UTS 101 – Finals ⮚ Puberty

The Physical Self ⮚ Adolescence

⮚ Adulthood
The Physical Self
⮚ Middle Age
- refers to the body
- both physical extremities and ⮚ Old Age
internal organs that work together for Prenatal Period - the period of gestation or
the body to perform many of its prenatal period takes place 9months 0r 280
functions days between conception and birth.
Life Span - refers to the development from  Period of the Ovum - the fertilized
conception to death. egg implants itself in the walls of the
Human development is from womb to tomb. uterus. If it fails to do so, it will die
from starvation.
Development - a process that produces a  Period of the Embryo - all the
progressive series of changes that are important features and structures
orderly and which lead to, and end with, start to develop and function; it is
maturity possible to tell the sex of the unborn
child.
 Period of the Fetus - the unborn
FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT: child attains viability, that is, the
Environment - includes all the forces that ability to live an independent
affect or influence man existence outside the womb, by the
6th or 7th month.
Heredity - the transmission of traits from
parents to offspring through the genes Birth before the completion of 280 days in
the womb is known as premature.
Principles of Heredity: Premature births are associated with
 Reproduction insufficiency of progesterone which is
 Variance secreted by the ovaries.
 Chance
 Dominance and recessiveness
 Sex-linked Characteristics STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
Infancy - covers the first two weeks
immediately after birth; the time when the
STAGES IN THE LIFESPAN: baby makes adjustments to life outside the
mother’s womb.
⮚ Prenatal
- the newborn is capable of some
⮚ Infancy reflexes (involuntary protective
⮚ Babyhood / Childhood movements).
Some reflexes:
 Babinski Reflex - fanning out of the
toes when the sole of the foot is
touched.
 Darwinian Reflex - the newborn
grasps tightly any object placed in its
hand.
 Moro/Startle Reflex - the baby
throws out his arms when startled by
a loud sound.
 Pupillary Reflex - the baby closes
his eyes automatically when a bright
light shines on them.
 Rooting Reflex - the baby turns his
head towards the source of
stimulation to his mouth area and
then makes sucking movements.
Babyhood/Childhood - the foundations laid
during this period determine the directions
development will take during the succeeding
periods and the adjustments that the child
will be capable of in later life.
Adolescence - the term adolescence comes
from the Latin word “adolescere” which
means “to grow to maturity”.
it is the transition from childhood to
adulthood. The period begins with
puberty and ends with maturity.
Adulthood - it is the time when an
individual strives to generate something
meaningful and permanent, either through
his work or family.
Middle Age - it is the time when people
usually reach the height of their professional
careers and the peak of their financial
responsibilities.
Old Age – physical and personality changes,
period of retirement, and adjustment to old
age
Appearance - refers to everything about a
person that others can observe such as
height, weight, skin color, clothes and
hairstyle.
Self-esteem - is a person’s over-all
evaluation of his or her own worth. It is
related to body image.
Body Image - refers to how individuals
perceive, think and feel about their body and
physical appearance.
- can affect both the adolescent’s
physical and psychological well-
being.
- adolescents worry about different
parts of their bodies.
- adolescents tend to experience
negative self-image because they are
in a stage of development that is
probably confusing to them.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT BODY
IMAGE:
• The emphasis that peers, parents, or
the media put on ideal body types
which is slim or thin.
• Bullying and peer pressure.
People who have higher body dissatisfaction
are likely to experience depression, low self-
esteem, and eating disorders like anorexia
and bulimia nervosa.
Anorexia - an eating disorder in which the
person refuses to eat for fear of gaining
weight, it could result to severe starvation
and death.
Bulimia Nervosa - another disorder in Here are some ways to improve your body
which the person induces purging after image and inner self:
bringing on large quantities of food.
 Smile a lot.
Some people desperately change their  Live a well-balanced life.
physical appearance through body  Be creative and do something new
modifications such as tattooing, body all the time.
piercing and cosmetic surgery.  Take good care of your health.
