along x- direction

L
is given by
Uo2
TE E
√2 = 10 ∂u ∂u
L ax = u. + v.
∂x ∂y
⇒ Uo2 = (10 L)/√2
N
19. Answer: B
10(0.2)
⇒ U0 = √
√2
⇒ U0 = 1.189 ≈ 1.19 m/s
17. Answer: B
A
G
dr 60 × 103
Vr = = −( ) m/s … (a)
dt 2πr
rdθ 300 × 103
Vθ = =( ) m/s … (b)
dt 2πr
3x equation (a) ÷ equation(b)
u = Uo (1 + )
L
- 87 -
dr 1 At (1, 1)
=−
rdθ 5 ax = 6 m/s 2
dr 1
= − dθ 21. Answer: A
r 5
on integrating For steady radial flow
θ2 ∂vr
R2 vr ≠ 0, vθ = 0, vz = 0, =0
dr −1 ∂t
∫ = ∫ dθ
R1 r 5 vr = vr (r) only
θ1
1 dvr 1 d 1
R2
[ln r]120 = − [θ]π0 ar = vr = 2 ( 2)
5 dr r dr r
R2 π 1 d 1
ln ( )=− ar = 2 ( 2 )
120 5 r dr r
)
R2 1 2 2
E
π π
= e− 5 ⇒ R 2 = 120 e− 5 = 2×− 3 =− 5
120 r r r
1
(X
R 2 = 64.018 m ar ∝ 5
r
20. Answer: C r 22. Answer: B
IR i
⃗V = 2yî + 3xĵ
For steady 1-D flow
A IS
u = 2y; v = 3x
-1 ax = u
∂u
For 2-D (x-y plane) steady flow ∂x
∂u ∂u
ax = u +v = 3x(2) = 6x
G
∂x ∂y
5.2 Types of fluid flows and fluid lines

TE E
1. Answer: B ⇒ xy 2 = C′
Given u = 2xyt; v = −y 2 t
N
Given that stream line passes through (1,1)

Streamline is given by ⇒ 1(1)2 = C′ ⇒ C′ = 1
dx dy ∴ Equation of streamline is xy 2 = 1
=
u v
2. Answer: D
dx dy
⇒ = Streamlines are tangential to the local fluid
2xyt −y 2 t
velocity at a point and in steady flow,
dx dy
A
=
2u −y streamlines, streaklines, pathlines are
dx dy identical.
G
+ =0
2x y 3. Answer: A
On integrating both sides Given u = −5 + 6x and v = −(9 + 6y)
1 Equation of stream line is given by
ln x + ln y = ln c
2 dx dy
ln x + 2 ln y = ln C′ =
u v
ln xy 2 = ln C′
- 88 -
dx dy 7. Answer: D
⇒ =
−5 + 6x −(9 + 6y) Equation of streamlines
dx dy dx dy
+ =
−5 + 6x 9 + 6y u v
On integrating ⃗V = c(x 2 − y 2 )î − 2cxyĵ
ln(−5 + 6x) ln(9 + 6y) dx dy
⇒ + = ln C =
6 6 c(x 2 − y ) −2cxy
2
ln[(−5 + 6x)(9 + 6y)] = ln C dx dy

⇒ =
⇒ (−5 + 6x)(9 + 6y) = const. x2 −y 2 −2xy
4. Answer: B dx dy
+ =0
x 2 − y 2 2xy
)
x = xo e−kt , y = yo e−kt
E
8. Answer: D
dx 1. S
u= = −k(xo e−kt ) = −kx
(X
dt
2. T
dy r
v= = −k(yo e−kt ) = −ky 3. Mathematically, for a velocity vector
dt
IR i
⃗V = uî + vĵ + wk̂ the streamline equation is
A IS
⃗V = −kxt̂ − kyĵ
-1
Here the flow is 2-D steady flow given by
5. Answer: C dx dy dz
= =
u v w
G
The given distance is the trace of a single

4. The path of a particle is it’s streamline only
particle recorded over a time period of 10 s. So
for steady flow.
TE E
it is a pathline.
9. Answer: C
6. Answer: B
N
Total acceleration =
⃗ = 2xyî − y 2 ĵ
V Convective acceleration + Temporal acceleration
u = 2xy; v = −y 2 For steady flow temporal acceleration is zero.
dx dy ∴ In case of a steady, Non-uniform flow, total

=
u v acceleration is equal to convective
dx dy acceleration.
=
A
2xy −y 2
10. Answer: C
dx dy
+ =0 ⃗ = 3t 2 î + (x − 1)ĵ
Given V
G
2x y
dx dy
dx dy = 3t 2 ; = (x − 1)
+2 =0 dt dt
x y
⇒ x = t3 + C
On integrating both sides
Given that the path line passes through (1,0)
ln x + ln y 2 = ln C
at t = 0
xy 2 = C
- 89 -
⇒ 1 = 03 + C ⇒ C = 1 ∂u ∂u
ax = u. + v.
⇒ t3 = x − 1 ∂x ∂y
We have BU∞ y BU∞ y 3

=[ 3 ][ 5 (− 2)]
dy x − 1 x−1 x2 x2
= =
dx 3. t 2 3. (x − 1)2/3 B. U∞ . y 2 BU∞
1/3 +[ ][ ]
dy (x − 1) 1 5 3
⇒ = ⇒ dy = (x − 1)1/3 dx 4x 2 x2
dx 3 3 2 2
U∞ y −3 1 B 2 U∞2 2
y −10
On integrating both sides. = B2 . 4
[ + ] = 4
[ ]
x 2 4 x 8
1 (x − 1)4/3 Given = 100 m1/2 ; U∞ = 0.1 m/s; x=
⇒y= . +C
3 (4/3)
0.5 m; y = 50 mm = 0.05 m
)
At x = 1, y = 0 ⇒ C = 0
104 × 10−2 × 25 × 10−4 −10
E
(x − 1) 4/3 ⇒ ax = [ ]
⇒y= ⇒ 4y = (x − 1)4/3 1 4 8
4 4 (2)
(X
⇒ 64y 3 = (x − 1)4 −10
r
⇒ (x − 1)4 − 64y 3 = 0
⇒ ax =
1
32 × 16
IR i
A IS
∴ Path line is given by (x − 1)4 − 64y 3 = 0
= −5 m/s2
11. Answer: D
-1 ∴ ax = −5 m/s2
Total acceleration =
14. Answer: 0.025
G
Convective acceleration + Local acceleration dy v

| =
For steady flow ocal acceleration is zero incase dx Ψ=c u
TE E
of a steady flow. dy Bu2 y 2 /4x 5/2

| =
For uniform flow convective acceleration is dx Ψ=c Bu2 y/x 3/2
N
zero incase of a uniform flow. dy y

| =
In case of steady & uniform flow, Total dx Ψ=c 4x
dy 0.05
acceleration is zero. | =
dx Ψ=c 4 × 0.5
12. Answer: D
dy
The given curved line AB is the locus of all the | = 0.025
dx Ψ=c
A
points that have passed through a fixed 15. Answer: A

location at some time. cy cx
u= 2 ;v = 2
G
x +y 2 x + y2
So, It is a streakline.
13. Answer: −𝟓 Equation of stream line is given by
BU∞ y BU∞ y 2 dx dy
⃗ =
V i + j =
x 3/2 4. x 5/2 u v
B = 100 m1/2 ; U∞ = 0.1 m/s dx dy
⇒ cy = cx ⇒ ∫ x dx = ∫ ydx
For 2-D (x-y Plane) steady flow x2 + y2 x2 + y2
- 90 -
⇒ x 2 − y 2 = C ⇒ family of hyperbolas.
16. Answer: D
Path line is the actual path traced out by a
particle. So, it’s a long-exposure picture of a
single drop of dye.
17. Answer: D
Given ⃗V = 2xî − 2yĵ
Streamline is given by 20. Answer: A
dx dy Equation of stream line is given by
∫ =∫ ⇒ ln x + ln y = C
2x −2y
)
dx dy
=
E
⇒ xy = C 2
x t −2xyz
So, stream lines are rectangular hyperbolas dx dy
⇒ =
(X
So, option D x −2y
18. Answer: C
r On Integrating
IR i
Incompressible flow ⇒
Dρ
=0 2 ln x = − ln y
A IS
Dt
-1
Compressible flow ⇒
Dρ
≠0
⇒ x 2 y = const
Dt ∴ Equation of streamline is x 2 y = constant.
∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ
Uniform flow ⇒ ∂x = 0, ∂y = 0, ∂z = 0 21. Answer: A
G
∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ
Non-Uniform flow ⇒ ≠ 0, ∂y ≠ 0, ∂z ≠ 0 V = 2ĵ + 3ĵ
∂x
TE E
19. Answer: C u = 2, v = 3
dx dy
=
N
u v
dx dy
= ⇒ 3dx − 2dy = 0
2 3
22. Answer: D
Streak line is the locus of all traces particles at
an instance of time
A
23. Answer: C
The equation of streamline for given flow is
G
dx dy x
= ⇒ ln x = ln y + C ⇒ = C
ax ay y
1
The curve passes through (1, 2) ⇒ 2 = C
x 1
∴ Equation is y = 2 ⇒ 2x − y = 0
- 91 -
24. Answer: D
Streamlines, path lines and streak lines are
virtually identical for steady flow.
5.3 Continuity equation

1. Answer: 132.55 (130 to 134) ∴ The value of ‘c’ is 0 for the flow to be
incompressible.
4. Answer: B
⇒ ∇. ⃗V = 0
∂u ∂v ∂w
⇒ + + =0
)
Q1 + Q 2 = Q 3 dx dy dz
E
π The equation is valid for both steady &
0.01 × 35 + Q2 = × 0.322 × 6
4
unsteady incompressible flows.
(X
Q2 = 0.132548 m3 /s
r 5. Answer: 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1)
Q2 = 132.548 litres/s
IR i
Given
2. Answer: D
A IS
y2
⃗V = (x 2 − axy)î + (bxy −
∂ 2
dx
∂
(u ) + (uv)
dy
-1 2
) ĵ
For the flow to be incompressible,

∂u ∂v ∂u
⇒ 2u. + (u. + v. )
G
dx dy dy ∂ 2 ∂ y2
(x − axy) + (bxy − ) = 0
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂u dx dy 2
⇒ u. + u. + u. + v.
TE E
dx dy dx dy ⇒ 2x − ay + (bx − y) = 0
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂u ⇒ (2 + b)x − (a + 1)y = 0
⇒ u ( + ) + u. + v.
N
dx dy dx dy ⇒ b = −2, a = −1
∂u ∂v
For incompressible flow, dx + dy = 0 ∴ (a − b) = −1 − (−2) = 1
6. Answer: A
∂ 2 ∂ ∂u ∂u
⇒ (u ) + (uv) = u. + v. ⃗
⃗ = 2(x 2 − y 2 )i + vj + 3k
V
dx dy dx dy
3. Answer: B For the flow to be incompressible
Given ⃗V = 5x 2 yi + cyj − 10xyz ⃗k ∂u ∂v ∂w

A
+ + =0
dx dy dz
For the flow to be incompressible
∂v
G
∂u ∂v ∂w ⇒ 4x + +0=0
+ + =0 dy
dx dy dz
∂v
∂ ∂ ∂ ⇒ = − 4x
⇒
2
(5x y) + (cy) + (−10xyz) = 0 dy
dx dy dz
⇒ V = −4xy + f(x, z)
⇒ 10xy + c − 10xy = 0 ⇒ c = 0
So, correct option is
V = −4xy − 4xz
- 92 -
7. Answer: 5 to 5 (500 to 500)

Q1 = (y0 × 1)U0
Q1 = Q 2
δQ = (dy × 1)u
δQ = udy
y0
Q2 = ∫ u dy
0
ay02
y0
4
Q1 = ∫ ay(y0 − y)dy
u = ay(y0 − y)
)
0
y0 At y = y0 /2
E
2 )dy
Q2 = a ∫ (y0 y − y y0 y0
0 u=a ×
2 2
(X
y
y0 y 2 y 3 0
Q2 = a [ − ] ay02
2 3 0 r u=
4
IR i
y03 y03 2 ay02
A IS
Q2 = a [ − ] Area A2 = × × y0
2
-1
3 3 4
ay03 ay03
Q2 = Area A2 =
6 6
G
Q1 = Q 2 Area A1 = Area A2
ay03 ay03
y0 U0 = y0 U0 =
TE E
6g 6
6U0 8. Answer: 0.045 to 0.055
N
a=
y02
6 × 7.5
a=
32
1
a=5
cm − s
1
a=5 dd
1
A
= −U
100 m − s dt
1 dd
− =U
G
a = 500 dt
m−s
Another Way: According to Conservation of mass
Q1 Q 2 dm
= ṁi = ṁ0 + |
w w dt cv
Area A1 = y0 U0 dm
ṁ0 = − |
dt cv
- 93 -
d a+d=0
2ρdbuavg + 2ρLuavg = − (ρdLb)
dt 12. Answer: 0.99 to 1.01
dd
2ρduavg (b + L) = ρLb (− )
dt
Assumption b ≫> L
2duavg b = LbU
LU
uavg =
2d
1 × 0.01
uavg =
2 × 0.1
uavg = 0.05 m/s
)
Applying continuity equation, for unit depth
E
9. Answer: 3.9 to 4.1
ṁ1 = ṁ2 + ṁ3
u = 2(x 2 − y 2 )
⇒ ρ. (450 × 1) × u1
(X
v = −axy
r = ρ(300 × 1) × u2 + ρ(200 × 1) × u3
∂u ∂v
+ =0 ⇒ 450 u1 = 300u2 + 200u3 ⟶ (1)
IR i
∂x ∂y
A IS
m3
∂ ∂ Q1 = 0.9 = (450 × 10−3 × 1) × u1
∂x
[2(x 2 − y 2 )]
-1
∂y
+ [−axy] = 0 s
0.9 m
⇒ u1 = =2
4x − ax = 0 450 × 10 −3 s
G
m
a=4 Given u3 = 3 s
10. Answer: B Substituting u1 , u3 in (1)
TE E
V = (5 + a1 x + b1 y)ĵ + (4 + a2 x + b2 y)ĵ ⇒ 450(2) = 300u2 + 200(3)

450(2) − 200(3)
N
u = 5 + a1 x + b1 y, v = 4 + a2 x + b2 y ⇒ u2 =
300
For Incompressible Flow ⇒ u2 = 3 − 2 = 1 m/s
∂u ∂v
+ ∂y = 0 ∴ Velocity in the sub-channel of width 300
∂x
a1 + b 2 = 0 mm is 1 m/s
11. Answer: A 13. Answer: B

⃗ = 2 x 2 ĵ + 2 y 2 ĵ
A
For 2-D flow V x +y x +y

∂y ∂v x y
+ ∂y = 0 u = x2 +y2 , v = x2 +y2
G
∂x
⃗ = (ax + by)î + (cx + dy)ĵ

V Flow in steady flow
For incompressible flow Hence answer is either option B or option D
∂y ∂v ∂ x ∂ y
⃗ =0
∇. V + ∂y = ∂x [x2 +y2 ] + ∂y [x2 +y2 ]
∂x
∂ ∂
(9x + 6y) + (x + dy) = 0 (x2 +y2 )1−x(2x) (x2 +y2 )1−y(2y)
∂x ∂x = (x2 +y2 )2
+ (x2 +y2 )2
a+0+0+d= 0
- 94 -
=0 H = 2.1 m
Flow is Incompressible
15. Answer: 1 (0.9 to 1.1)
14. Answer: 2.1 (2.09 to 2.11)
For fully developed steady flow
∂y
=0
∂x
for incompressible flow
∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y
∂v
0+ =0
∂y
)
∂v
E
=0
∂y
v = constant
(X
Q = 1 + 0.1t
r Hence value of y-component of velocity inside
Where t is time in hours
IR i
the flow field is 1.0 m/s
At time 𝑡
A IS
16. Answer: 1.9 to 2.1
Q = 1 + 0.1 t
-1 For the velocity field,
In time dt
⃗V = (a1 x + a2 y + a3 z)i + (b1 x + b2 y +
G
Volume of water filled is dV

⃗ to be
b3 z)j + (c1 x + c2 y + c3 z)k
dV incompressible
TE E
Q=
dt ∂
⇒ (a x + a2 y + a3 z)
dx 1
N
dV = Qdt
∂
+ (b1 x + b2 y + b3 z)
Adh = Qdt dy
∂
Adh = (1 + 0.1t)dt + (c x + c2 y + c3 z) = 0
dz 1
H 1
⇒ a1 + b2 + c3 = 0
∫ Adh = ∫(1 + 0.1t)dt ⇒ 2 + b2 − 4 = 0

A
0 0 ⇒ b2 = 4 − 2 = 2
t 17. Answer: 540

t2
G
H
A[h]0 = [t + 0.1 ] V1 = 1.5 m/s, V2 = 15 m/s
2 0
L = 0.375 m
AH = 1 + 0.05
AH = 1.05
1.05
H= 0.5
- 95 -
20. Answer: A
The continuity equation is given by
∂ρ
⃗)=0
+ ∇.(ρV
dt
For incompressible flow, ρ = c

∂ρ ⃗ )=0
⇒ = 0 & ρ. (∇. V
dt
∂u ∂v ∂w
⇒ ∇. ⃗V = 0 ⇒ + + =0
Assuming steady flow dx dy dz
V = V(x) The equation is valid for both steady &
dv V2 −V1 unsteady incompressible flows.
ax = V dx = V ( )
)
L
21. Answer: C
E
At x = L
ax = V2 (
V2 −V1 15−1.5
) = 15 × ( 0.375 ) u = x 2 ρ = 1/x
(X
L
2-D, Steady Flow
ax = 540 m/s2 r ∂
(ρu) +
∂
(ρv) +
∂
(ρw) +
∂ρ
=0
IR i
18. Answer: 0.759 (0.7 to 0.8) ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
A IS
∂ ∂ v
-1
According to conservation of mass
dm
∂x
(x) +
∂y x
( )=0
ṁi = ṁ0 + | ∂
1 + ∂y (x) = 0
v
dt cv
G
dm ∂ v
| = ṁi − (ṁ01 + ṁ02 ) ( ) = −1
dt cv ∂y x
v
= −y + f(x) + c
TE E
dm x
| = [5.5 × 0.2 × (3 cos 40°)]
dt cv
v = −xy + x[f(x + c)]
N
− [5 × 0.15 22. Answer: D

× (2 cos 30° + 5 × 0.1
x y
u = T ,v = −T and w = 0
× (1 cos 20°))] 1 2
dm For Incompressible Flow

| = 0.759 kg/s ∂u ∂v ∂w
dt cv + ∂y + =0
∂x ∂z
19. Answer: C
A
∂ x ∂ y
( ) + ∂y (− T ) = 0
⃗V = 10(y − x y)î + 2(xy
3 2 2 )ĵ ∂x T1 2
1 1
−T =0
G
∂y ∂v
+ ∂y = 0 T1 2
∂x
∂ ∂ T1 = T2
= [10(y 3 − x 2 y)] + = [2cxy 2 ] = 0
∂x ∂y 23. Answer: 22 to 23
10(−2xy) + 2c(2xy) = 0 For incompressible, homogeneous fluid,
−10 + 2c = 0 continuity equation is given by
c=5 A1 V1 = A2 V2
- 96 -
π π 26. Answer: C
⇒ (15)2 × (2.5) = (5)2 × V2
4 4
For continuity equation to be satisfied,
⇒ V2 = 9 × (2.5) = 22.5 m/s
Assuring unit depth
∴ V2 = 22.5 m/s
24. Answer: 17.68 (17.55 to 17.55)
E )
1
(X
m3 m3
Given Q4 = 0.1 = A4 V4 = 0.1 (50 × 1) × 5 = 50 × 1 × (Vmin + Vmax )
s
r s 2
By continuity we have ⇒ 10 = Vmax + Vmin
IR i
A1 V1 + A2 V2 + A3 V3 = A4 V4  (a) m
A IS
-1 Given Vmax + 4. Vmin ⇒ 5. Vmin = 2 s
20% increase in Q3 results in 10% increase in
⇒ Vmin = 2 m/s
Q4
27. Answer: B
⇒ A1 V1 + A2 V2 + 1.2A3 V3 = 1.1 A4 V4  (b)
G
Applying continuity equation,

equation (b) − equation (a)
π π
⇒ 0.2A3 V3 = 0.1 A4 V4 × (4)2 × (6 − 5) = × (2)2 × V
4 4
TE E
A4 V4 0.1 ⇒ 16 = 4 × V ⇒ V = 4 m/s
⇒ V3 = =π
A3 . 2 × (0.06)2 × 2
N
4 28. Answer: A
2 × 0.1 A. u = x 3 + xy 2 ; V = y 3 + yx 2
= = 17.683 m/s
π × (0.06)2 For the flow to be incompressible, u, v, should
25. Answer: −𝟓. 𝟎 𝐭𝐨 – 𝟒. 𝟗 ∂u ∂v
satisfy + dy = 0
dx dy dx
= ax; = by
dt dt ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂
∴ + = (x3 + xy2 ) + (y3 + yx2 )
⇒ u = ax; v = by dx dy dx dy
A
For incompressible flow, = 3x 2 + y 2 + 3y 2 + x 2

du dv = 4(x 2 + y 2 ) ≠ 0
G
+ =0
dx dy A) doesn’t satisfy continuity equation
⇒a+b=0 ∂ ∂
B) dx (10xt) + dy (−10yt) = 10t +
⇒ b = −a = −5
(−10t) = 0 option ‘B’ satisfies continuity
equation.
- 97 -
∂ y 1/z ∂ ∂ρ
C) ((8) ) + dy (0) = 0 + 0 = 0 option ⃗ )+
∇. (ρV =0
dx ∂t
‘C’ satisfies continuity equation. ∂ρ
For steady flow =0
∂ ∂ ∂t
D) dx (2y) + dy (2x) = 0 + 0 = 0 option ‘D’
for Incompressible fluid flow
satisfies continuity equation. ρ = Constant
29. Answer: A ∂ρ
3
=0
Given Q = 5 m /s ∂t
1 33. Answer: C
A(x) =
1 + x2 Applying mass balance,
5 m1 = ṁ2 + ṁ3
)
∴ V(x) = = 5(1 + x 2 )
1
( )
E
1 + x2 ⇒ ρ1 A1 V1 + ρ2 A2 V2 + ρ3 A3 V3
Acceleration ⇒ A1 V1 + A2 V2 = A3 V3
(X
∂V (Since properties are same in all pipes)
= ax = V. = 5(1 + x 2 )(10x)
r
∂x ⇒ 1(1) + 2(2) = 2.5(V3 )
IR i
2)
⇒ ax = 50x(1 + x 5
A IS
⇒ V3 = = 2 m/s
⇒ ax = 50(x + x 3 ) 2.5
-1 ∴ Exit velocity in pipe-3 is 2 m/s
⇒ acceleration = 50(x + x 3 )
34. Answer: B
30. Answer: C
G
∂u ∂v ∂w
Applying mass balance, ⇒ ∇. ⃗V = 0 ⇒ + + =0
dx dy dz
ṁ1 = ṁ2 + ṁ3 The equation is valid for both steady &
TE E
⇒ ρ1 A1 V1 + ρ2 A2 V2 + ρ3 A3 V3 unsteady incompressible flows.

N
⇒ A1 V1 + A2 V2 = A3 V3 35. Answer: A
(since properties are same in all pipes) 𝑑ℎ
𝑉=−
⇒ 1(1) + 2(2) = 2.5(V3 ) 𝑑𝑡
5
⇒ V3 = = 2 m/s
2.5
∴ Exit velocity in pipe-3 is 2 m/s
A
31. Answer: B
2
Area A = 3 × 2 × 10
G
40
Area A = 3
Area A = 13.33 m3 /s According to conservation of mass

dm
Per unit width ṁi = ṁ0 + |
dt cv
32. Answer: C
dm
According to continuity equation ṁ0 = − |
dt cv
- 98 -
d V 2 r Vr ∂h
ρ(ρπrh)Vr = − (ρπr 2 h) ar = + (− )
dt 4h2 2h2 ∂t
dh V 2 r V 2 r 3V 2 r
ρ(ρπrh)Vr = ρπr 2 (− ) ar = + =
dt 4h2 2h2 4h2
Vr At n = R
Vr =
2h
3V 2 R
Vr = Vr (r, t) ar =
4h2
At edge 37. Answer: C
r=R ⃗V = (5x + 6y + 7z)i + (6x + 5y + 9z)j
VR
Vr = ⃗ &ρ
+ (3x + 2y + λz)k
2h
)
36. Answer: A = ρ0 . e−2t
E
The mass conservation equation is given by
∂vr 1 ∂vr ∂vr ∂vr vθ2 ∂ρ
(X
ar = vr + vθ + vz + − ⃗) =0
+ ∇. (ρV
∂r r ∂θ ∂z ∂t r dt
−
v2θ
r
appears due to an inward acceleration ⇒ ρ0 . e−2t (−2) + ρ0 . e−2t (5 + 5 + λ) = 0
IR i
r
A IS
arising from a change in the direction of uθ .
-1 ⇒ −2 + 10 + λ = 0 ⇒ = −8
This is known as centripetal acceleration 38. Answer: C
∂vθ 1 ∂vθ ∂vz ∂vθ Flow rate Frequency Mid

aθ = vr + vθ + vz +
G
∂r r ∂θ ∂z ∂t (litre/sec) (fi ) value (xi )

vr vθ
+
r 7.5 to 7.7 1 7.6
TE E
vr vθ
is caused by a change in direction of ur
rθ 7.7 to 7.9 5 7.8
N
with θ
∂vz 1 ∂vz ∂vz ∂vz 7.9 to 8.1 35 8.0
az = vr + vθ + vz +
∂r r ∂θ ∂z ∂t
8.1 to 8.3 17 8.2
vθ = 0, vz = 0
∂vr ∂vr 8.5 to 8.7 10 8.6
ar = vr +
∂r ∂t
A
Vr Mean flow rate of the liquid

vr = Σfi xi
2h
=
Σfi
G
Vr ∂ Vr ∂ Vr
ar = ( ) ( ) + ( )
2h ∂r 2h ∂t 2h =
(1 × 7.6) + (5 × 7.8) + (35 × 8.0) + (17 × 8.2) + (12 × 8.4) + (10 × 8.6)
(1 + 5 + 35 + 17 + 12 + 10)
V 2 r Vr ∂ 1 652.8
= 2+ ( ) = = 8.16 litres/sec
4h 2 ∂t h 80
V 2 r Vr 1 ∂h 39. Answer: C
= 2−
4h 2 h2 ∂t
- 99 -
∂u ∂v
+ ∂y = 0
∂x
∂ ∂v
(1.5x) + =0
∂x ∂y
∂v
1.5 + ∂y = 0
v = −1.5 y + f(x) + c
A(x) = π × R2x At (1, 0)
R 2 − R1 0 = −1.5 × 0 + f(x) + c
R x = R1 + ( )x
L f(x) + c = 0
2
R 2 − R1
⇒ A(x) = π × {R1 + ( ) x} v = −1.5 y
L
)
R2 −R1
41. Answer: B
E
Let =k
L The continuity (mass conservation) equation
2
⇒ A(x) = π × {R1 + kx} ∂u
(X
for an incompressible velocity field is +
dx
Q
V(x) =
A(x)
r ∂v
dy
=0
IR i
Q
A IS
∂u ∂v ∂
⇒ V(x) = i) u = x; v = y ⇒ + dy = (x) +
(π × (R1 + kx)2 )
-1Q ∂
dx dx
⇒ V(x) = (y) = 1 + 1 = 2 ≠ 0
dx
π(R1 + kx)2
∂u ∂v
G
∂V ii) u = −2x; v = 2y ⇒ + dy =
dx
∴ ax = V(x)
∂x ∂ ∂
(−2x) + (2y) = −2 + 2 = 0
TE E
Q −Q × 2 dx dy
⇒ ax = 2
× ∂u ∂v ∂
π(R1 + kx) π(R1 + kx)3 iii) u = xy; v = xy ⇒ + dy = (xy) +
dx dx
N
2
−2Q k ∂
⇒ ax = (xy) = y + y = 2y ≠ 0
π2 (R1 + kx)5 dy
∂u ∂v
Acceleration at the exit of nozzle iv) u = x 2 − y 2 ; v = 0 ⇒ + =
dx dy
At x = L ∂ ∂
(x 2 − y 2 ) + (0) = 2x + 0 = 2x ≠
R 2 − R1 dx dy
[−2Q2 (
⇒ ax = L )]
0
π2 (R52 )
A
∴ Option (ii) denotes an incompressible flow

2Q2 (R1 − R 2 )
⇒ ax = vector.
π2 LR52
G
40. Answer: D 42. Answer: C
u = 1.5 x
At (1,0) v = 0
For Incompressible Flow
- 100 -
∂v ∂v
⇒ 4y + dy = 0 ⇒ dy = −4y
⇒ v = −2y 2 + f(x)
When y = 0, given that v = 0
⇒ 0 = −2(O)2 + f(x) ⇒ f(x) = 0
∴ v = −2y 2
44. Answer: D
For the flow to be an incompressible possible flow,
43. Answer: C it should satisfy the continuity equation
2
u = y + 4xy ∂u ∂v
⇒ + =0
For a 2-D incompressible flow, continuity dx dy
)
equation is given by ∂ ∂ 3
E
⇒ (λxy 3 − x2 y) + (xy 2 − y4 ) = 0
dx dy 4
∂u ∂v
= =0 ⇒ λy 3 − 2xy + 2xy − 3y 3 = 0
dx dy
(X
∂ 2 ∂vr ⇒ λ=3
⇒ (y + 4xy) + =0
dx dy
IR i
A IS
-1
5.4 Linear strain rate, Shear strain rate, Angular velocity, Vorticity and circulation
1. Answer: B ∇ × ⃗V = ⃗0
−cy −cx
Given that u = x2 +y2 and v = x2 +y2 ∂v ∂y
− ∂y = 0
G
∂x
Vorticity = 2w ⃗
⃗⃗⃗ curl V ∂ ∂
(−x) − (y)
∂ −cx ∂ −cy ∂x ∂y
curl ⃗V = (∂x (x2 +y2) + ∂y (x2 +y2 )) ⃗k
TE E
−1 − 1
(x 2 + y 2 ). 1 − x(2x)
N
= −c { Rotational -2
(x 2 + y 2 )2
3. Answer: C
(x 2 + y 2 ). (1) − y(2y)
+ } ⃗k V = A(xî − yĵ)
(x 2 + y 2 )2
0 A) u = Ax, v = −Ay
= −c { 2 }k⃗ = 0. k
⃗
(x + y 2 )2 ∂u ∂v
∴ Vorticity of given flow field is zero at any point + ∂y = A − A = 0 satisfies continuity
∂x
2. Answer: C
A
equation
∂y ∂v
⃗ = yî − xĵ
V + ∂y B) x → 0, y → ∞
∂x
G
V = A(−yĵ) one dimensional flow

Incompressible flow
dx dy
∂
(y) +
∂
(−x) = 0 C) Stream Line equation =
∂x ∂y u v
dx dy
⃗ =0
∇V = −Ay
Ax
∂y ∂v
+ ∂y = 0 ln(xy) = ln c xy = c
∂x
Incompressible flow
- 101 -
∂v ∂u
D) ∂x − ∂y = 0 − 0 = 0 Irrotational flow εv = 2x + (x + z + 2y) + (x − 2z)
= 4x + 2y − 3
4. Answer:1.50 to 1.50
⃗⃗
εv̇ = ∇. V
u = y 2 , v = −xy, w = 0
8. Answer: 0 (−𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 to 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏)
1 ∂v ∂u
wxy /wz = 2 [∂x − ∂y] Cy
u=−
1 3y x2 + y2
wz = 2 [−y − 2y] = − 2
Cx
wz −3×−1 v=
(0,−1,1)= 2
= 1.5 radian/time x2 + y2
5. Answer: 4 ∂v ∂u
Ωz = −
∂x ∂y
⃗V = xy 2 î + 4xyĵ
)
∂v ∂u ̂
∂ cx ∂ Cy
Ωxy = Ωz = ( − )k Ωz = [ 2 ] − [− 2 ]
E
∂x ∂y ∂x x + y 2 ∂y x + y 2
∂
= [ (4xy) −
∂ ̂
(xy 2 )] k (x 2 + y 2 ) × 1 − x(2x)
Ωz = C [ ]
(X
∂x ∂y
(x 2 + y 2 )2
̂
= (4y − 2xy)k r
At (1, 2) ⇒ 4 × 2 − 2 × 1 × 2 = 4k̂ + C[
(x 2 + y 2 ) × 1 − y(2y)
]
IR i
(x 2 + y 2 )2
A IS
6. Answer: C
-1 ∂u ∂v
Ωz = 0 s −1
Incompressible flow + =0 = −0.00001 to 0.00001
∂x ∂y
9. Answer: C
G
∂v ∂u
2 − D Irrotational flow − =0
∂x ∂y ⃗ ,
For any given velocity field V
v = 2x − 5y
TE E
The incompressible continuity equation is given by

∂u ∂ ∇. ⃗V = 0
+ (2x − 5y) = 0
∂x ∂y
N
⃗⃗
∂V
∂u The flow is steady if = ⃗0
∂t
−5=0
∂x The flow is irrotational if curl
∂u ⃗V = ⃗0 ⇒ ∇ × ⃗V = ⃗0
=5
∂x
The acceleration of the fluid particle is zero if
u = 5x + f(y)
⃗⃗
DV
∂ ∂ =0
Dt
A
[2x − 5y] − [5x + f(y)] = 0

∂x ∂y So, P → III, Q → I, R → IV, S → II
2 − f ′ (y) = 0 10. Answer: A
G
f ′ (y) = 2 ⃗V = K(yî + xK
̂)
f(y) = 2y u = Ky v = 0 w = Kx
7. Answer: B ∂v ∂u
Ωz = 2ωz = 2 [∂x − ∂y]
ε = εxx + εyy + εzz
∂y ∂v ∂w = −K
εv = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
- 102 -
11. Answer: D Newtonian fluid should satisfy the following

For free vortex equations
Ω𝑧 = 0 τ = με̇ xy
∂v ∂u
Γ=0 ⇒ z = μ {∂x + ∂y}
12. Answer: 3 (3 to 3) ∴ Shear stress for a Newtonian fluid

2 2
Given u = x y & v = −y x ∂v ∂u
= μ( + )
∂v ∂u ∂x ∂y
Angular deformation rate = (∂x + ∂y)
17. Answer: A
= (−y2 + (x2 )) = x 2 − y 2
At the point x = 2m and y = 1 m
)
x 2 − y 2 = 22 − 12 = 4 − 1 − 3s −1
E
∴ Angular deformation rate = 3s −1
13. Answer: A
(X
du
y3 τ=μ
u= + 2x − x 2 y
r dy
3
Δu
IR i
x3
v = xy 2 − 2y − τ=μ
A IS
-1 3 Δy
∂u ∂v
for Incompressible Flow + =0 V
∂x ∂y τ=μ
h
∂u ∂v
+ ∂y = (2 − 4xy) + (2xy − 2) = 0 Δτ = |τT . τB |
G
∂x
(Incompressible Flow) V V
Δτ = |μ + μ |
∂v ∂u h h
TE E
for Irrotational Flow − ∂y = 0

∂x V
Δτ = 2μ
∂v ∂u h
− ∂y = (y 2 − x 2 ) − (y 2 − x 2 ) = 0
N
∂x
Δτ × h
V=
(Irrotational Flow) 2μ
14. Answer: D 18. Answer: A
1 ∂v ∂y π
ωz = [ + ]
2 ∂x ∂y t= 2
wyx
1
= [4y − 0] π
A
2 t=
2wyx
= 2y
1 ∂u ∂v
G
= 4 rad/s wyx = ( − )
2 ∂y ∂x
15. Answer: A 1 ∂ y ∂
wyx = [ (V ) − (0)]
Circulation = Vorticity × Area 2 ∂y h ∂x
= Ω×A V
wyx =
= 2ωA 2y
16. Answer: D
- 103 -
π ⇒ x 2 î + (−2xz − 2x)k̂
t=
V
2× At (1, 1, 1)
2h
πh ⃗ = î − 4k̂
⃗Ω
t=
V
21. Answer: D
πh
t= U0
Δτ × h u= x
2μ L
π(2μ) U0
t= v= y
Δτ L
du U0 d U0
19. Answer: A ax = u = x ( x)
dx L dx L
⃗ = 2xyî + 3yĵ
V
)
U02
ax = 2 x
E
u = 2xy L
v = 3y ∂v
ay = v
(X
∂v ∂u ∂y
Ωz = − r
∂x ∂y U0 d U0
ay = (− y) (− y)
IR i
∂ ∂ L dy L
Ωz = [3y] − [2xy]
A IS
∂ ∂y U02
Ωz = 0 − 2x
-1 ay =
L2
y
U02 U02
Ωz = −2x a⃗ = xî + yĵ
L2 L2
G
Ωz = −4
a⃗ = U02 /L2 (xî + yĵ)
⃗ = −4k̂
⃗Ω
At (𝐿, 𝐿)
TE E
20. Answer: D
U02
⃗ =
q (î + ĵ)
N
⃗V = 2xyî − x 2 zĵ L
u = 2xy U2
2
U2
2
|a⃗| = √( 0 ) + ( 0 )
v = −x 2 z L L
î ĵ k̂ U02
∂ ∂ ∂| |a⃗| = √2
⃗ = ||
⃗Ω L
∂x ∂y ∂z|
U02
2xy −x 2 z 0
A
10 = √2
0.2
∂ ∂
⇒[ (0) − (−x 2 z)] î U02 = √2
∂y ∂z
G
U0 = 1.19 m/s
∂ ∂
−[ (0) − (2xy)] ĵ
∂x ∂z 22. Answer: D
∂ ∂u ∂v
+[ x (−x 2 z) +
partial ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂ ∂
− (2xy)k̂] ⇒ (−2x) + (2y)
∂y ∂x ∂y
- 104 -
⇒ −2 + 2 Vθ = rω
⇒0 Velocity is directly proportional to the radius
∂u ∂v from the centre of the vortex.
+ = 0 ⇒ incompressible flow
∂x ∂y 26. Answer: A
î ĵ ∂v ∂u
∂ ∂ − =0
∇ × ⃗V = | | ∂x ∂y
∂x ∂y
−2x 2y ∂u ∂v
=
∂y ∂x
= (0) − (0) = 0
27. Answer: B
⃗ = 0 ⇒ Irrotational
∇×V
u = 2x + 3y
)
23. Answer: D
v = −2y
E
x
u= ∂v ∂y
t Ωz = −
y ∂x ∂y
(X
v=−
t r
a⃗ = ax î + ay ĵ
IR i
A IS
∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = u
∂x
+v +
-1
∂y ∂t
x 1 −y x
ax = × + ( ) (0) + (− 2 )
t t t t
G
ax = 0 ∂ ∂
Ωz = (−2y) − (2x + 3y)
∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v ∂v
TE E
ay = u +v + Ωz = −3
∂x ∂y ∂t
x −y −1 y ⃗⃗ = −3k̂
Ω
N
ay = (0) + ( ) ( ) + ( 2 )
t t t t A = π(2)2
2y
ay = 2 A = 4π units
t
24. Answer: C n̂ = k
x Γ=Ω×A
u=
t Γ = −3 × 4π
y
A
v=− Γ = −12π units

t
∂u ∂v 1 1 28. Answer: A
G
+ ⇒ − y
∂x ∂y t t u=V
h
⇒ 0 (Incompressible)
h = 5 mm
∂v ∂u
− ⇒0−0 s = 0.86
∂x ∂y
⇒ 0 (Irrotational) μ = 2 × 10−4 (N − s)/m2
25. Answer: C V = 5 cm/s

- 105 -
A = 0.25 m2 So, the given flow field is rotational.

