EPRS Information

Sessions on
Knowledge
Sources:
EU Artificial
Intelligence policy

EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

 EU Artificial
Intelligence policy Outline of Presentation
Tambiama Madiega, Policy Analyst – Digital
Policies Unit 1. Background – Introduction to AI
Lenka Jancova, Policy Analyst –European Added 2. Digital transformation and AI in the EU
value Unit

Stefano De Luca, Policy Analyst - Digital Policies

3. AI regulation – EU framework
Unit
4. AI regulation – Sectoral issues
Eszter Fay, Policy Analyst, Scientific Foresight
Unit (STOA) 5. Information Sources and where to find us
Dace Osleja and Isabel Moran, Information
Specialists, Library Reading Room.

9 June 2023

EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

1. Background –
Introduction to AI

Your contact in EPRS:

Tambiama Madiega, Policy Analyst
Digital Policies Unit
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

› computer programs - algorithms
big data – deep learning

› machine learning techniques - data analytics

› predictions – automated decision-making systems
data training
Two broad categories of AI
› 'Artificial narrow intelligence' (ANI)
• self-driving cars,
• conversation chatbots, narrow - weak AI
• recommendations systems, etc
› ‘Artificial general intelligence' (AGI) general - strong AI
• Large Language model (LLMs)
• Generative AI (Chat GPT, DALL-E, GPT 4, etc)
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

4th industrial
Expected benefits revolution

› improving prediction
› optimising operations and resource allocation
› personalising services new drug design

Uses cases
› medical sector (predictive health care)
› transport industry (autonomous vehicles)
new chip
design
› energy and water resources (smart grids)
› security and justice (predictive police) new materials
› employment (job profiling) design
› etc.
AlgorithmWatch 2019 Report on Automating Society

Source: Algorithmwatch.org
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu
What are the concerns ?
―Fundamental rights
› privacy and data protection
› discrimination
―Safety and liability
―Disinformation / fake news
―Automated weapons
―Effects on the economy and jobs
Characteristics of AI systems
(“black box”)
 Opacity
 Complexity
 Continuous adaptation and
unpredictability
 Autonomous behaviour
 Functional dependence on data
and the quality of data
2. Digital transformation & AI:
Cost of non-Europe

Your contact in EPRS:

Lenka Jančová, Policy Analyst
European Added value Unit
 EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Digital transformation: Potential benefits

Data source based on: Increasing European added value in an age of global challenges, Mapping of the Cost of non-Europe, February 2023 and Cost of non-Europe in Digital
Transformation, January 2022.
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Artificial
intelligence
Setting a common EU framework
covering measures related to the
ethical framework, liability and
insurance of AI

Data source based on: Increasing European added value in an age of global
challenges, Mapping of the Cost of non-Europe, February 2023.
3. AI regulation: EU
framework

Your contact in EPRS:

Tambiama Madiega
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

EU AI regulation: context 2019 EU ethics

guidelines for AI
› 'Human-centric' approach
› From soft-law approach to hard-law
› Horizontal approach vs sectoral approach 2019 policy and investment
Recommendation
AI Act: a horizontal approach
› Scope risk assessment /
› Definition of AI systems standardisation / certification /

› Risk-based approach
EU database

# Unacceptable risks
# High risks sandboxes - innovation
# Limited risks
# Low and minimal risks
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

e.g. social scoring,

biometric identification

e.g. education,
employment, law
enforcement and justice

e.g. chatbots,
deepfakes

e.g. personal
computer’s image
recognition
system

Risk-based approach (Pyramid of risks)

 EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

AI act – ongoing negotiations

› EP position (June 2023)
› Trilogue negotiations to start
› Final text?
Other EU AI legislations
› AI machinery regulation
› AI liability directive
› Product liability directive
4. AI regulation: Sectoral
issues

Your contact in EPRS:

Stefano De Luca and Eszter Fay
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Connected cars
Connectivity &
Data protection &
automated mobility
access to data

Cybersecurity Liability
Societal Economic
 EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Connectivity & Automation

The EU ‘Sustainable and smart
mobility strategy”:
Connectivity & The EU plans to Data protection &
reachautomated
fully autonomous
mobility mobility (no access to data
driver at all) in 2030s

Intelligent Transport Systems

Directive for accelerating deployment of Liability
innovative transport technologies across
the EU
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Data protection and access to data

Personal&data
Connectivity GDPR & e-PD
Data protection &
automated mobility
access to data