 Dress well and be neat.
 Spend time alone to reflect.
The Importance of Beauty:  Avoid temptations.
 Respect individuality.
 Whether beauty is biologically  Make friends.
programmed or culturally  Face your fears.
constructed, it remains important to  Be independent.
all societies.  Accept things as they are.
 Admittedly, attractive people have a  Pray and count your blessings.
lot of advantages in life: favored,  Ask and listen.
have more opportunities, and tend to  Think positive.
be happier, smarter, and better.  Be thankful.
 Generally, unattractive people are
less liked and assisted.
 Different cultures have different
definitions and perceptions of
beauty.
 People tend to judge others based on
physical appearance. However,
physical appearance alone is not
enough to know a person’s true
character.
 It is important to see into a person’s
inner thoughts and feelings.
Above all things physical, it is more
important to be beautiful on the inside.
The Sexual Self
The Sexual Self - understanding and
experiencing the self includes a discussion
of the biological factors of sexual behaviors
that include the reproductive system and the
sex characteristics that differentiate between
man and woman.
The beginning of adolescence is marked by
rapid physical changes, including the
maturation of the reproductive system and
the development of primary and secondary
sex characteristics.
Primary Sex Characteristics - these are
physical characteristics present at birth.
- these distinguish male from female.
Secondary Sex Characteristics – these
develop during the onset of puberty.
For female:
 enlargement of the breast
 onset of menstruation
 widening of the hips
 enlargement of buttocks
 growth of pubic hair
For male:
 testicular growth
 sperm production
 appearance of facial, pubic and other
body hair
 deepening of voice
Gonads – are sex glands
 Female gonads are called ovaries;
they secrete estrogen (which is
responsible for womanly
characteristics) and progesterone
(which stimulates the thickening of
the uterine lining in preparation for
pregnancy).
 Male gonads are called testes; it
secretes testosterone which promotes
male sex characteristics that makes
the male look masculine.
SEXUAL AROUSAL AND EROGENOUS
ZONES: WHAT TURNS PEOPLE ON
It may be produced by direct stimulation of
the body’s erogenous zones on the areas of
the body that provide pleasure.
Erogenous zones - are areas of the body
which are highly sensitive and produce
sexual responses when stimulated.
- include the genitals, mouth, breasts,
ears, anus and to a lesser degree, the
entire surface of the body.
Other sexual activities such as intimate
kissing, cuddling, necking or touching the
erogenous zones may be uniquely important
to sexual arousal.
In humans, the brain is where sexual desire
originates and where sexual behavior is
controlled.
Sexual Orientation - refers to a person’s
identity anchored on what gender they are
attached to.
The most common sexual orientation in
which one is sexually attracted to members
of the opposite sex is heterosexuality.
Homosexuality - on the other hand, is the
orientation of one who is sexually attracted
to the same sex.
Bisexuality - is an orientation whose one is
attracted to both opposite and same sex.
Some explanations for homosexuality and
bisexuality are biological in nature,
suggesting that genetic factors such as
hormones and certain neural systems may
also play a role in sexual orientation.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
INFECTIONS (STIs) / SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs) AND
EARLY PREGNANCY:
Bacterial infections - are treatable with
antibiotics, but those caused by viruses are
more difficult to treat and are often incurable
such as HIV/AIDS.
However, even curable bacterial infections
can cause serious health problems if ignored
and left untreated, and some bacterial
infections are difficult to detect because
some symptoms are not immediately
noticed.
COMMON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
INFECTIONS:
HIV/AIDS - attacks the immune system and
the infected person eventually dies.
Gonorrhea - attacks the lining of the mucus
membrane such as the mouth, throat, vagina
and urethra. It can be treated by penicillin or
other antibiotics.
Chlamydia - among men can cause swollen
testicles and a burning sensation during
urination.
- it can cause sterility among women if
left untreated because it damages the
uterus, ovaries and the fallopian
tubes.
