Growth children with chromosomal - Is the process of physical abnormalities. maturation resulting an SEX increase in size of the body and the sex in children influences various organs. their physical attributes at - It occurs by multiplication of birth, male babies are heavier cells and an increase in and longer than the females. intracellular substance. Girls mature easily then boys. - It is a quantitative changes of RACE the body. Height and structure of American’s and Indians are Development usually differ because of the - It is the process of functional difference in growth and and physiological maturation pattern. of the individual. Prenatal Factors - It is progressive increase in Intrauterine development is an skill and capacity to function. important predominant factor It includes psychological, of growth and development emotional and social changes. Maternal malnutrition - It is qualitative aspects. Maternal infection Basic Division of Childhood Maternal substance STAGE AGE PERIOD abuse Neonate First 28 days of Maternal illness life Hormone – hormones Infant 1month – 1 year like Thyroxine and Toddler 1-3 years insulin influence the Preschooler 3-5 years fetal growth. School-aged 6-12 years Miscellaneous Adolescent 13-21 years Uterine malformation Malposition of fetus Assessing the Average Newborn Oligohydramnios Length – 46-54 cm Polyhydramnios HC – 34-35 cm Maternal emotional Temp. – 97.6 – 98.6 ℉ during pregnancy CC – 32-33 cm Postnatal Factors HR – 120-140 bpm Childhood illness RR – 30-50 cpm Nutrition Factors Affecting Growth and Growth potential Development Physical environment Growth and development Psychological environment depends upon multiple factors Socio economic status and determinants. Climate and season The determinants can be Play and exercise grouped as Heredity and Birth order of the child Environment. Hormonal influence Genetic/Heridity Factor Principles of Growth and Abnormal genes from ancestor Development may produce different familial Directional Terms disease which usually hinders Cephalocaudal/Head to Tail the growth and development, - it occurs long axis in which (e.g. hemophilia, Thalassemia, control over head, mouth and etc.) eye movements and precedes control over upper body torso Accommodation is equal to and legs. adult Proximo-Distal/ Centro-Distal Crying becomes - the process in proximodistal differentiated at 1 month from center or midline to Decreased during awake periphery direction periods - Development proceeds from Ceases when parent is in view near to far-outward from Vocalization distinct from central axis of the body toward crying at 1 month the extremities. - Sequels to show pleasure at 3 Symmetrical/Each side of months the body - coos, babbles, laughs, - Develop at the same direction vocalizes when smiling at the same time and at the Solitary Play same rate Birth to 4 Months Sequential Trend Provide variety of brightly - Involves a predictable colored objects, different sizes sequence of growth and and textures development to which the child Hang mobiles within 8-10 normally passes inches of infant’s care Locomotion Expose to various o Creeps stands walk environmental sounds; use run rattles, musical toys Language and Social Skills 5 - 6 Months o Cry Coo Birth weight doubles at 6 Secular Trend months - Refers to the worldwide trend of Eruption of teeth begins maturing and growing larger as o Lower incisor first compared to succeeding o Causes increased saliva generation and drooling Neonate – Birth to 1 month o Enzyme released during Cries to express displeasure teething causes Smiles indiscriminately diarrhea, facial skin Receives gratification through irritation sucking o Slight fever Makes throaty sounds Intentional rolling over 1 – 4 Months Supports weight on arms Posterior fontanel closes Creeping Moro reflex and tonic neck Can grasp and let go reflex begins to fade voluntarily Gains Head Control: Balances Hearing: can localize sounds head in sitting position above and below the ear Rolls from back to side Vision: smiles at own mirror Begins voluntary hand-mouth image and responds to facial activity expressions of others Begins to be able to coordinate Taste: sucking needs have stimuli from various sense decreased and cup weaning organs can begin; chewing, biting and Hearing: locates sound by taste preference begin to turning and visually searching develop Vision: beginning hand eye Vocalization: begins to imitate coordination sounds Prefers human face Follow objects at 180° Socialization: recognizes Shows emotions such as parents, stranger anxiety jealousy, affection, anger, fear begins to develop Recognizes objects by name Solitary Play Looks and follows pictures in o Provide brightly colored book toys to hold and Shows more goal-directed squeeze actions o allow infant to splash in 1 – 3 years bath Slow growth o Provide crib mirror Primary dentition (20 teeth) Begins to imitate completed by 2 ½ years Can find partially hidden Develops sphincter control objects necessary for bowel and 7 - 9 Months bladder control Teething continues Walks alone by 18 months o 7 months: upper central Climbs stairs and furniture by incisor 18 months o 9 months: upper lateral Runs fairly well