Public interest data Data for Road safety

commitment
Cybersecurity
EC legislative proposal on
Commercial data
access to in-vehicle data?
 EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Cybersecurity
Type of services Security of networks Security of data
and services
Connectivity &
Data protection &
automated mobility
access to data
Electronic communications • European Electronic • E-Privacy Directive
services or ECS Communications Code

Non-ECS • NIS2 Directive • GDPR (for personal data)

(for operators of essential
Cybersecurity services and digital service
providers)

Others: Cybersecurity Act, proposed e-Privacy Regulation, proposed AI Act, proposed Cyber Resilience Act
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Liability
Action of the
Connectivity & driver Criminal, civil, traffic
Data protection &
automated mobility
laws
access to data

Technical
malfunction
Cybersecurity
Product liability
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Liability emerging technologies

New product&liability
Connectivity
automated mobility No fault-based liability
Data protection &
Directive access to data

AI liability Directive Fault-based liability

Cybersecurity
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Complementarity between new PLD and AI Liability Directive

Connectivity &
Data protection &
automated mobility
access to data

Cybersecurity
 EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

New PLD – adapting to digital age

Scope
Connectivity &
automated mobility
Liability continues
after product placed
on the market
• Software: whether embedded or standalone,
including AI systems
• Digital services: whether they are necessary for
products to function
Data protection &
• Exception: open-source software when outside a
access to data
commercial activity
• Software updates/upgrades: under the
manufacturer’s control
• Failure to address: cybersecurity risks and
machine learning

Cybersecurity
New damages • Data loss and corruption of data
• Medically recognised harm to psychological health
 EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

New PLD – alleviating burden of proof

Disclosure necessary Manufacturers obliged to disclose

information
Connectivity &
necessary information subject to
Data secret/confidentiality
protection of trade protection &
automated mobility
access to data

Presumption
Cybersecurity
of Technical or scientific complexity causes
defectiveness/casual link excessive difficulties to prove liability
(e.g. black-box AI systems)
STOA on AI
STOA Panel for the Future of Science &
Technology has three thematics priorities:
1. AI & other disruptive technologies
2. Green Deal
3. Quality of life
+ EP Forum for Academic Freedom

STOA Centre for Artificial Intelligence (C4AI)

• Established by decision of the STOA Panel
(2019)
• C4AI aims to contribute to the quality and
coherence of AI discussion and policy-
making
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/en/centre-for-AI
 STOA AI activities

― More than 30 STOA

publications on AI since 2016
― AI related workshops
― AI Repository of
STOA/ESMH/EPRS
publications & online
resources
― AI Legislative Overview
― AI Glossary

STOA | Scientific Foresight Unit 09/06/2023 2

Recent & upcoming STOA studies
31-05-2022

• Regulatory divergences in the draft AI act: Differences in public and private

sector obligations
• AI and digital tools in workplace management and evaluation: An assessment of
the EU’s legal framework
01-06-2022

• Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Applications, risks, and ethical and societal

impacts
11-07-2023

• Governing data and artificial intelligence for all: Models for sustainable and just
data governance
• 'Splinternets': Addressing the renewed debate on internet fragmentation
25-07-2022

• Auditing the quality of datasets used in algorithmic decision-making systems

• Ethical and societal challenges of the approaching technological storm
17-03-2023

• Artificial intelligence in the agri-food sector: Applications, risks and impacts

11-05-2023 (STOA panel, to be published shortly)

• Analysisexploring risks and opportunities linked to the use of collaborative

industrial robots in Europe
 Recent & upcoming STOA workshops
14 Nov 2022
Artificial intelligence public perspectives
26 April 2023
Humanities in the digital age: Securing innovation and
empowering democracy
27 Sept 2023
Human-computer confluence in Education’– Use of virtual
reality, augmented reality and extended reality
Nov 2023
Neuro-technology and neuro-rights - Privacy’s last frontier
Nov 2023
Generative Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities, Risks and
Challenges
5. Key sources and
where to find us

Your contacts in EPRS:

›Isabel Morán Vidal, information specialist on digital policy (DPOL)
›Library@europarl.europa.eu for Library sources
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Access to a wide range

of sources through
EPRS intranet
› EPRS publications
› Members’ Hotline
› alerts, events and training
› newswires and press sources
› Library catalogue
› over 80 databases
› over 150,000 e-books
› thousands of peer-reviewed e-journals
› podcasts
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Find EPRS in the root menu

› Simply go to Windows start menu
› Scroll to ‘E’ and choose ‘EPRS’
› Or click on ‘EPRS’ icon on your
mobile device
› Make sure to bookmark
- EPRS intranet,
- Members’ Hotline,
- Model answers!