1 31. Answer: A
⃗)
⃗⃗ = (∇ × V
ω
2 ∂v ∂u
1 ∂ y − =0
⃗⃗ = [− (V ) k̂]
ω ∂x ∂y
2 ∂y h ∂u ∂v
=
î ĵ k̂ ∂y ∂x
1| ∂ ∂ ∂|
32. Answer:
⃗⃗ = ∂x ∂y ∂z
ω
2| |
Closed curve ‘C’
y
V 0 0
h 33. Answer: C
V
⃗⃗ = − k̂
ω Translation and deformation
)
2h
34. Answer: 𝐛 = 𝐜
E
29. Answer: C
V = (ax + by)î + (cx + dy)ĵ
P = Fs × V
(X
u = ax + by, v = cx + dy
Δu
P = μ( )A × V r
Δy for Irrotational Flow
IR i
∂v ∂u
V−0 − ∂y = 0
A IS
P = μ( )A × V ∂x
h
μAV 2
-1 ∂
∂x
(cx + dy) −
∂
∂y
(ax + by) = 0
P=
h c−b=0
P = 25 × 10−6
G
b=c
P = 2.5 × 10−5 W
35. Answer: A
TE E
30. Answer: D
u = 3x 2 y
⃗ = (x + 2y + z)i + (4 − y)j
V v=0
N
The continuity of a 2-D incompressible flow w = −6xyz

∂u ∂v
is dx + dy = 0 ∂u ∂v ∂w
∇. ⃗V = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂v ∂ ∂
+ = (x + 2y + z) + (4 − y) ⇒ 6xy + 0 − 6xy
dx dy dx dy
= 1 + (−1) = 0 ⇒ 0 (Incompressible)
A
So, the flow is incompressible for the flow to î ĵ k̂

∂ ∂ ∂ |
be irrotational and ∇ × ⃗V = ||
∂x ∂y ∂z |
G
⃗V = ⃗0 3x 2 y 0 −6xyz
∂v ∂u
⇒ dx − dy = 0 for a 2 D flow ≠ ⃗0
∂v ∂u ∂ ∂ 36. Answer: C
∴ − = (4 − y) − (x + 2y − 2)
dx dy dx dy u = x2 y
= 0 − (2) = −2 ≠ 0 v = 2xy 2 z
- 106 -
w = −yz 3 = −z 3 + 2xy 2
∂w ∂v At (−2, −1, 2)
ε̇ yz = +
∂y ∂z ε̇ yz = −8 + 2(−2)(−1)2
∂ ∂
= (−yz 3 ) + (2xy 2 z) = −12
∂y ∂z
5.5 Velocity Potential function line & stream function line

1. Answer: B v = −(y 2 − 4xy 2 )
ϕ Exists ⇒ Irrotational flow v = −y 2 + 4xy 2
∇2 ϕ ⇒ Incompressible Irrotational flow 1 ∂v ∂u
ωz = ( − )
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ 2 ∂x ∂y
= y, = v, =w
)
∂x ∂y ∂z 1 ∂
E
ωz = ( (−y 2 + 4xy 2 )
2. Answer: B 2 ∂x
Ψ = 2y(x 2 − y 2 )
(X
∂
2 3 − (2xy − 4x 2 y))
Ψ = 2x y − 2y r ∂y
∂Ψ ∂
IR i
u= ⇒ u = [2x 2 y − 2y 3 ] 1
ω3 = (4y 2 − 2x + 4x 2 )
A IS
∂y ∂y
-1 2
u = 2x 2 − 6y 2 ⇒ u = 2(x 2 − 3y 2 ) ω3 = 2x 2 + 2y 2 − x
∂Ψ ∂ At (2, 2)
v=− ⇒ v = − [2x 2 y − 2y 3 ]
∂x ∂x
G
ωz = 2(2)2 + 2(2)2 − 2
v = −4xy
ωz = 14 units.
⃗V = 2(x 2 − 3y 2 )î − 4xyĵ
TE E
5. Answer: C
3. Answer: A
6. Answer: B
N
dy dy
| | = −1 dy u
dx Ψ=C dx ϕ=C | =−
dx ϕ=C v
4. Answer: D
7. Answer: 8 (8 to 8)
Ψ = xy 2 − 2x 2 y 2 ∂ϕ ∂ψ
+ =u
ωz at (2, 2) ∂x ∂y
∂Ψ ∂ϕ ∂ψ
A
u= =− =v
∂y ∂y ∂x
∂ ∂ψ
G
u= (xy 2 − 2x 2 y 2 ) = [2(2x)]
∂y ∂y
u = 2xy − 4x 2 y ∂ψ
= 4xy + f(x)
∂Ψ ∂y
v=−
∂x ψ = 4xy − 4x + c
∂ ψ = 4xy − 4x − 4x(y − l) = 8
v = − (xy 2 − 2x 2 y 2 )
∂x
- 107 -
∂ ∂ ϕ = x 2 + f(y)
= [2(x 2 + 2y − y 2 )] = − [4xy + f(x)]
∂y ∂x ∂ϕ
3 =v
2(2 − 2y) = −4y − f (x) ∂y
f 3 (x) = −4 ∂ 2
(x + f(y)) = −2y
f(x) = −4x + c ∂y
8. Answer: B f ′ (y) = −2y
For Irrotational flow, equipotential lines and f(y) = −y 2 + C
stream lines intersect at an angle of 90° ϕ = x 2 + f(y)
dy dy ϕ = x2 − y2 + C
| × | = −1
dx ϕ=C dx Ψ=C 14. Answer: D
)
9. Answer: B ϕ exists for irrotational flows only
E
∇2 ψ = 0 Q. Ψ exists for both irrotational and rotational
15. Answer: D
(X
2-D, Incompressible & Irrotational
10. Answer: B r ∂ϕ
u=
∂x
IR i
3
Ψ = 2 (y 2 − x 2 ) ∂ϕ
A IS
v=
At (0, 3)
-1 ∂y
3 27
∂ϕ
Ψ = 2 (33 − 02 ) = ω=
2 ∂z
G
At (3, 4) − ∂ϕ
u=
3 21 ∂x
Ψ2 = 2 (42 − 32 ) =
TE E
2 ∂ϕ
v=−
Q/w = |Ψ2 − Ψ1 | = 3 units ∂y
N
11. Answer: B ∂ϕ
ω=−
∇2 ψ = 0 ∂z
16. Answer: C
2-D, Incompressible & Irrotational
12. Answer: B
In a flow field, streamlines and equipotential
lines intersect perpendicular to each other.
A
13. Answer: D
⃗V = 2xî − 2yĵ
G
At (3,0) on SL1
u = 2x
Ψ2 = 2(32 )(0) + (3 + 1)02 = 0
u = −2y
∂ϕ At (0, 2) on SL2
=u
∂x Ψ2 = 2(0)2 (2) + (0 + 1)22
∂ϕ Ψ2 = 4
= 2x
∂x
- 108 -
Q Equation of streamline
= |Ψ1 − Ψ1 | = 4 units
w x 2 − y 2 + 2xy = C
17. Answer: A
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + C = 0
Both potential and stream functions satisfy the
a = 1, b = −1, h = 1
Laplace equation.
h2 − ab = 2
18. Answer: C
h2 − ab > 0 (Hyperbola)
QA−B
= |ΨB − ΨA | Hence resulting streamline pattern can be
w
Ψ = 2x 2 y + (x + 1)y 2 represented by family of Hyperbolas.
A(3, 0) ⇒ ΨA = 2 × 32 × 0 + (3 + 1) × 02 22. Answer: D

dy u dy v
ΨA = 0 units
)
| =− , | =
dx ϕ=C v dx Ψ=C u
E
B(0, 2) ⇒ ΨB = 2 × 02 × 2 + (0 + 1)22
23. Answer: B
ΨB = 4 units
(X
∇2 ϕ = 0
QA−B
= 4 units r ∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
w
+ =0
IR i
19. Answer: C ∂x 2 ∂y 2
A IS
∂ϕ ∂Ψ
∂x
=
∂y
=u
-1 A) 2 + 2 B) 2 − 2
∂ ∂Ψ ⇒4 ⇒0
[ln(x 2 + y 2 )] =
G
∂x ∂y
24. Answer: B
∂Ψ 1
= 2 × 2x For an Incompressible Flow
∂y x + y 2
TE E
∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
∂Ψ 2x + ∂y2 = 0
= 2 ∂x2
N
∂y x + y 2
A. ϕ = x 2 + y 2
2x
Ψ = ∫ x2 +y2 dy + f(x) + C ∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
+ ∂y2 = 2 (Compressible Flow)
∂x2
1 y
Ψ = 2x × x tan−1 (x) + f(x) + C
B. ϕ = x 2 + y 2
y
Ψ = 2 tan−1 ( ) + f(x) + C ∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
+ ∂y2 = 0 (Incompressible Flow)
x ∂x2
A
20. Answer: B C. ϕ = 2x 2 y 2
ϕ ⇒ Irrotational ∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
+ ∂y2 = 4(x 2 + y 2 )
∂x2
G
21. Answer: D
(Compressible Flow)
Ψ1 = x 2 − y 2
D. ϕ = x 3 − y 3
Ψ2 = 2xy
∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
Stream function of resultant flow (Ψ) + ∂y2 = 6(x − y)
∂x2
Ψ = Ψ1 + Ψ2 ∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
ϕ = x 2 + y 2 ∂x2 + ∂y2 = 2
Ψ = x 2 − y 2 + 2xy
- 109 -
(Compressible Flow) ∂Ψ ∂
v=− ⇒ v = − (x 2 − y 2 )
25. Answer: D ∂x ∂x
⇒ v = −2x
ϕ ⇒ Irrotational Flow
⃗V = −2yî − 2xĵ
∇2 ϕ ⇒ Incompressible Irrotational Flow
26. Answer: B At(1, 1)
Ψ = x2 − y2 ⃗V = −2î − 2ĵ
⃗ | at (1, 1)
|V ⃗ | = √22 + 22
⇒ |V
∂Ψ ∂ = 2√2 units
u= ⇒ u = (x 2 − y 2 ) ⇒ u = −2y
∂y ∂y
5.6 Potential Flow
E )
1. Answer: D ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
|U| = ⇒ = ±U sin θ
(X
∂x ∂x
r ∂ϕ
= ±U cos θ
∂y
IR i
A IS
⇒ ϕ = ±U sin θx + f(y)
-1 ϕ = ±U cos θy + g(x)
∴ ϕ = ±U (sin θx + cos θy)
G
TE E
N
A
G
- 110 -
CHAPTER- 6
FLUID DYNAMICS
by
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N

A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
6 FLUID DYNAMICS
6.1 Bernoulli’s equation & free liquid jet

1. Water flows out from a large tank of cross- 3. Water discharges from a cylindrical tank
sectional area At = 1 m2 through a small through an orifice, as shown in the figure. The
rounded orifice of cross-sectional area Ao = flow is considered frictionless. Initially, the
1 cm2 , located at y = 0. Initially the water water level in the tank was h1 = 2 m. The
level (H), measured from y = 0, is 1 m. The diameter of the tank is D = 1 m, while the
acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s 2 diameter of the jet is d = 10 cm, and the
acceleration due to gravity is g = 10 m/s 2 .
E )
The time taken (in seconds, up to one decimal
place) for the water level in the tank to come
(X
down to h2 = 1 m is _____.
r
IR i
A IS
-1
Neglecting any losses, the time taken by water
G
in the tank to reach a level of y = H/4 is

______ seconds (round off to one decimal
TE E
place).
[GATE-2021-ME] [GATE-2021: XE]
N
4. Water (density 1000 kg/m3 ) flows through an

2. A fire hose nozzle directs a steady stream of
inclined pipe of uniform diameter. The
water of velocity 50 m/s at an angle of 45°
velocity, pressure and elevation at section A are
above the horizontal. The stream rises initially
VA = 3.2 m/s, pA = 186 kPa and zA =
but then eventually falls to the ground. Assume
24.5 m respectively, and those at section B are
water as incompressible and inviscid. Consider
A
VB = 3.2 m/s, pB = 260 kPa and zB = 9.1 m,

the density of air and the air friction as
negligible, and assume the acceleration due to respectively. If acceleration due to gravity is 10
G
gravity as 9.81 m/s 2 . The maximum height (in m/s 2 then the head lost due to friction is
m, round off to two decimal places) reached by _______________m (round off to one decimal
the stream above the hose nozzle will then place).
be____________. [GATE-2020-ME]
[GATE-2021-CE]
- 111 -
Fluid Mechanics (Fluid Dynamics)
5. Consider a flow through a nozzle, as shown in density 1000 kg/m3 as shown in the figure.
the figure below. The container has a hole of area 10−3 m2 at the
bottom that is open to the atmosphere.
Assuming there is no leakage from the edges of
the piston and considering water to be
incompressible, the magnitude of the piston
velocity (in m/s) at the instant shown is _____
(correct to three decimal places).
The air flow is steady, incompressible and
)
inviscid. The density of air is 1.23 kg/m3 . The
E
pressure difference, (p1 − patm ) is
(X
__________kPa (round off to 2 decimal
places).
r
IR i
A IS
[GATE-2020-ME]
-1
6. A tank open at the top with a water level of 1 [GATE-2018-ME]
m, as shown in the figure, has a hole at a height
G
8. Bernoulli’s equation is applicable for

of 0.5 m. A free jet leaves horizontally from the
A. viscous and compressible fluid flow
smooth hole. The distance X ( in m) where the
TE E
B. inviscid and compressible fluid flow

jet strikes the floor is
C. inviscid and incompressible fluid flow
N
D. viscous and incompressible fluid flow

[GATE-2018-CE]
9. An inviscid incompressible fluid of density
1000 kg/m3 is flowing in a horizontal pipe of
tapered cross-section with a flow rate of
4000 cm3 /s. The area of cross-section at two
A
different locations ‘A’ and ‘B’ are 10 cm2 and

G
A. 0.5 B. 1.0 20 cm2 , respectively. The velocity of the fluid

C. 2.0 D. 4.0 at the location ‘A’ is 4 m/s and pressure is
[GATE-2018-ME] 5 N/m2 . The pressure (N/m2 ) at location ‘B’
7. A frictionless circular piston of area 10−2 m2 would be ____.
and mass 100 kg sinks into a cylindrical [GATE-2017-XE]
container of the same area filled with water of

- 112 -
10. A cylindrical tank of 0.8 m diameter is across the chimney is _____ Pa.
completely filled with water and its top surface
is open to atmosphere as shown in the figure.
Water is being discharged to the atmosphere
from a circular hole of 15 mm diameter located
at the bottom of the tank. The value of
acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s2 . How
much time (in seconds) would be required for [GATE-2016-XE]
water level to drop from a height of 1m to 12. A vertical cylindrical tank of 1 m diameter is
0.5 m. filled with water up to a height of 5 m from its
E )
bottom. Top surface of water is exposed to
atmosphere. A hole of 5 mm2 area forms at the
(X
bottom of the tank. Considering the coefficient
r of discharge of the hole to be unity and the
IR i
acceleration due to gravity to be 10 m/s 2 , the
A IS
-1 rate of leakage of water (in litre/min) through
the hole from the tank to the atmosphere, under
the given conditions, is ______.
G
[GATE-2016-PI]
13. Water drains out into atmosphere from a
TE E
A. 188 B. 266
C. 376 D. 642 smaller orifice located at the bottom of a large
N
[GATE-2017-XE] open tank. If the initial height of the water

11. Exhaust from a kitchen goes into the column is H, the time taken to empty the tank
atmosphere through a tapered chimney as is proportional to,
shown. The area of cross-section of chimney at A. H1/2 B. H
location-1 is twice of that at location-2. The C. H 3/2 D.H 2
flow can be assumed to be inviscid with [GATE-2015-XE]
A
constant exhaust density of 1 kg/m3 and 14. In a vertical piston-cylinder arrangement the
acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s 2 . If
G
force applied to the piston, pushes water

the steady, uniform exhaust velocity at through a nozzle as shown in the figure. The
location-1 is U = 1m/s, the pressure drop water flows out from the nozzle, and reaches
the top of its trajectory. The kinetic and
pressure energies at points (1), (2) and (3),
respectively, are
- 113 -
A. √2g(ZQ − ZR ) B.√2g(ZP − ZR )
C. √2g(ZO − ZR ) D. √2gZQ
[GATE-2014-ME]
16. The gravity driven flow over a hump of height
h in a canal is shown in the figure. The height
of the free surface from the canal bed at
upstream of the hump is H. The free surface
height reduces to H1 above the hump.
E )
A. (small and large), (large and zero) and (zero
and zero)
(X
B. (small and zero), (large and large) and
r
(small and zero)
IR i
C. (large and zero), (zero and large) and (large Assuming the canal bed to be horizontal, the
A IS
and zero)
-1 discharge per unit width is given by
D. (large and small), (small and zero) and 2g(H−H1 −h) 2gh
A. √ 1 1 B. √ 1 1
− 2 −
(small and large) H21 H (H1 +h)2 H2
G
[GATE-2015-ME]
2g(H−H1 ) 2g(H−H1 )
C. √ 1 1 D.
TE E
15. A siphon is used to drain water from a large − 1 1

( 2 )−( 2 )
(H1 +h)2 H2
H1 H
tank as shown in figure below. Assume that the

[GATE-2014-XE]
N
level of water is maintained constant. Ignore

17. A 200 m long horizontal pipe carries a
frictional effect due to viscosity and losses at
discharge of 50 L s −1. The centre line of the
entry and exit. At the exit of the siphon, the
pipe is 5 m above the datum. The diameter of
velocity of water is
the pipe tapers from 200 mm to 100 mm.
Using g = 9.81 ms−2 and neglecting losses in
A
the pipe, if the pressure at the larger end of the

pipe is 100 kPa, the pressure at the other end
G
of the pipe in kPa is _____

[GATE-2014-AG]
18. Water is coming out from a tap and falls
vertically downwards. At the tap opening, the
stream diameter is 20 mm with uniform
velocity of 2 m/s. Acceleration due to gravity
- 114 -
is 9.81 m/s2 . Assuming steady, inviscid flow, negligible, the instantaneous discharge velocity
constant atmospheric pressure everywhere and is
neglecting curvature and surface tension
effects, the diameter in mm of the stream 0.5 m
below the tap is approximately
A. 10 B. 15
C. 20 D. 25
[GATE-2013-ME]
19. Bernoulli’s equation is valid for the following
)
type of flow:
E
A. compressible, steady, inviscid
B. incompressible, steady, viscous
(X
ρ h ρ2 h2
C. compressible, unsteady, viscous A.√2gh3 (1 + ρ1 h1 + )
ρ3 h3
r
D. incompressible, steady, inviscid.
B.√2g(h1 + h2 + h3 )
3 3
IR i
A IS
[GATE-2013-XE]
ρ1 h1 +ρ2 h2 +ρ3 h3
-1
20. A reservoir connected to a pipe line is being C.√2g ( ρ1 +ρ2 +ρ3
)
filled with water, as shown in the Figure. At ρ1 h2 h3 +ρ2 h3 h1 +ρ3 h1 h2

D.√2g ( )
ρ1 h1 +ρ2 h2 +ρ3 h3
any time, t, the free surface level in the
G
reservoir is h. Find the time in seconds for the [GATE-2012-ME]

TE E
reservoir to get filled up to a height of 1 m, if 22. The water level in a gas-pressurized tank with
the initial level is 0.2 m _____. a large cross-sectional area is maintained

N
constant as shown in the figure below. The

water level in the tank is 4.2 m above the pipe
centerline as indicated in the figure. The gas
pressure is 130 kPa. The atmospheric pressure,
gravitational acceleration and density of water
may be taken as 100 kPa, 10 m/s 2 and
A
1000 kg/m3 , respectively. Neglecting losses,

the maximum velocity (in m/s) of water at any
G
location in the horizontal portion of the

[GATE-2013-XE]
delivery pipe for the pressure NOT to drop
21. A large tank with a nozzle attached contains
below atmospheric pressure, is
three immiscible, inviscid fluids as shown.
Assuming that the changes in h1 , h2 and h3 are
- 115 -
A. only along a streamline in inviscid flow,

and between any two points in potential
flow.
B. between any two points in both inviscid
flow and potential flow.
C. between any two points in inviscid flow,
and only along a streamline in potential
flow,
D. only along a streamline in both inviscid
flow and potential flow.
)
A. 1.3 B. 4.2 [GATE-2012-AE]
E
C. 10 D. 12 25. When a large tank containing water is placed
(X
[GATE-2012-XE] on a weighing scale, a reading of 10000 N is
r
23. Water is supplied to a tank at the rate of obtained. The tank is fitted with an outlet pipe
IR i
3
0.02 m /s, as shown in the figure below. The and a valve as shown. When the valve is
A IS
cross-sectional area of the tank is 1 m2 and the
-1
inner diameter of the outlet pipe is 60 mm. At
opened, a jet of water with a velocity of 10 m/s
issues out in the vertically upward direction.
a time when the water level in the tank is The diameter of the outlet pipe is 10 cm.
G
increasing at the rate of 5 mm/s, the average Determine approximately the reading on the
velocity (in m/s) of water in the outlet pipe is weighing scale at the instant the valve is
TE E
approximately. opened and the water jet issues out. Density of

water is 1000 kg/m3
A N
G
A. 9215 N B.10000 N
A. 0.005 B. 0.06
C. 10785 N D. 12500 N
C. 5.3 D. 20
[GATE-2011-XE]
[GATE-2012-XE]
26. A hydraulic spray nozzle has a discharge of
24. Bernoulli’s equation is valid under steady state
450 ml min−1 at a pressure of 280 kPa. If the
- 116 -
pressure is increased by 10%, the discharge

will be
A. increased by 4.9%
B. increased by 10.0%
C. increased by 21.0%
D. decreased by 4.6%
[GATE-2011-AG]
27. A smooth pipe of diameter 200 mm carries
water. The pressure in the pipe at section S1 The relation between H and r is
(elevation: 10 m) is 50 kPa. At section S2 A. H is proportional to r
)
(elevation: 12 m) the pressure is 20 kPa and
E
B. H is proportional to r 2
velocity is 2 m/s. Density of water is 1000 C. H is proportional to r 3
(X
3
kg/m and acceleration due to gravity is D. H is proportional to r 4
r
9.8 ms−2 . Which of the following is TRUE? [GATE-2010-XE]
IR i
A. flow is from S1 to S2 and head loss is
A IS
-1 29. Consider steady and incompressible flow of
0.53 m water through a tapered pipe from section 1 to
B. flow is from S2 and S1 and head loss is section 2. The pipe has a diameter of 0.25 m
0.53 m
G
and a centre-line elevation of 25 m at section 1

C. flow is from S1 to S2 and head loss is and a diameter of 0.35 m and a centre-line
1.06 m
TE E
elevation of 20 m at section 2. Consider head

D. flow is from S2 to S1 and head loss is loss between section 1 and section 2 to be
N
0.53 m negligibly small. Pressure at section 1 is

[GATE-2010-ME] 120 kPa. The acceleration due to gravity is
28. Ancients have designed water clocks based 10 m/s 2 and density of water is 1000 kg/m3 .
upon the head of the water in a circular section For a flow rate of 0.2 m3 /s. The pressure at
container with a hole at the bottom as shown in section 2 (in kPa) is
the figure below. The radius (r) varies as a
A
A. 56 B. 112
function of head (H) to maintain a constant rate C. 176 D. 232
G
of decline of H. [GATE-2010-PI]
30. Consider steady, incompressible and
irrotational flow through a reducer in a
horizontal pipe where the diameter is reduced
from 20 cm to 10 cm. The pressure in the
20 cm pipe just upstream of the reducer is
- 117 -
150 kPa. The fluid has a vapour pressure of [GATE-2009-XE]

50 kPa and a specific weight of 5 kN/m3 . 34. At two points 1 and 2 in a pipeline the velocities
Neglecting frictional effects, the maximum are V and 2V respectively. Both the points are
discharge (in m3 /s) that can pass through the at the same elevation. The fluid density is ρ.
reducer without causing cavitation is The flow can be assumed to be incompressible,
A. 0.05 B. 0.16 inviscid, steady and irrotational. The difference
C. 0.27 D. 0.38 in pressures P1 and P2 at points 1 and 2 is
[GATE-2009-ME] A. 0.5ρV 2 B. 1.5ρV 2
C. 2ρV 2 D. 3ρV 2
31. Water (γw = 9.879 kN/m3 ) flows with a flow
[GATE-2007-CE]
)
rate of 0.3 m3 /sec through a pipe AB of
35. A siphon draws water from a reservoir and
E
10 m length and of uniform cross section. The
discharges it out at atmospheric pressure.
end B is above end A and pipe makes an angle
(X
Assuming ideal fluid and the reservoir is large,
of 30ᵒ to the horizontal. For a pressure of
r
12 kN/m2 at the end B, the corresponding
the velocity at point P in the siphon tube is
IR i
A IS
pressure at the end A is
-1
A. 12.0 kN/m2 B. 17.0 kN/m2
C. 56.4 kN/m2 D. 61.4 kN/m2
G
[GATE-2009-CE]
32. Water flows from an open vertical cylindrical
TE E
tank of 20 cm diameter through a hole of 10 cm

diameter. What will be the velocity of water
N
flowing out of the hole at the instant when the

A. √2gh1 B. √2gh2
water level in the tank is 50 cm above the hole?
C. √2g (h2 − h1 ) D. √2g (h2 + h1 )
Ignore unsteady effects.
A. 3.16 m/s B. 3.26 m/s [GATE-2006-ME]
C. 3.36 m/s D. 3.46 m/s 36. In a Bernoulli’s equation, used in pipe flow,
A
[GATE-2009-XE] each term represents

33. A nozzle has inlet and outlet diameters of A. energy per unit weight
G
10 cm and 5 cm, respectively. If it discharges B. energy per unit mass

air at steady rate of 0.1 m3 /s into the C. energy per unit volume
atmosphere, the gauge pressure (static) at the D. energy per unit flow length
nozzle inlet will be [GATE-2001-CE]
A. 1.26 kPa B. 1.46 kPa 37. Water flows through a vertical contraction from
C. 3.52 kPa D. 3.92 kPa a pipe of diameter d to another of diameter d/2
- 118 -
(see Figure). The flow velocity at the inlet to A. √2gH B. √2gh

the contraction is 2 m/s and pressure 200 kN/
C. √g(H + h) D. 0
2
m . If the height of the contraction measures
[GATE-1998-ME]
2 m, then pressure at the exit of the contraction
40. The equation
will be very nearly
gz + v 2 /2 + ∫ dp /ρ = Constant along a
steam line holds true for
A. steady, frictionless, compressible fluid
B. steady, uniform, incompressible fluid
C. steady, frictionless, incompressible fluid
)
D. unsteady, incompressible fluid
E
[GATE-1996-CE]
(X
41. Water flows steadily down in a vertical pipe of
A. 168 kN/m2
r B. 192 kN/m2
constant cross section. Neglecting friction,
IR i
according to Bernoulli’s equation
A IS
C. 150 kN/m2 D. 174 kN/m2
-1 [GATE-1999-ME]
A. pressure is constant along the length of the
pipe
38. A vertical water jet is issuing upwards from a B. velocity decrease with depth
G
nozzle with a velocity of 10 m/s. The nozzle C. pressure decreases with depth
exit diameter is 60 mm. A flat horizontal plate
TE E
D. pressure increases with depth

with a total of 250 N is supported by the impact [GATE-1996-CE]
N
of the jet. Determine the equilibrium height of 42. A fan in the duct shown below sucks air from
the plate above the nozzle exit. Neglect all the ambient and expels it as a jet at 1 m/s to
losses and take unit weight of water as 1000 the ambient. Determine the gauge pressure at
3
kg/m ________. the point marked as A. Take the density of air
[GATE-1999-CE] as 1 kg/m3 .
39. The discharge velocity at the pipe exit in figure
A
is
G
- 119 -
[GATE-1993-ME]
43. Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between

any two points on a stream line for a rotational
flow field State: True/False.
[GATE-1994-ME]
[GATE-1990-ME]
44. Shown below are three tanks, tank 1 without an
orifice tube and tanks 2 and 3 with orifice tubes 47. In a hand operated liquid sprayer (figure shown
as shown. Neglecting losses and assuming the below) the liquid from the container rises to the
diameter of orifice to be much less than that of top of the tube because of:
)
the tank, write expressions for the exit velocity
E
in each of the three tanks.
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
[GATE-ME-93]
G
45. Bernoulli’s equation is an equation of

A. conservation of mass
TE E
B. conservation of linear momentum A. Capillary effect
C. conservation of energy B. Suction produced by the air jet at the top end
N
D. conservation of angular momentum of tube
[GATE-1992-CE] C. Suction produced by the piston during the
46. A jet of water with a velocity V1 (Figure shown backward stroke

D. Pumping of the air into the container
below) and area of cross-section A1 enters a
stream of slow-moving water in a pipe of area [GATE-1990-ME]
A
A2 and velocity V2 . The two streams enter with 48. The most appropriate governing equations of
the same pressure P1. After thoroughly mixing ideal fluid flow are
G
in the pipe the stream emerges as a single A. Euler’s equations

stream with velocity V3 , and pressure P2. If B. Navier stokes equation
there are no losses in the flow, determine (P2- C. Reynold’s equations
P1 ) for V1 = 20 m/s, V2 = 10 m/s, A1 = D. Hagen-Poiseuille equations
0.01 m2 , A2 = 0.02 m2 , density of water ρ = [GATE-1990-CE]
1000 kg/m3 .
- 120 -
49. A body moving through still water at 6 m/sec [GATE-1987-ME]

produces a water velocity of 4 m/sec at a point
51. A mercury manometer is attached to a section
1 m ahead. The difference in pressure between
of the pipe shown in the figure. Mercury levels
the nose and the point 1 m ahead would be
are indicated when there is no water flowing
A. 2000 N/m2 B. 10000 N/m2
through the pipe. When water starts flowing
2 2
C. 19620 N/m D. 98100 N/m through the pipe continuously at constant rate
[GATE-1998-CE] in the direction of the arrow, the level of
50. Consider the saline drip bottle shown. If ρ is the mercury at B.
density of saline, find
A. Pressure at A.
E )
B. The velocity of flow of saline through the
tube. (Neglect viscous losses in tube).
(X
Atmospheric pressure = Patm.
r
IR i
A IS
[GATE-1987-ME]
-1
G
TE E
N
6.2 Venturimeter, Orifice meter and Pitot tube

1. A venturimeter as shown in the figure (not to
scale) is connected to measure the flow of
water in a vertical pipe of 20 cm diameter.
A
G
- 121 -
Assume g = 9.8 m/s2 . When the deflection in figure. Take acceleration due to gravity g =
the mercury manometer is 15 cm, the flow rate 10 m/s 2 . The flow rate Q = 0.1 m3 /s, D1 =
(in l ps, round off to two decimal places) 8 cm and D2 = 20 cm. The maximum height
considering no loss in the venturimeter is (h, in meters, up to one decimal place) of the
______. venturi from the reservoir just sufficient to
[GATE-2021-CE] raise the liquid upto Section-1 is ________.
2. The incompressible flow of air over a curved
surface having possible flow separation is
schematically shown in the figure. Two zones
P and Q are indicated in the figure. Which one
)
of the following combinations is TRUE for
E
zones P and Q?
(X
r [GATE-2021: XE]
IR i
A IS
-1 4. A venturimeter with 75 mm diameter throat is
placed in a 150 mm diameter pipeline carrying
water at 25°C. The pressure drop between the
(a) Acceleration of flow,
G
upstream tap and the venturi throat is 40 kPa.

(b) Deceleration of flow,
(Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 ).
TE E
(c) Adverse pressure gradient,

The flow rate is _______m3 /s (rounded off to
(d) Favorable pressure gradient,
three decimal places).
N
(e) No flow separation,

[GATE-2020: XE]
(f) Possible flow separation
5. A circular duct carrying water gradually
contracts from a diameter of 30 cm to 15 cm.
A. P: (a), (c), (e) and Q: (a), (d), (f).
The figure (not drawn to scale) shows the
B. P: (a), (c), (f) and Q: (a), (d), (e)
arrangement of differential manometer
C. P: (a), (d), (f) and Q: (b), (d), (f).
A
attached to the duct.

D. P: (a), (d), (e) and Q: (b), (c), (f)
G
[GATE-2021: XE]
3. Water is flowing with a flow rate Q in a
horizontal circular pipe. Due to the low
pressure created at the venturi section (Section
– 1 in the fig.), water from a reservoir is drawn
upward using a connecting pipe as shown in the
- 122 -
When the water flows, the differential [GATE-2018-ME]

manometer shows a deflection of 8 cm of 9. A pitot-static tube is used to measure air
mercury (Hg). The values of specific gravity of velocity in a duct by neglecting losses. The
mercury and water are 13.6 and 1.0, density of air is 1.2 kg/m3 . If the difference
respectively. Consider the acceleration due to between the total and static pressures is 1 kPa,
gravity, g = 9.81 m/s 2 . Assuming frictionless the velocity of air at the measuring location, in
flow, the flow rate (in m3 /s, round off to 3 m/s is ________.
decimal places) through the duct is _____ [GATE-2018-XE]
[GATE-2019-CE] 10. The arrangement shown in the figure measures
6. The theoretical discharge for the flow through the velocity V of a gas of density 1 kg/m3
)
an Orificemeter is 40 m3 /s. If the measured flowing through a pipe. The acceleration due to
E
discharge in an experiment is 32 m3 /s, then gravity is 9.81 m/s2 . If the manometric fluid is
(X
the discharge coefficient (rounded off to one water (density 1000 kg/m3 ) and the velocity V
r
decimal place) is______. is 20 m/s, the differential head h (in mm)
IR i
[GATE-2019-XE] between the two arms of the manometer
A IS
-1
7. In which one of the following devices the is________.
difference between static and total pressure is
used to determine the flow velocity ?
G
A. Piezometer B. Pitot static tube

C. Orificemeter D. Venturimeter
TE E
[GATE-2019-XE]
N
8. Air flows at the rate of 1.5 m3 /s through a

horizontal pipe with a gradually reducing cross
section as shown in the figure. The two cross-
sections of the pipe have dimeters of 400 mm [GATE-2017-ME]
and 200 mm. Take the air density as 1.2 kg/ 11. A venturimeter of diameter 0.2 m at the
m3 and assume inviscid incompressible flow. entrance and 0.1 m at the throat is inclined
A
The change in pressure (P2 − P1 ) (in kPa) upwards. The vertical elevation difference
between sections 1 and 2 is between the entrance and the throat is 0.5 m.
G
The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the

coefficient of velocity is 0.97. The differential
U-tube manometer connected to the entrance
and throat shows a pressure difference of
A. −1.28 B. 2.56
30 kN/m2 . Assume acceleration due to gravity
C. −2.13 D. 1.28
as 9.81 m/s 2 . The velocity of the water (in
- 123 -
m/s, rounded off to the first decimal place) at 1000 kg/m3 and 800 kg/m3 , respectively.
the throat would be ___. The gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s 2 . If
[GATE-2017-XE] the discharge of water therough the
12. An orifice meter, having orifice diameter of venturimeter is 5 × 10−4 m3 /s, neglecting
20
d= mm is placed in a water pipeline having viscous effects and assuming uniform
√π
velocities across the inlet and the throat, the
flow rate,Qact = 3 × 10−4 m3 /s. The ratio of
manometer reading h, in m, will be ___.
orifice diameter to pipe diameter is 0.6. The
contraction coefficient is also 0.6. The density
of water is 1000 kg/m3 . If the pressure drop
)
across the orifice plate is 43.5 kPa, the
E
discharge co-efficient of the orifice meter at
this flow Reynolds number is _______
(X
[GATE-2016-XE]
r
13. A Prandtl tube (Pitot-static tube with C = 1) is
IR i
A IS
used to measure the velocity of water. The
-1 [GATE-2015-XE]
differential manometer reading is 10 mm of
16. The Pitot tube of an aircraft registers a pressure
liquid column with a relative density of 10.
p0 = 54051 N/m2 . The static pressure,
Assuming g = 9.8 m/s2, the velocity of water
G
density and the ratio of specific heats of the

(in m/s) is __________.
freestream are
TE E
[GATE-2015-ME]
14. Water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3 ) flows through a p∞ = 45565 N/m2 , ρ∞ = 0.6417 kg/m3 and
N
venturimeter with inlet diameter 80 mm and γ = 1.4, respectively. The indicated airspeed
throat diameter 40 mm. The inlet and throat (in m/s) is
gauge pressure are measured to be 400 kPa and A. 157.6 B. 162.6
130 kPa respectively. Assuming the C. 172.0 D. 182.3
venturimeter to be horizontal and neglecting [GATE-2015-AE]
friction, the inlet velocity (in m/s) is 17. A venturimeter having a throat diameter of
A
0.1m is used to estimate the flow rate of a

__________.
horizontal pipe having a diameter of 0.2 m. For
G
[GATE-2015-ME]
15. An inclined venturimeter connected to an an observed pressure difference of 2 m of water
inverted manometer is shown in the figure. The head and coefficient of discharge equal to
cross-sectional areas at the inlet and the throat unity, assuming that the energy losses are
are 2 × 10−3 m2 and 2 × 10−4 m2 , negligible, the flow rate (in m3 /s) through the
respectively. The densities of water and oil are pipe is approximately equal to
- 124 -
A. 0.500 B. 0.150 20. A student can measure free-stream velocity of

C. 0.050 D. 0.015 a low-speed wind tunnel using a
[GATE-2014-CE] i. Pitot tube alone aligned with the flow
18. A venturimeter, having a diameter of 7.5 cm at direction.
the throat and 15 cm at the enlarged end, is ii. Pitot tube aligned with the flow direction
installed in a horizontal pipeline of 15 cm with static pressure measurement at an
diameter. The pipe carries an incompressible appropriate position on the tunnel wall.
fluid at a steady rate of 30 liters per second. The iii. Pitot tube aligned with the flow direction
difference of pressure head measured in terms along with barometer pressure reading of the
of the moving fluid in between the enlarged and outside ambient.
)
iv. Pitot static tube alone aligned with the flow
E
the throat of the venturimeter is observed to be
2.45 m. Taking the acceleration due to gravity direction.
(X
as 9.81 m/s2 , the coefficient of discharge of Considering the above statements, which of the
r
the venturimeter (correct up to two places of following options is correct?
IR i
decimal) is______. A. (i) only B. (i) & (ii)
A IS
-1 [GATE-2014-CE] C. (ii) & (iv) D. (i), (iii) & (iv)
[GATE-2014-AE]
19. Water is flowing through a venturimeter having
a diameter of 0.25 m at the entrance (Station 1) 21. Air flows steadily through a channel. The
G
and 0.125 m at the throat (Station 2) as shown stagnation and static pressure at a point in the
in the figure. A mercury manometer measures flow are measured by a Pitot tube and a wall
TE E
the piezometric head difference between pressure tap, respectively. The pressure
difference is found to be 20 mm Hg. The
N
Stations 1 and 2 as 1.3505 m. The loss of head

between these two stations, is 1/7 times the densities of air, water and mercury, in kg/m3 ,
velocity head at the Station 2. Assume the are 1.18, 1000 and 13600, respectively. The
acceleration due to gravity to be 10 m/s 2 . The gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s 2 .
velocity of water at the throat is ___ m/s. Determine the air speed in m/s. _____.
[GATE-2013-XE]
A
22. The velocity of an air stream is 20 m/s. The

density of mercury and air are 13600 kg/m3
G
and 1.2 kg/m3 , respectively. The gravitational

acceleration may be taken as 10 m/s 2 . When a
Pitot-static tube is placed in the stream,
assuming the flow to be incompressible and
[GATE-2014-XE]
frictionless, the difference between the
- 125 -
stagnation and static pressure in the flow field

(in mm Hg) would approximately be.
A. 1760 B. 1.76
C. 0.57 D.0.57 × 10−5
[GATE-2012-XE]
23. Match the devices in Column I with the
characteristics in Column II.
Column I Column II
high head
Orifice
(P) 1. loss and
)
meter
E
low cost A. 6.4 B. 9.0
high head C. 12.8 D. 25.6
Venturi
(X
(Q) 2. loss and [GATE-2011-ME]
meter
r high cost 25. A pitot-static probe is inserted in an airflow. A
IR i
low head manometer connected to this probe having Hg
A IS
-1 3. loss and as the manometric fluid shows a difference of
high cost 30 mm. Assume a probe factor of 1. Assuming
low head ρair = 1.23 kg/m3 , ρHg = 13600 kg/m3 and
G
4. loss and g = 10 m/s2 , the speed of the air flow is

low cost
TE E
approximately
A. P – 2; Q – 4 A. 66.5 m/s B. 81.5 m/s
N
B. P – 1; Q – 2 C. 76.5 m/s D. 92.5 m/s

C. P – 3; Q – 1 [GATE-2011-XE]
D. P – 1; Q – 3 26. A low speed wind tunnel has a contraction ratio
[GATE-2012-XE] of 14: 1 and the cross-sectional area of the test
24. Figure shows the schematic for the section is 1 m2 . The static pressure difference
measurement of velocity of air (density = between the settling chamber and the test
A
3
1.2 kg/m ) through a constant – area duct section is 40 cm of water column. Assume g =
9.81 m/s2 , ρair = 1.2 kg/m3 and ρwater =
G
using a pitot tube and a water tube manometer.