by 2 years incisor Jumps from chair or step by 2 Sits unsupported; goes from ½ years prone to sitting position Balances on one foot Crawls Rides tricycle Pulls self to standing position 3 – 5 years Develops finger-thumb Permanent teeth may appear opposition (pincer grasp) late in preschool Begins to understand object o Molars behind last permanence, searches for temporary teeth dropped objects Walks upstairs with alternating Reacts to adult anger; cries feet by 3 yrs. when scolded Walks down stairs using Understands the word “NO” alternate feet by 4 years 10 – 12 Months Stands on 1 foot by 3 years Birth weight triples Hops on 1 foot by 4 years. Length: 50% increase over Skips and hops on alternate birth length feet by 5 yrs head and chest circumference Balances on 1 foot with eyes equal closed by 5 yrs. Teething Throws and catches ball by 5 o Lower lateral incisors yrs. erupt Jumps rope by 5 yrs. o Average of 8 deciduous 6 – 12 years teeth Slow growth continues Creeps with abdomen off floor dentition Able to follow rapidly moving Loses first primary teeth objects at about 6 yrs. Vocalization: imitates animal By 12 yrs. Has all sounds, can say 4-5 words but permanent teeth except understands many more (ma, final molars da) Vision completely mature Socialization: begins to Gross motor skills: children are explore surroundings very energetic, develops greater Play games such as pat-a-cake, strength peek-a-boo Develops smoothness and speed in fine motor control 12 years old Girls Increase in size of breast & Neurologic Assessment genitalia REFLEXES Appearance of axillary & pubic Extrusion hair – food placed on infant’s Menarche tongue is thrust forward Boys and out of the mouth Deepening of voice Development of muscle Increase in size of penis & Tonic neck testes – as head is turned to one Production of viable sperm side, arm and leg on 12 – 18 years that side extends and Adolescence opposite extremities in Play – continuation of flexion competitive play – Response usually Fear – of obesity disappears within 3-4 - of replacement from months friends Palmar Grasp - of death – elicited by placing finger - of acne in newborn’s palm Significant Development – Palmar response They have distinctive odor lessens within 3-4 Nocturnal emission/ wet months dreams are present Moro Sperm is viable by the age of 17 - place the newborn on a Significant Development flat surface and strike Testes & scrotum increases at the surface or make a age 17 loud abrupt noise to Breast & female genitalia startle the newborn increases until the age of 18 Sucking and Rooting Characteristics - touch the newborn’s Idealistic lip, cheek, or corner of Rebellions the mouth with a nipple Performance Stepping or Walking Conscious of body image o hold the newborn in a Adventure some vertical position, Smoking allowing one foot to Alcoholism touch a table surface Drug addiction & premarital o The newborn stimulate sex walking, alternately APGAR Screening Test flexing and extending the feet o the reflex is usually present for 3-4 months Babinski Sign: Plantar Reflex Beginning at the heel of the foot gently stroke upward along the lateral aspect of the sole, and then move the finger along the ball of the foot o The newborn’s toes Lacrimal ducts do not fully hyperextend while the mature until about 3 months of big toe dorsiflexes. age The reflex disappears after the Strabismus is normal until 6 newborn is 1 year old absence of this mos. reflex indicates the need for a Subconjuctival hemorrhage – neurological examination. a red spot on inner aspects of Physical Assessment eye HEAD EARS Anterior fontanel He pinna normally align from - Soft, flat, diamond inner to outer canthus of the shaped, 3-4 cm wide by eye 2-3 cm long The low set ears indicate - Closes between 12-18 Chromosomal disease such as months o Trisomy 21 (Down Posterior fontanel Syndrome) - Triangular shaped, .5- o Kidney anomaly 1cm wide Test newborn hearing by - Closes 2-3 months ringing a bell held 6 inches Caput succedaneum from each ear Swelling of scalp by NOSE prolonged labor crosses Nasal flaring – is the over suture line enlargement of the opening of Gradually disappears at the nostrils during breathing NECK Indicates respiratory distress Short chubby with Test for Choanal atresia – creased skin folds. (blockage at the rear of the Rigidity of the neck may nose) indicate Congenital NECK Torticollis/ Meningitis Short chubby with creased skin about third day of life folds. Rigidity of the neck may Cephalohematoma indicate Congenital o Collection of blood Torticollis/ Meningitis caused by increases The trachea may be prominent pressure of birth on the front or the neck, and o Caused by rupture of the thymus gland may be periosteal capillary enlarged because of the rapid o Absorbed within 3-6 growth of the glandular tissue weeks CHEST Craniotabes It is approximately 2 inches Localized swelling of the smaller than head cranial bones caused by circumference pressure of the fetal Retractions or drawing in of skull against the the chest during inspiration mother’s pelvic bone in should not be observed uterus ABDOMEN Condition corrects itself The abdomen of the child without treatment should look slightly EYES