Your contacts in EPRS:

› Isabel Morán Vidal, information specialist
› Library@europarl.europa.eu for Library sources
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Legislative work Several EP Committees

ITRE, IMCO, LIBE, LEGA, AIDA
(Intranet & Internet)

EP Legislative Observatory
All key players, key dates and
legislative documents by file

Eur-Lex
- Search official EU documents
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Legislative work
Legislative Train
Schedule

It tracks progress on all

legislative proposals flowing from
the six big policy themes of the
current European Commission.

To gain most benefit, please

attend a dedicated info-session.
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu European Parliament
- EP Factsheets Brief overview
- STOA Centre for AI (C4AI)

Artificial - EP Data Science Portal

Intelligence – Council of the EU

Policies
- Topics – Digital Europe
- Policies – Digital Future for Europe

European Commission
- Policies – Artificial Intelligence
- AI Watch
- European Centre for Algorithmic
Transparency (ECAT)
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu Council of Europe
- Artificial Intelligence

OECD

Artificial - AI Policy Observatory

- Artificial Intelligence
Intelligence – United Nations
Policies - Secretary-General’s Envoy on
Technology
- UNESCO
- AI for Good

World Economic Forum

- Artificial Intelligence
- Interactive map of AI topics
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu
European Commission
- Integration of Digital Economy
by enterprises

Artificial - AI Watch:
o AI Watch Index
Intelligence – o AI Investments Dashboard

Statistics o AI Landscape Dashboard

Eurostat
- AI in enterprises

OECD
- AI Policy Observatory: Trends &
data overview
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Selected research institutes and think-tanks

› Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) –
AI, digitalization and innovation
› The Future Society
› European Policy Centre (EPC) – Artificial
intelligence
› AlgorithmWatch
› Future of Life Institute
› AI Now Institute
› Stanford University – Human Centered Artificial
Intelligence (HAI) / Stanford AI Lab Blog
› MIT – News AI
› Robotics and AI Law Society (RAILS)
Image credit: www.vecteezy.com

› KU Leuven – Centre for IT & IP Law

EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

Press sources and

databases
Les politiques
to support research publiques de Regulatory
intelligence on
and policy making Technology Section numérique,
à Paris et Bruxelles telecom, media,
on AI digital economy

Full list of press sources via

EPRS intranet and
Library Catalogue
Full list of databases via
Technology
EPRS intranet and Digital Bridge Cybersecurity
analysis and
Library Catalogue transatlantic tech and Data
newsletter comment on
Protection
To subscribe: technology policy
Library@europarl.europa.eu
Dedicated info-session
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

EP Think Tank

Non-tailor made research by

the EPRS and
the EP policy departments,
also on artificial intelligence
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

EP Library
› On site in Brussels, Luxembourg,
Strasbourg (dedicated info-session)

› Online catalogue (24/7 from anywhere):

- thousands of references on artificial
intelligence
- access to paper books, academic
e-journals, e-books, EPRS and
Policy Department publications

› Questions? Please email:

Library@europarl.europa.eu
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

EP Library
E-book platforms
› Immediate full access (24/7 from anywhere):
- SpringerLink
- Elgar Online
- Taylor & Francis Group
- Nomos eLibrary (in DE and EN)
› We purchase on your request from
ProQuest Ebook Central (25,000+ titles)
› Dedicated info-session
› Questions? => Library@europarl.europa.eu
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu
EP Library
Academic e-journal articles
› Two main platforms:
- EBSCOhost: Academic Search Ultimate and EconLit
- BrowZine specialised e-journals about AI-robotics
› Selected e-journals:
- Artificial Intelligence Review
- Computer Law and Security Review
- Revue du Droit des Technologies de l'Information
- Artificial Intelligence and Law
- Computer Science Review
- AI and Ethics
- Information & Communications Technology Law
- Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
› Dedicated info-session to learn tips and tricks
EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

EP Library
News and media
› Real-time newswires of European and
national news agencies,
(customized alerts; info-session)

› Press sources and newsletters:

Agence Europe (EN+FR), EUobserver,
MBI Europa Aktuell, Eurointelligence,
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ),
Aquí Europa, Le Monde

› More info: Library@europarl.europa.eu

EPRS blog www.epthinktank.eu

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