The differential head of water (density = 1000 kg/m3 . The speed of air in the test
1000 kg/m3 ) in the two columns of the section (in m/s) is ____________.
manometer is 10 mm. Take acceleration due to [GATE-2011-AE]
gravity as 9.8 m/s2 . The velocity of air in m/s 27. Group-I gives a list of devices and Group-II
is gives a list of uses.
- 126 -
Group-I 30. Determine the correctness or otherwise of the

P. Pitot tube following Assertion [a] and the Reason [r]:
Q. Manometer Assertion [a]: The coefficient of discharge of
R. Venturimeter orifice flow meter is less than that of venturi
S. Anemometer meter.
Group- II Reason [r]: Orifice flow meter is a differential
1. Measuring pressure in a Pipe pressure device.
2. Measuring velocity of flow in a pipe A. Both [a] and [r] are true and [r] is the correct
3. Measuring air and gas velocity reason for [a].
4. Measuring discharge in a pipe B. Both [a] and [r] are true but [r] is not the
)
The correct match of Group-I with Group-II is correct reason for [a]
E
P Q R S C. Both [a] and [r] are false
(X
A. 1 2 4 3 D. [a] is true but [r] is false
B. 2 r 1 3 4 [GATE-2009-XE]
IR i
C. 2 1 4 3 31. A venturimeter of 75 mm diameter is fitted to
A IS
D. 4
-1 1 3 2
[GATE-2010-CE]
a horizontal pipe of 150 mm diameter. Gauge
pressure in the venturimeter in case of no flow
28. The diverging limb of a venturimeter is kept is 2 m of water. Taking atmospheric pressure
G
longer than the converging limb to as 10 m of water, the theoretical flow through
A. ensure that the flow remains laminar the pipeline in litres per second, when the throat
TE E
B. avoid separation point pressure is 2.60 m of water (absolute), is

N
C. ensure that the flow remains turbulent A. 15 B. 30

D. avoid formation of boundary layer C. 60 D. 75
[GATE-2010-XE] [GATE-2009-AG]
29. An aircraft is cruising at an altitude of 9 km. 32. Consider an ideal flow of density ρ through a
The free-stream static pressure and density at variable area duct as shown in the figure below:
this altitude are 3.08 × 104 N/m2 and
A
0.467 kg/m3 respectively. A Pitot tube

mounted on the wing senses a pressure of
G
3.31 × 104 N/m2 . Ignoring compressibility

effects, the cruising speed of the aircraft is
approximately.
A. 50 m/s B. 100 m/s
Let the cross-sectional area at sections (1) and
C. 150 m/s D. 200 m/s
(2) be A1 and A2 respectively. The velocity
[GATE-2010-AE]
- 127 -
measured at section (1) using a Pitot static

probe is V1 . Then the static pressure drop p2 −
p1 is
1 A2
A. − 2 ρ (1 − A12 ) V12
2
1 A2
B. 2 ρ (1 − A12 ) V12
2
1 A2
C. 2 ρ (1 + A12 ) V12
2
1 A21
D. − ρ (1 + ) V12
2 A22
A. PA − PB = 20 kPa
[GATE-2009-AE]
)
B. PA − PB = 1.4 kPa
33. A venturimeter of 20 mm throat diameter is
E
C. PB − PA = 20 kPa
used to measure the velocity of water in a
D. PB − PA = 1.4 kPa
(X
horizontal pipe of 40 mm diameter. If the
r
pressure difference between the pipe and throat [GATE-2005-ME]
IR i
sections is found to be 30 kPa then, neglecting 35. The reading of differential manometer of a
A IS
venturimeter, placed at 45ᵒ to the horizontal is
-1
frictional losses, the flow velocity is
11 cm. If the venturimeter is turned to
A. 0.2 m/s B. 1.0 m/s
C. 1.4 m/s D. 2.0 m/s horizontal position, the manometer reading will
G
[GATE-2005-ME] be
11
34. A U – tube manometer with a small quantity of A. Zero B. cm
TE E
√2
mercury is used to measure the static pressure C. 11 cm D. 11√2 cm
N
difference between two locations A and B in a [GATE-2005-CE]

conical section through which an 36. Water flows the through a pipe of diameter
incompressible fluid flows. At a particular flow 0.30 m. What would be the velocity V for the
rate, the mercury column appears as shown in conditions shown in the figure below?
the figure. The density of mercury is
13600 kg/m3 and g = 9.81 m/s2 . Which of
A
the following is correct?

G
[GATE-1988-ME]
- 128 -
37. A pitot tube is used to measure velocity V in a with the help of an inclined tube manometer,
duct of a gas with density ρ and static pressure the angle of inclination being 30° (see figure
P. It is connected to U −tube manometer below). For manometer reading of 9.5 cm of
containing a liquid of density ρm (Figure mercury, find the flow rate. Discharge
shown below). The height, h is coefficient of venture is 0.984
E )
(X
r [GATE-1992-ME]
IR i
A IS
-1 41. PITOT TUBE is used to measure
ρ V2 V2
A. (ρ ) 2g B. 2g A. static pressure of flowing fluid
m
ρm ρ B. dynamic pressure of a flowing fluid
C. D. ρ
ρg mg
G
C. total pressure of a flowing fluid

[GATE-1996-CE]
D. surface tension of a flowing fluid
38. The discharge coefficient, cd of an orifice
TE E
[GATE-1992-CE]
meter is
42. If discharges in two circular orifices O1 and O2
N
A. greater than the cd of a venturimeter

placed at depths of 200 mm and 800 mm in
B. smaller than the cd of a venturimeter
water are equal, the ratio of diameters is
C. equal to the cd of a venturimeter
A. 1 ∶ 2 B. 2 ∶ 1
D. greater than one
C. √2 ∶ 1 D. 1 ∶ √2
[GATE-1996-CE]
[GATE-1991-CE]
39. In a venturimeter, the angle of the diverging
A
43. The range of coefficient of discharge of a

section is more than that of converging section.
venturimeter is
State: True/False.
G
A. 0.5 to 0.6
[GATE-1994-ME]
B. 0.62 to 0.73
40. A venturimeter (throat diameter = 10.5 cm) is
C. 0.7 to 0.8
fitted to a water pipe line (internal diameter =
D. 0.95 to 0.99
21.0 cm) in order to monitor flow rate. To
[GATE-1991-CE]
improve accuracy of measurement, pressure
difference across the venturimeter is measured
- 129 -
44. A tank containing water has two orifices of the C. Difference in static and dynamic pressure
same size at depth of 40 cm and 90 cm below D. Difference in total and static pressures.
the free surface of water. The ratio of the [GATE-1989-CE]
discharge through these orifices are 46. When a Pitot-static tube is immersed in a water
A. 4 ∶ 9 B. 2 ∶ 3 stream (density ρw ), the differential head
C. 16 ∶ 81 D. 1 ∶ 1 measured by a mercury (density ρm )
[GATE-1989-CE] manometer is hm . What is the velocity of the
45. The Pitot-static tube measures water stream?
A. Static pressure [GATE-1987-ME]
B. Dynamic pressure
E )
6.3 Linear Momentum equation & Angular Momentum equation
1. A cylindrical jet of water (density = 1000 kg/ combustion chamber and the exhaust gas exists
(X
m3 ) impinges at the center of a flat, circular the jet engine horizontally at a constant speed
r
plate and spreads radially outwards, as shown of 700 m/s. The fuel mass flow rate added in
IR i
in the figure. The plate is resting on a linear the combustion chamber is negligible
A IS
-1
spring with a spring constant k = 1 kN/m. The compared to the air mass flow rate. Also
incoming jet diameter is D = 1 cm. neglect the pressure difference between the
inlet air and the exhaust gas. The absolute value
G
of the horizontal force (in kN, up to one

decimal place) on the jet engine is ______.
TE E
[GATE-2021: XE]
N
3. Water (density = 103 kg/m3 ) enters steadily

into a horizontal pipe bend, which is part of a
larger piping system, as shown in the figure.
If the spring shows a steady deflection of 1 cm The volumetric flow rate of water is 0.1 m3 /s.
upon impingement of jet, then the velocity of The gage pressure at the inlet is 500 kPa, while
A
the incoming jet is _____m/s (round off to one the exit is open to atmosphere. The x -
decimal place). component of the force on the support is Fx .

G
[GATE-2021-ME] The absolute value of Fx (in kN, up to one

decimal place) is______.
3
2. Air (of density 0.5 kg/m ) enters horizontally
into a jet engine at a steady speed of 200 m/s
through an inlet area of 1.0 m2 . Upon entering
the engine, the air passes through the
- 130 -
The absolute value of the force required to keep

the plate moving at constant velocity ⃗Vplate is
_____ N.
[GATE-2021: XE]
4. A spherical ball is steadily supported against
gravity by an upward air jet as shown in the
figure. Take acceleration due to gravity to be
g = 10 m/s 2 . The mass flow rate of air
)
reaching the ball, is 0.01 kg/s and the air
E
reaches the ball at an upward velocity of 3 m/s. [GATE-2020: XE]
(X
Neglecting the buoyancy force and using the 6. A jet engine is to be tested on a thrust stand as
r
principle of integral momentum balance the shown in the figure below. The conditions
IR i
mass (in grams, up to one decimal place) of the prevailing in a typical test are as follows: Axial
A IS
-1
ball is_______. intake air velocity = 100 m/s; axial exhaust
gas velocity= 250 m/s; intake cross-sectional
area = 1 m2 ; intake static pressure =
G
−22 kPa (gauge); exhaust static pressure =

0 kPa (gauge); mass flow rate through the
TE E
engine= 100 kg/s. The anchoring force (in

N
kN) in axial direction on the thrust stand is

______.
[GATE-2021: XE]
5. A water jet with velocity ⃗Vjet impinges normal
A
to a moving flat plate with velocity ⃗Vplate such

G
that the jet splits equally into two halves as

shown in figure. The jet cross-sectional area is
⃗ jet is 20 m/s and V
2 cm2 , V ⃗ plate is 10 m/s and [GATE-2019-XE]
density of water is 1000 kg/m3 . Consider 7. During a storm, the wind speed is 90 km/hr. In
steady flow and neglect weight of the jet, a high-rise building, there is a window of size
weight of the plate and frictional losses. 1.2 m × 1.8 m facing the storm on an upper
- 131 -
floor. Neglecting the ground effects on wind

speed and considering the density of air ρair =
1.2 kg/m3 , the force (in N) acting on the
window due to the storm is ______.
[GATE-2019-PI]
8. A water jet of 100 mm diameter issuing out of

a nozzle at a speed of 50 m/s strikes a vane and
flows along it as shown in figure. The vane is
[GATE-2017-ME]
attached to a cart which is moving at a constant
10. Water flows through a 90° bend in a horizontal
)
speed of 20 m/s on a frictionless track. The jet
plane as depicted in the figure.
E
is deflected at an angle of 30°. Take the density
of water as 1000 kg/m3 . Neglecting the
(X
friction between the vane and the fluid, the
r
magnitude of the force exerted by water on the
IR i
A IS
cart in the x-direction, in N, is _____kg/m3 .
-1
G
A pressure of 140 kPa is measured at Section

TE E
1 − 1. The inlet diameter marked at section

N
27
1 − 1 is cm, while the nozzle diameter
√π
14
marked at Section 2 − 2 is cm. Assuming
√π
[GATE-2018-XE] the following.

9. A 60 mm −diameter water jet strikes a plate (i) Acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/s 2 .
containing a hole of 40 mm diameter as shown (ii) Weights of both bend pipe segment as well
A
in the figure part of the jet passes through the as water are negligible.
hole horizontally, and the remaining is (iii) Friction across the bend is negligible.
G
deflected vertically. The density of water is The magnitude of the force (in kN, up to two
1000 kg/m3 . If velocities are as indicated in decimal places) that would be required to hold
the figure, the magnitude of horizontal force (in the pipe section is _______
N) required to hold the plate is__________ [GATE-2017-CE]
11. In the figure below, water exits from a nozzle
into atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa. If the
- 132 -
exit velocity is V2 = 8 m/s and friction is ‘g’ as 9.81 m/s 2 and neglect the self-weight of
neglected, the magnitude of the axial force on the plate. The force F (expressed in N) required
the flange at location 1 required to keep the to keep the plate in its vertical position
nozzle attached to the pipe is ______N (round is___________
to nearest integer).
[GATE-2017-AE]
)
12. The water jet exiting from a stationary tank
E
through a circular opening of diameter
(X
300 mm impinges on a rigid wall as shown in
r
the figure. Neglect all minor losses and assume
[GATE-2016-CE]
IR i
the water level in the tank to remain constant.
A IS
-1 14. A jet of diameter 20 mm and velocity 6 m/s
The net horizontal force experienced by the
coming out of water-tank standing on a
walls is ______kN
frictionless cart hits a vane and gets deflected
Density of water is 1000 kg/m3
G
at an angle 45° as shown in the figure below.

Acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s2 .
The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 . Neglect
TE E
all minor and viscous losses. If the cart remains

stationary, the magnitude of tension in the
N
supporting string connected to the wall is

____ N
A
[GATE-2016-ME]
G
13. A square plate is suspended vertically from one

of its edges using a hinge support as shown in
figure. A water jet of 20 mm diameter having [GATE-2016-XE]
a velocity of 10 m/s strikes the plate at its mid- 15. Air enters an aircraft engine at a velocity of
point, at an angle of 30ᵒ with vertical. Consider 180 m/s with a flow rate of 94 kg/s. The
engine combustor requires 9.2 kg/s of air to
- 133 -
burn 1 kg/s of fuel. The velocity of gas exiting plate held close to the nozzle end. Neglecting
from the engine is 640 m/s. The momentum air friction and considering the density of water
thrust (in N) developed by the engine is as 1000 kg/m3 , the force exerted by the jet (in
A. 43241 B. 45594 N) on the plate is________.
C. 47940 D. 49779 [GATE-2014-CE]
[GATE-2015-AE] 19. A horizontal jet of water with its cross-
16. The total discharge of water through a lawn sectional area of 0.0025 m2 hits a fixed
sprinkler shown in the figure is one liter per vertical plate with a velocity of 5 m/s. After
minute. The velocity of the jet at each end, impact the jet splits symmetrically in a plane
relative to the arm, is 2π/30 m/s. The density parallel to the plane of the plate. The force of
)
of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the length of each impact (in N) of the jet on the plate
E
arm is 0.1 m. If the frictional torque of the pivot A. 90 B. 80
(X
is π/36 mN. m, the rotational speed, in C. 70 D. 60
r
revolutions per minute, of the sprinkler [GATE-2014-CE]
IR i
is______ 20. A reducing elbow is used to deflect water
A IS
-1 upward by 30° as shown in the figure. The
mass flow rate at the inlet is 14 kg/s. Water is
entering at a gauge pressure of 200 kPa and
G
exits to the atmosphere. The cross-sectional

area is 113 cm2 at the inlet and 7 cm2 at the
TE E
exit. Density of water and acceleration due to

[GATE-2015-XE]
N
gravity are 1000 kg/m3 and 10 m/s 2 ,

17. An ideal water jet with volume flow rate of
respectively. Magnitude of x- component of the
0.05 m3 /s strikes a flat plate placed normal to
water force on the elbow is ___ N.
its path and exerts a force of 1000 N.
Considering the density of water as 1000 kg/
m3 , the diameter (in mm) of the water jet is
A
______.
[GATE-2014-ME]
G
18. A horizontal nozzle of 30 mm diameter [GATE-2014-XE]

discharges a steady jet of water into the 21. The gravity driven flow over a hump of height
atmosphere at a rate of 15 liters per second. h in a canal is shown in the figure. The height
The diameter of inlet to the nozzle is 100 mm. of the free surface from the canal bed at
The jet impinges normal to a flat stationary
- 134 -
upstream of the hump is H. The free surface

height reduces to H1 above the hump.
Assuming the canal bed to be horizontal, the

discharge per unit width is given by
)
2g(H−H1 −h) 2gh
A. √ 1 1 B. √ 1 1
23. The gauge pressure at section−1, in kPa, is
− 2 −
E
H21 H
(H1 +h)2 H2
A. 0.6 B. 13.5
2g(H−H1 ) 2g(H−H1 )
(X
C. √ 1 1 D. C. 135 D. 600
− 1 1
( 2 )−( 2 )
(H1 +h)2 H2
r H1 H [GATE-2013-XE]
IR i
[GATE-2014-XE] 24. The magnitude of the force, in kN, required to
A IS
-1
22. In water jet machining, the water jet is issued
through a 0.3 mm diameter orifice at a pressure
hold the pipe in place, is
A. 2.7 B. 5.4
of 400 MPa. The density of water is 1000 kg/ C. 19 D. 27
G
m3 . The coefficient of discharge is 1.0. [GATE-2013-XE]

Neglecting all losses during water jet formation Common Data for Q-25 & Q-26:
TE E
through the orifice, the power of the water jet A two-dimensional rectangular water jet of
velocity 10 m/s and area 5 cm2 impinges
N
in kW is
A. 25.3 B. 50.6 normal to a flat plate and splits symmertrically
C. 75.9 D. 101.2 into two half jets, each of area 2.5 cm2 as
[GATE-2013-PI] shown. Assume steady flow and neglect
Linked Answer Questions 23 & 24: viscous effects and the weight of the plate and
Water enters a symmetric forked pipe and the water. Density of water is 1000 kg/m3 .
A
discharges into atmosphere through the two

branches as shown in the Figure. The cross-
G
sectional area of section-1 is 0.2 m2 and the

velocity across section-1 is 3 m/s. The density
of water may be taken as 1000 kg/m3 . The
viscous effects and elevation changes may be 25. After splitting, the velocity of the upward half-
neglected. jet along the plate is
A. 5 m/s B. 7.5 m/s
- 135 -
C. 2.5 m/s D. 10 m/s pipes and wheels can be neglected. Now,

[GATE-2011-XE] consider the following two cases:
26. The magnitude of the reaction force at the wall Case 1: The flow rates at section A and B are
is equal,
A. 20 N B. 25 N Case 2: The velocity at sections A and B are
C. 35 N D. 50 N equal.
[GATE-2011-XE]
27. A 20 cm diameter pipe carries a water
discharge of π/100 m3 /s. The pipe is bent
through an angle of 30° in the horizontal plane
E )
as shown in the figure below.
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1 28. Which of the following statements are true?
Neglecting friction, the components of the P: In Case 1, the velocity at section A is twice
force (N) exterted by water on the bend in x- the velocity at section B

G
and y-directions, respectively, are Q: In Case 1, the velocity at section A is half
A. 4.21 and −15.71 the velocity at section B

TE E
B. −4.21 and 15.71 R: In Case 2, the flow rate at section A is twice
C. 15.71 and -27.2 that at section B

N
D. 4.21 and 15.71 S: In Case 2, the flow rate at section A is half
[GATE-2010-XE] that at section B
Linked Answer Questions A. P, R B. P, S
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 28 C. Q, R D. Q, S
and 29: [GATE-2009-XE]

A
An incompressible fluid is passed through a T- 29. Which of the following statements are true?
junction supported on wheels, as shown in the P: In Case1, the system moves to the left
G
figure. The area at outlet A is twice that of outlet Q: In Case1, the system moves to the right
B. While the incoming mass flow rate is fixed, R: In Case2, the system moves to the left
the distribution of flow at the two outlets can be S: In Case2, the system moves to the right
varied by a suitable mechanism built in the A. P, R B. P, S
system. Assume that the flexible tube offers no C. Q, R D. Q, S
resistance to motion, and frictional effects in the [GATE-2009-XE]
- 136 -
30. A horizontal water jet with a velocity of B. ρAV 2 ; √2 ρAV 2

10 m/s and cross-sectional area of 10 mm2 C. 0; 0
strikes a flat plate held normal to the flow 1
D. 0 ; ρAV 2
√2
direction. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 .
[GATE-2004-CE]
The total force on the plate due to the jet is
33. Air flows through a venturi and into
A. 100 N B. 10 N
atmosphere. Air density is ρ; atmospheric
C. 1 N D. 0.1 N
pressure is Pa ; throat diameter is Dt ; exit
[GATE-2007-CE]
diameter is D and exit velocity is U. The throat
31. A tank and a deflector are placed on a
is connected to a cylinder containing a
frictionless trolley. The tank issues water jet
)
frictionless piston attached to a spring. The
(mass density of water = 1000 kg/m3 ), which
E
spring constant is k. The bottom surface of the
strikes the deflector and turns by 45ᵒ if the
piston is exposed to atmosphere. Due to the
(X
velocity of jet leaving the deflector is 4 m/s
r flow, the piston moves by distance x. Assuming
and discharge is 0.1 m3 /s, the force recorded
incompressible frictionless flow, x is
IR i
by the spring will be
A IS
-1
G
TE E
A. 100 N B. 100√2 N A. (ρU 2 /2K)πD2s

N
C. 200 N D. 200√2 N D2
B. (ρU 2 /8K)(D2 − 1)πD2s
t
[GATE-2005-CE]
D2
C. (ρU 2 /2K)( − 1)πD2s
32. A frictionless fluid of density ρ flows through D2t
a bent pipe as shown below. If A is the cross- D4

D. (ρU 2 /8K)(D4 − 1)πD2s
t
sectional area and V is the velocity of flow, the
[GATE-2003-ME]
force exerted on segment 1 − 2 of the pipe in
A
34. A water container is kept on a weighing

the x and y directions are, respectively,
balance. Water from a tap is falling vertically
G
into the container with a volume flow rate of

‘Q’; the velocity of the water when it hits the
water surface is ‘U’. At a particular instant of
time the total mass of the container and water
is ‘m’. The force registered by the weighing
2
A. ρAV ; 0 balance at this instant of time is
- 137 -
A. mg + ρQU B. mg + 2 ρQU 37. Water flows through the Y- joint as shown in

C. mg + ρQU 2 /2 D. ρQU 2 /2 figure. Find the horizontal and vertical
[GATE-2003-ME] components of the force acting on the joint
because of the flow of water. Neglect energy
35. A horizontal jet strikes a frictionless vertical
losses and body force.
plate (the plane view is shown in the figure). It
is then divided into two parts, as shown in the
figure. If the impact loss is neglected, what is
the value of θ?
E )
(X
[GATE-1998-CE]
r 38. A nozzle discharging water under head H has
IR i
A. 15ᵒ B. 30ᵒ
A IS
an outlet area “a” and discharge coefficient
C. 45ᵒ D. 60ᵒ
-1 [GATE-2003-CE]
cd = 1.0. A vertical plate is acted upon by the
fluid force Fj when held across the free jet and
36. Water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3) flows horizontally
G
by the fluid force Fn when held against the

through a nozzle into the atmosphere under the
nozzle to stop the flow. The ratio Fj /Fn is
conditions given below. (Assuming steady
TE E
state flow) A. 1/2 B. 1

C. √2
N
D. 2
[GATE-1998-CE]
39. When a steady jet of water impinges on a
stationary inclined plane surface and if fluid
friction is neglected, the resultant force on the
plane
A
A. is tangential to the surface

At inlet: At outlet: B. is normal to the surface
G
A1 = 10−3 m2 A2 = 10−4 m2 ; C. is in the direction of the jet flow

V1 = 2 m/sec; P2 = Patm D. none of the above
P1 = 3 × 105 Pa (gauge) [GATE-1996-CE]
Determine the external horizontal force needed 40. Shown below are three pipe sections through
to keep the nozzle. which water flows as shown. Option A. to D.
[GATE-2001-ME]
- 138 -
below pertain to the direction of the net force A. 1000 N B. 100 N

on the pipe section due to the flow of water C. 10 N D. 2000 N
[GATE-1990-ME]
42. In a syringe as shown in the figure, a piston of
1 cm2 cross section is pushed at a constant
speed of 10 cm/s to eject water through an
State which of the options indicate the correct
outlet of 1 mm2 . Determine the force required
direction of force for pipe 1, pipe 2 and pipe 3.
to move the piston. Neglecting losses.
A. 45° to both +ve X and +ve Y axes
B. 45° to both −ve X and −ve Y axes
)
C. 45° to both +ve X and −ve Y axes
E
D. 45° to both −ve X and −ve Y axes
(X
[GATE-1993-ME] [GATE-1989-ME]
r
41. A jet of water issues from a Nozzle with a 43. A jet of water (area Aj velocity Vj , density ρ)
IR i
velocity 20 m/s and it impinges normally on a
impinges horizontally on a curved vane which
A IS
flat plate moving away from it at 10 m/s. The
-1 2
cross-sectional area of the jet is 0.01 m , and
deflects the jet through 60° upwards. If the
vane travels horizontally at a speed ‘u’ find
the density of water = 1000 kg/m3 . The force A. The force experienced by the vane, and
G
developed on the plate is: B. The power developed by the vane.

TE E
[GATE-1987-ME]
N
6.4 Navier-Stokes Equation & Euler’s Equation

A
1. In a Cartesian coordinate system, a steady, constant (in m−2 ). The viscosity of the fluid is
μ (in Pa − s). The absolute value of the
G
incompressible velocity field of a Newtonian

fluid is given by pressure gradient (in Pa/m) is
V = u0 (1 − ay 2 )i A) 2aμu0 B) 3aμu0
Here, V is the velocity vector in m/s, i is the C) aμu0 D) 4aμu0
unit vector in the x-direction, u0 is a positive, [GATE-2021: XE]
real constant (in m/s), and a is a positive, real
- 139 -
2. A two-dimensional incompressible frictionless 5. A steady, two-dimensional, inviscid and

flow field is given by v
⃗ = xî − yĵ. If ρ is the incompressible flow field is described in
density of the fluid, the expression for pressure rectangular Cartesian coordinates as u = ax
gradient vector at any point in the flow field is and v = −ay, where u and v are the
given as components of the velocity vector in the x and
A. ρ(xî + yĵ) B. −ρ(xî + yĵ) y directions, respectively. Gravity acts along
C. ρ(xî − yĵ) D. −ρ(x 2 î + y 2 ĵ) the negative y- direction. The pressure
distribution, with the reference pressure taken
[GATE-2019-ME]
as zero at the origin, with usual notation, is
3. The velocity field in Cartesian coordinates in a given by
)
two-dimensional steady incompressible flow 1
A. − 2 ρa2 (x 2 + xy + y 2 ) − ρgv
E
of a fluid with density ρ is V = xi − yj. 1
B. − 2 ρa2 (x 2 − xy + y 2 ) − ρgv
(X
Assuming no body and line forces, the
1
r
magnitude of pressure gradient ∇p at point C. − 2 ρa2 (x 2 + y 2 ) − ρgv
IR i
(1, 1) is 1
D. − 2 ρa2 (x 2 − y 2 ) − ρgv
A IS
A. √2 ρ
-1 B. ρ [GATE-2015-XE]
C. ρ/√2 D. ρ/2
6. In an inviscid incompressible flow, the velocity
[GATE-2019-XE]
G
field is given by ⃗V = xî + yĵ m/s and the body

4. A two-dimensional, incompressible fluid flow
force per unit mass is given by ⃗g = −10 k̂ m/
TE E
is described by the stream function Ψ =

s2 .The pressure at the point (0, 0, 0) is 101 Pa.
xy 3 m2 /s on the Cartesian x-y plane. If the
N
Assuming that the density of the fluid is

density and dynamic viscosity of the fluid are
1 kg/m3 , the pressure at the point (1, 1, 1) for
3
1 kg/m and 0.1 kg/m − s, respectively, the
this flow is
magnitude of the pressure gradient in the x
A. 100 Pa B. 105 Pa
direction at x = 1 m and y = 1 m is ______N/
C. 95 Pa D. 90 Pa
m3 (round off to 1 decimal place).
[GATE-2011-XE]
A
[GATE-2019-AE]
G
- 140 -
6. FLUID DYNAMICS - ANSWERS

::: 6.1 Bernoulli’s equation & Free liquid jet :::
6. B 8. C 10. C 13. A 14. A 15. B 16. A 18. B 19. D 21. A
22. D 23. C 24. A 25. C 27. C 28. B 30. B 31. D 32. A 33. B
34. B 35. C 36. A 37. C 39. B 40. A 41. D 45. B 47. B 48. A
49. B
E )
1. 2258.7 (2257 to 2259) 2. 63.50 to 63.90 3. 17.5 to 19.5 4. 8 (7.9 to 8.1)
5. 1.522 (1.50 to 1.55) 7. 1.400 to 1.500 9. 6005 to 6005 11. 2.95 to 3.0
(X
12. 3.0 to 3.0 17. 80.2 to 81.5 20. 20 26. − 29. –
38. 1.112
r 42. −0.5 43. True
IR i
A IS
44.√2gh + √2g(H + L) & √2g(H + L)
-1 46. 25
50. Patm,L − ρgh2 , √2g(h1 − h2 ) 51. Rises

G
::: 6.2 Venturimeter, Orifice meter and Pitot tube :::

TE E
2. B 7. B 8. A 16. A 17. C 20. C 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. B

27. C 28. B 30. B 33. D 34. A 35. C 37. A 38. B 41. C 42. C
N
43. D 44. B 45. B
1. 49.0 to 50.0 3. 18.5 to 20.0 4. 0.035 to 0.045 5. 0.078 to 0.085

6. 0.8 to 0.8 9. 39 to 42 10. 19 to 21 11. 7.0 to 7.2 12. 0.29 to 0.33
13. 1.30 to 1.34 14. 6 to 6 15. 1.5 to 1.7 18. 0.93 to 0.95 19. 4.8 to 5.2
A
21. 67 to 67.3 26. - 29. - 31. - 32. - 36. 1.085

ρm −ρw
39. FALSE 40. 0.30155 46. √2g ( ) hm
G
ρm
:::6.3 Linear Momentum equation & Angular Momentum equation

:::
15. D 19. C 21. A 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. D 26. D 27. A 28. C
29. D 30. C 31. D 32. C 33. D 34. A 35. B 38. D 39. B 41. A
- 141 -
1. 11.1 to 11.4 2. 48.0 to 52.0 3. 10.5 to 12.0 4. 2.9 to 3.1

5. 20 to 20 6. 37 to 37 7. 800 to 820 (or) 1600 to 1640 8. 900 to 990
9. 627 to 629 10. 2.50 to 3.75 11. 90 to 92 12. 8.76 to 8.78 13. 7.4 to 8.0
14. 7.9 to 8.1 16. 14 to 16 17. 56 to 57 18. 318 to 319 20. 2034.85
2 2
36. 264 37. 27.5 & 3.339 40. - 42. 5 43. 0.5𝜌𝐴1 (𝑉𝐽 − 𝑢) , 0.5 𝜌𝐴𝐽 (𝑉𝐽 − 𝑢) 𝑢
::: 6.4 Navier-Stokes Equation & Euler’s Equation :::

1. A 2. B 3. A 5. C 6. D
4. 3.5 to 3.7 (or) 2.3 to 2.5
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
G
TE E
N
A
G
- 142 -
SOLUTIONS
6.1 Bernoulli’s equation & free liquid jet
1. Answer: 2257 to 2259 3. Answer: 17.5 to 19.5
Given Data: A = 1 m2 π π
a = d2 = (0.1)2 m2
4 4
a = 1 cm2 = 10−4 m2
π π
H1 = 1 m AT = D2 = (1)2 m2
4 4
1 g = 10 m/s2
H2 = m
4
A 2
g = 9.8 m/s2 T= √ [√H1 − √H2 ]
a g
)
A 2
T= √ [√H1 − √H2 ]
E
a g (1)2 2
⇒T= × √ × [√2 − √1]
(0.1)2 10
(X
1 2 1
T= √ [√1 − √ ]
10 −4 9.8 r 4 2
⇒ T = 100 × √ × [√2 − 1] sec
10
IR i
T = 2258.7697 sec
A IS
⇒ T = 18.52 sec
-1
2. Answer: 63.50 to 63.90
4. Answer: 8 (7.9 to 8.1)
Given Data:
5. Answer: 1.522 (1.50 to 1.55)
V1 = 50 m
G
α = 45°
TE E
g = 9.81 m/s
N
A1 = 0.2 m2
A2 = 0.02 m2
P2 = Patm,L
For free water jet pressure h atmospheric
V2 = 50 m/s
pressure every where (P1 = P2 = Patm,L )
A
ρ = 1.23 kg/m3
V12 − V22 = 2gymax
P1 − Patm,L =?
G
V12 − V12 sin2 α = 2gymax

For steady and incompressible flow
V12 cos2 α = 2gymax
A1 V1 = A2 V2
V12 cos 2 α
ymax = A2 V2 0.02 × 50
2g V1 = =
A1 0.2
502 cos 2 45°
ymax = V1 = 5 m/s
2 × 9.81
ymax = 63.71 m Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 2
- 143 -
P1 − P2
1
= ρ(V22 − V12 ) [For same potential head]
2
1
P1 − Patm,L = × 1.23(502 − 52 )
2
1
P1 − Patm,L = × 1.23(502 − 52 )
2
P1 − Patm,L = 1522.125 Pa
P1 − Patm,L = 1.522 kPa
6. Answer: B
P1 V12 P2 V12
V2 = √2g(z1 − z2 ) + + z1 = + + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
)
mg
E
V2 = √2g × 0.5 Patm,L + A
1 V12 Patm,L V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
V2 = √g m/s ρg 2g ρg 2g
(X
r mg V12 V22
+ + z1 = + z2
A1 ρg 2g 2g
IR i
V12 A21 V12
A IS
mg
+ + z1 = + z2
-1 A1 ρg 2g 2gA22
A1 = 10A2
mg V12 100V12
G
+ + z1 = + z2
A1 ρg 2g 2g
Time of flight
99V12 mg
TE E
1 = + (z1 − z2 )
S = ut + gt 2 2g A1 ρg
2
N
2mg
1 99V12 = + 2g(z1 − z2 )
0.5 = gt 2 ρA1
2
1 2 × 100 × 10
t= sec = + 2 × 10 × (0.5)
1000 × 10−2
√g
210
Range x = V2 ±= √g ×
1
= 1m V12 =
√g 99
7. Answer: 1.400 to 1.500 V = 1.4564 m/s

A
8. Answer: C
9. Answer: 6005
G
- 144 -
P1 − P2 V22 − V12
= + (Z2 − Z1 )
ρg 2g
V22 − V12
P1 − P2 = ρ { + g(z2 − z1 )}
2
3
⇒ P1 − P2 = 1 { + 9.8(0.15)} = 2.97 Pa
2
12. Answer: 3
AB = 20 cm2
)
VB = 2 m/s
E
AA VA = AB VB
AA VA
(X
VB =
AB
= 2 m/s
r Given data: D = 1 m, H = 5 m
IR i
A IS
PL V12 P2 V22 a = 5 mm2 = 5 × 10−6 m2
+
ρg 2g
+ z1 =
-1 +
ρg 2g
+ z2
Cs = 1, g = 10 m/s2
ρ
⇒ P2 = P1 + (V12 − V22 ) V = √2gh
2
G
= 6005 N/m2 [Both points open to atmosphere A ≫≫
10. Answer: C > a]

TE E
V = √2 × 10 × 5
AT 2
T= × √ × [√H1 − √H2 ] V = 10 m/s
N
a g
Q′ = Cd aV
0.8 2 2
T=( ) ×√ × {√1 − √0.5} Q′ = 1 × 5 × 10−6 × 10
0.015 9.81
Q′ = 5 × 10−5 m3 /s
⇒ T = 376.17 sec
Q′ = 300 × 10−5 m3 /min
11. Answer: 2.95 to 3.05
Q′ = 3 × 10−3 m3 /min
A
A1 = 2. A2
Q′ = 3 litre/min
ρ = 1 kg/m3
g = 9.8 m/s2 13. Answer: A
G
P2 = Patm,L Time taken to empty the tank

V1 = 1 m/s
A 2
P1 − P2 =? T= √ √H
A1 V1 = A2 V2 a g
V2 = 2 m/s
⇒ T ∝ √H
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + Z2 14. Answer: A
ρg 2g ρg 2g
- 145 -
15. Answer: B
16. Answer: A
Q̇ = (H. 1) V1
H = x + H1 + h
x = (H − H1 + h)
From continuity A1 V1 = A2 V2
⇒ H(1)V1 = (H1 ). (1). V2 P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
V2 H ρg 2g ρg 2g
⇒ =
V1 H1 on solving
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at points 1 &2 A2
V1 √1 − A12 = √2g(z2 − z1 ) (when both points
)
P1 V12 P2 V22 2
E
⇒ + + z1 = + + Z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g are open to atmosphere)
P1 − P2 V22 − V12
(X
⇒ = 204
ρ 2 2√1 − = √2 × 9.81 × (−0.5)
r
Patm + ρf gx − Patm V22 − V12 d42
⇒ =
IR i
ρ 2 d2 = 14.672 mm
A IS
⇒ gx =
-1
V12 V2 2
(( ) − 1)
19. Answer: D
2 V1 incompressible, steady, inviscid

20. Answer: 20
G
2gx
⇒ V1 =
√ V2 2
(V ) − 1
TE E
Now Q = A1 V1 ⇒ Q = (H. 1) V1
N
2gx
⇒ Q = (H. 1)
√ V2 2
(V ) − 1
1
2g(H − H1 − h)
⇒ Q = HH√ ∂
H 2 − H12 ∫ ρd∀ + ∫ ρV⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dA = 0
∂t CV CS
A
2g(H − H1 − h) ∂∀
+∫ V⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dA = 0
⇒Q= ∂t
√ 1 1 CS
2 − H2
G
H1 π 2 dh π
D + { d2 (1 − 2)} = 0
4 dt 4
17. Answer: 80.2 to 81.5
π dh π
18. Answer: B (0.5)2 + {− (. 1)2 } = 0
4 dt 4
dh
25 =1
dt
- 146 -
dh 1 P1 − P2
= ⇒ (( ) + z1 ) 2g = V22
dt 25 ρg
dh
= 0.04 m/s P1 − P2
dt ⇒( + z1 ) 2g = V22
ρg
Time required for increases the level by 0.8 m
0.80 130 × 103 − 100 × 103
= = 20 seconds ⇒ (( ) + 4.2) × 2
0.04 103 × 10
21. Answer: A × 10 = V22 |max
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 2 2
⇒ (7.2) × 20 = V2,max
2
⇒ 144.0 = V2,max ⇒ V2,max = √144
⇒ V2,max = 12 m/s
E )
23. Answer: C
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
G
ρ3 density fluid is available at 1 & 2

TE E
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
ρ3 g 2g ρ3 g 2g
N
Patm,L + ρ1 gh1 + ρ2 gh2 + ρ3 gh3

ρ3 g A = 1 m2
Patm,L V22 d = 600 mm,

= + π
ρ3 g 2g a = (. 06)2 = 2.827 × 10−3 m2
4
ρ1 h1 ρ2 h2 dh mm
(ρ3 gh3 (1 + + ))
V22 ρ3 h3 ρ3 h3 =5 = 0.005 m/s
A
= dt s
2g ρ3 g
V2 =?
G
ρ1 h1 ρ2 h2 ∂
V2 = √2gh3 (1 + + ) ∫ ρd∀ + ∫ ρV⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dA = 0
ρ3 h3 ρ3 h3 ∂t CV CS
∂∀
22. Answer: D ρ + ρ ∫ ⃗V. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dA = 0
∂t
P1 V12 P2 V22 CA
+ + z1 = + + z2 dh
ρg 2g ρg 2g A + (aV2 − Q1 ) = 0
dt
- 147 -
dh For water density is constant

Q1 − A
V2 = dt
9 ∂
ρ [ ∫ d∀ + ∫ ⃗V. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dA] = 0
0.02 − 1 × 0.005 ∂t CV CS
V2 =
2.827 × 10−3 ∂∀
+∫ V ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dA = 0
15 ∂t CS
V2 =
2.827 d∀
+ (ae Ve ) = 0
V2 = 5.3059 m/s dt
24. Answer: - d 1 2
[ πr H] + ae √2gh = 0
dt 3
25. Answer: C
r
Fnew = 10000 + Fjet tan α = ⇒ r = H tan α
H
)
⇒ Fnew = 10000 + 785.39 d 1 3
[ πH tan2 α] + ae √2gh = 0
E
⇒ Fnew = 10755.39 N dt 3
1 dH
Fjet = ρAV. {V} π tan2 α (3H 2 ) + ae √2gH = 0
(X
3 dt
π
Fjet = 103 ×
4
r× (0.1)2 × 102
π tan2 α H 2
dH
dt
= −ae √2gH
IR i
1000π
A IS
= dH
4 πr 2 = −ae √2gh
26. Answer: -
-1 dt
dH ae √2gH
27. Answer: C =−
dt πr 2
G
28. Answer: B For constant rate of decline of H

√H ∝ r 2
TE E
H ∝ r4
N
29. Answer: -
30. Answer: B
A
G
z1 = z2
D1 = 2D2
CV ⇒ Deformable Control volume 15 2
P1 − P2 = ρV
According Conservation of mass 2 1
2
∂ 15 Q
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫ ρd∀ + ∫ ρV dA = 0 P1 − P2 = ρ (π )
∂t CV 2 2
CS 4 D1
- 148 -
Q = 0.16 m3 /s
31. Answer: D
Solution:
For uniform c/s ∵ A1 = A2
∴ V1 = V2
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
2 2
P1 − Patm 1 Q̇ Q̇
⇒ = {( ) − ( ) }
ρg 2g A2 A1
)
ρQ̇2 16 16
E
⇒ P1 − Patm = { 2 4 = 2 4}
2 π . d2 π d1
(X
1.2(10−2 ) 16 1 1
P1 V12 P2 V22 = × 2{ − } Pa
+
ρg 2g
+ z1 = r
+
ρg 2g
+ z2 2 π 0.0054 0.14
IR i
= 1459.02 Pa = 1.459 kPa
(P1 − P2 )
A IS
= z2 − z1 = 1.46 kPa
ρg
-1 34. Answer: B
P1 − P2 = ρg(z2 − z1 )(for same velocity)
P1 − 12 = 9.879 × 5
G
⇒ P1 = 61.395 kPa
32. Answer: A
TE E
N
P1 V12 P2
+ + z1 = + V22 + z2
ρg 2g ρg
P1 − P2 V22 − V12
=
ρg 2g
1
= P1 − P2 = ρ(V22 − V12 )
2
V = √2g(0.5)
A
(For same elevation)

V = √g = √9.81 = 3.12 m/s
= 1.5 ρV 2
G
33. Answer: B
35. Answer: C
36. Answer: A
37. Answer: C
- 149 -
A1 = A2
V1 = V2
P1 − P2 = ρgh
)
42. Answer: −𝟎. 𝟓
P1 V12 P2 V22
E
+ + z1 = + + z2 43. Answer: True
ρg 2g ρg 2g
For inviscid, Rotational Flow Bernoulli’s
(X
200 × 103 22
+ +0 equation can be applied between any two
1000 × 10 2 × 10 r points on the same stream line.
IR i
P2 82
= 4+ +2
A IS
10 2 × 10
-1 For Inviscid, Irrotational flow Bernoulli’s
P2 = 150 kPa equation can be applied between any two
38. Answer: 1.112 points on the same stream line or two stream
G
39. Answer: B lines.