Syphilis - infects the genital areas and other
parts of the body including the brain and can
cause paralysis or even death when left
untreated.
Genital Warts - are caused by the human
papillomavirus. Women with human
papillomavirus are prone to cervical cancer.
Though the warts can be removed, they may
recur.
Genital Herpes - can cause itching and
tingling sensations, abscesses and blisters in
the genital areas.
- there is no cure for herpes.
Anyone who is sexually active is at risk of
STIs and STDs and should practice safe sex.
However, it is important to remember that
not having sex can be the safest sex method
to avoid all forms of STIs and STDs as well
as early pregnancy.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION AND
THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW:
Contraception - refers to methods that are
used to prevent pregnancy.
 condoms
 intra uterine device (IUD)
 oral contraceptive pills
 birth control injectables
 withdrawal method
 calendar method
Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health Act of 2012 a.k.a.
Reproductive Health Law - aims to keep
couples and women especially well-
informed about available family planning
methods that they can freely use depending
on their needs and beliefs. It also aims to
promote awareness among adolescent and
youth on sexuality and reproductive health
through proper sex education.
The Material Self
Material Self - a person’s tangible
possessions like car, house, clothes and even
family and friends.
The self - is everything that an individual
considers to be his or hers, not only his or
her body and material possessions but also
his or her reputation and beliefs.
- is composed of the material self
which is the manifestation of one’s
identity through his material
possessions.
The Basic Component of the Material Self
 The body
 Clothes
 House, car, pets, and other things
that he/she considers as his/her
possessions
The Role of Material Possessions on the
Sense of Self and Identity
Regardless of how much or how little
material possessions people have, they
remain valuable because these possessions
are symbolic of one’s social status.
Material possessions can be a reflection of
hard work and success. Normally, people
tend to measure success through the amount
of their material possessions.
Owning material possessions becomes a
driving force in urging an individual to seek
high level of achievement in order to be able
to acquire more possessions.
Lack or loss of material possessions can be
disruptive to one’s mental health, like people
losing their houses and other possessions
because of disasters and calamities.
The desire for material possessions also
have negative effects on one’s sense of self
and identity.
Materialism - refers to giving more
importance to material possessions than
intangible values.
A materialistic person is one who is
excessively concerned with the acquisition
of material possessions. Lack or loss of
these material possessions could lead to
anxiety, insecurity, and depression in people
who are overly materialistic.
Consumerism is the consumption of
material goods and services in excess of
one’s basic needs. It is closely tied to
materialism.
The state of needs and wants tends to be
endless, and thus could cause negative
effects such as dissatisfaction, unhappiness
and depression.
When you are about to make a purchase, ask
yourself this very important question: DO I
REALLY NEED THIS?
The Spiritual, Political, and Digital Self
The spiritual aspect of the self is the inner
essence, the part of the self that connects the
person to the sacred, the supernatural, and
the universe.
Understanding and nurturing the spiritual
self is as important as with the other aspects
of the self.
Spirituality - the root meaning of
spirituality is taken from the Latin word
‘spiritus’, meaning breath or life force.
- begins at an early age but develops
throughout life as people
continuously interact in the
environment.
- generally, refers to meaning and
purpose in one’s life, a search for
wholeness, and a relationship with
the transcendent being.
Worship - regarded as an essential act to
realize the ultimate meaning of
transcendence and human life.
Acts of worship may include:
 prayer
 Bible reading
 attending sacraments
 doing sacrifices
Through acts of faith, hope and love, man is
able to encounter God and understand God’s
words of salvation.
Spirituality is connected with religion.
Religion is an organized system of beliefs,
ceremonies, and rules used to worship God.
Through the practice of religious activities
such as prayers, people may find comfort,
security, and stability in times of sufferings,
loss, insecurities and uncertainties.
Logotherapy - the pursuit of human
existence
- man’s search for such a meaning
- one can discover the meaning of life
in three different ways: by doing a
deed, by experiencing a value, and
by suffering.