protuberant, a scaphoid or Infant eyes assume their sunken appearance could permanent color between 3 and indicate missing abdominal 12 months of age contents Bowel sounds – should be present 1 hour after birth umbilical cord dermal sinus or spina bifida Stump should appear occulta as a white, gelatinous EXTREMITY structure with blue an Unusually short arms may red streaks of the signify achondroplastic umbilical vein and dwarfism – Achondroplasia is a arteries form of short limb dwarfism (2 arteries, 1 vein) Inspect the pal for a simian Single artery could crease which could signify signify congenital heart down syndrome or kidney anomaly Assess for webbing Umbilical cord should (syndactyly) break free by day 6 to Extra toes or fingers 10 (polydactyly) ANOGENITAL AREA Inspect the anus of a newborn Preterm Newborn to be certain it is present, a neonate born before 37 weeks patent, and not covered by a of gestation membrane (imperforate anus) Immaturity of all body systems if a newborn does not do so in Low birth weight neonate is the first 24 hours, suspect <2.5 kg regardless of imperforate anus or gestational age meconium ileus. Very low birth weight neonate MALE GENITALIA is below 1.5 kg irrespective of Both testes should be present gestational age in the scrotum. Pathophysiology and Etiology If one or both testicles are not A. Factors associated with prematurity present (cryptochirdism) include: caused by agenesis (absence of Poor nutrition an organ) Diabetes Ectopic testes (the testes Drug-abuse cannot enter the scrotum Chronic disease because the opening to the Being a multigravida mother scrotal sac is closed), or younger than age undescended testes 18/primigravida mother older Elicit a cremasteric reflex this than age 40 is a test for the integrity of B. Complications of pregnancy- spinal nerves T6-T10 associated with prematurity include: FEMALE GENITALIA PIH The vulva in female newborns Bleeding may be swollen because of the Placenta previa/ abruption effect of maternal hormones placenta (pseudomenstruation) female Incompetent cervix newborns have a mucus PROM vaginal secretion, which is Polyhydramnios/ sometimes blood-tinged which oligohydramnios is normal 1. Chorioamnionitis BACK Nursing Assessment and Interventions Inspect the base of a newborn’s Notice the physical characteristics spine carefully to be sure there of the premature neonate: is no pinpoint opening, Hair – lanugo, fluffy dimpling, or sinus tract in the Poor ear cartilage skin, which would suggest a Skin – thin, capillaries are Heel-to-ear maneuver – the visible (maybe red and preterm infant’s heel is easily wrinkled) brought to the ear, meeting Lack of subcutaneous fat with no resistance Sole of the foot is smooth Post-term Newborn Breast buds 5mm - A neonate born after 42 weeks Testes – undescended age of gestation Labia majora – undeveloped Post-term Infant Characteristics Rugae of scrotum – fine Hair and nails long Fingernails – soft Dry peeling skin Abdomen – relatively large Creases covers soles Thorax – relatively small Absence of lanugo Head – appears Little if any Vernix caseosa disproportionately large Abundant scalp hair Muscle tone poor, possibly The skin is often cracked, weak reflexes parchment-like and Clinical Evaluation desquamating Posture – the preterm infant Assessment lies in a “relaxed attitude”, Assess that Vernix and lanugo limbs more extended; the body Assess the skin size is small and the head may Check fingernails and toenails appear somewhat larger in proportion to the body size. Assess size Ear – the preterm infant’s ear Observe for hypoglycemia cartilage are poorly developed, Observe for signs of birth injury and the ear my fold easily Contributing factors Sole – the sole of the foot of the Low socioeconomic level preterm infant appears more Poor nutritional status turgid and may have only fine Lack of prenatal care wrinkles. The mature infant’s multiparous mother’s sole (foot) is well and deeply Ciggarrette smoking creased. The age of the mother (the Female genitalia – the preterm highest incidence is in mother’s female infant’s clitoris is young than age 20 prominent, and the labia Mother’s with diabetes mellitus majora are poorly developed Congenital abnormalities such and gaping as omphalocele Male genitalia – the preterm Body is covered with lanugo male infant’s scrotum is Old man facies undeveloped and not Cardinal Signs pendulous; minimal rugae are Intrauterine weight loss, present, and the testes may be dehydrations and chronic in the inguinal canals or in the hypoxia, “old man faces” abdominal cavity. Long and thin with cracked Scarf sign – the preterm skin which is loose, wrinkled infant’s elbow may be easily and strained greenish yellow, brought across the chest with with no Vernix nor lanugo little or no resistance Long nails with firm skull Neurologic Evaluation Wide eyed alertness of one Grasp reflex – the preterm month old baby infant’s grasp is weak; the term Abnormal Laboratory Values infant’s grasp is strong, Increase total no. of RBC’s allowing the infant to be lifted Increased hematocrit level up from the mattress. Decreased serum glucose Complications Meconium aspiration syndrome Respiratory distress syndrome