When both ends are open to atmosphere
TE E
A22
V22 (1 − ) = 2g(z1 − z2 )
A21
N
A2
If → 0 then
A1
V22 = 2g(z1 − z2 )
In this problem
V22 = 2gh ⇒ V2 = √2gh 44. Answer:
40. Answer: A √𝟐𝐠𝐡 + √𝟐𝐠(𝐇 + 𝐋) & √𝟐𝐠(𝐇 + 𝐋)
A
2
V dP 45. Answer: B
gz + +∫ =C
2 ρ
G
46. Answer: 25
Compressible flow
47. Answer: B
41. Answer: D
48. Answer: A
49. Answer: B
50. Answer:𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐦,𝐋 − 𝛒𝐠𝐡𝟐 , √𝟐𝐠(𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 )
51. Answer: Rises
- 150 -
6.2 Venturimeter, Orifice meter and Pitot tube

1. Answer: 49.0 to 50.0 0.035 to 0.045
2. Answer: B 1
D2 = D1
2
3. Answer: 18.5 to 20.0 z1 = z2
g = 10 m/s 2 π
Q = D12 V1
4
Q̇ = 0.1 m3 /s π
Q = (0.15)2 × 23.9
D1 = 8 cm = 0.08 m 4
D2 = 20 cm = 0.2 m = 0.0408 m3 /s
P2 = Patm 5. Answer: 0.078 to 0.085
E )
PB = PC 6. Answer: 0.8
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at A and ‘C’ Q|theoretical = 40 m3 /s
(X
PA VA2 PC VC2 Q|actual = 32 m3 /s
+ + zA = +
r + zc
ρg 2g ρg 2g Q|actual 32
Cd = = = 0.8
IR i
PA − PC VC2 − VA2 Q|theoretical 40
A IS
⇒ =
ρg 2g
-1
PA + ρgh = Patm
7. Answer: B
8. Answer: A
(Patm − PA ) 1
⇒h= P1 − P2 = − ρ(V22
G
ρg 2
VC2 − VA2 VA2 − VC2 − V12 ) (for same elevation)
⇒h= ⇒h=
TE E
2g 2g 1 2 1 1
P1 − P2 = ρQ [ 2 2 4 − 2 2 4 ]
VC2 − VA2 VA2 − VC2 2 π /4 D2 π /4 D1
N
⇒h= ⇒h=
2g 2g 1 2 16 1 1
P1 − P2 = ρQ 2 [ 4 − 4 ]
Q̇2 16 16 2 π D1 D1
⇒h= { 2 4 − 2 4}
2g π dA π dB 1
P1 − P2 = × 1.2 × 1.52
2
10−2 16 1 4 1 4
⇒h= × {( ) −( ) } 1 1
2 × 10 π2 0.08 0.2 × 16/π2 [ − ]
0.24 0.44
= 19.3 m
A
P1 − P2 = 1.282 kPa
⇒ h = 19.282 m
P2 − P1 = −1.282 kPa
G
4. Answer: 0.035 to 0.045

9. Answer: 40.82
15
p1 − p2 = ρ V12 V = cv √2ghd
2
2(p1 − p2 ) pstag− psta
V12 = V = √2g ( )
15ρ ρf g
2
2 × 46 × 103
V1 =
315 × 103
V1 = 2.369 m/s
- 151 -
VC A1
1000 ⇒ =
V = √2 × 9.81 ( ) V1 AC
1.2 × 9.8
VC A1
pd = pstag psta ⇒ =
V1 ε × A0
ρd
hd = d0
ρfg = 0.6
pstag − psta d1
hd =
ρf g AC
ε= ⇒ AC = ε × A0
A0
V = 40.82 m/s
VC 25 25
10. Answer: 19 to 21 ⇒ = =
V1 9 × 0.6 5.4
11. Answer: 7.097
Q|theoretical = A1 × V1
π π
)
A1 V1 = A2 V2 ⇒ d12 . V1 = d22 V2 π
4 4 = × d12 × V1
E
4
⇒ V2 = 4V1
π 20
= ×{ × 103 } × 2.063
(X
P1 V12 P2 V22 4 √ π × 0.6
+ + gz1 = + + gz2
ρg 2g r
ρg 2g
⇒ Q|theoretical = 5.731 × 10−4 m3 /s
IR i
P1 − P2 V22 1
⇒( ) + g(z1 − z2 ) = {1 − } Q|actual = 3 × 10−4 m3 /s
A IS
ρ 2 16
30 × 103
-1 Cd =
3
5.731
= 0.523
⇒ + g(−0.5)
103
13. Answer: 1.30 to 1.34
V22 15
G
= { } 14. Answer: 6 to 6
2 16
15 2
⇒ V2 = 7.3168 m/s P1 − P2 = ρV
TE E
2 1
vact
Cv = 15 2
vtheor Pg1 − Pg2 = ρV
N
2 1
vact = Cv × vtheor
2(Pg1 − Pg2 )
= 0.97 × 7.3168 V12 =
15ρ
= 7.097 m/s 2(400 − 130) × 103
V12 =
12. Answer: 0.3 15 × 103
P1 V12 PC VC2 2 × 270
+ + z1 = + + z2 V12 =
15
A
ρg 2g ρg 2g
V1 = 6 m/s
P1 − PC VC2 − V12
⇒ =
G
ρ 2 15. Answer: 1.576
43.5 × 103 V12 25 2 A1 = 2 × 10−3 m2

⇒ = {( ) − 1}
103 2 5.4 A2 = 2 × 10−4 m2
⇒ V1 = 2.063 m/s ρW = 103 kg/m3
A1 V1 = AC VC ρOil = 800 kg/m3
g = 9.81 m/s 2
- 152 -
Q̇ = 5 × 10−4 m3 /s 1
= m
8
A1 V1 = A2 V2
d2
⇒ V2 = 10 V1 = 0.5
d1
P1 V12 P2 V22
( + z1 ) + = ( + z2 ) + ⇒ V2 = 4 V1
ρg 2g ρg 2g
P1 P2
P1 P2 V22 − V12 h=( + z1 ) − ( + z2 )
⇒ ( + z1 ) − ( + z2 ) = ρg ρg
ρg ρg 2g
= 1.3505 m
ρoil 99V12
⇒ h (1 − )= 1 V22
ρf 2g hL = { }
7 2g
Q
V1 = g = 10 m/s2
)
A1
P1 V12 P2 V22
E
5 × 10−4 + + z1 = + + z2 + hL
⇒ V1 = ρg 2g ρg 2g
2 × 10−3
(X
P1 − ρf g(z2 − z1 ) − ρf g(x + H) P1 P2 V22 − V12
⇒ ( + z1 ) − ( + z2 ) = + hL
r
= P2 − ρf gx − ρoil gh
ρg ρg 2g
IR i
P1 P2 ρoil 1 1 16V12
⇒ 1.3505 = {15V12 } + { }
A IS
⇒ − (z2 − z1 ) − h = − h 20 7 2g
ρf g ρf g ρf
P1
-1 P2 ρoil 3 4
⇒( + z1 ) − ( + z2 ) = (1 − )h ⇒ 1.3505 = V12 { + }
ρfg ρfg ρf 4 35
⇒ V1 = 1.2500 m/s
G
800 99(0.25)2
⇒ h (1 − )= V2 = 4V1
1000 2(9.81)
TE E
99(0.25)2 ⇒ V2 = 4(1.25)
⇒h= = 1.5768 m
0.4(9.81) ⇒ V2 = 5 m/s
N
16. Answer: A 20. Answer: C

17. Answer: C 21. Answer: 67.25
18. Answer: 0.93 to 0.95 P0 − Pa = 20 mm Hg.
D1 = 2D2 = 20 × 10−3 × g × 13600 Pa
A1
Q̇ = Cd √2gΔhP 2(P0 − Pa )
√15 V=√
A
ρf
π
(0.15)2
30 × 10 −3
= Cd 4 √2g × 2.45
2 × 20 × 10−3 × 9.81 × 13600
G
√15 =√
Cd = 0.948 1.18
19. Answer: 5 = 67.25 m/s

d1 = 0.25 m 22. Answer: B
1 V = 20 m/s , g = 10 m/s2
= m
4
d2 = 0.125 m
- 153 -
V1 = 2.0 m/s
P0 − Pa 2
V = √( ) P0 − Pa = ρmercury gh 34. Answer: A
ρ
35. Answer: C
1
⇒ ρair V 2 = ρm . g. h
2 36. Answer: 1.085
1 ρair V 2 37. Answer: A
⇒h= .
2 ρHg g 38. Answer: B
1 1.2 400 Venturimeter 0.95 ≤ Cd ≤ 0.99
= × × × 103
2 13600 10
Orificemeter 0.60 ≤ Cd ≤ 0.65
= 1.76 mm of Hg
39. Answer: FALSE
23. Answer: D
40. Answer: 0.30155
)
24. Answer: C
41. Answer: C
E
25. Answer: B
42. Answer: C
V = cv √2ghd
(X
ρm − ρf
(
ρf
)h r
IR i
ρm − ρf
A IS
V = √2g ( )h
-1
ρf
13600 − 1.23
V = √2 × 10 ( ) × 30 × 10−3
1.23
G
coefficient of velocity in meter

TE E
26. Answer: -
Q = AV
27. Answer: C
Q1 = Q 2
N
28. Answer: B
A1 V1 = A2 V2
avoid separation π 2 π
d1 √2gh1 = d22 √2gh2
29. Answer: - 4 4
30. Answer: B d12 √h1 = d22 √h2
31. Answer: -
d12 h2
√
2 = h
A
32. Answer: - d2 1
33. Answer: D
d12
G
Horizontal venturimeter, D1 = 2D2 =2

d22
15 2
P1 − P2 = ρV d1
2 1 = √2
d2
2(P1 − P2 )
V12 = 43. Answer: D
15ρ
44. Answer: B
2 × 30 × 103
V12 = A2 = A3 = A
15 × 103
- 154 -
V2 = √2g(z1 − z2 ) = √2g(0.4) Q2 A2 V2 √2g(0.4)

= =
Q3 A3 V3 √2g(0.9)
V3 = √2g(z1 − z3 ) = √2g(0.9)
= 2: 3
45. Answer: B
ρm −ρw
46. Answer: √2g ( ) hm
ρm
E )
(X
r
6.3 Linear Momentum equation & Angular Momentum equation
IR i
1. Answer: 11.1 to 11.4 2
Fx = −ρA(VJ − Vp )
A IS
2. Answer: 48.0 to 52.0
-1
3. Answer: 10.5 to 12.0
Fx = ρA(Vj − Vp )
2
For plate
Fx = (500 × 200 × 10−4 ) + 105
2
G
Fx1 = ρA(Vj − V0 )
0.1 0.1
{0.1 × 103 × { −4
+ }}
100 × 10 200 × 10−4 For water jet
TE E
Fx = (1.5 × 103 ) + (10 × 103 ) ΣFX = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x

⇒ Fx = 11.5 kN = ṁ(Vf,x − Vi,x )
N
4. Answer: 3.0 = ρA(Vj − Vp )(0 − (Vj − Vp )

At equilibrium 2
Fx = −ρa(Vj − Vp )
W=F 2
2
Fx = ρa(Vj − Vp )
mg = ρaV
= 1000 × 2 × 10−4 × (20 − 10)2
ρaV 2
m= Fx = 20 N
A
g
ṁV 6. Answer: 37
m=
G
g 7. Answer: 800 to 820 (or) 1600 to 1640

0.01 × 3 8. Answer: 947
⇒ mb =
10 For Water Jet
⇒ mb = 0.003 kg
ΣFx = (ṁV)f.x − (ṁv)i.x
⇒ mb = 3 gm
̇ V )
Fx = ṁ(Vf,x − i.x
5. Answer: 20 to 20
Fx = ρA(VJ − Vc )[(VJ cosθ − V) − (VJ − Vc )]
- 155 -
Fx = ṁ{Vout cos θ − Vin } + P2 A2 cos θ

− P1 A1
(14)2 cos 30° 1
⇒ Fx = 3
{ −4
− }
10 7 × 10 113 × 10−4
+ 101.325 × 103 × 7 × 10−4
2
Fx = ρA(Vj − Vc ) × cos 30° − 301.325 × 103
(cosθ − 1) × 113 × 10−4
Fx = −947N ⇒ Fx = −334352 N
9. Answer: 627 to 629 = −334.35 kN
10. Answer: 2.50 to 3.75 |Fx | = 334.35 kN
)
11. Answer: 90 to 92 21. Answer: A
E
12. Answer: 8.76 to 8.78 P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
13. Answer: 7.4 to 8.0 ρg 2g ρg 2g
(X
14. Answer: 7.99 r V12 V22
+H= + (H1 + h)
ΣFx = (ṁv)f,x − (ṁv)i,x 2g 2g
IR i
A IS
= ṁ[Vf,x − Vi,x ]
-1 Q = A1 V1 = A2 V2
Fx = ρAVJ [VJ cosθ − 0] Q + HwV1 = H1 wV2
Fx = 7.99N Q
= HV1 = H1 V2
w
G
15. Answer: D
16. Answer: 15 A1
V2 = V
A2 1
TE E
17. Answer: 56 to 57
Hw
18. Answer: 318 to 319 V2 = V
H1 w 1
N
19. Answer: C
20. Answer: 2034.85
ṁ = ρAV
Fx + P1 A1 − P2 A2 cos θ
= ṁ{V2 cos θ − V1 }
⇒ Fx = ṁ{V2 cos θ − V1 } + P2 A2 cos θ
A
22. Answer: A
− P1 A1
23. Answer: B
ṁ ṁ
G
Fx = 14 { cos θ − } + (101.325) P1 V12 P2 V22

ρAout ρAin + + z1 = ( + + z2 )
ρg 2g ρg 2g
× 103 × 7 × 10−4 × cos θ
P1 − Patm V22 − V12
− (301.325) × 103 × 113 ⇒ =
ρg 2g
× 10−4
36 − 9
⇒ P1 − Patm = ρ { }
2
- 156 -
27 π 1
⇒ P1 − Patm = = 13.5 kPa ⇒ Fy = 101.325 × 103 × × (0.2)2 ×
2 4 2
24. Answer: A π
10π × 100 1
ΣFx = Fx + P1 A1 − {P2 A1 } + (π × )
× (0.2)2 2
4
ṁout
= 2{ Vout,x } − ṁin Vin,x 28. Answer: C
2
2 }
⇒ Fx = 2{ρout . Aout . Vout 2
− {ρin Ain Vin } Q̇A = Q̇ B
+ (P2 − P1 )A1 ⇒ A2A VA = AB VB
2 }
⇒ Fx = 2{ρout Aout Vout 2
− {ρin Ain Vin } VB
⇒ VB = 2. VA ⇒ VA =
2
+ (P2 − P1 )A1
Let VA = VB
36
)
⇒ Fx = {ρ(0.2)3 × } − {ρ(0.2)3 × 9} Q2A AA . VA
4
E
= ⇒ Q̇A = 2. Q̇B
AB AB VB
+ {(13.5) × 103 × 0.2}
(X
29. Answer: D
⇒ Fx = 2.7 kN
270 r Q̇A = Q̇ B
= = 2.7
IR i
100 VB
⇒ VA =
A IS
25. Answer: D 2
26. Answer: D
-1 VB > VA
Fx = ρAV. (0 − V) 30. Answer: C

G
31. Answer: D
Fx = −ρAV 2
32. Answer: C
⇒ |Fx | = ρAV 2
TE E
33. Answer: D
= 103 × 5 × 10−4 × 102
= 50 N
N
27. Answer: A
π
Q̇ = m3 /s
100
Q
V=
A
ΣFy = Fy − Patm . A. Cos 60°
A
= ṁout . Vout,y − ṁin Vin,y Pa − P1 1 D4

= ( 4 − 1) U 2
ρg 2g Dt
π 1 10π
G
Fy = 101.325 × × (0.2)2 × + (π A1 < A2

4 2 (0.2)2
4
A1 V1 = A2 V2
π 1
× × ) V1 > V2
100 2
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + zL = + + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
P1 < P2
- 157 -
P1 A2 V2 2 1 P2 V22 34. Answer: A

+( ) = +
ρg A1 2g ρg 2g 35. Answer: B
π 2
P1 D U 1 Pa U 2 36. Answer: 264
+ (4π ) = +
ρg D2 2g ρg 2g 37. Answer: 27.5 & 3.339
4 t
38. Answer: D
At Equilibrium
39. Answer: B
kx + P1 A = Pa A
40. Answer: -
kx = (Pρ − P1 )A
41. Answer: A
P D4 π
kx = ( 4 − 1) U 2 ( D2s ) 42. Answer: 5
2 DT 4
43. Answer:
)
π ρ D4
x= ( − 1) U 2 D2s 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎. 𝟓 𝛒𝐀 𝟏 (𝐕𝐉 − 𝐮) , 𝟎. 𝟓𝛒𝐀 𝐉 (𝐕𝐉 − 𝐮) 𝐮
E
8 k D4t
6.4 Navier-Stokes Equation & Euler’s Equation
(X
r 1 ∂P
IR i
1. Answer: A
ax = −
ρ ∂x
A IS
⃗
DV 1 1
Dt ρ
-1
= − (∇P) + ν∇2 ⃗V + ν{∇(∇V
3
⃗ )} + ⃗g
ay = −
1 ∂P
ρ ∂y
1 ∂P ∂ 2 u ∂2 u
ax = − + ν ( 2 + 2) ∂P
ρ ∂x ∂x ∂y
G
= −ρax
∂x
∂u ∂u 1 ∂P ∂2 u ∂2 u
u +v =− + ν ( 2 + 2) ∂P
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂x ∂y = −ρay
TE E
∂y
1 ∂P
− + ν(−2au0 ) = 0 Incompressible, Inviscid flow
N
ρ ∂x
⃗g = −gk̂
∂P
= −2aμu0 ∂u ∂u 1 ∂P
∂x u +v =−
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x
1 ∂P ∂ 2 v ∂2 v
ay = − + ν ( 2 + 2) ∂P ∂u ∂u
ρ ∂y ∂x ∂y = −ρ (u + v )
∂x ∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v 1 ∂P ∂2 v ∂2 v
u +v =− + nu ( 2 + 2 ) ∂P
∂x ∂y ρ ∂y ∂x ∂y
A
= ρ{x × 1 + (−y) × 0}
∂x
dP
| | = 2aμu0 ∂P
= −ρx
G
dx ∂x
1 ∂P ∂ 2 w ∂2 w ∂2 w ∂P
az = − + ν( 2 + 2 + 2) − g = −ρx
p ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x
2. Answer: B ∂P ∂v ∂v
= ρ (u + v )
Dv
⃗ 1 1 ∂y ∂x ∂y
= − (∇P) + ν(∇2 v
⃗ ) + ν{∇(∇v
⃗ )} + ⃗g
Dt ρ 3 ∂P
= −ρ{(x) × 0 + (−y)(−1)}
∂y
- 158 -
Fluid Mechanics (Flow Through Pipes)
∂P 1 ∂P ∂2 u ∂2 u
= −ρy ax = − + ν ( 2 + 2)
∂y ρ ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂P ∂P ∂u ∂u 1 ∂P ∂2 u ∂2 u
∇P = î + ĵ (u +v )=− + ν ( 2 + 2)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂x ∂y
∇P = −ρxî − ρyĵ 3xy 2 (3y 2 ) + (−y 3 )(6xy)
∇P = − ∂(x + y)î 1 ∂P ∂P
=− + ν(0 − 6x) = −3.6 N/m3
3. Answer: A ∂ ∂x ∂x
∂P ∂u ∂u 1 ∂P
= −ρ (u + v ) 3xy 4 = − − 6xν
∂x ∂x ∂y ρ ∂x
∂P 1 ∂P
= −ρ{x(1) + (−y)(01)} − = 3xy 4 + 6νx
∂x ρ ∂x
)
∂P ∂P
E
= −ρx ⇒ = −3ρxy 4 − 6μx
∂x ∂x
∂P ∂v ∂v 5. Answer: C
(X
= −ρ (u + v )
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂P
∂P
r
= −ρ{x(0) + (−y)(−1)}
∂x
= −ρax
IR i
∂y ∂P ∂u ∂u
A IS
= −ρ {u + v }
∂P
∂y
= −ρy
-1 ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂P
= −ρ{ax(a) + (−ay)(0)}
ΔP = −ρxî − ρyĵ ∂x
G
∂P
∇P = −ρ(xî + yĵ) = −ρa2 x
∂x
|∇P| = √ρ2 x 2 + ρ2 y 2
TE E
∂a2 2
P=− x + f(y) → (a)
|∇P| = ρ√x 2 + y 2 2
N
⃗
DV 1 1
|∇P|(1,1) = ρ√2 = − (∇P) + ν(∇2 ⃗V) + ν{∇(∇. ⃗V)} + ⃗g
Dt ρ 3
= √2ρ
1 ∂P
4. Answer: 4.3 to 3.7 (or) 2.3 to 2.5 ay = − −g
ρ ∂y
Ψ = xy 3 ∂P
= −ρ(ay + g)
ρ = 1 kg/m 3 ∂y
∂P ∂v ∂v
A
μ = 0.1 kg/m − s = −ρ {u + v + g}
∂y ∂x ∂y
∂Ψ ∂Ψ
u= ,v = − ∂P
G
∂y ∂x = −ρ{ax(0) + (−ay)(−a) + g}
∂y
u = 3xy 2 m v = −y 3
∂P
∂Ψ ∂Ψ = −ρ(a2 y + g)
u=− ,v = ∂y
∂y ∂x
Substituting P from equation (a)
⃗
DV 1 1
=− + ν∇2 ⃗V + ν{∇(∇V
⃗ )} + ⃗g ∂ ρa2 2
Dt ρ(∇P) 3 [− x + f(y)] = −ρ(a2 y + g)
∂y 2
- 159 -
f ′ (y) = −ρ(a2 y + g) ρa2 2

P=− (x + y 2 ) − ρgy
ρa2 2 2
f(y) = − y − ρgy + c
2 6. Answer: D
ρa2 2 ρa2 2
P=− x − y − ρgy + c
2 2
At (0,0) ⇒ P = 0
C=0
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
G
TE E
N
A
G
- 160 -
CHAPTER-7
FLOW THROUGH
by PIPES
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N

A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
7.1 MAJOR LOSSES
1. Water discharges steadily from a large 3. Two water reservoirs are connected by a siphon
reservoir through a long pipeline, as shown in (running full) of total length 5000 m and
the figure. The Darcy friction factor in the pipe diameter of 0.10 m, as shown below (figure not
is 0.02. The pipe diameter is 20 cm, and the drawn to scale)
discharge of water is 360 m3 /h . Water level
in the reservoir is 10 m and acceleration due to
gravity g = 10 m/s2 . If minor losses are
)
negligible, the length L (in meters, up to one
E
decimal place) of the pipeline is ______.
The inlet leg length of the siphon to its summit
(X
is 2000 m. The difference in the water surface
r levels of the two reservoirs is 5 m. Assume the
IR i
A IS
-1 permissible minimum absolute pressure at the
summit of siphon to be 2.5 m of water when
running full. Given: friction factor F = 0.02
[GATE-2021-XE]
G
throughout, atmospheric pressure= 10.3 m of

2. Water flows at an average velocity, V of
water, and acceleration due to gravity
10 m/s through a horizontal smooth tube of
TE E
g = 9.81 m/s 2 . Considering only major loss

diameter, d = 5 cm. The friction factor, F is
using Darcy-Weisbach equation, the maximum
N
0.02. Head loss is obtained using Darcy-

height of the summit of siphon from the water
FLV2
Weisbach relation . The fluid pressure, p level of upper reservoir, h (in m, round off to 1
2gd
measured at various stations are reported in the decimal place) is _____.
table below. The length of the pipe l, between [GATE-2019-CE]

station 0 and station 6 is 6 m. 4. Water is flowing at a velocity of 1.6 ms −1 in a
A
Station 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 pipe of diameter 8 cm and length 100 m.

Assuming the value of coefficient of friction
G
p, kPa 304 273 255 240 226 213 -

for pipe, F = 0.005 and acceleration due to
If acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m/s2 and
gravity, g = 9.81 ms −2, the head loss (in
density of water = 1000 kg/m3 , then the fluid
meter) due to friction in the pipe is
pressure at station 6 is ________kPa (rounded
A. 1.28 B. 2.28
off to one decimal place).
C. 2.78 D. 3.26
[GATE-2020-XE]
- 161 -
[GATE-2019-AG] the pipe is 0.002. Neglect the velocity inside

5. Water (density = 1000 kg/m3 ) at ambient the reservoir as the reservoir is very large.
temperature flows through a horizontal pipe of Given L = 20 m, d = 40 mm, density of water
uniform cross section at the rate of 1 kg/s. If = 1000 kg/m3 and flow rate is
the pressure drop across the pipe is 100 kPa, Q = 4π × 10−3 m3 /s. Assuming gravitational
the minimum power required to pump the acceleration g = 10 m/s2 . The value of h is
water across the pipe, in watts, is_______. ___ m.
[GATE-2017-ME] [GATE-2016-XE]
6. Water is flowing at a rate of 0.5 m3 /s in a 9. A pump is used to deliver water to an overhead
horizontal pipeline of inside diameter 0.5 m. tank at flow rate of Q = 4π × 10−3 m3 /s. The
)
pump adds 1.6 kW to water. If the density of
E
The density and kinematic viscosity of water is
1000 kg/m3 and 10−6 m2 /s, respectively. water is 1000 kg/m3 and acceleration due to
(X
Assume Darcy-Weisbach friction factor value gravity is 10 m/s2 , the pump head added to the
r
to be 0.0093 and acceleration due to gravity as flow is ____m.
IR i
9.81 m/s2 . To maintain constant flow rate, the [GATE-2016-XE]
A IS
-1
required power per unit length of the pipeline 10. Consider fully developed flow in a circular pipe
(in W/m, rounded off to the first decimal with negligible entrance length effects.
place) would be ____. Assuming the mass flow rate, density and
G
[GATE-2017-XE] friction factor to be constant, if the length of the

TE E
7. In a fully developed turbulent flow through a pipe is doubled and the diameter is halved, the
circular pipe, a head loss of h1 is observed. The head loss due to friction will increase by a
N
diameter of the pipe is increased by 10% for factor of

the same flow rate and a head loss of h2 is A. 4 B. 16
noted. Assume friction factor for both the cases C. 32 D. 64
h2 [GATE-2015-ME]
of pipe flow is the same. The ratio of is
h1
11. The figure shows a reducing area conduit
closest to
carrying water. The pressure p and velocity V
A
A. 0.34 B. 0.62
are uniform across sections 1 and 2. The
C. 0.87 D. 1.00
density of water is 1000 kg/m3 . If the total
G
[GATE-2016-ME]
loss of head due to friction is just equal to the
8. Water is discharged at atmospheric pressure
loss of potential head between the inlet and the
from a large reservoir through a long pipe of
diameter d and length L. The height of the free
surface of the reservoir from the discharge
point h meters. The Darcy’s friction factor of
- 162 -
outlet, then V2 in m/s will be_______. 15. Two fluids of densities ρ1 and ρ2 are flowing at
velocities V1 and V2 , respectively, through
smooth pipes of identical diameter and pressure
per unit length. When the friction factor is
same, the ratio ρ1 /ρ2 is equal to
V 2
A. V1 /V2 B. (V1 )
2
1
[GATE-2015-XE] V2 2 V 2
C. (V ) D. (V2 )
12. For steady, fully developed flow inside a 1 1
straight pipe of diameter D, neglecting gravity [GATE-2010-MT]

16. Water at 25°C is flowing through a 1.0 km long
)
effects, the pressure drop ∆p over a length L
E
and the wall shear stress τw are related by G.I. pipe of 200 mm diameter at the rate of
∆pD ∆pD2 0.07 m3 /s. If value of Darcy friction factor for
(X
A. τw = B. τw =
4L 4L2 this pipe is 0.02 and density of water is
C. τw =
∆pD
r D. τw =
4∆pL
1000 kg/m3 , the pumping power (in kW)
IR i
2L D
A IS
-1 required to maintain the flow is
[GATE-2013-ME, PI]
A. 1.8 B. 17.4
13. Oil flows through a 200 mm diameter
C. 20.5 D. 41.0
horizontal cast iron pipe (friction factor,
G
[GATE-2009-ME]
F = 0.0225) of length 500 m. The volumetric
17. Oil is being pumped through a straight pipe, the
flow rate is 0.2 m3 /s. The head loss (in m) due
TE E
pipe length, diameter and volumetric flow rate

to friction is (assume g = 9.81 m/s2 )
are all doubled in a new arrangement. The pipe
N
A. 116.18 B. 0.116
friction factor, however, remains constant. The
C. 18.22 D. 232.36
ratio of pipe frictional losses in the new
[GATE-2012-ME]
arrangement to that in the original
14. Consider a steady, fully developed flow in a
configuration would be
horizontal pipe of diameter D. Over a section of
1 1
length L of this pipe, a pressure drops of Δp is A. B.
4 2
A
observed. The average wall shear stress over C. 2 D. 4

this section is
G
[GATE-2008-ME]
ΔpD ΔpD
A. B. 18. A centrifugal pump is required to pump water
4L 2L
ΔpπL ΔpπL to an open water tank situated 4 km away from
C. D.
dD 4D the location of the pump through a pipe of
[GATE-2011-XE] diameter 0.2 m having Darcy’s friction factor
of 0.01. The average speed of water in the pipe
- 163 -
is 2 m/s. If it is to maintain a constant head of 21. Fill up the blank:

5 m in the tank neglecting other minor losses, Due to aging of a pipeline, its carrying capacity
the absolute discharge pressure at the pump has decreased by 25%. The corresponding
exit is increase in the Darcy Weisbach friction factor
A. 0.449 bar B. 5.503 bar F is____%.
C. 44.911 bar D. 55.203 bar [GATE-1995-CE]
[GATE-2004-ME] 22. An old pipeline which has relative roughness
19. A fire protection system is supplied from a k
= 0.005 operates at a Reynolds number
D
water tower with a bent pipe as shown in the
which is sufficiently high for the flow to be
figure. The pipe friction factor F is 0.03.
)
beyond the viscous influence and the
E
Ignoring all minor losses, the maximum
corresponding
discharge, Q, in the pipe is
F = 0.03. If through further aging the relative
(X
roughness is doubled and the corresponding
r F = 0.0375. Power increase required to
IR i
A IS
-1 maintain the same rate of flow would be about
A. 25% B. 50%
C. 75% D. 100%
G
[GATE-1993-CE]
23. For steady incompressible flow through a
TE E
closed-conduit of uniform cross-section, the

direction of flow will always be:
N
A. from higher to lower elevation

A. 31.7 lit/sec B. 24.0 lit/sec B. from higher to lower pressure
C. 15.9 lit/sec D. 12.0 lit/sec C. from higher to lower velocity
[GATE-2004-CE] D. from higher to lower piezometric head
20. A farmer uses a long horizontal pipeline to [GATE-2015-CE]
A
transfer water with a 1 hp pump and the 24. Water is pumped through a pipe line to a height
discharge is ‘Q’ liters per min. If he uses a 5 hp of 10 m at the rate of 0.1 m3 /sec. Frictional
G
pump in the same pipe line and assuming the and other minor losses are 5 m. Then the power
friction factor is unchanged the discharge is of pump in kW required is ______
approximately [GATE-1990-CE]
A. 5Q B. √5Q
3
C. √5Q D. √5Q
[GATE-1996-CE]
- 164 -
7.2 MINOR LOSSES

1. The head loss (K L ) associated with the flow (loss coefficient = 5.5). The head difference
entry of water to an internal passage depends between the two reservoirs is 20 m. Assume
on the shape of the entry. The following figure the friction factor for the pipe as 0.03 and g =
shows three different types of flow entry into 10 m/s 2 . The discharge in the pipe
a pipe. Which one of the following accounting for all minor and major losses is
relationships correctly represents the head loss _________ m3 /s.
associated with the three different flow [GATE-2015-CE]
entries? 4. A 2 km long pipe of 0.2 m diameter connects
)
two reservoirs. The difference between water
E
levels in the reservoirs in 8 m. The Darcy-
Weisbach friction factor of the pipe is 0.04.
(X
r Accounting for frictional, entry and exit
IR i
A) (K L )b > (K L )a > (K L )c losses, the velocity in the pipe (in m/s) is:
A IS
A. 0.63 B. 0.35
-1
B) (K L )b ≤ (K L )a = (K L )c
C. 2.52 D. 1.25
C) (K L )b < (K L )a < (K L )c [GATE-2013-CE]
G
D) (K L )a > (K L )b > (K L )c Common Data for Questions 5 & 6:
[GATE-2021-XE] A 60% efficient pump is installed in a pipe of

TE E
2. The discharge of a centrifugal pump is diameter 20 cm to lift water from a sump to an

N
25 L s −1 against the delivery head of 10 m. overhead tank at a discharge rate of
The outlet of the delivery pipe is submerged. π/100 m3 /s. Free surface level in the
A 200 m long 100 mm diameter pipe is overhead tank is 20 m higher than the free
connected with the delivery end of the pump. surface level in the sump. The all-inclusive
The friction factor for the pipe is 0.03. The head losses (not including the lift) in the suction
minor losses in the delivery pipe are 1 m. The and delivery sides of the pump are 2 times and
A
pressure at the delivery end of the pump in kPa 28 times the velocity head, respectively.
5. The power (W) supplied to the pump is
G
is _______.
[GATE-2016-AG] A. 10476.2 B.6285.7
3. Two reservoirs are connected through a C. 6757.1 D. 11261.9
930 m long, 0.3 m diameter pipe, which has a [GATE-2010-XE]
gate valve. The pipe entrance is sharp (loss 6. The suction side of the pump is located L m
coefficient = 0.5) and the value is half-open above the free surface level in the sump. The
- 165 -
2
minimum permissible pressure in the pipeline d2 d2
A. B. (1 − 2)
on the suction side of the pump is 8 m of water D2 D
below atmospheric pressure. The maximum D2 d4

C. D.
d2 D4
permissible value of L is
[GATE-1996-CE]
A. 20.00 B.8.00
9. A 15 cm diameter pipe is joined to a 30 cm
C. 7.85 D.5.00
diameter pipe by a reducing flange. For water
[GATE-2010-XE]
flowing at a rate of 0.115 m3 /s, the head loss
7. While deriving an expression for loss of head
when water flows from the smaller to the
due to a sudden expansion in a pipe, in
larger diameter pipe is______.
)
addition to the continuity and impulse-
[GATE-1994-CE]
E
momentum equation, one of the following
10. The head loss due to sudden expansion is
assumptions is made:
(X
expressed by
A. head loss due to friction is equal to the
r
head loss in eddying motion A.
V21 −V22
B. (
V1 −V2 2
)
IR i
2g 2g
A IS
B. the mean pressure in eddying fluid is equal
V1 −V2 2 (V1 −V2 )2
-1
to the downstream pressure C. (
g
) D.
2g
C. the mean pressure in eddying fluids is [GATE-1993-CE]
G
equal to the upstream pressure

11. The loss of energy at the exit of a submerged
D. head lost in eddies is neglected
pipe is
TE E
[GATE-1997-CE] V2 V2
A. B. 0.5
8. The head loss coefficient in a sudden 2g 2g
N
expansion shown in figure below is V2 V2

C. 1.5 C. 2.0
proportional to 2g 2g
[GATE-1989-CE]
A
G
7.3 ARRANGEMENT OF PIPES

1. Two identical pipes (i.e., having the same the first case, they are attached in series and
length, same diameter, and same roughness) discharge freely into the atmosphere. In the
are used to withdraw water from a reservoir. In second case, they are attached in parallel and
- 166 -
also discharge freely into the atmosphere. C. 0.36 D. 1.00

Neglecting all minor losses, and assuming that [GATE-2010-AG]
the friction factor is same in both the cases, the 4. Which of the following statement are TRUE,
ratio of the discharge in the parallel when the cavitation parameter, σ = 0?
arrangement to that in the series arrangement (i) the local pressure is reduced to vapor
(round off to 2 decimal places) is ______ pressure.
(ii) cavitation starts
[GATE-2019-CE]
(iii) boiling of liquid starts
2. A triangular pipe network is shown in the figure
(iv) cavitation stops
A. (i), (ii) and (iv)
)
B. only (ii) and (iii)
E
C. only (i) and (iii)
(X
D. (i), (ii) and (iii)
r
The head loss in each pipe is given by [GATE-2015-ME]
IR i
hf = rQ1.8 , with the variables expressed in a 5. Three parallel pipes connected at the two ends
A IS
-1
consistent set of units. The value of r for the have flow-rates Q1 , Q2 and Q3 respectively,
pipe AB is 1 and for the BC is 2. If the and the corresponding frictional head losses are
discharge supplied at the point A (i.e., 100) is hL1 , hL2 and hL3 respectively. The correct
G
equally divided between the pipes AB and AC, expression for total flow rate (Q) and frictional
the value of r (up to two decimal places) for the head loss across the two ends (hL ) are.
TE E
pipe AC should be ________. A. Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 ; hL = hL1 + hL2 + hL3