By doing a deed, the way of finding meaning
in life is through achievements or
accomplishments.
By experiencing a value, love is elaborated
as the only way to grasp another human
being in the innermost core of his/her
personality.
No one can become fully aware of the
essence of another human being unless
he/she loves him/her.
Love finds its deepest meaning in one’s
spiritual being – the inner self.
By suffering, it is through sufferings that
man encounter the central theme of
existentialism: to live is to suffer, to survive
is to find meaning in the suffering.
If there is purpose in life at all, there must be
a purpose in suffering and in dying. But no
one can tell another what this purpose is.
The Practice of Animism – a belief that
creatures, objects, and places possess certain
spirits.
Animism - is also the belief that things and
places are alive and grounded by a
supernatural order
- some groups believe that the spirits
of the sun, sky and moon are their
 gods and the different deities exist to
protect them and guide them toward
a fruitful life.
- others believe that spirits inhabit
animals and nature (trees, rocks,
mountains, etc.) and that respect
must be given to them through acts
of worship (offerings, prayers,
sacrifices) to please or appease them.
- cultivates among people a
consciousness of the environment
that they are in, thus making them
more mindful of how they act
according to the different things they
come in contact with.
“Just as a candle cannot burn without fire,
men cannot live without a spiritual life.”
-Buddha
The Political Self
Politics - is an important part of human
development because it promotes ideologies
about democracy, citizenship, human rights,
freedom and other social issues.
Citizenship is the most basic identification
with the nation.
- it denotes the membership of a
citizen in a political society.
As a citizen, a person enjoys full civil and
political rights including protection inside
and outside the territory of a state.
The hierarchical structure of the family
influences the political self through the
obligations and expectations associated with
one’s role as a family member, and the
power and status related with one’s position
in the family.
Theories of Political Self
Social Learning Theory/Social Cognitive
Theory - a person can acquire learning
through observation, modelling and
imitation. (According to Albert Bandura)
- we tend to incorporate the
characteristics or traits as well as the
values, beliefs, and motives of the
models we look up to.
Observation plays a very powerful role in
learning. It not only helps teach students but
helps them to successfully understand,
retain, and apply their learning to their lives
so they can learn and achieve even more.
Theory of Symbolic Interaction - suggests
that behaviors are products of
communication, meaning and symbols.
“Human beings act towards things on the
basis of the meaning that the things have for
them.”
Meaning arises out of social interaction.
Meanings are modified through an
interpretative process.
Theory of Political Participation - can be
defined as “citizen’s actions or activities
anchored in politics.”
- any activity concerning the
government or governance of the
state is an example of political
participation.
Protest – you are making you opinions
known in a very obvious way, with the hope
that your actions will influence or initiate
change in a particular area of politics.
The Digital Self The Importance of Digital Technology:

 technological advancements
The Digital Self - is the aspect of the self  storage devices
that is expressed or shared with others
through online interactions on the internet  innovations
(social networking sites).
R.A. 10173 (Data Privacy Act) – assures
Self-Presentation and Impression
the “free flow of information to promote
Management:
innovation and growth” (Republic Act No.
Self-presentation - refers to an individual’s
attempt to control how he/she projects 10173, Ch. 1, Sec, 2) while protecting the
himself/herself in social interactions. users’ fundamental rights to privacy.
The desire to impress other people on social
“How can we expect another to keep our
media may lead to showing off one’s work,
achievements, and material possessions in a secret if we cannot keep it ourselves?”
virtual place.
“The first rule in keeping secrets is nothing
However, the desire to create positive
on paper.” – Thomas Powers
impressions and to be “liked” by others may
lead to consequences that can be risky to
one’s security and mental health.

5 P’s for a Positive Digital Footprint:

Profile – only use your first name whenever

possible. Do not give out any personal
information
Permission – make sure you have
permission to view and share information
online
Privacy – keep your passwords and personal
details private
Protect – keep evidence and don’t bully
back, tell an adult
Positive – make sure the information you
share is positive