N
[GATE-2017-CE] B. Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 ; hL = hL1 = hL2 = hL3
3. A pipeline carrying a discharge of 500 litres C. Q = Q1 = Q 2 = Q 3 ; hL = hL1 + hL2 + hL3

D. Q = Q1 = Q 2 = Q 3 ; hL = hL1 = hL2 = hL3
per minute branches into two parallel pipes, X
[GATE-2015-ME]
and Y, as shown in the following figure. The
6. A pipe of 0.7 m diameter has a length of 6 km
length and diameter of pipes X and Y are shown
and connects two reservoirs A and B. The water
in the figure.
A
level in reservoir A is at an elevation 30 m

above the water level in reservoir B. Halfway
G
along the pipe line, there is a branch through

which water can be supplied to a third reservoir
C. The friction factor of the pipe is 0.024. The
The friction factor, F, for all pipes is 0.030. The quantity of water discharged into reservoir C is
ratio of flow in pipes X and Y is 0.15 m3 /s. Considering the acceleration due to
A. 0.67 B. 0.44 gravity as 9.81 m/s2 and neglecting minor
- 167 -
losses, the discharge (in m3 /s) into the pipe from Q to R. The length of the additional
reservoir B is _______. pipe is also 2 km. Assume the friction factor,
[GATE-2015-CE] F = 0.04 for all pipes and ignore minor losses.
7. An incompressible fluid is flowing at a steady
rate in a horizontal pipe. From a section, the
pipe divides into two horizontal parallel pipes
of diameters d1 and d2 (where d1 = 4d2 ) that
run for a distance of L each and then again join
back to a pipe of the original size. For both the 9. What is the increase in discharge if the
parallel pipes, assume the head loss due to additional pipe has same diameter (0.3 m)
)
friction only and the Darcy-Weisbach friction A. 0% B. 33%
E
factor to be the same. The velocity ratio C. 41% D. 67%
(X
between the bigger and the smaller branched [GATE-2003-CE]
pipes is______. r 10. If there is no restriction on the diameter of the
IR i
[GATE-2014-CE] additional pipe, what would be the maximum
A IS
-1
8. A single pipe of length 1500 m and diameter increase in discharge theoretically possible
60 cm connects two reservoirs having a from this arrangement?
difference of 20 m in their water levels. The A. 0% B. 50%
G
pipe is to be replaced by two pipes of the same C. 67% D. 73%

length and equal diameter ‘d’ to convey 25% [GATE-2003-CE]
TE E
more discharge under the same head loss. If the 11. Cavitation is caused by
N
friction factor is assumed to be same for all the A. high velocity B. low pressure
pipes, the value of ‘d’ is approximately equal C. high pressure D. high temperature
to which of the following options? [GATE-2000-CE]
A. 37.5 cm B. 40.0 cm 12. Two pipes A and B are connected in parallel
C. 45.0 cm D. 50.0 cm between two points M and N as shown in the
[GATE-2011-CE] figure. Pipe A is of 80 mm diameter, 900 m
A
Common Data for Questions 9 & 10: long and its friction factor is 0.015. Pipe B is of
A pipe line (diameter 0.3 m, length 3 km) 100 mm diameter, 700 m long and its friction
G
carries water from point P to point R (see factor is 0.018. A total discharge of 0.030 m3 /
figure). The piezometric heads at P and R are to s is entering the parallel pipes through the
be maintained at 100 m and 80 m, division at M. Calculate the discharge in the
respectively. To increase the discharge, a two pipes A and B.
second pipe is added in parallel to the existing
- 168 -
centre line of the pipe is so located that the end

B is 2 m above the level of A. Liquid of
specific gravity 0.9 flows through the pipe at
150 liters/sec. Pressure gauges connected at
A and B show the reading of 60 kPa and
[GATE-1999-CE] 40 kPa, respectively. Determine the direction
13. Three reservoirs A, B and C are interconnected of flow ________.
by pipes as shown in the figure. Water surface [GATE-1997-CE]
elevations in the reservoirs and the Piezometric 15. If a single pipe of length L and diameter D is to
head at the junction J are indicated in the Figure be replaced by three pipes of same material,
)
same length and equal diameter d (d < D), to
E
convey the same total discharge under the same
(X
head loss, then d and D are related by
r A. d =
D
B. d =
D
IR i
32/5 25/3
A IS
D D
C. d = D. d =
-1 32/3 23/2
[GATE-1997-CE]
16. If bulk modulus of water is 2 × 104 kgf/cm2
G
Discharge Q1 , Q2 and Q3 are related as

A. Q1 + Q2 = Q3 (19.62 × 108 N/m2 ). Then water hammer
TE E
B. Q1 = Q2 + Q3 wave celerity through a rigid pipe line will be
C. Q2 = Q1 + Q2 ______m/s.
N
D. Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0 [GATE-1988-CE]
[GATE-1998-CE]
14. A straight pipe AB, of length 10 m, tapers from
a diameter of 40 cm at A to 20 cm at B. The
A
7. FLOW THROUGH PIPES - ANSWER KEYS

G
7.1 MAJOR LOSSES

4. D 7. B 10. D 12. A 13. A 14. A 15.C 16. B 17. A 18. B
19. B 20. D 22. A 23. D
1. 182.0 to 192.0 2. 183.5 to 184.5 3. 5.7 to 5.9 5. 100 to 100

- 169 -
6. 28.9 to 31.4 8. 9.7 to 10.3 9. 39 to 41 11. 7.9 to 8.1

21. 77 24. 14.715
7.2 MINOR LOSSES

1. A 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. B 10. D 11. A
2. 411.5 to 412.5 3. 0.140 to 0.142 9. 1.214
7.3 ARANGEMENT OF PIPES
)
3. C 4. D 5. B 8. D 9. C 10. D 11. B 13. A 15. A
E
1. 2.80 to 2.90 2. 0.60 to 0.63 6. 0.56 to 0.58 7. 2 to 2
(X
12. QA = 0.0106 m3 /s QB = 0.0193 m3 /s
r 14. 6.872, 7.698, flow B to A
IR i
16. 1400
A IS
-1 SOLUTIONS
7.1 MAJOR LOSSES
G
1. Answer: 182.0 to 192.0 4Q

⇒ V2 =
πd2
TE E
V22 fL
⇒ 10 = {1 + }
2g D
N
4 × 10−1
V2 = m/s
π × 4 × 10−2
10
⇒ V2 = m/s
π
100 (0.02)L
f = 0.02, d = 20 cm = 0.2 m ⇒ 10 = 2 {1 + }
2π (10) 0.2
Q = 360 m3 /hr = 0.1 m3 /s
L
A
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at 1 & 2 ⇒ (2π2 − 1) =

10
P1 V12 P2 V22 ⇒ L = 20π2 − 10 m
⇒ + + z1 = + + z2 + h L
G
ρg 2g ρg 2g ⇒ L = 187.39 m
V22 fLV22 2. Answer: 183.5 to 184.5
⇒ 10 = +
2g 2gD
V22 fL
⇒ 10 = {1 + }
2g D
πd2
Q̇ = × V2
4
- 170 -
ρgFLV 2
ΔP =
2gD
0.02 × 6 × 102
P0 − P6 = kPa
2 × 0.65
FLV 2
hL = P6 = 184 kPa
2gD
3. Answer: 5.7 to 5.9
ΔP = ρghL
E )
(X
r
IR i
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at A and C ⇒ h = 5.795 m ⇒ h = 5.8 m
A IS
PA VA2 PC VC2 ∴ Maximum height of summit = 5.8 m
+
ρg 2g
+ zA =
-1
+
ρg 2g
+ zC + hL,1
4. Answer:
PA PC VC2 FLV 2
∴ = + + zC + hL,1 → (1) hL =
G
ρg ρg 2g 2gD
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at B and C (4 × 0.005) × 100 × 1.62
hL =
PB VB2 PC VC2 2 × 9.81 × 0.08
TE E
+ + zB + hL,2 = + + zc
ρg 2g ρg 2g hL = 3.26 m
PB PA
N
5. NAT
⇒ + zb + hL,2 = − hL,1 (since PA = PB
ρg ρg PP = ρgQhL
= Patm ) PP = ΔPQ
⇒ hL,1 + hL,2 = −zB ΔPṁ
PP =
fV 2 (L1
+ L2 ) 2
0.02 × V × 5000 ρ
⇒ =5⇒ =5
2gd 2 × 9.81 × 0.1 100 × 103 × 1
PP =
1000
9.81
A
⇒V=√ = 0.3132 m/s ṁ = 1 kg/s

100
ρ = 1000 kg/m3
G
Substituting the value of ′V′ in (1)

ΔP = 100 kPa
g
⇒ 10.3 = 2.5 + ( )+h PP = 100 W
100 × 2g
0.02 × 2000 g 6. Answer: 30.159
+ (( )( ))
2g × 0.1 100 PP = ρgQhL
⇒ 10.3 = 2.5 + 0.005 + h + 2 FLQ2

PP = ρgQ ( )
12.1D5
⇒ h = 10.3 − (4.5 + 0.005)
- 171 -
PP FρgQ3 1.6 × 103

= h=
L 12.1 D5 1000 × 10 × 4 × 10−3
PP 0.0093 × 1000 × 9.81 × (0.5)3 h = 40 m
=
L 12.1(0.5)5 10. Answer: D
PP Solution:
= 30.159 W/m
L
ṁ = constant
7. Answer: B
ρ = constant
Solution:
ṁ
FLV 2 FLQ2 Q= constant
hL = = ρ
2gD 12.1D5
F = constant
1
hL ∝ 5 L2 = 2L1
D
)
h2 D 5 D1
D2 =
E
=( ) 2
h1 1.1 D
FLQ2
h2 1 hL =
(X
= 12.1 D5
h1 1.15
r L
h2 hL ∝ 5
= 0.62 D
IR i
h1
hL2 L2 D1 5
A IS
8. Answer: 10.097 = ( )( )
-1 hL1 L1 D2
1
=2× = 26 = 64
(1/2)5
G
11. Answer: 8 to 8
Applying modified
TE E
Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 2

P1 V12 P2 V22
Q = A2 V2 + + z1 = + + z2 + h L
N
ρg 2g ρg 2g
π
Q = D2 V2 2
4 V22 = V12 + (P1 − P2 )
4Q ρ
⇒ V2 =
πD2 2
V22 = 22 + (30) × 103
P1 V12 P2 V22 1000
+ + z1 = + + z2 + h L
ρg 2g ρg 2g V22 = 64
V22 V2 = 8 m/s
A
z1 − z2 = + hL
2g 12. Answer: A
Substitute V2 value in the above equation τW & ΔP
G
16Q2 FLQ2 D
⇒ z1 − z2 = + τW = ΔP
2gπ2 D4 12.1D5 4L
= 10.097 m 13. Answer: A
9. Answer: 40 m Solution:
P = ρgQh FLQ2
hL =
P 12.1D5
h=
ρgQ
- 172 -
(0.0225)(500)(0.2)2 hL2 1
hL = =
12.1(0.2)5 hL1 4
hL = 116.18 m 18. Answer: B
14. Answer: A
D
τw = ΔP
4L
15. Answer: C
ΔP = ρghf
Given (ΔP)1 = (ΔP)2 , f1 = f2 , D1 = D2
f1 LV12 f2 LV22
⇒ ρ1 ( ) = ρ2 ( ) Applying Bernoulli’s equation at A & B
2gD1 2gD2
PA VA2 PB VB2
)
⇒ ρ1 V12 = ρ2 V22 + + zA = + + zB + h L
ρg 2g ρg ρg
E
ρ1 V2 2
⇒ =( ) PA − PB fLVA2 VA2
ρ2 V1 ⇒ =5+ −
(X
ρg 2gd 2g
16. Answer: B
r PA − PB 0.01 × 4000 × 410
Solution: ⇒ =5+(
ρg 2 × 9.81 × 0.2
IR i
PP = ρgQhL 4
A IS
2 − )
PP = ρgQ (
-1
FLQ
12.1D5
)
PA − PB
219.81
⇒ = 45.5708 m
ρgFLQ3 ρg
PP =
G
12.1D5 ∴ PA = 101.325 + (9.81 × 45.5708) kPa

3 (0.07)3
1000 × 9.81 × 0.02 × 10 × = 548.375 kPa = 5.48 bar
PP =
12.1 × (0.2)5
TE E
19. Answer: B
PP = 17.4 kW Applying Modified Bernoulli’s equation between
N
17. Answer: A
1&2
Solution:
L2 = 2L1
D2 = 2D1
Q 2 = 2Q1
F2 = F1
FLQ2
A
hL =
12.1D5
For constant Friction Factor
G
LQ2
hL ∝
D5
hL2 L2 Q 2 2 D1 5
= ( )( ) ( ) P1 V12 P2 V22
hL1 L1 Q1 D2 + + z1 = + + z2 + h L
ρg 2g ρg 2g
hL2 1 5
= 2 × (2)2 × ( ) P1 = P2 = Patm,L
hL1 2
𝑉1 ≪≪< 𝑉2
- 173 -
V22 FLQ2
⇒ z1 = + hL hL =
2g 12.1D5
V22 FLV22 For a given hL , L & D
z1 = +
2g 2gD 1
F∝
V22 FL Q2
z1 = (1 + )
2g D F2 Q21
=
2gz1 F1 Q22
V22 =
FL F2 − F1 Q21 − Q22
1+ × 100 = × 100
D
F1 Q22
2 × 9.81 × 25
V22 = F2 − F1 12 − 0.752
0.03 × 175 × 100 = × 100 = 77.77%
1+ 0.1 F1 0.752
V22 = 9.168
)
22. Answer: A
V2 = 3.028 m/s PP = ρgQhL
E
Q = A2 V2 FLQ2
π PP = ρgQ
(X
12.1D5
Q = (0.1)2 × 3.028
4 ρgLQ3
Q = 0.02378 m3 /s
r PP =
12.1D5
×F
IR i
Q = 23.78 lts/s PP2 F2
A IS
=
20. Answer: D
-1 PP1 F1
PP2 − PP1 F2 − F1
F2 = F1 × 100 = × 100
PP1 F1
Same pipeline
G
0.0375 − 0.03
FLQ2 = × 100
0.03
12.1d5
= 25%
TE E
PP = ρgQhL
23. Answer: D
FLQ2
N
PP = ρgQ ( ) For uniform cross-section velocity head will

12.1D5
remain same, hence higher the piezometric head,
ρg(FL)Q3
PP = higher will be the total energy head. Flow take
12.1D5
PP ∝ Q3 place from higher energy to lower energy
PP2 Q2 3 24. Answer: 14.175

=( )
PP1 Q1 PP = ρgQ(hL,T + h)
A
1/3
PP PP = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.1 × (5 + 10)
Q2 = ( 2 ) Q
PP1 PP = 14.175 kW
G
3
Q 2 = 51/3 Q = √5Q
21. Answer: 77
7.2 MINOOR LOSSES
1. Answer: A V2
(hL )bends = K L ( )
2g
- 174 -
(K L )b > (K L )a > (K L )C 2 × 10 × 20
V2 =
0.03 × 930
2. Answer: 409 to 412.5 0.5 + 5.5 + +1
0.3
V = 2 m/s
π
Q = × 0.32 × 2
4
Q = 0.14137 m3 /s
4. Answer: A
hL,T = hL,SC + hL + hL,SE
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at A & B
V 2 FLV 2 V 2
PA VA2 PB VB2
fLVA 2 8 = 0.5 + +
+ + zA = + + zB + +1 2g 2gD 2g
ρg 2g ρg 2g 2gd
FL V 2
PA PB fL VA2 8 = (1.5 + )
)
⇒ = + zB + { − 1} . + 1 D 2g
ρg ρg d 2g
E
⇒ PA = 101.325 + (9.81 × 10) 16𝑔
𝑉=√
0.04 × 2 × 103
(X
0.03 × 200 VA2 1.5 + 0.2
+{ − 1} . + 9.81
r 0.1 2
Q̇ 25 × 10−3 × 4 10 16 × 9.81
IR i
VA = = = m/s V=√
A π × (0.1)2 π
A IS
-1 1.5 + 400
59 100
∴ PA = 101.325 + 98.1 + ( )( 2 ) V = 0.6252 m/s
2 π
5. Answer: D
⇒ PA = 410.32 kPa
Acutal output
G
3. Answer: 0.140 to 0.142 η=

Desired output
Desired Input
TE E
η=
Actual Input
Power supplied by pump to water = ρgQH
N
π
= 103 × 9.81 × × 21.529 W
100
∴ Power supplied to pump
π 21.529
= 103 × 9.81 × ( )× W
100 0.6
= 11058.37 W
h = h1L
(if g = 10 m/s2 )
A
h = hL,en + hL,V + hL + hL,ex

Psupplied = 11, 272 W
V2 V 2 FLV 2 V 2 to pump
h = k L,en + k L,V + +
G
2g 2g 2gd 2g 6. Answer: C
2
FL V Patm,L = 101.325 kPa
h = (k L,en + k L,V + + 1)
D 2g
8 m of water = (1000 × 9.81 × 8)
2
2gh
V = Patm,L = (8 × 9.81) kPa
FL
k L,en + k L,V + D + 1
Patm,L = 8 × 9.81
- 175 -
PA PB VB2 V12 A1 2
+ VA2 + zA = + + zB + h L ∴ hL = (1 − )
ρg ρg 2g 2g A2
(8 × 9.81)103 V2 π 2 2
⇒ = L + 2 ( ) V12 d
103 × 9.81 2g ⇒ hL = 4 1)
(1 − π
2g 2
4 d2
V12 d12
⇒ hL = (1 − 2 )
2g d2
2
d12
⇒ hL ∝ (1 − 2 )
d2
9. Answer: 1.214
(V1 − V2 )2
hL,SE =
)
2g
E
2
Q2 1 1 1
hL,SE = 2 [ 2 − 2] ×
π d1 d2 2g
(4)
(X
2
r hL,SE
8Q2 1 1
= 2 [ 2 − 2]
π g d1 d2
IR i
A IS
8 × 0.1152 1 1 2 1
-1 hL,SE = 2 [
π × 9.81 15 2
−
30 2 ] × −8
10
hL,SE = 1.214 m
V2 10. Answer: D
G
⇒ L= 8−{ }
g
1
⇒ L= 8−{ }
TE E
9.81
⇒ L = 7.89 m
N
Pabs = (101.325 − (8 × 9.81)) kPa

7. Answer: C
Assumptions made while deriving an
expression for head loss due to sudden
Head loss due to sudden expansion
expansion in a pipe are:
(V1 − V2 )2
1. Continuity equation = hL =
2g
A
2. Linear Momentum equation 11. Answer: A

G
3. The mean pressure in eddying fluids is Exit loss is given by

equal to the upstream pressure V2
hL = 2g where 𝑉 is the velocity of flow in the
8. Answer: B
pipe
Head loss due to sudden expansion
(V1 − V2 )2
= hL =
2g
- 176 -
7.3 Arrangement of pipe
1. Answer: 2.80 to 2.90 2

Q 1
⇒ (Q series ) = 8
parallel
Qparallel
⇒ = √8 = 2.8284
Qseries
= 2.83
2. Answer: 0.60 to 0.63
hL , series = hL,1 + hL,2
fLV 2 fLV 2 fLV 2 fLQ2series
)
= + = =
E
2gd 2gd gd A2 gd
fLQ2series
∴ hL, series =
(X
A2 gd
r For a correct distribution of Flow, the net heat
IR i
around the circuit should be equal to zero.
A IS
ΣrQn = 0
-1 −1 × 501.8 + rAC × 501.8 + 2 × 201.8 = 0
(1 − rAC )51.8 = 22.8
2
G
fL(Qparallel ) rAC = 0.6156

hf,1 + hf,2 =
2A2 gd 3. Answer: C
TE E
2
16fL(Qparallel , 1) When pipes are parallel;
=
2. A2 gd5 hf,x = hf,y
N
Qparallel 16 16
Qparallel,1 = fx Lx ( 2 ) Q2x fy Ly ( 2 ) Q2y
⇒ π = π
2
2gD5x 2gD5y
Qparallel 2 5/2
fL ( 2 ) Qx Dx
∴ hf,1 = hf,2 = ⇒ =( )
Qy Dy
2. A2 gd5
Qx 0.2 5/2
Qparallel 2 ⇒ =( ) = 0.3628
16fL ( 2 ) Qy 0.3
A
=
2. π2 gd5 Qx
∴ = 0.3628
Qy
G
Equating the head loss in both cases,

4. Answer: D
16 fL. Q2series
= 2. Cavitation parameter, 𝜎 is given by
π gd5
P−Pv
σ=
16 fL Q2parallel 1 1 2
ρv
= 2
.( ). 5 2
2π 4 gd
Pv ⟶ vapor pressure at given conditions
When = 0 ; (i) P − Pv
- 177 -
i.e., local pressure is reduced to vapor pressure.
When local pressure approaches vapor

pressure, boiling of the fluid begins and
bubbles get formed leading to cavitation.
5. Answer: B In parallel combination
Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3
And friction loss is same in all the pipes,
Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 ; hL = hL,1 = hL,2 = hL,3
6. Answer: 0.56 to 0.58
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
G
TE E
N
16 × 24 × 10−3 × 3000
⇒ {2Q2 + 0.3Q
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at ‘A’ and ‘C’. π2 × 2 × 9.81 × (0.7)5
Let the discharge to reservoir ‘B’ is ‘Q’ + 0.152 } = 30
PA VA2 PB VB2 ⇒ 2Q2 + 0.3Q + 0.152

+ + zA = + + zB + h L
A
ρg 2g ρg 2g 10π2 × (9.81) × (0.7)5

=
⇒ h L + zB = 0 8 × 24
G
⇒ hL = −(−30) ⇒ 2Q2 + 0.3Q − 0.825 = 0
f(3000)(Q + 0.15)2 × 16 ⇒ Q = 0.571 m3 /s

⇒
π2 × 2 × g × d5 (ignoring the negative value)
f(3000)(Q)2 × 16 ∴ Discharge to reservoir ‘B’ = 0.571 m3 /s
+ 2 = 30
π × 2 × g × d5 7. Answer: 2 to 2
16f(3000)
⇒ {(Q + 0.15)2 + Q2 } = 30
π2 × 2 × g × d5
- 178 -
L = 1 km
F = 0.04
d1 = 4d2
D = 0.3 m
L1 = L2 = L
hL = 20 m
F1 = F2 = F
F(3L)Q2
hL1 = hL2 hL =
12.1 D5
)
F1 L1 V12 F2 L2 V22 12.1D5 hL
= Q2 =
E
2gd1 2gd2 3FL
FLV12 FLV12 12.1 D5 hL
= Let k =
(X
FL
d1 d2
k
(
V1 2 d1
) =
r Q2 =
3
IR i
1/2 d2
A IS
k
Q=√ → (a)
V1
V2
=√
d1
d2
-1 3
V1
=2
G
V2
8. Answer: D
TE E
FLQ2
hL =
12.1D5
N
12.1hL D5
Q2 =
FL hL = 20 m
FLQ′2 F(2L)(Q′ /2)2
12.1hL D5 hL = +
Q=√ 12.1D5 12.1D5
FL
1
2 (1 + 2) (FLQ′2 )
Q′ hL =
FL ( ) 12.1D5
2
hL =
12.1d5 3 FLQ′2
A
hL =
FL(1.25)2 12.1hL D5 2 12.1D5
hL =
12.1d5 FL × 4 2(12.1D5 hL )
Q′2 =
G
d = (1.25/2)2/5 D 3FL
2
d = (1.25/2)2/5 × 60 Q′2 = k
3
d = 49.7168 cm
K
9. Answer: C Q′ = √2 √ → (b)
3
From equation (a) & equation (b)

Q′ = √2 Q
- 179 -
Q′ − Q Q2A 0.018 700

× 100 = (√2 − 1) × 100 2 = (0.015) (900)
(0.8)5
Q QB
= (1.414 − 1) × 100 Q A = 0.553Q B
= 41.4% Q A + Q B = 0.030
10. Answer: D 1.553Q B = 0.030
Q B = 0.019317 m3 /s
Q A = 0.010682 m3 /s
13. Answer: A
According to formula
)
FLQ2
E
hL =
12.1D5
hL → 0
(X
FLQ′′2
hL =
12.1D5
r
IR i
QA = QB + QC
12.1D5 hL
A IS
′′2
Q = hL,T = hL,AO + hL,OB
FL
Q′′2 = k
-1 1
F (2) (0.15 + Q B )2
L
F (2) (Q B )2
30 = +
Q′′ = √k → (c) 12.1D5 12.1D5
G
From equation (a) & equation (c) FL

30 = [(0.15 + Q B )2 + Q B ]
24.2D5
Q′′ = √3 Q
30 × 24.2 × 0.45
TE E
Q′′ − Q (0.15 + Q B )2 + Q2B =

× 100 0.024 × 6000
Q
2Q2B + 0.3Q B + 0.0225 = 0.84735
N
(√3 − 1) × 100
2Q2B + 0.3Q B − 0.82485 = 0
(1.732 − 1) × 100
(−0.3 ± √0.32 − 4 × 2 × (−0.82485))
73.2% QB =
2×2
11. Answer: B
Q B = 0.57156 m3 /s
Cavitation is caused by low pressure. When the
14. Answer: Flow B to A
pressure of fluid approaches the vapour pressure at
A
given working conditions, cavitation occurs.

12. Answer: 𝐐𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬, 𝐐𝐁 =
G
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬
hL,A = hL,B
FA LA Q2A FB LB Q2B
=
12.1D5A 12.1D5B
Q2A FB LB D5A
= ( ) ( )( )
Q2B FA LA D5B
DA = 40 cm = 0.4 m; DB = 0.2 m
- 180 -
ρ = 900 kg/m3 ; So, flow is from point ‘B’ to ‘A’

Q = 150 × 10−3 m3 /s = 0.15 m3 /s 15. Answer: A
PA = 60 kPa + 101.325 kPa = 161.325 kPa Deq = n2/5 D
PB = 40 kPa + 101.325 kPa = 141.35 kPa D = 32/5 d
PA V2 D
Total Energy at ‘A’= ρg
+ 2gA + zA d=
32/5
4 × 0.15
161.325 (π × 0.42 ) 16. Answer: 1400
= + +0
9.81 (2 × 9.81) Given
= 16.5175 m of water k = 2 × 104 kgf/cm2
Total energy at point ‘B’ = 19.62 × 108 N/m2
PB VB2 k 19.62×108
)
= + + zB Water wave celerity = √ρ = √ 103
ρg 2g
E
4 × 0.15 2 = 1400.7 m/s
141.325 ( 2)
=( ) × π × 0.2 +2 ∴ Hammer wave celerity = 1400.7 m/s
(X
9.81 (2 × 9.81)
r
= 17.5681 m of wate𝑟
HB > HA
IR i
A IS
-1
G
TE E
N
A
G
- 181 -
CHAPTER-8
LAMINAR FLOW
by
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N

A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
LAMINAR FLOW
8.1 Reynolds number & fully developed flow
1. The dimensionless number defined by the ratio 25°C. The viscosity of water at 25°C is
of inertial force to viscous force is called 0.001 kg/m. s. The Reynolds number of the
A) Mach number flow is _____.
B) Froude number [GATE-2014-ME]
C) Weber number 5. Two pipes of uniform section but different
D) Reynolds number diameters carry water at the same volumetric
[GATE-2021-PI] flow rate. Water properties are the same in the
)
2. Water enters a circular pipe of length two pipes. The Reynolds number, based on the
E
L = 5.0 m and diameter D = 0.20 m with pipe diameter,
Reynolds number ReD = 500. The velocity
(X
A. is the same in the both pipes
r
profile at the inlet of the pipe is uniform while B. is large in the narrow pipe
IR i
it is parabolic at the exit. The Reynolds number C. is smaller in the narrower pipe
A IS
at the exit of the pipe is _______.
-1 [GATE-2019-ME]
D. depends on the pipe material
[GATE-2008-ME]
3. For steady flow of a viscous incompressible 6. Consider steady laminar incompressible axi-
G
fluid through a circular pipe of constant symmetric fully developed viscous flow
diameter, the average velocity in the fully through a straight circular pipe of constant
TE E
developed region is constant. Which one of the cross-sectional area at a Reynolds number of 5.
N
following statements about the average The ratio of inertia force to viscous force on a
velocity in the developing region is TRUE? fluid particle is.
A. it increases until the flow is fully developed. A. 5 B. 1/5
B. it is constant and is equal to the average C. 0 D. ∞
velocity in the fully developed region. [GATE-1997-ME]
C. it decreases until the flow is fully developed. 7. The Reynolds number of a flow is the ratio of
A
D. it is constant but is always lower than the A. gravity forces to viscous forces
average velocity in the fully developed B. gravity forces to pressure forces
G
region. C. inertial forces to viscous forces

[GATE-2017-ME] D. viscous forces to pressure forces
4. Water flows through a pipe having an inner [GATE-1995-CE]
radius of 10 mm at the rate of 36 kg/hr at
8.2 Hagen Poiseuille flow: Shear stress & Velocity distribution

- 182 -
Fluid Mechanics (Laminar Flow)
1. A fluid flowing steadily in a circular pipe of 5. For a fully developed laminar flow of water
radius R has a velocity that is everywhere (dynamic viscosity 0.001 Pa-s) through a pipe
parallel to the axis (centerline) of the pipe. The of radius 5 cm, the axial pressure gradient is
velocity distribution along the radial direction −10 Pa/m. The magnitude of axial velocity
r2 (in m/s) at a radial location of 0.2 cm
Vz = U(1 − R2 ), where r is the radial distance
is_______.
as measured from the pipe axis and U is the
[GATE-2015-ME]
maximum velocity at r = 0. The average
6. Fully developed flow of an oil takes place in a
velocity of the fluid in the pipe is
pipe of inner diameter 50 mm. The pressure
A. U/2 B. U/3
)
drop per metre length of the pipe is 2 kPa.
C. U/4 D. (5/6)U
E
Determine the shear stress, in Pa, at the pipe
[GATE-2021-CE] wall ____________.
(X
2. A fluid with dynamic viscosity μ = 1 Pa. s is [GATE-2013-XE]
r
flowing through a circular pipe with diameter 7. In the case of a fully developed flow through a
IR i
1 cm. If the flow rate (discharge) in the pipe is
A IS
-1 pipe, the shear stress at the centerline is
0.2 litre/s, the maximum velocity in m/s of A. a function of the axial distance
the fluid in the pipe is (assume fully developed B. a function of the centerline velocity
3
flow and take fluid density ρ = 1000 kg/m )
G
C. zero
____ (Round off to one decimal place). D. infinite
TE E
[GATE-2021-PI] [GATE-2012-XE]
3. The maximum velocity in a fully developed 8. The velocity profile of a fully developed
N
laminar incompressible flow through a circular laminar flow in a straight circular pipe, as
pipe of constant cross-sectional area is 6 m/s. shown in the figure, is given by the expression.
The average velocity (in m/s) of the flow is −R2 ∂p r2 ∂p
u(r) = ( ∂x ) (1 − R2 ) where is a
4μ ∂x
______.
constant.
[GATE-2019-XE]
4. Consider a fully developed steady laminar
A
flow of an incompressible fluid with viscosity

G
μ through a circular pipe of radius R. Given

that the velocity at a radial location of R/2
from the centerline ofthe pipe is U1 , the shear The average velocity of fluid in the pipe is
stress at the wall is KμU1 /R, where K is R2 ∂p R2 ∂p
A. − 8μ (∂x ) B. − 4μ (∂x )
______.
R2 ∂p R2 ∂p
[GATE-2016-ME] C. − 2μ ( ∂x ) D. − ( ∂x )
μ
- 183 -
[GATE-2009-ME] A. 3π/50 B. 3π /2500

9. The shear stress in a fully developed laminar C. 3π/5000 D. 3π/10000
flow in a circular pipe is [GATE-1988-ME]
A. constant over the cross section 12. In Hagen-Poiseuille flow of viscous liquid,
B. varies parabolically across the section one of the following Pairs of forces strike a
C. maximum at the pipe wall balance
D. maximum at the pipe center line A. inertial and viscous forces
[GATE-1996-CE] B. pressure and viscous forces
10. For a fully developed laminar flow through a C. gravity and viscous forces
)
pipe, the ratio of the maximum velocity to the D. inertial and gravity forces
E
average velocity is ____ (fill in the blank). [GATE-1988-CE]
[GATE-1994-ME]
(X
11. The discharge in m3 /s for laminar flow
r
through a pipe of diameter 0.04 m having a
IR i
A IS
centre line velocity of 1.5 m/s is:
-1
8.3 Hagen Poiseuille flow: Discharge, Pressure drop & Head loss
1. Water of density 1000 kg m−3 flows in a B) 0.0074
G
horizontal pipe of 10 cm diameter at an C) 0.0082

average velocity of 0.5 ms−1. The following D) 0.0106
TE E
plot shows the pressure measured at various [GATE-2021-CH]

distances from the pipe entrance 2. Consider the fully-developed flow of a
N
Newtonian fluid (density ρ; viscosity μ)

through a smooth pipe of diameter d and
length L. The average velocity of the flow is
V. If the length of the pipe is doubled, keeping
V, D, ρ, μ constant, the friction factor
A
A. increase by two times

B. remains the same
G
C. decreases by two times
Using the data shown in the figure, the fanning D. increases by four times
friction factor in the pipe when the flow is [GATE-2021-XE]
FULLY DEVELOPED is 3. In a laminar, incompressible, fully-developed
A) 0.0012 pipe flow of Newtonian fluid, as shown in the

figure, the velocity profile over a cross-section
- 184 -
r2
is given by u = U (1 − R2 ), where U is a 5. A liquid of viscosity 1.74 × 10−3 Ns/m2 is
flowing through a horizontal capillary tube of
constant. The pipe length is L and the fluid
diameter 0.5 mm. The flow in the tube is
viscosity is μ. The power P required to sustain
steady, incompressible, and fully developed
the flow is expressed as P = cμLU 2, where c
laminar flow. The pressure drop across two
is a dimensionless constant. The value of the
locations spaced 1 m apart in the tube is
constant c (up to one decimal place) is ______.
1.0 MPa. The flow rate in the tube
______mm3 /s.
[GATE-2020: XE]
)
6. Water flows through two different pipes A and
E
B of the same circular cross-section but at
different flow rates. The length of pipe A is
(X
[GATE-2021-XE]
1.0 m and that of pipe B is 2.0 m. The flow in
r
4. For a fully developed 1 − D flow of a
both the pipes is laminar and fully developed.
IR i
Newtonian fluid through a horizontal pipe of
A IS
-1 If the frictional head loss across the length of
radius R (see fig.), the axial velocity (v2 ) is
the pipes is same, the ratio of volume flow
given by:
rates QB /QA is _____ (round off to two
ΔP R2 − r 2
G
vz = [ ] ( ), decimal places).
L 4μ
[GATE-2019-ME]
where, ΔP is the pressure difference (P1 – P2 ),
TE E
7. Water is pumped at a steady uniform flow rate

μ is the viscosity, r is the radial distance from of 0.01 m3 /s through a horizontal smooth
N
the axis and L is the length of the tube. The circular pipe of 100 mm diameter. Given that
shear stress exerted by the fluid on the tube
the Reynolds number is 800 and g is
wall is:
9.81 m/s2 , the head loss (in meters, up to one
decimal place) per km length due to friction
would be ________.
[GATE-2018-CE]
A
8. The head loss for a laminar incompressible

flow through a horizontal circular pipe is h1
G
ΔPR ΔPR
Pipe length and fluid remaining the same, if
A. B.
2L L the average flow velocity doubles and the pipe
3ΔPR 2ΔPR
C. D. diameter reduces to half of its previous value,
2L L
[GATE-2021-MT] the head loss is h2 . The ratio h2 /h1 is

A. 1 B. 4
- 185 -
C. 8 D. 16 13. The pressure drop for laminar flow of a liquid

[GATE-2015-ME] in a smooth pipe at normal temperature and
9. A fluid of dynamic viscosity 2 × 10−5 kg/m.s pressure is
and density 1 kg/m3 flows with an average A. directly proportional to density
velocity of 1 m/s through a long duct of B. inversely proportional to density
rectangular (25 mm × 15 mm) cross- C. independent of density
section. Assuming laminar flow, the pressure D. proportional to (density)0.75
drop (in Pa) in the fully developed region per [GATE-2009-ME]
meter length of the duct is ________. 14. Water flows through a 100 mm diameter pipe
with a velocity of 0.015 m/sec. If the
)
[GATE-2014-ME]
E
kinematic viscosity of water is 1.13 ×
10. Water flows through a 10 mm diameter and
10−6 m2 /sec, the friction factor of the pipe
250 m long smooth pipe at an average
(X
material is
r
velocity of 0.1 m/s. The density and the
A. 0.0015 B. 0.032
IR i
viscosity of water are 997 kg/m3 and 855 ×
A IS
C. 0.037 D. 0.048
10−6 N. s/m2 , respectively. Assuming fully-
-1
developed flow, the pressure drop (in Pa) in
[GATE-2009-CE]
15. Flow rate of a fluid (density = 1000 kg/m3 )
the pipe is __________.
G
in a small diameter tube is 800 mm3 /s. The

[GATE-2014-ME]
length and the diameter of the tube are 2 m and
11. For a fully developed flow of water in a pipe
TE E
0.5 mm, respectively. The pressure drop in

having diameter 10 cm, velocity 0.1 m/s and
2 m, length is equal to 2 MPa. The viscosity of
N
kinematic viscosity 10−5 m2 /s, the value of

the fluid is
Darcy friction factor is _____.
A. 0.025 N − s/m2
[GATE-2014-ME]
B. 0.012 N − s/m2
12. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe of
C. 0.00192 N − s/m2
constant diameter and the flow is laminar. If
D. 0.0102 N − s/m2
the diameter of the pipe is increased by 50%
A
[GATE-2007-CE]
keeping the volume flow rate constant, then
16. The velocity profile in fully developed laminar
the pressure drop in the pipe due to friction
G
flow in a pipe of diameter D is given by

will decrease by
u = u0 (1 − 4r 2 /D2 ), where r is the radial
A. 33% B. 50%
distance from the centre. If the viscosity of the
C. 70% D. 80%
fluid is μ, the pressure drop across a length L
[GATE-2011-ME]
of the pipe is
- 186 -
μu0 L 4μu0 L of 1 mm diameter. The internal diameter of

A. B.
D2 D2
the syringe is 10 mm. Water density is
8μu0 L 16 μu0 L
C. D. 1000 kg/m3 . The plunger is pushed in at
D2 D2
[GATE-2006-ME] 10 mm/s and the water comes out as a jet
Common Data for Question (17 & 18)
An upward flow of oil (mass density 800 kg/
m3 , dynamic viscosity 0.8 kg/m − s) takes
place under laminar conditions in an inclined
19. Assuming ideal flow, the force F in Newtons
pipe of 0.1 m diameter as shown in the figure.
required on the plunger to push out the water
)
The pressures at sections 1 and 2 are measured
is
E
as P1 = 435 kN/m2 and P2 = 200 kN/m2 .
A. 0 B. 0.04
(X
C. 0.13 D. 1.15
r [GATE-2003-ME]
IR i
20. Neglect losses in the cylinder and assume fully
A IS
-1 developed laminar viscous flow throughout
the needle; the Darcy friction factor is 64/Re,
where Re is the Reynolds number. Given that
G
the viscosity of water is 1.0 × 10−3 kg/m − s,

the force F in Newton required on the plunger
TE E
17. The discharge in the pipe is equal to is

N
A. 0.100 m3 /s B. 0.127 m3 /s A. 0.13 B. 0.16

C. 0.144 m3 /s D. 0.161 m3 /𝑠 C. 0.3 D. 4.4
18. If the flow is reversed, keeping the same 21. For laminar flow through a long pipe, the
discharge, and the pressure at section 1 is pressure drop per unit length increases.
maintained as 435 kN/m2 , the pressure at A. in linear proportion to the cross-sectional
A
section 2 is equal to areas

A. 488 kN/m2 B. 549 kN/m2 B. in proportion to the diameter of the pipe
G
C. 586 kN/m2 D. 614 kN/m2 C. in inverse proportion to the cross-sectional

[GATE-2006-CE] area
Common Data Questions 19 & 20: D. in inverse proportion to the square of cross-
A syringe with a frictionless plunger contains sectional area
water and has its end a 100 mm long needle [GATE-1996-ME]
- 187 -
22. The friction factor of laminar liquid flow in a FL V2

L, the head loss is given by . The friction
2gD
circular pipe is proportional to
A. reynolds number factor, F for laminar flow in terms of Reynolds
B. inversely to the Reynolds number number (Re) is ____ (fill the blank).
C. square of the Reynolds number [GATE-1994-ME]
D. square root of the Reynolds number 26. A 400 m long horizontal pipe is to deliver
[GATE-1996-CE] 900 kg of oil (s = 0.9, 𝜈 = 0.0002 m2 /s) per
23. In fully developed laminar flow in the circular minute. If the head loss is not to exceed 8 m of
pipe, the head loss due to friction is directly oil, find the pipe diameter. (Friction factor in
laminar flow: F = 64/Re).
)
proportional to____ (mean velocity/square of
E
the mean velocity). [GATE-1989-ME]
[GATE-1995-ME] 27. A 0.20 m diameter pipe 20 km long transports
(X
24. The dimensions of a pressure gradient in a oil at a flow rate of 0.01 m3 /s . Calculate the
fluid flow are
r power required to maintain the flow if the
IR i
A. ML−1 T 2 B. ML−3 T −2 dynamic viscosity and density of oil are
A IS
C. ML−2 T −2
-1 D. M −1 L−3 T −2 0.08 Pa − sec, 900 kg/m3 .
25. Fluid is flowing with an average velocity of V
G
through a pipe of diameter D. Over a length of

TE E
8.4 Momentum & Kinetic energy correction factors, plane Poiseuille & Couette flow
N
1. Consider fully developed, steady state 2. The ratio of the momentum correction factor to
incompressible laminar flow of a viscous fluid the energy correction factor for a laminar flow
between two large parallel horizontal plates. in a pipe is
The bottom plate is fixed and the top plate A. 1/2 B. 2/3
moves with a constant velocity of U = 4 m/s. C. 1 D. 3/2
Separation between the plates is 5 mm. There
A
[GATE-2021-CE]
is no pressure gradient in the direction of flow.
3. If Pin = 1.2 Pa and Pout = 1.0 Pa are the
The density of fluid is 800 kg/m3 , and the
G
average pressures at inlet and outlet

kinematic viscosity is 1.25 × 10−4 m2 /s. The
respectively for a fully-developed flow inside a
average shear stress in the fluid is _____Pa
channel having a height of 50 cm, then the
(round off to the nearest integer).
absolute value of average shear stress (in Pa)
[GATE-2021-ME]
acting on the walls of the channel of length 5 m
is
- 188 -
A. 0.005 B. 0.02 6. For a steady incompressible laminar flow

C. 0.01 D. 0.05 between two infinite parallel stationary plates,
[GATE-2021-XE] the shear stress variation is
4. A hydroelectric power plant takes in 30 m3 /s A. linear with zero value at the plates
of water through its turbine and discharges it to B. linear with zero value at the center
the atmosphere with V2 = 2 m/s. The total C. quadratic with zero value at the plates
head loss in the turbine and penstock system is D. quadratic with zero value at the center
20 m (Assume turbulent flow with kinetic [GATE-2018-CE]
energy correction factor as 1.1. Density of 7. Consider a fully developed, two-dimensional
water is 1000 kg/m3 and acceleration due to and steady flow of a viscous fluid between two
)
gravity, g is 10 m/s 2 ). fixed parallel plates separated by a distance of
E
The net head available to the turbine for power 30 mm. The dynamic viscosity of the fluid is
(X
generation is _______m. 0.01 kg/m − s and the pressure drop per unit
r
(rounded off to one decimal place) length is 300 Pa/m. The fluid velocity at a
IR i
distance of 10 mm from the bottom plate, in
A IS
-1 m/s is________.
[GATE-2018-XE]
8. Consider 2 − D, steady, incompressible, fully
G
developed flow of viscous, Newtonian fluid

through two stationary parallel plates, in
TE E
[GATE-2020: XE] Cartesian co-ordinate (x, y, z) system. Assume

N
5. Consider a laminar flow in the x-direction plates are very long in x-direction, wide in z-
between two infinite parallel plates (Couette direction (also there is no variation of velocity
flow). The lower plate is stationary and the in z direction) and distance between them is 2h.
upper plate is moving with a velocity of 1 cm/s The velocity in such a channel is given as U =
in the x-direction. The distance between the y2
Umax (1 − h2 ). The origin y = 0 is located at
plates is 5 mm and the dynamic viscosity of the
the center between the plates. If h = 48 mm
A
fluid is 0.01 N − s/m2 . If the shear stress on

and Umax = 100 mm/s difference between
the lower plate is zero, the pressure gradient,
G
values of stream functions passing through

∂p 2
, (in N/m per m, round off to 1 decimal y = 0 and y = h/2 is ______ mm2 /s.
∂x
place) is ______. [GATE-2017-XE]

9. Couette flow is characterized by
[GATE-2019-CE]
A. steady, incompressible, laminar flow
through a straight circular pipe
- 189 -
B. fully developed turbulent flow through a h2 dp 2

A. umax = − and uaverage = umax
8μ dx 3
straight circular pipe
h2 dp 2
C. steady, incompressible, laminar flow B. umax = and uaverage = 3 umax
8μ dx
between two fixed parallel plates h2 dp 3

C. umax = − 8μ dx and uaverage = 8 umax
D. steady, incompressible, laminar flow
h2 dp 3
between one fixed plate and the other D. umax = and uaverage = 8 umax
8μ dx
moving with a constant velocity [GATE-2014-CE]

[GATE-2015-ME] 11. Maximum velocity of a one-dimensional
10. With reference to a standard Cartesian (x, y) incompressible fully developed viscous flow,
plane, the parabolic velocity distribution between two fixed parallel plates, is 6 ms −1.
)
profile of fully developed laminar flow in x- The mean velocity (in ms −1 ) of the flow is
E
direction between two parallel, stationary and A. 2 B. 3
(X
identical plates that are separated by distance, C. 4 D. 5
r
h, is given by the expression [GATE-2010-ME]
IR i
h2 dp y 2 12. If the velocity distribution is rectangular, the
A IS
u=− [1 − 4 ( ) ]
8μ dx h
-1
In this equation, the y = 0 axis lies equidistant
kinetic energy correction factor is
A. greater than zero but less than unity
between the plates at a distance h/2 from the B. less than zero
G
two plates, p is the pressure variable and μ is C. equal to zero

the dynamic viscosity term. The maximum and D. equal to unity
TE E
average velocities are, respectively [GATE-1990-CE]

A N
G
- 190 -
8. LAMINAR FLOW – ANSWER KEYS
8.1 Reynolds Number & Fully Developed Flow

1. D 3. B 5. B 6. A 7. C
)
2. 500 to 500 4. 635 to 638
E
8.2 Hagen Poiseuille Flow: Shear Stress & Velocity Distribution
(X
r 1. A 7. C 8. A 9. C 11. D 12. B
IR i
A IS
2. 5.0 to 5.2 3. 3 to 3 4. 2.6 to 2.7 5. 6.2 to 6.3
-1
6. 25 to 25 10. 2
G
8.3 Hagen Poiseuille Flow: Discharge, Pressure Drop & Head

Loss
TE E
1. B 2. B 4. A 8. C 12. D 13. C 14. B 15. C 16. D 17. B

N
21. C &
18. D 19. B 20. C D 22. B 24. C
3. 6.0 to 6.5 5. 857 to 924 6. 0.48 to 0.52 7. 65.0 to 69.0

9. 1.7 to 2.0 10. 6800 to 6900 11. 0.06 to 0.07 23. Mean Velocity
25. 64/Re 26. 162.2 27. 4.074 kW
A
8.4 Momentum & Kinetic Energy Correction Factors, Plane

G
Poiseuille & Couette Flow

2. B 3. C 6. B 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. D
1. 79 to 81 4. 79.60 to 79.90 5. 7.9 to 8.1 7. 2.9 to 3.1

8. 2190 to 2210
- 191 -
SOLUTIONS
8.1 Reynolds number & fully developed flow
1. Answer: D 4. Answer: 635 to 638
Reynolds Number (Re) 4ρQ 4ṁ
Re = =
Inertia force (FI ) πμD πμD
= 4 × 36/3600
Viscous Force (Fv )
Re =
π × 0.001 × 2 × 10−2
2. Answer: 500 to 500
Re = 636.619
Given Data,
)
5. Answer: B
Length, L = 5.0 m, Diameter, D = 0.20 m
E
4ρQ
Reynolds Number, Re = 500 (at inlet) Re =
πμD
(X
For a given volumetric flow rate
r Re ∝
1
IR i
D
A IS
-1 Hence Reynolds number is large in the narrow
pipe.
6. Answer: A
G
Since the pipe is of uniform diameter, for a Reynolds Number (Re)

given discharge, the average velocity at exit Inertia Force (FI )
=
TE E
will be the same as at inlet, which means that Viscous Force (Fv )
the Reynolds number at outlet is also same as FI
N
=5
at inlet. Fv
3. Answer: B 7. Answer: C
Discharge, Q = A. Vavg Reynolds Number (Re)
Q Inertia force (FI )

⇒ Vavg = =
A Viscous Force (Fv )
As long as ′Q′ and ‘Area’ are constant, average
A
velocity in developing region also has to be

G
constant.
8.2 Hagen Poiseuille flow: Shear stress & Velocity distribution

1. Answer: A Let Vz = u and U = Umax (given)
Given, For steady, incompressible fluid & Fully
r2 developed Laminar flow through pipe,

Vz = U (1 − )
R2 ṁavg = ṁact
- 192 -
umax − ∂P R
ρAc V = ρAc ( ) τw ( ) (2)
Q = ∂u
U1 1 − ∂P 3R2
umax U (4μ) ( )( 4 )
Vavg = = ∂u
2 2
τw 8μ
2. Answer: 5.0 to 5.2 =
U1 3R
Given, (Fully developed flow, ρ = 1000 kg/ τw = 2.667 μU1 /R
3
m ) K = 2.667
Dynamic viscosity (μ) = 1 Pa − sec 5. Answer: 6.2 to 6.3
Diameter (D) = 1 cm = 1 × 10−2 m 1 − ∂P r 2
u= ( ) ( R − r2)
4μ ∂u x
Flow rate
1
u= (10)(52 − 0.22 ) × 10−4
)
(Q) = 0.2 lit/sec = 0.2 × 10−3 m3 /sec 4 × 0.001
E
umax =? u = 6.24 m/s
Assuming steady flow, 6. Answer: 25
(X
umax
Q = Ac ( ) −dp R
2
2Q 8Q
r τw = ( )
dx 2
IR i
⇒ umax = = 3)
25 × 10−3
Ac πD2 τw = (2 × 10 × pa /m
A IS
2
⇒ umax =
-1
8 × (0.2 × 10−3 )
= 5.1 m/s
τw = 25Pa
π(0.01)2
7. Answer: C
3. Answer: 3
−dp r
G
umax = 6 m/s τ=( )( )

dx 2
For a steady, incompressible fluid through a Linearly
TE E
circular pipe of constant cross sectional area, for steady incompressible fluid & Fully
umax developed laminar flow through pipe shear
N
Vavg = stress is given by

2
6 dp r
⇒ Vavg = = 3 m/s τ = (− ) ( )
2 dx 2
at r = 0, τ = 0
4. Answer: 2.6 to 2.7
dp R
1 − ∂P at wall r = R, τ = (− dx ) (2)
u= ( ) (R2 − r 2 )
4μ ∂u Shear stress is Maximum at wall and Minimum at
1 − ∂P R2
A
U1 = ( ) (R2 − ) center line

4μ ∂u 4
∴ at center line τ|r=0 = 0
1 − ∂P 3R2
G
U1 = ( )( ) → (1) 8. Answer: A
4μ ∂u 4
For fully developed Laminar flow through
− ∂P r
τ=( )( ) pipe
∂u 2
− ∂P R r2
τw = ( ) ( ) → (2) u = umax (1 − )
∂x 2 R2
Equation (2) ÷ equation (1) r2 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
u = 2V (1 − ) → (1) {∵ 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = }
R2 2
- 193 -
−R2 ∂P r2 11. Answer: D

u= ( ) (1 − 2 ) → (2)
4μ ∂x R umax = 1.5 m/s
For equation (1) & equation (2) umax
V=
−R2 ∂P 2
2V = ( ) 1.5
4μ ∂x V=
2
−R2 ∂P
V= ( ) Q = AV
8μ ∂x
π
9. Answer: C Q = d2 V
4
For steady, incompressible fluid & Fully π 1.5
Q = (0.04)2 ×
developed Laminar flow in circular pipe shear 4 2
3π
Q= m3 /s
)
stress varies linearly with radial distance and
10000
E
is maximum at the pipe wall 12. Answer: B
𝜕𝑝 𝑅 According to Hagen-Poiseuille Law,
𝜏|𝑟=𝑅 = 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (− )
(X
𝜕𝑥 2
32μvL
10. Answer: 2 r hL =
ρgD2
IR i
For a fully developed Laminar flow through ∴ Viscous and pressure forces strike a balance.
A IS
-1
pipe, assuming steady flow of incompressible
fluid
umax umax
Vavg = ⇒ =2
G
2 Vavg
8.3 Hagen Poiseuille flow: Discharge, Pressure drop & Head loss
TE E
1. Answer: B 0.12
μ = 37 ×
32 × 0.5
N
μ = 0.023125
ρVD 1000 × 0.5 × 0.1
Re = =
μ 0.023125
Re = 2162.162 (Laminar flow)
16
f= = 0.0074
2162.162
A
2. Answer: B
For a fully developed Newtonian fluid flow
G
through smooth diameter pipe

ρvD
32μVL Re =
ΔP = μ
D2
ΔP D2 Which is independent of length
μ=( )
L 32V ∴ Reynolds number remains the same
3. Answer: 6.0 to 6.5
- 194 -
PP = ρgQhL Given
π 32μVL Dynamic viscosity
P = ρg ( D2 × V) × ( )
4 ρgD2 (μ) = 1.74 × 10−3 Ns/m2
P = 8πμLV 2 Diameter (D) = 0.5mm = 0.5 × 10−3 m
U 2 Pressure drop
P = 8πμL ( )
2
(ΔP)1−2 = 1.0 MPa (For two points spaced
P = 2πμLU 2
1 m apart)
c = 2π = 2 × 3.14
Flow rate (Q) =?
c = 6.28
Flow is steady, incompressible fluid and fully
4. Answer: A
)
developed Laminar flow through pipe
Given
E
128μQL
Pressure drop (ΔP) =
1 − D Fully developed Newtonian fluid flow πD4
ΔP × πD4
(X
through horizontal pipe of a radius ‘R’ ⇒Q=
r 128 × μ × L
ΔP R2 − r 2
Vz = ( )( ) 1.0 × 106 × π × (0.5 × 10−3 )4
IR i
L 4μ =
128 × (1.74 × 10−3 ) × 1
A IS
Let Vz = u
du
-1 = 8.8159 × 10−7 m3 /sec
⇒τ=μ Discharge (Q) = 881.59 mm3 /sec
dr
G
d ΔP R2 − r 2 6. Answer: 0.48 to 0.52

τ = μ {( ) ( )}
dr L 4μ Given, Length of pipe A, LA = 1 m &
TE E
ΔP d 2 LB = 2 m
τ = μ. (R − r 2 )
4μL dr For a steady, incompressible fluid, fully
N
ΔP 2rΔP
τ=μ (−2r) ⇒ τ = (− ) developed laminar flow through pipe
4μL 4L
128μQL
ΔP =
πD4
128μQL
hL =
ρgπD4
π, μ, g and ρ are constant for both the pipes
A
hL ∝ LQ (as D is same)
At wall r = R
hL,A LA QA
−ΔPR ⇒ = ×
G
τmax = hL,B LB QB
2L
∴ Magnitude of shear stress exerted by fluid Since hL,A = hL,B
on the tube wall is Q B LA 1
= = = 0.5
ΔPR Q A LB 2
τ=
2L 7. Answer: 65.0 to 69.0
5. Answer: 857 to 924
- 195 -
FLQ2 VD
hL = Re =
12.1D5 ν
64LQ2 0.1 × 10−1
hL = Re =
12.1ReD5 10−5
64 × 1000 × (0.01)2 Re = 1000
hL =
12.1 × 800 × (0.1)5 Flow is Laminar Flow
hL = 66.11 m 64
F=
8. Answer: C Re
32μVL 128μQL 64
hL = = F=
ρgD2 πρgD4 1000
F = 0.064
32μVL
)
hL =
ρgD2 12. Answer: D
E
For a given ρ, μ, L 128μQL
ΔP =
πD4
(X
V 1
hL ∝ ΔP ∝ 4
D2 r D
IR i
hL2 V2 D1 2 ΔP2 D14
= ( )( ) =
A IS
hL1 V1 D2 ΔP1 D42
-1 1
= (2)(2)2 {∵ V2 = 2V1 and D2 = 2 D1 }
ΔP2
=
1
ΔP1 1.54
=8 ΔP2 1
(1 − ) × 100 = (1 − ) × 100
G
ΔP1 1.54
9. Answer: 1.7 to 2.0 ΔP2
32μVL (1 − ) × 100 = 80.247
ΔP1
TE E
ΔP =
L2c 13. Answer: C
2ab 32μVL 128μQL
N
Lc = ΔP1−2 = =
a+b D2 πD4
2 × 25 × 15 Pressure drop is independent of density
Lc = 14. Answer: D
25 + 15
Lc = 18.75 mm Given
32 × 2 × 10−5 × 1 × 1 Diameter, D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
ΔP =
(0.0187.5)2 Velocity, V = 0.015 m/s
A
ΔP = 1.82 Pa Kinematic viscosity (ν) = 1.13 × 10−6 m2 /s

10. Answer: 6800 to 6900 Friction factor (F) =?
G
32μVL 64
ΔP = Friction factor (F) = Re
D2
32 × 855 × 10−6 × 0.1 × 250 For steady, incompressible Newtonian fluid,
ΔP =
(10−2 )2 fully developed flow through pipe
ΔP = 6840 Pa ρVD VD
Re = =
11. Answer: 0.06 to 0.07 μ ν
- 196 -
0.015 × 0.1 P1 − P2
= = 1327.4336 hL = + (z1 − z2 )
1.13 × 10−6 ρg
64
Friction factor (F) = 1327.43 = 0.0482 128μQL
hL =
πρgD4
15. Answer: C
128μQL P1 − P2
128μQL 4
=[ + (z1 − z2 )]
δP = πρgD ρg
πD4
πρgD4 P1 − P2
ΔP × πD4 Q= [ + (z1 − z2 )]
μ= 128μL ρg
128QL
πD4
2 × 106 × π × (0.5 × 10−3 )4 Q= [(P − P2 ) + ρg(z1 − z2 )]
μ= 128μL 1
128 × 800 × 10−9 × 2
πD4
)
μ = 1.9174 × 10−3 N − s/m2 Q= [(P − P2 ) + ρg(z1 − z2 )]
128μL 1
E
μ = 0.00192 Ns/m2
π × 0.14
16. Answer: D Q= [(435 − 200) × 103
(X
128 × 0.8 × 5
For fully developed Laminar Flow we know
that
r 5
+ 800 × 9.81 × (− )]
IR i
√2
A IS
4r 2 Q = 0.127 m3 /s
u = u0 (1 −
-1
D2
)
18. Answer: D
u0
V= P1 − P2 P2′ − P1′
2 + (z1 − z2 ) = + (z2′ − z1′ )
G
ρg ρg
u0
32μVL 32μ ( 2 ) L (P1 − P2 ) + ρg (z1 − z2 )
ΔP1−2 = =
D2 D2
TE E
= (P2′ − P1′ ) + ρg(z2′ − zL′ )

16μu0 L
ΔP1−2 = 5
D2 (435.200) + 0.8 × 9.81 × −
N
17. Answer: B √2
5
= (P2′ − 435) + 0.8 × 9.81 ×
√2
P2′ = 670 − 0.8 × 9.81 × 5 × 1.414
P2′ = 614.23 kPa
19. Answer: C
A
Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation

between 1 & 2
G
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g
1 32μV2 L
P1 = Patm,L + ρ(V22 − V12 ) +
2 d22
5
5 sin 45° = m
√2
- 197 -
1 For Laminar Flow Through pipe

P1 − Patm,L = × 1000 × (12 − 10−4 )
2 32μVL (128μQL)
(32 × 10−3 × 1 × 10−1 ) ΔP1−2 = =
D2 πD4
+
10−6 ΔP1−2 32μV 128μQ
= =
P1 − Patm,L = 3700 Pa L D2 πD4
π ΔP1−2 1
∝A
F = 3700 × × 10−4 N For a given average velocity L
4
ΔP1−2 1
F = 0.29059 N ≅ 0.3 For a given Discharge ∝ A2
L
20. Answer: B 22. Answer: B

64
F=
Re
)
F is inversely proportional to Re
E
23. Answer: Mean Velocity
(X
Assumption: Neglecting minor losses For Laminar Flow through pipe
r
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 2
hL =
32μVL
ρgd2
IR i
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
A IS
ρg 2g ρg 2g hL ∝ V
1
-1 24. Answer: C
P1 = P2 + ρ(V22 − V12 ) → (1)
2 ∂P
Pressure gradient= ;
∂x
G
Applying continuity equation between 1 & 2

A1 V1 = A2 V2 [∂P] [P] ML−1 T −2
= = = ML−2 T −2
π 2 π [∂x] [L] L
TE E
d1 V1 = d22 V2
4 4 25. Answer: 64/Re
d12
N
For steady, incompressible fluid & fully

V2 = V
d22 1 developed Laminar flow through pipe of
102 diameter D
V2 = × 10 mm/s
12 64
V2 = 1 m/s F=
Re
Putting V2 in equation (1) 26. Answer: 162.2
1
A
L = 400 m
P1 = Patm,L + × 1000 × (12 − 10−4 )
2 900
P1 − Patm,L = 500 Pa ṁ = kg/s
G
60
F = (P1 − Patm,L )A1 ⇒ 15 kg/s
π s = 0.9
F = 500 × × 10−4 N
4 ν = 0.0002 m2 /s
F = 0.03926 N ≅ 0.04
hL = 8 m
21. Answer: C & D
D =?
- 198 -
ρVD 4ṁ P = ρgQhL

Re = =
μ πμD 128μQL
P = ρgQ [ ]
4 × 15 πρgD4
Re =
π(900 × 0.0002) × D 128μQ2 L
⇒P=
For Laminar Flow (given) πD4
128μQL ρVD 4ρQ
hL = Re = =
πρgD4 μ πμD
128νṁL 4 × 900 × 0.01
hL = Re =
πρgD4 π × 0.08 × 0.2
128μṁL Re = 798. 77 (Laminar Flow)
D4 =
πρ2 ghL 128 × 0.08 × 0.012 × 20 × 103
)
P=
128 × 0.0002 × 15 × 400 π × 0.24
E
D4 =
π × 900 × 9.81 × 400 P = 4.074 kW
D = 0.1622 m
(X
Hence Flow is Laminar Flow
D = 162.2 mm r PI = ρgqhL = ρgQ
128μQL
πρgD4
IR i
27. Answer: 4.074
A IS
D = 0.20 m 128μQ2 L
L = 20 km
-1 PI =
πD4
128 × 0.08 × (0.01)2 × 20 × 103
Q = 0.01 m3 /s =
π × (0.20)4
G
P =?
PI = 4.0743 kW
μ = 0.08 Pa. s
TE E
ρ = 900 kg/m3
8.4 Momentum & Kinetic energy correction factors, plane Poiseuille & Couette flow
N
1. Answer: 79 to 81 τavg = 80 Pa
Velocity of top plate 2. Answer: B
(utop ) = 4 m/sec 4
β=
Separation between the plates 3
α=2
(B) = 5 mm = 5 × 10−3 m
A
β 4/3
Uy =
∵u= α 2
B
G
β 2
du U =
⇒ = α 3
dy B
3. Answer: C
U ρνV
τ=μ ⇒τ= Given
B B
800 × 1.25 × 10−4 × 4 Pin = 1.2 Pa
τ= = 80 Pa
5 × 10−3 Pout = 1.0 Pa
- 199 -
Fluid Mechanics (Laminar Flow) Referral Code: NEGI10
Height of channel 1 ∂p −3
0.01 × 1 × 10−2
0 = − ( ) (5 × 10 ) +
50 2 ∂x 5 × 10−3
(h) = = 25 cm = 0.25 m
2 5 ∂p
( ) = 0.02
For a fully developed flow inside a channel we 2000 ∂x
∂p
have, ⇒ = 8 N/m2 per meter
∂x
ΔP Pin − Pout 1.2 − 1.0
⇒ = = 6. Answer: B
L L 5
dp For a steady, incompressible, laminar flow
⇒ (− ) = 0.04 Pa/m
dx between two infinite parallel stationary plates,
dp The shear stress variation is linear with zero
τavg = (− ) y
dx
value at centre.
)
1
= 0.04 × 7. Answer: 3 (2.9 to 3.1)
E
4
τavg = 0.01 Pa 1 dp
u= (− ) (t 2 −y1 )
2μ dx
(X
4. Answer: 79.60 to 79.90 1
r
Net head available to the turbine for power
u=
2 × 10−2
× 300(152 − 52 ) × 10−6
IR i
A IS
generation is -1 = 3 m/s
= (100 − 20) − 0.22 8. Answer: 2200 ( 2190 to 2210)
= 79.78 m Given
2
2
G
y2
1.1 × = 0.22 m U = Umax (1 − ) ; h = 48 mm
2 × 10 h2
5. Answer: 7.9 to 8.1
TE E
umax = 100 mm/s

N
−1 ∂p Uy
u= ( ) (Hy − y 2 ) + |Ψ|y=0 − Ψ| h| =?
2μ ∂x H y=
2
A
du h/2
τ=μ
dy |Ψ|y=0 − Ψ| h| = ∫ u(dy . 1)
G
y=
−1 ∂p U 2
0
⇒ τ = μ{ ( ) (H − 2y) + }
2μ ∂x H
Q = |Ψ|y=0 − Ψ| h|
at y = 0, τ = 0 (given) y=
2
y=h/2
−1 ∂p μU y2
0 = { ( ) (H + } =∫ Umax (1 − 2 ) dy
2 ∂x H y=0 h
- 200 -
y3 10. Answer: A
= Umax {y − 2 | }
3h 0 1 − ∂P h 2
umax = ( )( )( )
h h 2μ ∂u 2
= Umax { − }
2 24 −h2 ∂P
Umax . 11h = ( )
8μ ∂u
=
24 2
100 × 11 × 48 V= u
⇒Q= 3 max
24 11. Answer: C
= 2200 mm2 /sec
2
V= u
9. Answer: D 3 max
2
V= ×6
)
3
E
V = 4 m/s
12. Answer: D
(X
r Uniform velocity
IR i
equal to unity
A IS
-1
steady, incompressible, laminar flow between
one fixed plate and the other moving with a
G
constant velocity
TE E
N
A
G
- 201 -
CHAPTER-9
TURBULENT FLOW
by
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N

A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
9 TURBULENT FLOW
1. Which of the following is responsible for eddy number, R = radius of pipe, k = roughness
viscosity (or turbulent viscosity) in a turbulent height and g = 9.81 m/s2 . The head loss (in
boundary layer on a flat plate? m, up to three decimal places) in the pipe due
A. Nikuradse stresses to friction is______
B. Reynolds stresses [GATE-2018-CE]
C. Boussinesq stresses 4. Consider steady flow of an incompressible
D. Prandtl stresses fluid through two long and straight pipes of
)
diameters d1 and d2 arranged in series. Both
[GATE-2021-ME]
E
pipes are of equal length and the flow is
2. Figures given below show the velocity and
turbulent in both pipes. The friction factor for
(X
shear stress profiles for the flow in a duct. In
turbulent flow though pipes is of the form, F =
r
each option, ‘1’ represents velocity profile and
K(Re)−n where K and n are known positive
IR i
‘2’ represents shear stress profile.
A IS
-1 constants and Re is the Reynolds number.
Choose the correct option that closely
Neglecting minor losses, the ratio of the
represents the turbulent flow condition.
frictional pressure drop in pipe 1 to that in pipe
G
ΔP
2, (ΔP1 ) is given by
2
d (5−n) d 5
A. (d2 ) B. (d2 )
TE E
1 1
d (3−n) d (5+n)
C. (d2 ) D. (d2 )
N
1 1
[GATE-2017-ME]
5. The nature of velocity profile within the
laminar viscous sublayer in a turbulent pipe
[GATE-2020-XE] flow is
3. A rough pipe of 0.5 m diameter, 300 m length A. linear B. parabolic
A
and roughness height of 0.25 mm, carries C. logarithmic D. exponential

water (kinematic viscosity = 0.9 × 10−6 m2 /s) [GATE-2017-XE]
G
with velocity of 3 m/s. Friction factor (f) for 6. The instantaneous stream-wise velocity of a
64
laminar flow is given by F = Re, and for turbulent flow is given as flows:
1 u(x, y, z, t) = u̅(x, y, z) + u′ (x, y, z, t).
turbulent flow it is given by =
√F
The time-average of the fluctuating velocity
R
2 log 10 (k ) + 1.74, where, Re = Reynolds u′ (x, y, z, t)
- 202 -
Fluid Mechanics (Turbulent Flow)
u′ ̅
u
A. B. −
2 2
̅
u
C. zero D. 2
[GATE-2016-ME]
7. The velocity profile in turbulent flow through a
u y 1/7
pipe is approximated as = (R) , where
umax
umax is the maximum velocity, R is the radius

and y is the distance measured normal to the
pipe wall towards the centerline. If uav denotes
)
u
the average velocity, the ratio u av is [GATE-2014-XE]
E
max
2 1 10. The Darcy friction factor f for a smooth pipe is

A. 15 B. 5
given by f = 64/Re for laminar flow and by
(X
1 49
C. 3 D.60
r f = 0.3/Re0.25 for turbulent flow, where Re is
[GATE-2015-XE]
IR i
the Reynolds number based on the diameter.
A IS
8. Consider the turbulent flow of a fluid through a For fully developed flow of a fluid of density
-1
circular pipe of diameter, D. Identify the correct 1000 kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity 0.001 Pa.s
pair of statements. through a smooth pipe of diameter 10 mm with
G
I. The fluid is well-mixed a velocity of 1 m/s, determine the Darcy

II. The fluid is unmixed
friction factor __________.
TE E
III. ReD < 2300 [GATE-2013-XE]

IV. ReD > 2300 11. The flow of water (mass density = 1000
N
A. I, III B. II, IV kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity = 10−6 m2 /s)

C. II, III D. I, IV
in a commercial pipe, having equivalent
[GATE-2014-ME]
roughness k s as 0.12 mm, yields an average
9. Which one of the following velocity profiles
shear stress at the pipe boundary= 600 N/m2 .
typically represents a fully developed
The value of k s /δ′ (δ′ being the thickness of
A
incompressible, turbulent flow in a pipe?

laminar sub-layer) for the pipe is
A. 0.25 B. 0.50
G
C. 6.0 D. 8.0
[GATE-2008-CE]
12. The Prandtl mixing length for turbulent flow
through pipes is
A. independent of shear stress
- 203 -
B. a universal constant D. inversely as 1/4th power of Reynolds

C. zero at the pipe wall number
D. independent of radial distance from pipe [GATE-1991-CE]
axis 17. Eddy viscosity means that it is
[GATE-1996-CE] A. a physical property of the fluid
13. Flow in a pipe can be expected to be turbulent B. same as the kinematic viscosity
when the Reynolds number based on mean C. always associated with laminar flow
velocity and pipe diameter is D. an apparent viscosity due to turbulent nature
A. = 0 B. < 2000 of flow
C. > 3000 D. > 100 [GATE-1990-CE]
)
[GATE-1996-CE] 18. The parameters which determine the friction
E
14. Prandtl’s mixing length in turbulent flow factors for turbulent flow in a rough pipe are:
(X
signifies A. Froude number and relative roughness
r
A. The average distance perpendicular to the B. Froude number and Mach number
IR i
mean flow covered by the mixing particles. C. Reynolds number and relative roughness.
A IS
-1
B. The ratio of mean free path to characteristic
length of the flow field.
D. Mach number and relative roughness
[GATE-1988-ME]
C. The wavelength corresponding to the lowest 19. In the case of turbulent flow of a fluid through
G
frequency present in the flow field. a circular tube (as compared to the case of
D. The magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy. laminar flow at the same flow rate) the
TE E
[GATE-1994-ME] maximum velocity is ______ shear stress at the

N
15. The stresses that arises due to fluctuations in wall is _____, and the pressure drop across a
the velocity components in a turbulent flow are given length is ____ The correct words for the
A. Euler stresses blanks are, respectively:
B. Limit stresses A. higher, higher, higher
C. Reynolds stresses B. higher, lower, lower
D. Principal stresses C. lower, higher, higher
A
[GATE-1992-CE] D. lower, higher, lower

16. The friction factor for a turbulent flow in [GATE-1987-ME]
G
smooth pipes varies

A. inversely as Reynolds number
B. directly as Reynolds number
C. as square of Reynolds number
- 204 -
9. TURBULENT FLOW – ANSWER KEYS
1. B 2. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. C 11. D 12. C
13. C 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. D 18. C 19. C
3. 4.5 to 4.7 10. 0.03
::: SOLUTIONS :::

F = 0.0167
)
1. Answer: B
E
Reynolds stress FLV 2
hL =
⇒ Isotropic + Anisotropic 2gD
(X
⇓ ⇓ 0.0167 × 300 × 32
r hL =
2 × 9.81 × 0.5
Kinetic energy Eddy Viscosity
IR i
hL = 4.594 m
A IS
Of turbulent fluctuation
-1 4. Answer: A
2. Answer: A
Velocity distribution in Turbulent Flow is
G
logarithmic and linear shear stress distribution

τmin = 0 at center
TE E
τmax at wall
3. Answer: 4.5 to 4.7
N
FLV 2
hL =
2gD
L1 = L2 = L
ρVD VD
Re = = Q1 = Q 2 = Q
μ ν
For horizontal uniform diameter pipe
3 × 0.5
Re = ΔP
0.9 × 10−6 hL =
Re = 1.667 × 106 ρg
A
Flow is Turbulent flow ΔP = ρghL

G
1 R We know that
= 2 log10 ( ) + 1.74
√F k FLQ2
hL =
1 0.25 12.105
= 2 log10 ( ) + 1.74
√F 0.00025 FLQ2
ΔP = ρg ( )
1 12.1D5
= 7.74
√F ρgFLQ2
ΔP =
12.1D5
- 205 -
F = kRe−n We know that

k r+y=R
F= r=R−y
Ren
dr d
k = (R − y)
ρg (Ren ) LQ2 dy dy
ΔP =
12.1D5 ⇒ dr = −dy
ρgkLQ2 0
ΔP = ( ) 2
12.1D5 Ren V = 2 ∫ u(R − y)(−dy)
R
R
We know that
0
4PQ 2
Re = V = − 2 ∫ u(R − y) dy
πμD R
R
)
ρgkLQ2 0 1
ΔP = 2 y 7
4PQ n
E
12.1D5 (πμD) V = − 2 ∫ [( ) umax ] (R − y)dy
R R
R
(X
For a given fluid, discharge & length
… . (∵ from eq(1))
ΔP ∝
D5−n
1 r 2umax
0
y 7
1
IR i
V=− 2
∫ ( ) (R − y)dy
R R
A IS
ΔP1 D2 5−n R
ΔP2
=( )
D1
-1 0 8
2umax R 1 y7
5. Answer: A V=− ∫ ( 1 y − 1 ) dy
7
R2
R7 R7
G
Due to very small thickness of laminar R
0 8
sublayer. The nature of velocity profile within 2umax 6 1 y7
V=− ∫ (R7y7 −
1 ) dy
TE E
the laminar sublayer can be assumed as linear. R2

R R7
6. Answer: C 0
0 6 8 15
N
According to Reynold’s decomposition 2umax R7 y 7 y7

V=− ∫[ − ]
R2 8 15 17
7 R
principle R 7 R
u(x, y, z, t) = u̅(x, y, z) + u′ (x, y, z, t) 6 8 15 0
2umax 7R7 y 7 7y 7
u̅′ =0 V=− [ −
R2 8 1]
7. Answer: D 15R7 R
u y 1/7 2umax 7R2 7R2

A
=( ) … → (1) V=− [− + ]
umax R R2 8 15
y 1/7
−105 + 56
G
u = ( ) umax
R V = −2 umax [ ]
120
According to the definition of average velocity
ṁavg = ṁact 49
V= u
60 max
On solving we will get
R V 49
2 =
V = 2 ∫ urdr umax 60
R
0 8. Answer: D
- 206 -
For Turbulent flow of a fluid through a circular ks 0.12 × 10−3

=
pipe, the fluid is well-mixed & Re > 4000 δ′ 1.497 × 10−5
kS
9. Answer: C = 8.013
δ′
Velocity profile for a fully developed
12. Answer: C
incompressible, turbulent flow in a pipe is
Prandtl mixing length (L) = 0.4y
logarithmic.
At pipe wall y = 0
10. Answer: 0.03
L = 0.4 × 0
ρVD
Re = L=0
μ
1000 × 1 × 10 × 10−3 13. Answer: C
Re =
0.001
)
Re > 3000
Re = 10000
E
14. Answer: A
Turbulent Flow
The average distance perpendicular to the mean
(X
0.3 flow covered by the mixing particles.
F= r
(Re)0.25
15. Answer: C
IR i
0.3
F=
A IS
(10000)0.25 Turbulent stresses are known as Reynolds
F=
0.3
-1 stresses
10 16. Answer: D
F = 0.03
G
For Turbulent flow through smooth pipe

11. Answer: D 0.3164
3
F= 1 (4000 ≤ Re ≤ 105 )
P = 1000 kg/m
TE E
Re4
ν = 10−6 m2 /s 17. Answer: D
N
k s = 0.12 mm τ = τl + τ t
τw = 600 N/m2 du̅ du̅
τ = μ( )+ η( )
kS dy dy
=?
δ′ Where η is eddy viscosity.
Thickness of Laminar sublayer Eddy viscosity is an apparent viscosity due to
11.6ν
(δ′ ) = turbulent nature of flow.
A
V∗
18. Answer: C
11.6ν
δ′ =
G
τ Reynolds number and relative roughness.

√ ρw
19. Answer: C
(11.6 × 10 −6 )
δ′ =
√ 600
1000
δ′ = 1.497 × 10−5 m
- 207 -
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
G
TE E
N
A
G
- 208 -
CHAPTER-10
BOUNDARY LAYER
by
THEORY
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N

A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
10 BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY
10.1-Velocity distributions, Displacement, Momentum & Kinetic Energy thickness

1. An incompressible fluid flows past a flat plate B. momentum thickness
as shown in the figure below with a uniform C. displacement thickness
inlet velocity profile u = U and a parabolic exit D. shape factor
velocity profile u = U(2η − η2 ), where u is the [GATE-2018-AE]
component of velocity parallel to the wall, y is 3. The velocity profile inside the boundary layer
the normal distance from the plate and η = for flow over a flat plate is given as
u πy
y/δ. If the volume flow rate across the top = sin( 2 δ) , where U∞ is the free stream
)
U∞
surface of the control volume (CV) is Q = pUδ
E
velocity and δ is the local boundary layer
per unit width (perpendicular to the x − y thickness. If δ∗ is the local displacement
(X
plane) of the plate, the value of p (rounded off δ∗
thickness, the value of is
r
to 2 decimal places) is _____ 2
δ
B. 1 − π
2
IR i
A. π
A IS
2
C. 1 + π D. 0
-1
[GATE-2017-ME]
4. Consider an incompressible flow over a flat
G
plate with the following approximation to the

[GATE-2019-XE]
velocity profile:
TE E
2. The velocity profile in an incompressible, y

u(y) for y ≤ δ
laminar boundary layer is shown in the figure = {δ
U
N
1 for y > δ
below. U is the free-stream velocity u(y) is the
Where δ is the boundary layer thickness and U
stream-wise velocity component. The area of
the free-stream speed. The normalized
the black shaded region in the figure below
momentum thickness (θ/δ) for this profile is
represents the
______ (in three decimal places).
[GATE-2017-AE]
A
5. A steady laminar boundary layer is formed over

a flat plate as shown in the figure. The free
G
stream velocity of the fluid is U0 . The velocity

profile at the inlet a-b is uniform, while that at
a downstream location c-d is given by u =
y y 2
U0 [2 ( δ ) − ( δ ) ]
A. boundary layer thickness
- 209 -
Fluid Mechanics (Boundary Layer Theory)
thickness at any point x on the plane.
8. The dimensionless velocity profile is

The ratio of the mass flow rate, ṁbd leaving
u y y 2
through the horizontal section b-d to that A. = 2 (δ) − (δ)
U
entering through the vertical section a-b is u y y 2

B. U = 2 (δ) + (δ)
________.
)
u y y 2
[GATE-2016-ME] C. U = 1.5 (δ) − 0.5 (δ)
E
6. Within a boundary layer for a steady u y y 2
D. U = 1.5 (δ) + 0.5 (δ)
(X
incompressible flow, the Bernoulli equation
[GATE-2012-XE]
r
A. holds because the flow is steady
9. The displacement thickness (in mm) when δ =
IR i
B. holds because the flow is incompressible
A IS
-1 6 mm, is
C. holds because the flow is transitional
A. 2.25 B. 2
D. does not hold because the flow is frictional
C. −2 D. −2.25
[GATE-2015-ME]
G
[GATE-2012-XE]
7. Let δ, δ1 and δ2 denote respectively the
10. Consider a steady two dimensional zero-
boundary-layer thickness, displacement
TE E
pressure gradient laminar flow of air over a flat

thickness and the momentum thickness for
plate as shown below. The free stream
N
laminar boundary layer flow of an

conditions are U∞ = 100 ms −1 , ρ∞ =
incompressible fluid over a flat plate. The
1.2 kg m−3 , p∞ = 1 atm and μ∞ = 1.8 ×
correct relation among these quantities is.
10−5 kg m−1 s −1 . The ratio of displacement
A. δ < δ1 < δ2 B. δ > δ1 > δ2
thickness to momentum thickness of the
C. δ > δ1 < δ2 D. δ < δ1 > δ2
boundary layer at a distance of 2 m from the
[GATE-2013-XE]
A
leading edge is
Linked Answer Questions
Statement for Q-8 & Q-9:
G
The hydrodynamic boundary layer over a flat

plate is shown in the figure below. The velocity
in the x-direction is approximated as u = a +
A. 7.53 B. 2.59
by + cy 2 , where a, b and c are constants. U is
C. 2.91 D. 0.39
the free stream velocity δ is the boundary-layer
[GATE-2011-AE]
- 210 -
Linked Answer Question C. It is a region across which the pressure

Statement for Linked Answer Question 11 & gradient is negligible
12:
The boundary layer formation over a flat plate is D. It is a diffusion layer of vorticity
shown in the figure below. The variation of [GATE-2010-XE]
horizontal velocity (u) with y at any x along the Common Data for Questions 14 & 15:
plate in the boundary layer is approximated as: Consider a steady incompressible flow through
u = P sin(Qv) + R a channel as shown below.
E )
11. The most acceptable boundary conditions are
(X
A. at y = 0, u = 0; at y = δ, u = U∞ ;
du r
at y = 0, dy = 0
IR i
The velocity profile is uniform with a value of
A IS
B. at y = 0, u = U∞ ; at y = δ,u = U∞ ; u0 at the inlet section A. The velocity profile at
-1
du
at y = 0,dy = 0 section B downstream is
y
Vm δ , 0≤y≤δ
C. at y = 0, u = 0; at y = δ, u = U∞ ;
G
du
u = { Vm , δ≤y≤H−δ
at y = δ,dy = 0 H−y
Vm δ , H−δ≤y≤H
TE E
D. Aty = 0, u = U∞ ; at y = δ, u = U∞ ; Vm
14. The ratio is
du u0
at y = δ, dy = 0
N
1
A. B. 1
[GATE-2010-XE] 1−2(δ/H)
1 1
12. Expressions for P, Q and R are C. D.
1−(δ/H) 1+(δ/H)
A. P = Q; Q = 0; R = 0
[GATE-2007-ME]
B. P = U∞ ; Q = 0; R = 0
PA −PB
π 15. The ratio 1 (where PA and PB are the
C. P = 0; Q = 2δ ; R = U∞ ρu20
A
2
π
D. P = U∞ ; Q = 2δ ; R = 0 pressure at section A and B respectively and ρ
G
[GATE-2010-XE] is the density of the fluid) is

1 1
13. In the context of boundary layers, which one of A. δ 2
−1 B. δ 2 −1
[1−2( )] [1−( )]
H H
the following statement is FALSE?
1 1
C. 2δ 2
−1 D. δ 2
A. It is a frictional layer, close to the body [1−( )] [1+( )]
H H
B. It is a region where the fluid flows is [GATE-2007-ME]
irrotational
- 211 -
Common Data for Questions 16 & 17: 19. The velocity profile across a boundary layer on
A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge a flat plate may be approximated as linear
is placed along a gas stream flowing at U = V0 y
Vx (x, y) =
δ(x)
10 m/s. The thickness of the boundary layer
Where V0 is the velocity far away and δ(x) is
at section r-s is 10 mm, the breadth of the plate
the boundary layer thickness at a distance x
is 1 m (into the paper) and the density of the
from the leading edge, as shown below.
gas, ρ = 1.0 kg/m3 . Assume that the boundary
layer is thin, two-dimensional, and have a
linear velocity distribution, u = U (y/δ), at the
section r-s, where y is the height from plate.
E )
(X
r A. Use an appropriate control volume to
IR i
A IS
determine the rate of mass influx into the
-1 boundary layer up to x.
16. The mass flow rate (in kg/s) across the section
B. Obtain the momentum thickness into the
q-r is
G
boundary layer up to x.
A. zero B. 0.05
[GATE-1993-ME]
C. 0.10 D. 0.15
TE E
20. Stream lines inside a boundary layer over a flat

[GATE-2006-ME]
plate
N
17. The integrated drag force (in N) on the plate,

A. Are parallel
between p-s, is
B. Diverge
A. 0.67 B. 0.33
C. Converge
C. 0.17 D. zero
D. Are normal to the flow direction
[GATE-2006-ME]
[GATE-1992-CE]
18. Boundary layer is a thin fluid region close to
A
21. The predominant forces acting on an element of

the surface of a body where
fluid in the boundary layer over a flat plate in a
A. viscous forces are negligible
G
uniform parallel stream are:

B. velocity is uniform
A. Viscous and pressure forces
C. inertial forces can be neglected
B. Viscous and inertia force
D. viscous forces cannot be neglected.
C. Viscous and body forces
[GATE-1996-CE]
D. Inertia and pressure forces
[GATE-1990-ME]
- 212 -
10.2-Von – Karman Momentum integral equation, Boundary layer thickness, Shear

stress & Skin friction and Drag force
1. Velocity distribution in a boundary layer is to the plate in the boundary layer is given by
given by
u πy
= sin ( 2 δ) , where u is the u(y) = a + by + cy 2 , where y is the distance
U∞
measured normal to the flat plate. If μ is the
velocity at vertical coordinate y, U∞ is the free
coefficient of dynamic viscosity, U is the
stream velocity and δ is the boundary layer
velocity parallel to the wall at the edge of the
thickness. The values of U∞ and δ are 0.3 m/s
boundary layer and δ is the boundary layer
and 1.0 m, respectively. The velocity gradient
thickness, the wall shear stress is given by
∂u
(∂y) (in s−1, round off to two decimal places)
)
A. μU/δ B. 2μU/δ
E
at y = 0, is ___________ U 2
C. 2μ ( δ ) D. 3μU/δ
[GATE-2020-CE]
(X
[GATE-2019-XE]
r
2. A laminar hydrodynamic boundary layer over a 4. For a steady laminar incompressible boundary
IR i
smooth flat plate is shown in the figure. The layer flow over a sharp-edged flat plate at zero
A IS
-1
shear stress at the wall is denoted by τw . Which incidence,
one of the following conditions is correct. A. the edge of the boundary layer is a
streamline
G
B. the edge of the boundary layer is pathline

C. the skin friction coefficient decreases as
TE E
the distance from the leading-edge

N
increases
D. the skin friction coefficient remains
constant all along the plate.
[GATE-2019-XE]
A. Pressure is varying along ′x′ and
(τw )x1 > (τw )x2 5. On a flat plate, transition from laminar to
A
B. Pressure is constant along ′x′ and turbulent boundary layer occurred at a critical
(τw )x > (τw )x1 Reynolds number (Recr ). The empirical
′
constant along ′x
G
C. Pressure is and
relation for the laminar and turbulent boundary
(τw )x1 > (τw )x2
δlam
D. Pressure is varying along ′x′ and layer thickness are given by = 5.48Re−0.5
x
x
(τw )x2 > (τw )x1 δturb
[GATE-2020: XE] and = 0.37Re−0.2
x , respectively. The ratio
x
3. For steady laminar flow at zero incidence over of laminar to turbulent boundary layer
a flat plate, the component of velocity parallel
- 213 -
thickness, at the location of transition, is 0.3. edge is __________ (accurate to one decimal
The value of Recr is_______ place).
[GATE-2019-XE] [GATE-2018-AE]
6. The viscous laminar flow of air over a flat plate 9. Consider a laminar flow at zero incidence over
results in the formation of a boundary layer. a flat plate. The shear stress at the wall is
The boundary layer thickness at the end of the denoted by τw . The axial position x1 and x2 on
plate of length L is δL . When the plate length is the plate are measured from the leading edge in
increased to twice its original length the the direction of flow. If x2 > x1 , then
percentage change in laminar boundary layer A. τw |x1 = τw |x2 = 0
thickness at the end of the plate (with respect to B. τw |x1 = τw |x2 ≠ 0
)
δL ) is _______ (correct to two decimal places) C. τw |x1 > τw |x2
E
[GATE-2018-ME] D. τw |x1 < τw |x2
(X
7. The skin friction coefficient for a turbulent pipe
[GATE-2017-ME]
r
flow is defined as, Cf = 1
τw
ρV2
, where τw is the 10. Air flows over a smooth flat plate at a velocity
IR i
2
of 4.39 m/s. The density of air is 1.031 kg. m3

A IS
wall shear stress and V is the average flow
-1
velocity. The value of Cf is empirically given and the kinematic viscosity is 1.34 ×
2 0.25 10−5 m2 /s. The plate length is 12.2 m in

by the relation: Cf = 0.065 (Re) , where Re
G
direction of the flow. The boundary layer

is the Reynolds number. If the average flow 0.37x
thickness (δ) is given as , 1 , where x is the
velocity is 10 m/s, diameter of the pipe is (Rex )5
TE E
250 mm, kinematic viscosity of the fluid is distance from the leading edge and Rex is the
N
0.25 × 10−6 m2 /s, and density of the fluid is Reynolds number. The boundary layer
700 kg/m3 , the skin friction drag induced by thickness (in meters, rounded off to the second
the flow over 1 m length of the pipe, in N, is decimal place) at 12.2 m from the leading edge
______. will be ____
8. The boundary layer thickness at the location of 11. Consider a laminar flow over a flat plate of
A
a sensor on a flat plate in an incompressible, length L = 1m. The boundary layer thickness
at the end of the plate is δw for water, and δa
G
laminar flow of air is required to be restricted

to 1 mm for an effective measurement. If the for air for the same free stream velocity. If the
flow velocity is 20 m/s with 1 bar pressure, kinematic viscosities of water and air are 1 ×
300 K temperature, and 1.789 × 10−5 kg/ 10−6 m2 /s and1.6 × 10−5 m2 /s,respectively,
δw
(m − s) viscosity, the maximum distance (in the numerical value of the ratio, is ____
δa
mm) of the sensor location from the leading
[GATE-2016-XE]
- 214 -
12. Air (ρ = 1.2 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity,

υ = 2 × 10−5 m2 /s) with a velocity of 2 m/
s flows over the top surface of a flat plate of
length 2.5 m. If the average value of friction
coefficient is Cf =
1.328
, the total drag force (in The volume flow rate through Section 2-2 is
√ReL
given by.
N) per unit width of the plate is ______ 1 1
A. 2 Uwδ B. 3 Uwδ
[GATE-2015-ME]
2
13. The velocity profile of an incompressible C. Uwδ D. Uwδ
3
laminar boundary layer over a flat plate [GATE-2014-XE]
)
developing under constant pressure is given by 16. An incompressible fluid flows over a flat plate
E
u(y) 3y 1 y 3 with zero pressure gradient. The boundary
= 2δ − 2 (δ) . The freestream velocity
U∞
layer thickness is 1 mm at a location where the
(X
U∞ = 10 m/s and the dynamic viscosity of the
r Reynolds number is 1000. If the velocity of the
fluid μ = 1.8 × 10−5 kg/ms. At a stream wise
fluid alone is increased by a factor of 4, then
IR i
station where the boundary layer thickness δ =
A IS
the boundary layer thickness at the same
-1
5 mm, the wall shear stress is _____× 10−3 Pa
location, in mm will be
[GATE-2015-AE]
A. 4 B. 2
14. Consider laminar flow of water over a flat plate
G
C. 0.5 D. 0.25
of length 1m. If the boundary layer thickness at
[GATE-2012-ME]
a distance of 0.25 m from the leading edge of
TE E
17. In a 2-D, steady, fully developed, laminar

the plate is 8 mm, the boundary layer thickness
boundary layer over a flat plate. If x is the
N
(in mm), at a distance of 0.75 m, is _____

stream-wise coordinate, y is the wall normal
[GATE-2014-ME]
coordinate and u is the stream-wise velocity
15. Consider a laminar flow over a flat plate of
component, which of the following is true:
width w. At Section 1-1, the velocity profile is
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
A. ∂x ≫ ∂y B. ∂y ≫
uniform as shown in the figure. The x-direction ∂x
u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
velocity profile at Section 2-2 is given by U = C. ∂x = ∂y D. ∂x = − ∂y
A
y y 2 [GATE-2010-AE]
2 δ − (δ) , where δ is the boundary layer
G
18. The laminar boundary layer over a large flat

thickness.
plate held parallel to the flow is 7.2 mm thick
at a point 0.33 m downstream of the leading
edge. If the free stream speed is increased by
50%, then the new boundary layer thickness at
this location will be approximately.
- 215 -
A. 10.8 mm B. 8.8 mm 22. A flat plate is kept in an infinite fluid medium.

C. 5.9 mm D. 4.8 mm The fluid has a uniform free stream velocity
[GATE-2009-AE] parallel to the plate. For the laminar boundary
19. Consider an incompressible laminar boundary layer formed on the plate, pick the correct
layer flow over a flat plate of length L, aligned option matching
with the direction of an incoming uniform free List-I
stream. If F is the ratio of the drag force on the A. Boundary layer thickness
front half of the plate to the drag force on the B. Shear stress at the plate
rear half, then C. Pressure gradient along the plate
A. F < 1⁄2 B. F = 1⁄2 List- II
)
1. Decreases in the flow direction
E
C. F = 1 D. F > 1
2. Increases in the flow direction
[GATE-2007-ME]
(X
3. Remains unchanged
20. The thickness of the laminar boundary layer on
r
a flat plate at a point A is 2 cm and at a point B,
Codes:
IR i
A B C
1 m downstream of A, is 3 cm. What is the
A IS
-1
distance of A from the leading Edge?
A.
B.
1
2
2
2
3
2
A. 0.50 m B. 0.80 m
C. 1 1 2
C. 1.00 m D. 1.25 m
G
D. 2 1 3
[GATE-2006-CE]
[GATE-2003-CE]
TE E
21. For air flow over a flat plate, velocity (U) and
23. Velocity distribution in a boundary layer flow
boundary layer thickness (δ) can be expressed
u
N
respectively, as over a plate is given by (u ) = 1.5η. Where, η

m
U 3y 1 y 3 4.64 x =y/δ: y is the distance measured normal to the

= − ( ) ; δ=
U∞ 2δ 2 δ √Rex plate: δ is the boundary layer thickness; and um
If the free stream velocity is 2 m/s, and air has is the maximum velocity at y = δ. If the shear
Kinematic viscosity of 1.5 × 10−5 m2 /s and stress τ acting on the plate is given by
density of 1.23 kg/m3 , then wall shear stress at τ = K (μum )/δ, where, μ is the dynamic
A
x = 1 m, is viscosity of the fluid, K takes the value of

G
2 2
A. 2.36 × 10 N/m A. 0 B. 1
B. 43.6 × 10−3 N/m2 C. 1.5 D. none of the above
C. 4.36 × 10−3 N/m2 [GATE-2002-CE]
D. 2.18 × 10−3 N/m2 24. If ‘x’ is the distance measured from the leading
[GATE-2004-ME] edge of a flat plate, then laminar boundary layer
thickness varies as
- 216 -
A. 1/x B. x 4/5 [GATE-1994-CE]

C. x 2 D. x1/2 26. If δ1 is the thickness of laminar boundary layer
[GATE-2002-ME] at a distance x1 from the leading edge of the flat
25. A smooth flat plate is in a parallel flow stream. plate, the thickness δ2 at x2 = 2x1 is equal to
The ratio of the drag over the upstream half of A. 2δ1 B. 4δ1
1/2
the plate to that over the entire plate is______ C. δ2 D. √2 δ1
Assume the average skin friction coefficient is [GATE-1992-CE]
−1/2
proportional to (Rex ) . (fill in the blank)
10.3-Drag and Lift

1. A solid sphere of radius, r, and made of height of the pillar in water is 8 m. Take density
)
material with density, ρs , is moving through the of water as 1000 kg/m3
E
and kinematic
atmosphere (constant pressure, p) with a viscocity as 1 × 10−6 m/s 2 . The coefficient of
(X
velocity, V. The net force ONLY due to drag of the pillar is 2.0. The drag force exerted
r
atmospheric pressure (Fp ) acting on the sphere by water on the pillar in N is __________
IR i
at any time, t, is
A IS
A. πr 2 p
-1 B. 4πr 2 p
4 dV
C. 3 πr 3 ρs D. zero
dt
G
[GATE-2019-CE]
2. A golf ball is dimpled to make the flow
TE E
turbulent and consequently to reduce the drag.

Turbulent flow reduces the drag on the golf ball
N
[GATE-2018-XE]
because
4. A 2.6 − gram smooth table-tennis (ping-pong)
A. skin friction coefficient is lower in a
ball has a diameter of 38 mm. Density (ρ) of
turbulent flow.
air is 1.2 kg/m3 . Neglect the effect of gravity.
B. skin friction coefficient is higher in a
Take coefficient of drag as 0.5. If the ball is
turbulent flow.
struck with an initial velocity of 30 m/s, the
A
C. turbulent flow has a lower tendency to

initial deceleration, in m/s2 , is ______
separate
G
[GATE-2018-XE]
D. turbulent flow has a higher tendency to
5. The terminal velocity (v) of a spherical
separate
inclusion of diameter D = 50 micrometers
[GATE-2019-XE]
3. A (150 mm × 150 mm)square pillar is rising in liquid steel is _____(in mm s−1 to two
located in a river with water flowing at a decimal places)
velocity of 2 m/s, as shown in figure. The

- 217 -
Assume Stokes law; i.e., drag force Fd = [GATE-2017-AE]

3πμDv, where μ is the viscosity of steel. 8. Spherical dust particles of 50 μm are settling
Given: Density of liquid steel= 7900 kg m−3 ; under gravity in air at 21°C and normal
Viscosity of liquid steel= 0.0079 Pa s; atmospheric pressure. Density of particles is
Density of the inclusion= 2500 kg m−3 ; 1250 kg m−3 and density of air is 1.2 kg m−3 .
Acceleration due to gravity= 9.8 ms −2 . Considering viscosity of air as 1.81 ×
[GATE-2018-MT] 10−5 Pas, the settling velocity of dust in
6. A spherical bubble of radius r is rising upward mm s −1 will be _______
with a constant velocity U, in quiescent water [GATE-2017-AG]
of dynamic viscosity μ. The density of air and 9. Two flow configurations are shown below for
)
water are denoted by ρa and ρw , respectively,
E
flow of incompressible, viscous flow. The inlet
and g is acceleration due to gravity. The bubble velocity for the diverging nozzle (Fig (i)) and
(X
motion is such that, the Reynolds number, free-stream velocity for flow past the bluff
r
Re ≪ 1. The density of air can be neglected in body (Fig(ii)) is constant. Points A and B are
IR i
comparison to the water density (ρa ≪ ρw ). separation points and flow are laminar. The
A IS
-1
Which one of the following expressions is relation regarding velocity gradients at point A
TRUE for the density of water? and B is (y is direction normal to the surface at
2 μU 9 μU the point of separation)
A. ρw = 9 r2 g B. ρw = 2 r2 g
G
9 μU 4 μU
C. ρw = 4 r2 g D. ρw = 9 r2 g
TE E
[GATE-2017-XE]
N
7. Which one of the following statements is NOT

true
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
A. Compared to a laminar boundary layer, a A. ) = ) B. ) > )
∂y A ∂y B ∂y A ∂y B
turbulent boundary layer is more desirable
∂u ∂u ∂2 u ∂2 u
C. ) < ∂y) D. ) < ∂y2 )
on a wing operating at large angle of attack ∂y A B ∂y2 A B
B. The skin friction drag for a turbulent [GATE-2016-XE]

A
boundary layer is larger than that for a 10. A very small particle of diameter dp and
laminar boundary layer density ρp freely settles at constant velocity in
G
C. The location of transition from laminar to a tank of depth L containing liquid of viscosity
turbulent boundary layer depends only on μl . The density of the liquid is ρl where ρl <
the operating Reynolds number ρp . The velocity of particle in the liquid can be
D. A separated flow does not necessarily lead
expressed as
to a turbulent boundary layer
- 218 -
gL(ρp −ρl )dp g(ρp −ρl )d3p

A. B.
18μl 18Lμl
g(ρp −ρl )d2p g(ρp −ρl )L2

C. D.
18μl 18μl
[GATE-2016-AG]
11. A steel sphere (density = 7900 kg/m3 ) of
diameter 0.1 m is dropped from rest in water Neglecting the buoyancy force and assuming
(density= 1000 kg/m3 ). The gravitational drag coefficient to be same for both cases, the
acceleration is 9.81 m/s 2 . Assuming that the ratio of velocities, (U
Uair
) is given by
water
drag coefficient is constant and equal to 1.33,
ρair ρair
the terminal velocity attained by the sphere in A. ρ B. √ρ
)
water water
m/s is ____
E
ρwater
C. √ D. 1
[GATE-2015-XE] ρair
(X
12. Which one of the following is true at the point [GATE-2014-XE]
r
of separation of a boundary layer: 15. Figures (a)– (d) below show four objects.
IR i
A. Transition occurs from laminar to turbulent Dimensions and surface conditions of the
A IS
flow
-1 objects are shown in the respective figures. All
B. The flow relaminarizes from turbulent four objects are placed independently in a
regime steady, uniform flow of same velocity and the
G
C. The shear strees vanishes direction of flow is from left to right as shown
D. The relation between stress and rate of in (a). The flow field can be considered as 2 –
TE E
strain ceases to be linear. D, viscous and incompressible. Following

N
[GATE-2015-XE] statements are made regarding the drag that

13. A fat globule of 1.5 μm diameter is rising up in these objects experience.
a stagnant skim milk medium of 1005 kg m−3
density and 1.5 cP viscosity. If the density of
the fat globule is 915 kg m−3, the steady rising
velocity of the globule in μms −1 is _______ (i) Drag of object (a) is more than the drag
A
[GATE-2015-AG] of object (d)

G
14. A cube of weight W and side a falls at a (ii) Drag of object (a) is less than the drag
constant speed in a medium as shown in the of object (d)
figure. If the medium is air (mass density = (iii) Drag of object (b) is more than the drag
ρair ) let Uair be the velocity of the cube. If the of object (c)
medium is water (mass density = ρwater ) let (iv) Drag of object (c) is more than the drag
Uwater be the velocity of the cube. of object (b)
- 219 -
(v) Drag of object (a) is more than the drag [GATE-2013-AE]

of object (b) 18. Ladle deoxidation of liquid steel is done at
Choose the correct combination of statements 16000 C by adding ferro-aluminum. By
from the options given above: assuming Stokes law behavior, time (in s)
A. (i), (iii), (v) B. (ii), (iv), (v) required for alumina particles of 50 μm
C. (i), (iv), (v) D. (i), (iii) diameter to float to the surface from a depth of
[GATE-2014-AE] 2 m would be _______
16. Bodies with various cross-sectional shapes [Given: density of steel= 7000 kg/m3 , density
subjected to cross-flow of air are shown in the of alumina= 3650 kg/m3 , viscosity of steel=
following figures. The characteristic dimension 6 × 10−3 kg/m − s]
)
of all the shapes is the same. The cross-
E
[GATE-2013-MT]
sectional shape with the largest coefficient of 19. A milk fat globule of 2μm diameter is rising in
(X
drag (i.e. sum of the pressure and skin-friction whole milk of density 1030 kg m−3 and
r
drags), at any moderately large Reynolds coefficient of viscosity 10−3 Poise. If the
IR i
number, is density is 950 kg m−3 , the time needed to rise
A IS
-1 10 mm for this fat globule in min is
A. 0.57 B. 34.57
C. 35.57 D. 95.57
G
[GATE-2013-AG]
TE E
Common Data for Questions 20 & 21:

A steel ball (density ρsteel = 7200 kg/m3 ) is
N
[GATE-2013-XE] placed in an upward moving liquid Al (density

17. Streamline pattern of flow past a cylinder is ρAl = 2360 kg/m3 , viscosity μAl = 1 × 10−3
shown in the figure below. The oncoming flow Pa.s and Reynolds number= 5 × 105 ). The
is steady, irrotational and incompressible. The force (F) exerted on the steel ball is expressed
flow is from left to right. Bernoulli’s equation as
CANNOT be applied between the points F = fπR2 (ρAl V 2 /2)
A
Where, f is friction factor (= 0.2), v is the

G
velocity of liquid Al and R is the radius of steel

ball.
20. The force exerted on the steel ball is
A. 8.32 N B. 6.70 N
A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 5 C. 1.67 N D. 0.52 N
C. 3 and 4 D. 5 and 6 [GATE-2012-MT]
- 220 -
21. The terminal velocity of a fine spherical steel π

C. s = ( ) m D. s = π m
2
particle having diameter dp , in μm range, if
[GATE-2010-AE]
allowed to fall in a quiescent liquid AI bath, is
25. An oil droplet (density = 800 kg/m3 ) is rising
6
A. 5.2 × 10 d2p m/s in still water at a constant velocity of 1 mm/s.
6
B. 2.6 × 10 d2p m/s Its radius is approximately.
C. 1.3 × 106 d2p m/s A. 21-micron B. 24-micron
D. 6.6 × 105 d2p m/s C. 34-micron D. 47-micron
[GATE-2012-MT] [GATE-2009-XE]
22. Separation is said to occur at a wall when _____ 26. Which one among the following boundary
)
at the wall becomes zero. layer flows is the LEAST susceptible to flow
E
A. internal energy B. pressure separation?
C. shear stress D. density A. turbulent boundary layer in a favorable
(X
[GATE-2011-XE] pressure gradient
r
23. Two models M1 and M2 have equal volumes B. laminar boundary layer in a favorable
IR i
A IS
and are made of steel. Model M1 is an aero foil
-1 pressure gradient
(a streamlined body) and model M2 a sphere (a C. turbulent boundary layer in an adverse
bluff body). Both models are dropped in two pressure gradient

G
identical short jars filled with honey D. laminary boundary layer in an adverse
simultaneously. Which of the following pressure gradient

TE E
statements is TRUE? [GATE-2009-XE]
A. M1 reaches the bottom earlier than M2 27. In a 2-D boundary layers flow, x and y are the
N
B. M2 reaches the bottom earlier than M1 stream wise and wall-normal coordinates,
C. Both models reach the bottom at the same respectively. If u denotes the velocity along the
time x direction, which one of the following
D. Both models float on the surface represents the condition at the point of flow
[GATE-2010-XE] separation?
∂u ∂u
24. Consider an incompressible 2-D viscous flow A. ∂x = 0 =0
A
B. ∂y
over a curved surface. Let the pressure ∂2 u ∂2 u
B. =0 D. ∂y2 = 0
G
∂x2
distribution on the surface be p(s) = 2 +
π [GATE-2009-XE]
sin (2 + s) N/m2 , where s is the distance along
Statement for linked Q. (28 & 29):
the curved surface from the leading edge. The
An automobile with projected area 2.6 m2 is
flow separates at
running on a road with a speed of 120 kmph.
2 3
A. s = (3) π m B. s = (2) π m The mass density and the Kinematic viscosity
- 221 -
of air are 1.2 kg/m3 and 1.5 × 10−5 m2 /s drag coefficient is 0.0065. The mass of the air
respectively. The drag coefficient is 0.30. craft is 800 kg. The effective lift area of the air
28. The drag fore on the automobile is craft is (in sq. meter)
A. 620 N B. 600 N A. 21.2 m2 B. 10.6 m2
C. 580 N D. 520 N C. 2.2 m2 D. 1.1 m2
29. The metric horse power required to overcome 32. A solid sphere (diameter 6 mm) is rising
the drag force is through oil (mass density 900 kg/m3 , dynamic
A. 33.23 B. 31.23 viscosity 0.7 kg/m − s) at a constant velocity
C. 23.23 D. 20.23 of 1 cm/s. What is the specific weight of the
E )
[GATE-2008-CE] material from which the sphere is made? (Take
30. A thin plate 0.5 m × 0.7 m in size settles in a g = 9.81 m/s 2 )
(X
large tank of water with a terminal velocity of A. 4.3 kN/m3 B. 5.3 kN/m3
r
0.12 m/s. The coefficients of drag CD =
1.328
√RL
C. 8.7 kN/m3 D. 12.3 kN/m3
IR i
[GATE-2003-CE]
A IS
0.072
for a laminar boundary layer and CD = (R
-1 L)
1/5
for a turbulent boundary layer, where R L , is the

33. Flow separation in flow past a solid object is
caused by
−3
plate Reynolds number. Assume μ = 1 × 10 A. a reduction of pressure to vapour pressure
G
N−s 3
and ρ = 1000 kg/m . B. a negative pressure gradient
m2
TE E
The submerged weight of the plate is C. positive pressure gradient

D. the boundary layer thickness reducing to
N
zero
[GATE-2002-ME]
34. As the transition from laminar to turbulent flow
is induced in a cross flow past a circular
cylinder the value of the drag coefficient drops.
(True/False)
A
A. 0.0115 N B. 0.0118 N [GATE-1994-ME]

C. 0.0231 N D. 0.0376 N
G
35. The necessary and sufficient condition which

[GATE-2004-CE] brings about separation of boundary layer is
31. An aircraft is flying in level flight at a speed of dP
> 0 (True/False)
dx
200 km/hr through an air (density ρ = 1.2
[GATE-1994-ME]
kg/m3 and viscosity μ = 1.6 × 10−5 kg/m −
36. Two steel spheres of diameters d1 and d2 where
s. The lift coefficient at this speed is 0.4 and the
d2 = 2d1 , are dropped from rest at the free
- 222 -
surface of a deep well. If their drag coefficients 38. Flow separation is likely to occur when the
are independent of Reynolds number, the ratio pressure gradient is
v
of their terminal velocities, v1 is A. positive
2
1 B. zero
A. B. 2
2
C. negative
1
C. D. 1 D. negative and only when equal to-0.332
√2
37. On an immersed body in a flowing fluid, the lift 39. A streamlined body is defined as a body about
force is which
A. due to buoyant force A. The flow is laminar
)
B. always in the opposite direction to gravity B. The flow is along the streamlines
E
C. due to wake phenomenon C. The flow separation is suppressed
(X
D. the dynamic fluid force component normal D. The drag is zero
to approach velocityr [GATE-1987-ME]
IR i
[GATE-1996-CE]
A IS
-1
G
10. BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY – ANSWERS

TE E
::: 10.1 Velocity distributions, Displacement, Momentum & Kinetic

N
Energy thickness:::
2. C 3. B 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. B
14. C 15. B 16. B 17. C 18. D 20. B 21. B
1. 0.32 to 0.34 4. 0.165 to 0.168 5. 0.32 to 0.34

1
A
19. A. ma = 2 ρWδV0 , B. θ = δ/6
::: 10.2 Von – Karman Momentum integral equation, Boundary layer

G
thickness, Shear stress & Skin friction and Drag force :::
2. C 3. B 4. C 9. D 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. B
21. C 22. D 23. C 24. D 26. D
1. 0.47 (0.45 to 0.49) 5. 0.29 to 0.33 6. 41.30 to 41.50 7. 37.785 (30 to 45)
- 223 -
8. 47.0 to 55.0 10. 0.2158 (0.21 to 0.22) 11. 0.25 (0.24 to 0.26)
12. 0.0158 to 0.0162 13. 53.9 to 54.1 14. 13.5 to 14.2 25. 0.707
::: 10.3 Drag and Lift :::

1. D 2. C 6. B 7. C 9. A 10. C 12. C 14. C 15. C 16. C
17. A 19. D 20. A 21. B 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. D 26. A 27. B
28. D 29. C 30. C 31. B 32. B 33. C 36. C 37. D 38. A 39. C
3. 4800 to 4800 4. 117.77 (107 to 127) 5. 0.9 to 1.0 8. 94 (93.9 to 94.1)

11. 2.6 (2.5 to 2.7) 13. 0.72 to 0.076 18. 2626 to 2632 34. True
35. False
E )
::: SOLUTIONS :::
(X
10.1-Velocity distributions, Displacement, Momentum & Kinetic Energy thickness
r
1. Answer: 0.32 to 0.34 θ 1
= = 0.1667
δ δ 6
IR i
ṁr = ρw ( ) U 5. Answer: 0.32 to 0.34
A IS
3
Qr
w
1
= u Uδ
3
-1 ṁt
ṁin
=
δ∗
δ
∗
ṁr = ρwδ U δ
δ (δ∗ = )
G
u 3
δ∗ = ∫ (1 − ) dy
U
o ṁt δ/3
0.32 to 0.34 =
TE E
ṁin δ
2. Answer: C
= 0.33
N
∗
ṁt = ρwδ U∞
6. Answer: D
Displacement thickness
Bernoulli equation is applicable for
3. Answer: B
incompressible, steady & irrotational.
u πy
For U = sin ( 2 δ) 7. Answer: B
∞
2 𝛿 → Boundary Layer Thickness

δ∗ = (1 − ) δ (follow the notes)
π 𝛿 ∗ → Displacement Thickness
A
∗
δ 2
= (1 − ) 𝜃 → Momentum Thickness
δ π
G
8. Answer: A
4. Answer: 0.165 to 0.168
u = a + by + cy 2
For linear velocity Distribution
At y = 0 u = 0
u y du
= (Linear) At y = δ =0
U δ dy
δ
θ= At y = δ u = U∞
6
- 224 -
u
= 2η − η2
U∞
y
Where η =
δ
9. Answer: B
u y y 2
= 2( ) − ( )
U∞ δ δ
δ 6 Applying continuity equation between A & B
δ∗ = =
3 3 ṁA = ṁB
= 2 mm
ṁA = ṁI + ṁII + ṁIII
10. Answer:
ρ(wH)U0 = ρ[w(δ − δ∗ )]Vm
Assuming ⇒ Parabolic
+ ρ[w(H − 2δ)]Vm
)
1.2 × 100 × 2
E
Rex = + ρ[w(δ − δ∗ )]Vm
1.8 × 10−5
δ∗ 9 δ
HU0 = (δ − ) Vm + (H − 2δ)Vm
(X
= 2
θ 7
11. Answer: C
r δ
+ (δ − ) Vm
2
IR i
At x = 0 δ = 0
A IS
HU0 = (H − δ)Vm
-1
At y = 0 u = 0
At y = δ u ≅ U∞ Vm H
=
du U0 H − δ
At y ≥ δ =0
dy
G
Dividing Numerator and denominator by H

12. Answer: D Vm 1
=
u = p sin(qy) + R U0 1 − (δ/H)
TE E
u π 15. Answer: B
= sin ( η)
U∞ 2
N
πy Applying Bernoulli’s equation between A & B

u = U∞ Sin ( )
2δ for centerline streamline
P = U∞
π PA VA2 PB VB2
Q= + + zA = + + zB
2δ ρg 2g ρg 2g
R=O PA U02 PB Vm
2
+ = +
13. Answer: B ρg 2g ρg 2g
A
2
PA − PB Vm − U02
=
ρ 2
G
PA − PB 2
= Vm − U02
1/2ρ
14. Answer: C PA − PB U02

= − U02
1/2ρ (1 − 8/H)2
PA − PB 1
= U02 [ − 1]
1/2ρ (1 − δ/H)2
- 225 -
PA − PB 1 1
19. Answer: A. ma = ρWδV0 , B. θ = δ/6
2 = (1 − δ/H)2 − 1 2
1/2ρU0
A)
16. Answer: B
V0 y
U = 10 m/s Vx =
δ
δ = 10 mm = 10−2 m For Linear velocity profile
w= 1m δ
δ∗ = (Follow the notes)
ρ = 1.0 kg/m3 2
u y ṁa = ρw(δ − δ∗ )V0
= (Linear Velocity Profile)
U δ δ
ṁa = ρw (δ − ) V0
ṁT = ρ(wδ)U = ρ(wδ/2)U 2
10−2 1
)
=1×1× × 10 ṁa = ρwδV0
2
E
2
= 0.05 kg/s B)
(X
17. Answer: C For Linear velocity profile
r
Skin Friction drag force (FD,S ) = ρ(wθ)U2 θ=
δ
6
(Follow the notes)
IR i
= ρ(w δ/6)U 2
A IS
20. Answer: B
-1
FD,S = 1 × 1 ×
−2
10
× 102 21. Answer: B
6
= 0.1666 N
G
18. Answer: D
Viscous forces cannot be neglected.
TE E
10.2-Von – Karman Momentum integral equation, Boundary layer thickness, Shear

stress & Skin friction and Drag force
N
1. Answer: 0.45 to 0.49

∂u μU∞
τw = μ | =k
∂y y=0 δ
∂u π U∞
| =
∂y y=0 2 δ
A
∂u π 0.3
| = ×
∂y y=0 2 1
G
= 0.15π
= 0.4712
2. Answer: C
For smooth flat plate
𝜕𝑃
=0
𝜕𝑥
We know that as 𝑥 increases 𝜏𝑤𝑥 decreases
- 226 -
3. Answer: B δ2L
= 1.4142
δL
du
τ=μ (δ2L − δL )
dy × 100 = 41.42%
δL
τ = μ(b + 2cy)
7. Answer: 37.752
At y = δτ = τw
V = 10 m/s
τw = μb 1
2 D= m
u = a + by + cy 4
Apply Bc & b ν = 0.25 × 10−6 m2 /s
u ρ = 700 kg/m3
= 2η − η2 zw
U Cf =
μU 1 2
)
τw = K 2 ρV
δ
E
V → Average flow velocity
4. Answer: C
du
zw = μ. ( )|
(X
0.664 dy y=0
Cfx = (LBL)
√Rex r 2 0.25
Cf = 0.065 ( )
IR i
5. Answer: 440000 to 442000 Re
A IS
At 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐𝑟 ρVD VD
𝛿𝑙𝑎𝑚,𝑐𝑟
-1 −0.5
Re =
μ
=
ν
= 5.48 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟 → (𝑎) 10 × 1/4
𝑥𝑐𝑟 ⇒ Re =
1/4 × 10−6
G
𝛿𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑐𝑟 −0.2
= 0.37 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟 → (𝑏)
𝑥𝑐𝑟 ⇒ Re = 107
Equation (𝑎) − equation (𝑏) 2 0.25
TE E
Cf = 0.065. ( )
𝛿𝑙𝑎𝑚 −0.5
5.48 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟 107
( ) = −0.2 1
𝛿𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 𝑐𝑟 0.37 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟
N
zw = Cf × ρV 2
2
5.48
0.3 = 0.3 ⇒ Cf = 0.00137
0.37 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟
FD = zw × (2πR × 1)
0.3
5.48
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟 = 1
0.3 × 0.37 = Cf × × ρV 2 × 2πR
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟 = 441426.7 2
1
6. Answer: 41.30 to 41.50 = 0.0137 × × 700 × 100 × 2 × π × 0.125
2
A
For Laminar Boundary Layer ⇒ FD = 37.78 N

δ ∝ √x
G
δ2 x2 8. Answer: 47.0 to 55.0

=√
δ1 x1
δ2L 2L
=√
δL L
- 227 -
Blasius solution:
5.0x
δ= → laminar flow
√Rex
x
δ∝
√Rex
1
⇒δ∝ ⇒ δ ∝ √ν
√Vx
ν
5x
δ=
√Rex δw νw 10−5
⇒ =√ =√
δa νair 1.6 × 10−5
5xm
δm =
ρU x 1 1
√ ∞ m = = = 0.25
)
μ √16 4
E
5√x 12. Answer: 0.0158 to 0.0162
δm =
√ρU∞ U∞ L 2 × 2.5
(X
ReL = =
ν 2 × 10−5
Air → Ideal gas r = 2.5 × 105
ρ = ρRT
IR i
Reynolds number is less than 5 × 105 , we means
A IS
ρ
ρ=
RT
-1 we are having Laminar Boundary layer
1 2
ρ = 1.16 kg/m3 FD,S (up to L) = ρAL U∞ CD,S(up to L)
2
1
G
9. Answer: D (need to verify with sir main key

FD,S (up to L) = × 1.2 × (1 × 2.5) × 22
is C) 2
1.328
×( )
TE E
√2.5 × 105
10. Answer: 0.2158
FD,S (up to L) = 0.015936 N
N
ρU∞ x
Rex = 13. Answer: 53.9 to 54.1
μ
3 μU∞
U∞ x τw =
Rex = 2 δ
ν
4.39 × 12.2 3 1.8 × 10−5 × 10
= =
1.34 × 10−5 2 5 × 10−3
Rex = 3.99 × 106 = 54 × 10−3 Pa

A
δ = 0.215 mm 14. Answer: 13.5 to 14.2

For Laminar Boundary Layer
G
11. Answer: 0.25

L = 1 m; x = 1 m δ ∝ √x
νw = 10−5 m2 /s δ2 x2
=√
m2 δ1 x1
νair = 1.6 × 10−5
s
U∞ is same 0.75
δ2 = √ δ
0.25 1
U∞,w = U∞ , air
- 228 -
δ2 = √3 × 8 mm 5x
δ=
δ2 = 13.856 mm ρU∞ x
√
μ
15. Answer: D 1
∗ δ∝
ṁr = ρwδ U √ U∞
1
ṁr = ρwδU δ2 U∞1
3 =√
δ1 U∞2
1
q̇ r = wδU
3 √2
δ2 = × 7.2 = 5.87 mm
ṁa = ρw(δ − δ∗ )U 3
19. Answer: D
δ
q̇ a = w (δ − ) U
3
)
2
E
q̇ a = wδU
3
16. Answer: C
(X
Reynolds number is less than 5 × 105 , which
r
IR i
means we are having Laminar Boundary layer
A IS
x FD,S (up to x) ∝ √x
δ∝
√Rex
-1 1
x FD,SI ∝ √ → (1)
δ∝ 2
ρU∞ x
√
G
μ
FD,SI + FD,SII ∝ √L → (2)
1
δ∝ Equation (1) ÷ Equation (2)
√ U∞
TE E
FD,SI 1
=
δ2 U∞ 1 FD,SI + FD,SII √2
=√
N
δ1 U∞ 2 FD,SI /FD,SII 1
=
δ2 1 FD,SI /FD,SII + 1 √2
=
δ1 2 F 1
=
1 F + 1 √2
δ2 = × 10−3 m
2 On solving F = 2.414
δ2 = 0.5 mm F>1
A
17. Answer: - 20. Answer: B

18. Answer: C
G
𝟏00% ⇒ U∞1
3
150% ⇒ U∞1
2
3
U∞2 = U∞1
2
5x
δ=
√Rex
- 229 -
δ ∝ √x du 1.5
= um ( )
dy δ
δ2 x2
=√ du 1.5
δ1 x1 | = um ( )
dy y→0 δ
z x+1 du
=√ τw = μ |
2 x dy y→0
9 x+1 1.5
= τw = μum → (1)
4 x δ
um
On solving x = 0.80 m Given in the question τw = kμ δ
→ (2)
21. Answer: C Comparing equation (1) & equation (2) we get
u 3 y 1 y 3 k = 1.5
= ( )− ( )
)
U∞ 2 δ 2 δ
24. Answer: D
E
3 y 1 y 3
u = U∞ [ ( ) − ( ) ] 5.0x
2 δ 2 δ δ≅
√Rex
(X
du 3 1
| = U∞ [ ( )] (According to Blasius, for laminar Boundary layer)
dy y→0 2 δ r x
3 δ∝
IR i
τw = μU∞ √Rex
A IS
2δ
x
3√ ∞
-1
ρU x
μ
δ∝
ρu x
√ μ∞
τw = μU∞
2 × 4.64x
μx
G
3 ρU 3 μ δ∝√
τw = √ ∞ ρu∞
2 × 4.64 x
δ ∝ x1/2
TE E
3 1.23 × 23 × 1.5 × 10−5 × 1.23

τw = √ 25. Answer: 0.707
2 × 4.64 1
N
FD,S (upto x) ∝ √x
τw = 4.3558 × 10−3 N/m2
FD,S (upto L/2) √L/2
22. Answer: D =
FD,S (upto L) √L
δ ∝ √x
FD,S (upto L/2) 1
1 =
τw,x ∝ FD,S (upto L) √2
√x
= 0.7071
∂P
A
= constant (Assumption) 26. Answer: D

∂u
23. Answer: C δ ∝ √x
G
u
= 1.5η δ2 x2
um =√
δ1 x1
u y
= 1.5
um δ δ2
= √2
y δ1
u = um (1.5 )
δ δ2 = √2 δ1
- 230 -
10.3-Drag and Lift

1. Answer: D
2. Answer: C
3. Answer: 4800
CD = 2.0
1
FD = CD × ρ × A × U 2
2
1
⇒ FD = × 2.0 × 103 × (8 × 0.15) × 4
2
)
⇒ FD = 32 × 150
ΣFy = 0
E
⇒ FD = 4800 N
4
4. Answer: 117.77 ⇒ ρair × ( πr 3 ) g + 6πμrU
(X
3
V|t = 0 = V = 30 m/s
ΣF = ma
r 4
= ρw . ( πr 3 ) g
3
IR i
A IS
a|t=0 ρw − ρair ≈ ρw
dv
| =?
-1 4
⇒ 6πμrU = (ρw − ρair ) πr 3 g
dt t=0 3
1 dV 9 μU
G
⇒ × CD × ρ × AP × V 2 = −m. ⇒ ρw = . 2
2 dt 2 r g
1 1 π 7. Answer: C
TE E
⇒ × × 12 × × (38)2 × 10−6 × 900

2 2 4 8. Answer: 94
dV
N
= 2.6 × 10−3 (− )| 9. Answer: A

dt t=0
(Not clear in vinay sir pdf page 692)
dV 0.3 × π × (38)2 × 9
⇒ (− )| = 10. Answer: C
dt t=0 4 × 26
11. Answer: 2.6
= 117.77 m/s 2
ρb = 7900 kg/m3 , ρf = 1000 kg/m3
5. Answer: 0.9 to 1.0
D = 10−1 m , g = 9.81, CD = 1.33
6. Answer: B
A
ΣFy = 0
⇒ W = FB + FV
G
πD3
⇒ ρsteel ( )g
6
πD 3 1
= ρwater ( ) g + × CD ρwater AU 2
6 2
πD3
⇒ (ρsteel − ρwater ) g
6
- 231 -
1 πD 2
= × CD ρw . ( ) × U 2
2 4
ρs 4Dg
⇒ U 2 = ( − 1) ×
ρw 3CD
4 × 10−1 × 9.81
⇒ U 2 = (6.9) ×
3 × (4/3)
⇒ U = 2.6017 m/s
12. Answer: C
The shear stress vanishes
For water μ = 1 C. P
13. Answer: 0.72 to 0.076
= 10−2 × 10−1 N − s/m2
)
14. Answer: C
= 10−3 N − s/m2
E
(CD )water = (CD )air
FB = W + FD → 3πμDV
weight = FDrag
(X
πD3
1 2 ⇒ ρw g ( )
ρc . a3 . g 2 × CD × ρw × AP × Uwater
r 6
=
ρc . a3 . g 1
IR i
2
2 × CD × ρair × AP × Uair πD3
= ρoil × g × ( ) + (3π × 10−3 × D × V)
A IS
6
⇒
ρw
=(
-1
Uair 2
) ρw − ρoil
ρair Uwater ⇒ D2 g { } = 3 × 10−3 × 10−3
6
Uair ρw 3 × 10−6 × 6
G
⇒ =√ ⇒ D2 =
Uwater ρair 200 × 9.81
⇒ D = 0.0000957 m
TE E
15. Answer: C
16. Answer: C = 95.7 Microns (μ)
N
17. Answer: A ⇒ R = 47.89 Microns (μ)
18. Answer: 2626 to 2632 26. Answer: A
19. Answer: D Turbulent boundary layer in a favorable
20. Answer: - pressure gradient.
21. Answer: - 27. Answer: B

∂u
=0
A
22. Answer: C
∂y
Shear stress
28. Answer: D
G
23. Answer: A
1
24. Answer: - FD = ρAP V 2 CD
2
25. Answer: D 1 5 2
FD = × 1.2 × 2.6 × (120 × ) × 0.30
2 18
FD = 520 N
29. Answer: C
- 232 -
P = FD V FL = W
5 1
P = 520 (120 × ) ρAP V 2 CL = mg
18 2
P = 17333.33 W 2mg
AP = 2
ρV CL
P = 23.566 Mhp
2 × 800 × 9.81
30. Answer: C AP =
5 2
ρU∞L 1.2 × (200 × 18) × 0.4
ReL =
μ
AP = 10.5948 m2
1000 × 0.12 × 0.7
ReL = = 84000 32. Answer: B
10−3
ρVD
As the Reynolds number ReL is less than 5 × Re =
)
μ
105 , hence throughout the length we have
E
900 × 10−2 × 6 × 10−3
Laminar Boundary layer only. =
0.7
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
G
Re = 0.07714 Re < 1
Hence FD = 3πμdV
TE E
At the state of terminal velocity sphere going

N
W = FB + FD,S upward.
W ≅ FD,S (ρF − ρS )d2 g

V=
18μ
1 2
W ≅ ρ(2AL )U∞ CD 18μV
2 ρS = ρF −
1 d2 g
W ≅ × 1000 × (0.5 × 0.7) × 0.122 18μV
2
ws = ρF g −
1.328 d2
A
×
√84000 wS = 5329 N/m3
G
W ≅ 0.02309 N ws = 5.329 kN/m3

31. Answer: B 33. Answer: C
1 34. Answer: True
FL = ρAP V 2 CL
2 35. Answer: False
W = mg
36. Answer: C
At equilibrium
- 233 -
π
= ρs ( d3 ) g
6
1 π π
ρF ( d3 ) V 2 CD = (ρS − ρF ) d3 g
2 4 6
V2 ∝ d
V ∝ √d
V1 d1
1 =√
FD = ρF AP V 2 CD V2 d2
2
π V1 1
FB = WFD = ρF ( d3 )g =
6 V2 √2
π
)
W = ρS ( d3 ) g 37. Answer: D
6
E
38. Answer: A
At the state of terminal velocity
39. Answer: C
(X
FD + FB = W
1
2
r π π
ρF AP V 2 CD + ρF ( d3 ) d = ρs ( d3 ) g
6 6
IR i
A IS
1 π π
ρF ( d2 ) V 2 CD + ρF ( d3 ) g
2 4
-1 6
G
TE E
N
A
G
- 234 -
CHAPTER-11
DIMENSIONAL
ANALYSIS
by
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N

A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
11 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
11.1 - Buckingham 𝛑 -theorem

1. The dimensionless number defined by the ratio C. 3 D. 5
of inertial force to viscous force is called [GATE-2019-MT]
A) Mach number 4. Analysis of a flow phenomenon in a system
B) Froude number requires the following variables:
C) Weber number i. Pressure [M L−1 T −2 ]
D) Reynolds number ii. Velocity of the fluid [LT −1 ]
iii. Size of the system [L]
)
[GATE-2021-PI]
iv. Density of the fluid [ML−3 ]
E
2. The power input P to a centrifugal pump is a
v. Viscosity of the fluid [ML−1 T −1 ]
function of the volume flow rate Q, impeller
(X
According to Buckingham Pi theorem
diameter D, rotational speed Ω, fluid density ρ,
r (dimensional analysis) what is the number of
dynamic viscosity μ, and surface roughness ∈.
IR i
independent DIMENSIONLESS variables
A IS
To carry out a dimensional analysis using
-1
Buckingham’s π theorem, which one of the
needed to describe this system?
A. 2 B. 3
following sets can be taken as the set of
C. 4 D. 5
G
repeating variables?
[GATE-2018-MT]
A. Q, Ω, D B. Q, ∈, D
5. The volumetric flow rate (Q) of a triangular
TE E
C. ∈, D, ρ D. D, ρ, Ω
notch is a function of the upstream liquid
[GATE-2019-XE]
N
surface elevation (H) measured from the

3. Terminal rise velocity of a spherical shaped
bottom of the notch, acceleration due to gravity
solid in a liquid obeys the following functional
(g), notch angle (ϕ) and the approach velocity
relationship:
(V). Which one of the following is the correct
U = f(d, W, μ, ρ)
expression for Q?
Where, U is the terminal rise velocity, d is the
1
V
A
diameter of the solid, W is the apparent weight A. Q = H 2 f ( , ϕ√g)

√H
of the solid, μ is the viscosity of liquid and ρ is V
B. Q = Hf ( , ϕ√g)
G
√H
the density of liquid. 3
V
According to Buckingham Π theorem, the C. Q = H 2 f ( , ϕ√g)
√H
5
number of independent dimensionless variables V
D. Q = H 2 f ( , ϕ√g)
√H
needed to describe the phenomenon is
[GATE-2017-XE]
_________
A. 1 B. 2
- 235 -
Fluid Mechanics (Dimensional Analysis)
6. A football, meant to be thrown at 100 km/h in 9. A certain fluid flow is influenced by density
sea level air

kg
(ρ = 1.22 m3 , μ = 1.78 × (ρ), angular velocity (ω), dynamic viscosity
(μ), and a characteristic length (L). A relevant
10−5 N − s/m2 ) , is to be tested using a one-
non-dimensional parameter will be
quarter scale model in a water tunnel (ρ =
kg A. ρωμ/L2 B. ρωL2 /μ
−3 2
1000 m3 , μ = 10 N − s/m ). For dynamic
C. ρωμL2 D. ρωμL
similarity, the ratio of the model force to the
[GATE-2011-XE]
prototype force is ___________(round to
10. A phenomenon is modeled using n dimensional
nearest integer).
variables with k primary dimensions. The
[GATE-2017-AE]
number of non-dimensional variables is
)
7. For a newly designed vehicle by some students,
A. k B. n
E
volume of fuel consumed per unit distance
C. n − k D. n + k
travelled (q f in m3 /m) depends upon the
(X
[GATE-2010-ME]
viscosity (μ) and density (ρ) of the fuel and,
r 11. If there are m physical quantities and n
IR i
speed (U) and size (L) of the vehicle as q f =
fundamental dimensions in a particular process,
A IS
ρU2 L
C μ3
-1
where C is constant. The dimensions of the number of non-dimensional parameters is
the constant C are A. m + n B. m × n
A. M 0 L0 T 0 B. M 2 L−1 T −1 C. m − n D. m/n
G
C. M 2 L−5 T −1 D. M −2 L−1 T −1 [GATE-2002-ME]

12. A dimensionless combination of pressure drop
TE E
[GATE-2016-XE]
8. The drag force, FD on sphere kept in a uniform ∆P, dynamic viscosity μ, velocity V and length
N
flow field depends on the diameter of the L is

∆P VL
sphere, D; flow velocity, V; fluid density, ρ; and A. V2 .L B. μ
dynamic viscosity, μ. Which of the following ∆P ∆P .L
C. μ.V L D. μ.V
options represents the non-dimensional
[GATE-1996-CE]
parameters which could be used to analyze this
13. The repeating variables in dimensional analysis
problem?
A
FD μ
should
A. and
VD ρVD A. Include the dependent variable
G
FD ρVD
B. and B. Have amongst themselves all the basic
ρVD2 μ
FD ρVD dimensions
C. and
ρV2 D2 μ
C. Be derivable from one another
FD μ
D. and D. Exclude one of the basic dimensions
ρV3 D3 ρVD
- 236 -
14. The number of π parameters needed to express C. 3 D. 2

the function F (A, V, t, μ, L) = 0 are [GATE-1994-CE]
A. 5 B. 4
11.2 - Geometric, Kinematic and Dynamic similarities
1. Froude number is the ratio of L is the characteristic dimension. If Re denotes

A. Inertia forces to gravity forces the Reynolds number, which of the following
B. Buoyancy forces to inertia forces relations is true?
C. Buoyancy forces to viscous forces A. We = OhRe2
)
D. Inertia forces to viscous forces B. We = Oh2 Re2
E
[GATE-2020-ME] C. We = Oh2 Re
(X
2. A non-dimensional number known as Weber D. We = OhRe
r
number is used to characterize [GATE-2015-XE]
IR i
Which one of the following flows, 5. Group-I contains dimensionless parameters
A IS
-1
A. Motion of fluid in open channel
B. Motion of fluid droplets
and Group-II contains the ratios.
Group-I
C. Motion of fluid at high velocity P. Mach Number
G
D. Motion of fluid through a pipe Q. Reynolds Number

R. Weber Number
TE E
[GATE-2020: XE]
3. The influence of Froude number is most S. Froude Number
N
significant in Group-II
A. capillary flows 1. Ratio of inertial force and gravitational force
B. creeping flows 2. Ratio of fluid velocity and velocity of sound
C. free surface flows 3. Ratio of inertial force and viscous force
D. compressible flows 4. Ratio of inertial force and surface tension
[GATE-2018-XE] force
A
4. A certain fluid flow phenomenon is described The correct match of dimensionless Parameters
in Group-I with ratios in Group-II is
G
by Reynolds, Weber and Ohnesorge numbers.

The Weber and Ohnesorge numbers are defined A. P-3, Q-2, R-4, S-1
ρU2 L μ B. P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1

as We = , and Oh = respectively,
σ √ρσL C. P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1
where  is the surface tension, ρis the density, D. P-1, Q-3, R-2, S-4
μ is the dynamic viscosity, U is the velocity and [GATE-2013-CE]
- 237 -
6. Given that V, L and g are the characteristic Ratio of

velocity, characteristic length and acceleration momentum Froude
V (Q) diffusivity to 2. number
due to gravity, respectively, the expression
√Lg
thermal (Fr)
represents.
diffusivity
A. Weber number
Ratio of
B. Euler number Prandtl
inertial force to
C. Cavitation Number (R) 3. number
compressibility
D. Froude Number (Pr)
force
[GATE-2012-XE]
Ratio of Mach
)
7. A. Match the items given in the following two (S) inertial force to 4. number
E
columns using appropriate combinations: gravity force (Ma)
(X
Column 1 Column 2 A. P-1; R-2; Q-3;S-4
Ratio r of Reynold B. P-1, Q-2, R-3; S-4
IR i
(P) inertial force to 1. number C. P-1; R-2; S-3; Q-4
A IS
-1
viscous force (Re) D. P-1; S-2; Q-3; R-4
[GATE-2010-XE]
G
11.3 - Various dimensionless numbers

1. The aerodynamic drag on a sports car depends and the dynamic viscosity μ and density ρ of
TE E
on its shape. The car has a drag coefficient of the fluid. Experiments are conducted on the
0.1 with the windows and the roof closed. With same sphere at the same flow velocity using
N
the windows and the roof open, the drag two different fluids. The density of the second
coefficient becomes 0.8. The car travels at fluid is tow times that of the first fluid. The
44 km/h with the windows and roof-closed. dynamic viscosity of the second fluid is n times
For the same amount of power needed to that of the first fluid. If the non-dimensional
overcome the aerodynamic drag, the speed of force F/(ρU 2 D2 ) remains the same in both the
A
the car with the windows and roof open (round experiments, the value of n is _____
off to two decimal places). is _____ km/h (The [GATE-2019-XE]
G
density of air and the frontal area may be 3. In a laboratory, a flow experiment is performed
assumed to be constant). over a hydraulic structure. The measured
[GATE-2019-ME] values of discharge and velocity are 0.05 m3 /s
2. In a steady incompressible flow of a fluid past and 0.25 m/s, respectively. If the full scale
a smooth stationary sphere, the drag force F structure (30 times bigger) is subjected to a
depends on the flow velocity U, diameter D, discharge of 270 m3 /s, then the time scale
- 238 -
(model to full scale) value (up to two decimal the drag coefficient is 0.5. if water now flows
places) is ______ over another sphere of diameter 200 mm under
[GATE-2018-CE] dynamically similar conditions, the drag force
4. A 1: 50 scale model of a spillway is to be tested (in N) on this sphere is ____________
in the laboratory. The discharge in the [GATE-2017-ME]
prototype is 1000 m3 /s. The discharge to be 8. Model tests are to be carried out to study the
maintained in the model test is flow through a large prototype value of 0.6
A. 0.057 m3 /s B. 0.08 m3 /s diameter at a flow rate of 10 m3 /s. The same
C. 0.57 m3 /s D. 5.7 m3 /s working fluid is used for both the model and the
[GATE-2018-CE] prototype. A complete geometric similarity is
)
5. A 1: 50 model of a spillway is to be tested in maintained between the model and the
E
the laboratory. The discharge in the prototype prototype. If the valve diameter of the model is
(X
spillway is 1000 m3 /s. The corresponding 80 mm, its required flow rate (in m3 /s,
r
discharge (in m3 /s up to two decimal places) rounded off to the first decimal place) would be
IR i
to be maintained in the model, neglecting ______
A IS
-1
variation in acceleration due to gravity, is [GATE-2017-XE]
_____ 9. Oil (kinematic viscosity,
[GATE-2018-CE] υoil = 1.0 × 10−5 m2 /s flows through a pipe of
G
6. Capillary waves are generated in the sea. The 0.5 m diameter with velocity of 10 m/s. Water
speed of propagation (C) of these waves is (Kinematic viscosity υw = 0.89 × 10−6 m2 /
TE E
known to be function of density (ρ), wave s) is flowing through a model pipe of diameter
N
length (λ), and surface tension (σ). Assume, ρ 20 mm. For satisfying the dynamic similarity,
and λ to be constant. If the surface tension is the velocity of water (in m/s) is
doubled, in the functional form of the relevant _______________
non-dimensional group, the percentage [GATE-2016-ME]
increase in propagation speed (C) is_____ 10. Prototype of a dam spillway (a structure used
[GATE-2018-XE] for controlled release of water from the dam)
A
7. For the laminar flow of water over a sphere, the has characteristic length of 20 m and
drag coefficient CF is defined as CF = characteristic velocity of 2 m/s. A small model
G
F/(ρU 2 D2 ), where F is the drag force, ρ is the is constructed by keeping Froude number same
fluid density, U is the fluid velocity and D is the for dynamic similarity between the prototype
diameter of the sphere. The density of water is and the model. What is the minimum length-
1000 kg/m3 . When the diameter of the sphere scale ratio between prototype and the model
is 100 mm and the fluid velocity is 2 m/sec, such that the minimum Reynold’s number for
- 239 -
the model is 100? The density of water is The wave and eddy resistance of a sea-going
1000 kg/m3 and viscosity is 10−3 Pa-s vessel, 96 m in length, driven at a velocity of
A. 1.8 × 10−4 B. 1 × 10−4 12 m/s, is to be determined. For this purpose, a
C. 1.8 × 10−3 D. 9 × 10−4 1/16 th scale model is employed in fresh water
[GATE-2016-XE] and the coefficient of resistance Cwe of the
11. The relationship between the length scale ratio model is found to be 1.47 × 10−4 . The quantity
(Lr ) and the velocity scale ratio (Vr ) in Cwe is defined as Fwe /(ρV 2 L2 /2) , where Fwe
hydraulic models, in which Froude dynamic is the wave and eddy resistance, ρ is the density,
similarity is maintained, is: V is the velocity and L is the characteristic
A. Vr = Lr B. Lr = √Vr length. The density of sea water is 1026 kg/m3 .
)
14. The velocity in m/s, at which the model is
E
C. Vr = Lr1.5 D. Vr = √Lr
[GATE-2015-CE] towed, is
(X
12. The model of a conduit is scaled to 1/100 of A. 0.75 B.1.33
r
the actual size. Seawater is used in the C. 3 D. 192
IR i
[GATE-2013-XE]
A IS
prototype and fresh water is used in the model.
-1
Velocity in the prototype is 0.5 m/s. Density 15. The resistance of the prototype, in kN, is
and dynamic viscosity of the seawater are A. 6 B.25
1025 kg/m3 1.07 × 10−3 kg/m − s, C. 26.9 D.100.1

G
and
respectively. Density and dynamic viscosity of [GATE-2013-XE]
TE E
fresh water are 1000 kg/m3 and 1 × 10−3 kg/ 16. Air flows over a spherical storage vessel of
m-s, respectively. Assume the viscous forces to diameter 4 m at a speed of 1 m/s. To find the
N
be dominant. The viscocity to be maintained in drag force on the vessel, a test run is to be
the model to ensure dynamic similarity is ___ carried out in water using a sphere of diameter
m/s. 100 mm. The density and dynamic viscosity of
[GATE-2014-XE] air are 1.2 kg/m3 and 1.8 × 10−5 Pa. s,
13. It is required to cary out model studies on a boat respectively. The density and dynamic
having a characteristic length of 3.6 m and viscosity of water are 1000 kg/m3 and 10−3
A
travelling at a speed of 3 m/s. Assume the Pa. s, respectively. The drag force on the model
G
acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s 2 and is 4 N under dynamically similar conditions.
neglect the effects due to viscous and surface The drag force (in N) on the prototype is
tension forces. The value of appropriate non- approximately
dimensional number is ____ A. 0.25 B. 0.93
[GATE-2014-XE] C. 1.08 D. 4
Common Data for Q-14 & Q-15: [GATE-2012-XE]

- 240 -
17. An open channel flow is to be simulated in the [GATE-2008-CE]

laboratory. For this purpose, a 1: 25 scale 21. The flow of glycerin (kinematics Viscosity
model is constructed. If the flow velocity in the v = 5 × 10−4 m2 /s) in an open channel is to
prototype is 5 m/s, for dynamic similarity the be modeled in a laboratory flume using water
model should have a flow velocity of (v = 10−6 m2 /s) as the flowing fluid. If both
A. 5 m/s B. 1 m/s gravity and viscosity are important, what
C. 125 m/s D. 25 m/s should be the length scale (i.e., ratio of
[GATE-2011-XE] prototype to model dimensions) for
18. The length scale of a model is kept as 1: 64. maintaining dynamic similarity?
The prototype fluid is water. Viscous and A. 1 B. 22
)
C. 63 D. 500
E
gravity forces are equally dominant in the
prototype. The required kinematic viscosity [GATE-2006-CE]
(X
(m2 /s)____ of the fluid used in the model is 22. The height of a hydraulic jump in the stilling
r pool of 1: 25 scale model was observed to be
IR i
A. 0.100E-07 B.0.195E-08 10 cm. The corresponding prototype height of
A IS
C. 0.156E-07
-1 D. 0.125E-07 the jump is
[GATE-2010-XE] A. not determinable from the data given
19. A 1: 20 models of a submarine is to be tested B. 2.5 m
G
in a towing tank containing sea water. If the C. 0.5 m

submarine velocity is 6 m/s, at what velocity D. 0.1 m
TE E
should the model be towed for dynamic [GATE-2004-ME]

N
similarity? 23. A laboratory model of a river is built to a

A. 60 m/s B. 120 m/s geometric scale of 1: 100. The fluid used in the
C. 180 m/s D. 240 m/s model is oil of mass density 900 kg/m3 . The
[GATE-2009-XE] highest flood in the river is 10,000 m3 /s. The
20. A river reach of 2.0 km long with maximum corresponding discharge in the model shall be
flood discharge of 10000 m3 /s is to be A. 0.095 m3 /s B. 0.100 m3 /s
A
physically modeled in the laboratory where C. 0.105 m3 /s D. 10.5 m3 /s

maximum available discharge is 0.20 m3 /s.
G
[GATE-2003-CE]
For a geometrically similar model based on 24. In a 1/50 model of a spillway, the discharge
equality of Froude’s number, the length of the was measured to be 0.3 m3 /sec. The
river reach (m) in the model is corresponding prototype discharge in m3 /sec
A. 26.4 B. 25.0 is
C. 20.5 D. 18.0 A. 2.0 B. 15.0
- 241 -
C. 106.0 D. 5303.0 A. 0.043 B. 0.237

[GATE-2001-CE] C. 1.300 D. 7.120
25. A 1:49 scale model of a proposed dam is used [GATE-1995-CE]
to predict prototype flow conditions. The 28. An 1: 50 model of an ogee spillway crest
design flood discharge near the spillway is records an acceleration of 1.5 m/sec 2 at a
15000 m3 /s. Establish the relation between certain location. The homologous value of
velocities in the model and prototype. What acceleration in the prototype is______
flow rate should be established in the model to [GATE-1991-CE]
simulate this flow? If a velocity of 1.2 m/s is 29. A shallow wide river 1500 m wide has a flow
measured at a point in the model what is the of 3000 m3 /sec with a velocity of 1.5 m/sec.
)
velocity at a corresponding point in the Manning’s (n) for the river is 0.025. if a
E
prototype? hydraulic model with vertical scale 1: 40 and
(X
[GATE-2000-CE] horizontal scale of 1: 800, is to be built, what
r
26. Both Reynolds and Froude numbers assume would be the Manning’s ‘n’ for the model?
IR i
significance in one of the following examples [GATE-1987-CE]
A IS
-1
A. Motion of submarine at large depths 30. In a model experiment with weir, if the
B. Motion of ship in deep seas dimension of the model weir are reduced by a
C. Cruising of a missile in air factor of ‘k’, the flow rate through the model
G
D. Flow over spillways weir is the following fraction of the flow rate
[GATE-CE-97] through the prototype
TE E
27. A 1: 30 model of an ogee spill way crest A. k 5/2 B. k 2

N
records and acceleration of 1.3 m/sec 2 at a C. 1 D. k −2

certain location. The homologous value of the [GATE-1987-CE]
2
acceleration in the prototype in m/sec is
A
G
- 242 -
11. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS – ANSWER KEYS
::: 11. 1- Buckingham 𝛑 –theorem :::

1. D 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. 4 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C
11. C 12. D 13. B 14. D
::: 11.2 - Geometric, Kinematic and Dynamic similarities :::

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. D
::: 11.3 - Various dimensionless numbers :::
E )
4. A 10. A 11. D 14. C 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. A
21. C 22. B 23. B 24. D 26. B 27. C 30. A
(X
r
1. 21.90 to 22.20 2. 2 to 2 3. 0.15 to 0.25 5. 0.05 to 0.06
IR i
6. 40 to 42 7. 19.9 to 20.1 8. 1.3 to 1.4 9. 22.00 to 22.50
A IS
-1
12. 47.52 to 48.50 13. 0.48 to 0.52 25. 0.8925, 8.4 28. 1.5
29. 0.06045
G
TE E
N
A
G
- 243 -
::: SOLUTIONS :::
11.1 - Buckingham 𝛑 -theorem

1. Answer: D 5. Answer: D
2. Answer: D 6. Answer: 4
P = P (Q, D, Ω, ρ, μ, ϵ) 7. Answer: B
[Q] = [L3 T −1 ] qd = C
ρU2 L
μ3
[D] = [1]
q μ3
)
−1 C = ρUf 2 L
[Ω] = [T ]
E
[ρ] = [ML−3 ] [L2 ][M3 L−3 T−3 ]
[C] = [ML−3 ][L−2 T−2 ][L]
(X
−1 −1
[μ] = [ML T ]
= [M 2 L−1 T −1 ]
[ϵ] = [L] r 8. Answer: C
IR i
n=7
A IS
-1 9. Answer: B
m=3
[ρ] = [ML−3 ]
No. of π − terms = 7-3 = 4
[ω] = [T −1 ]
No. of repeated variable = 3
G
[μ] = [ML−1 T −1 ]
3. Answer: B
[L] = [L]
[U] = [LT −1 ] [μ] = [ML−1 T −1 ] ⇒ 5 − 3
TE E
10. Answer: C
[d] = [L] [ρ] = [ML−3 ] ⇒2
11. Answer: C
N
[w] = [MLT −2 ]
12. Answer: D
4. Answer: A
13. Answer: B
Number of π − terms = n - m
14. Answer: D
=5–3
=2
A
11.2 - Geometric, Kinematic and Dynamic similarities

G
1. Answer: A
ρU2 L
2. Answer: B We = σ
3. Answer: C ρUL
Re = μ
Froude Number ⇒ Free surface flow
μ
Oh =
4. Answer: B √ρσL
- 244 -
μ2 ρ2 U 2 L2 6. Answer: D
We = ×
ρσL μ2 7. Answer: D
5. Answer: C
11.3 - Various dimensionless numbers

1. Answer: 21.90 to 22.20 1
Qm = = 1.33
2. Answer: 2 3
9. Answer: 22.00 to 22.50
F = F (U, D, μ, ρ)
10. Answer: A
D2 = D1
U2 = U1 11. Answer: D
ρ2 = 2ρ1 12. Answer: 47.89
)
μ2 = nμ1
E
13. Answer: 0.5
F = CD ρU 2 D2
F Froude Number
CD = ρU2D2
(X
V
Fr =
F2 F1 √Lg
=ρ r
ρ2 U22 D22 2 2
1 U1 D1 3 3
Fr = = = 0.5
IR i
(R e )2 = (R e )1 36 × 10 6
A IS
⇓ 14. Answer: C
v2 = v1
v μ1
-1 μ 15. Answer: D
Vr = Lrn = ρ1
ρ2 1
16. Answer: C
vn = Vn Lr
G
17. Answer: B
3. Answer: 0.15 to 0.25
Model Prototype
TE E
4. Answer: A
Vm = ? Vp = 5 m/s
5. Answer: 0.05 to 0.06
Lm ⊥
N
6. Answer: 41.4 Lr = = 25
Lp
7. Answer: 19.9 to 20.1 (Fr)m = (Fr)t

8. Answer: 1.333 ⇓
Lp = 0.6 m Vr = √Lr
Qp = 10 m3 /s Vm 1
=5
5
Lm = 80 mm
A
Vm = 1 m/s
Qm = ?
18. Answer: C
G
(Re)m = (Re)γ
19. Answer: B
⇓
Viscous force > Reynolds number
Vr , Qr (Re)m = (Re)p
vn
Qr = vr Lr Vr = Lr
Qm 80×10−3 vm 1
= = 1/20
10 0.6 6
vm = 120
- 245 -
20. Answer: A 28. Answer: 1.5

21. Answer: C 29. Answer: 0.06045
22. Answer: B 30. Answer: A
23. Answer: B
24. Answer: D
25. Answer: 0.8925, 8.4
26. Answer: B
27. Answer: C
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
G
TE E
N
A
G
- 246 -
CHAPTER-12
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
by
NEGI SIR
E )
(X
r
IR i
A IS
-1
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020
G
TE E
BNPM AIR -1
N

A
G
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
G
A N
TE E
G
A IS
IR i
-1 r
(X
E)
12 ELEMENTS OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
PREVIOUS GATE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. Consider adiabatic flow of air through a duct. [GATE-2021-ME]
At a given point in the duct, velocity of air is 2. An object is moving with a Mach number of 0.6
300 m/s, temperature is 330 K and pressure is in an ideal gas environment, which is at a
180 kPa. Assume that the air behaves as a temperature of 350 K. The gas constant is
perfect gas with constant cp = 1.005 kJ/kg. K. 320 J/kg. K and ratio of specific heats is 1.3.
The stagnation temperature at this point is The speed of object is ________m/s (round off
________K to the nearest integer).
)
(round off to two decimal places). [GATE-2021-ME]
E
(X
r ::: ANSWER KEYS :::
IR i
1. 374.77 (373 to 377) 2. 228.945 (228 to 230)
A IS
-1 SOLUTIONS
1. Answer: 373 to 377 T = 350 K
G
Solution: γ = 1.3
Given T = 300K R = 320 J/kg. K
TE E
C = 300 m/s V
Mach number Ma = C
T0 = Stagnation temperature
N
⇒ V = Ma × C
C2
T0 = T + = √γRT × Ma
2CP
(300)2 = √1.3 × 320 × 350 × 0.6
= 300 +
2 × 1005 V = 228.95 m/s
T0 = 374.78 K
2. Answer: 228 to 230
A
Solution:
Ma = 0.6
G
- 247 -

Fluid Mechanics Negi Sir PDF Free

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid Mechanics Negi Sir PDF Free

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FLUID MECHANICS

M.Tech IIT – B (Topper)

CALLING : 95054 74766

M.Tech IIT – B (Topper)

CALLING : 95054 74766

2. Two immiscible, incompressible, viscous 3. Consider the two-dimensional laminar flow of

Newtonian fluid, steady, and fully developed

directions, the momentum equation simplifies

[GATE-2019-XE] 6. Two infinite parallel horizontal plates are

between them being 50 mm). The top plate is

at a speed of 3 m/s. The flow between the

s and density ρ = 888 kg/m3 .

8. In the parallel-plate configuration shown,

cylinder is d and δ ≪ d. Then dynamic D. X = roughness of the surface across which

4πδT 4δT [GATE-2011-AG]

C. D. journal diameter of 50 mm, bush bore of 50.50

bearing is __________ surface is inclined at an angle of 30° with the

[GATE-2014-ME] horizontal plane. The oil film between the

The weight of the cubical box is 64 N. The

rotating at 20 rad/s and the viscosity of the

mm. The loss of torque due to the viscosity of

in Pascal on the surface of bottom plate is:

thickness ‘h’ has dynamic viscosity ‘μ’ and the

20. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity () is: A. 2.02 × 10−5 m2 /s

1.3 Classification of fluids & Compressibility of fluids

while the other plate is fixed. represents an ideal fluid.

In the second experiment, the plates are

separated by a distance of 0.25 mm. It is found

to keep the top plate moving with a velocity of

range of shear rates studied, the rheological

D) Ideal and inviscid

Column I Column II P. Newtonian fluid 1. Curve 1

D. (i) - P; (ii) - O; (iii) - N; (iv) - M

5. Group I contain the type of fluids while Group

II contains the shear stress-rate of shear

8. The Rheological diagram depicting the [GATE-2007-ME]

12. A fluid is said to be Newtonian fluid when the

A. directly proportional to the velocity

B. inversely proportional to the velocity

1.4 Surface tension & Capillarity

1. The absolute value of pressure difference γ 4γ

1. FLUID & ITS PROPERTIES - ANSWER KEYS

1. D 4. B 9. B 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. C

2. 0.98 to 1.02 3. 0.01 to 0.01 5. 10.6 to 10.8 6. 72.5 to 75.0

7. 26.3 to 26.5 8. 0.0049 to 0.0051 10. 15 to 16

1.3 Classification of Fluids & Compressibility of Fluids

::: SOLUTIONS :::

⇒ u = C1 y + C2 → linear velocity profile.

At interface, shear stress on fluid on both sides V

⇒ τ = (7.4 × 10−7 ) × 880 × 10−3 T=

primarily on temperature and to a lesser degree Fs = W

V stress acting in a fluid is directly proportional

64×2×0.4×16 pate is equal to rate of change of velocity of

1.3 Classification of fluids & Compressibility of fluids

So, ‘P’ is the curve

(P2 −P1 )V1

6. Answer: B K T = 2000 MPa

Compressibility In case of a Newtonian fluid, shear stress is

pending (or) shear strain rate.

Tooth paste is a Bingham plastic fluid and it

1.4 Surface tension & Capillarity

Pressure difference between inside & outside 4σcosθ

equation (2) ÷ equation (1) [F] [MLT −2 ]