LESSON 2.
1 THE PHYSICAL SELF -The organs and body systems are fully differentiated
The physical self is an aspect of THE SELF that is
embedded in the body, it is categorical aspect of the
person that can be directly observed and studied
According to Sigmund Freud, the development of the
self and personality makes the physical body the
essence of human experience.
Self-image is our mental picture of ourselves and being
loved by others. A positive self- image can boost our
physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual well-
beings, thus, creating high self-esteem.
PHYSICAL SELF
-It refers to the body
-It pertains to the physical structure and material
substance of a human being; It is expressed through
behaviour patterns, acting out, sensations and
movement
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHYSICAL SELF
-Commences during prenatal period which is divided
into three stages:
-GERMINAL STAGE
-EMBRYONIC STAGE
-FETAL STAGE
GERMINAL STAGE
-Occurs during the first 2 weeks of development, when
the sperm and egg cell unite and form a zygote
-After several hours, the zygote breaks down rapidly and
become more complex and it passes through the
mother’s fallopian tube and implantation develop in the
uterus.
-One key feature during germinal stage is the formation
of a tissue called placenta. The placenta allows passings
of oxygen, nourishment and wastes between mother
and embryo.
EMBRYONIC STAGE
-lasts from the end of the germinal stage to two months
after conception.
-The developing cell called an embryo
-In this stage, major organs and body systems like the
respiratory , the digestive and the nervous system
develop rapidly
- This stage is also considered as the critical period
when the embryo is most susceptible to destructive
influences like the teratogens in the prenatal
development
FETAL STAGE
-Considered as the final stage and is characterized by
the rapidly growing embryo, now considered as fetus
and start to function
-The fetus reached the age of viability and come into the
world with many inherent abilities.
-The increasing coordination of muscles makes physical
movements possible
TYPICAL MAJOR PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN
EIGHT PERIOD OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
AGE PERIOD
Prenatal Period (conception to birth)
Infancy and Toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
Early Childhood (ages 3 to 6)
Middle Childhood (ages 6-11)
Adolescence (ages 11-20)
Emerging and Young Adulthood (ages 20-40)
Middle Adulthood (ages 40-65)
Late Adulthood (ages 65 and over)
WHAT IS BODY IMAGE?
-Involves our perception, imagination, emotion, and
physical sensations of and about our bodies.
-Not static-but ever changing, sensitive to changes in
mood, environment , and physical appearance
-Not based on fact
TWO KEY ELEMENTS
(PRUZINSKY & CASH 1990, GROGAN 2006)
-a mental picture of one’s physical body (including size,
shape, and appearance)
-one’s attitude towards the physical self (such as
thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about one’s body)
-may gradually change and be influenced by several
social factors such as culture, media, and interactions
with family and friends.
-According to (WHO), There are several body image
problems which include -EATING DISORDERS, OBESITY,
DEPRESSION, LOW SELF-ESTEEM
SELF-ESTEEM
-The confidence and satisfaction a person has in one’s
self
-It’s how we feel about ourselves as people, as human
beings- it’s who you are as a person
-When people have a healthy self-esteem, they feel
more positive about their bodies, they find it easier to
make decisions for themselves that promote health
FOUR MAJOR FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SELF-ESTEEM
(ARGYLE 1975)
-THE REACTION OF OTHERS-Positive self-image develops
when people look up to us, listen to us attentively, long
for our company, and never negate us. On the other
hand, doing the reverse… we develop negative self-
image.
-COMPARISON WITH OTHERS- If the people we compare
ourselves to (our reference group)appear to be more
successful, happier , richer, and better looking than us,
we tend to develop a negative self-image but if they are
less successful than us, our self-image will be positive.
-SOCIAL RULES-Prestigious titles as a doctor or a lawyer,
or other well-known individual in the society promotes
self-esteem Other roles that carry social stigma such as
prisoner, mental hospital patient, refuse collector or
unemployed withers self-esteem.
-IDENTIFICATION-Roles are not just out there. Thy are a
part of our personality for we identify with the positions
we occupy; the roles we play, and the groups we belong
to.
“What you see from the outside affects how you fell in
the inside.”
MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF
We are in a culture that is very much intertwined with
possessions, and it is inevitable that the things we own
become representations for us as individuals.
In this lesson, we examine ourselves further in the lens
on the material self.
WILLIAM JAMES
-A man’s Self is the total that he can call his; which is not
only his body and his psychic powers but also his
clothes, his house, his wife, his children, his friends, his
ancestor, his reputation, and works, his hands and bank
account. These things give him the same emotions. He
feels triumphant if they dwindle and wane not
necessarily in the same degree for each thing, but in
much the same way for all.
-Harvard psychologist in the late 19th century.
-According to him, understanding the self can be
examined through its different components:
-MATERIAL SELF
-SOCIAL SELF
-SPIRITUAL SELF
MATERIAL SELF
-According to willian james, it refers to tangible objects,
people, or places that carry designation my or mine.
-has two subclasses the bodily self and the
extracorporeal self
The bodily self -these are aspects of the self where
entities are clearly described as an intimate part of who
we are. It is concerned with awareness of one’s bodily
states ex. Arms and legs
The extracorporeal self- Also referred as the extended
self by Rosenberg 1979 this includes other people, pets,
possessions, places, and the products of our labors. It
includes all people, places, and things that we regard as
ours Ex. A girl has a favorite dress that she wears. The
dress itself is not part of the self instead, it is the sense
of appropriation present in the phrase my favorite dress.
TWO TYPES OF INVESTMENT WHICH PEOPLE MIGHT
SHOP TO GAIN HAPPINESS AND SATISFACTION (VAN
BOVEN 7GILOVICH 2003)
MATERIAL PURCHASES- Those made with the primary
intention of acquiring tangible possessions that can be
physically retained in one’s possession
EXPERIENTIAL PURCHASES- Those made with the
primary intention of acquiring life experiences such as
an event or series of events that one encounters and
lives through
ROLES OF CONSUMER CULTURE ON SELF
-implies that individuals are highly dependent on
consumption to communicate themselves
-consumer behavior’s self-concept can be categorized
into 4 basic types (NOBLE & WAKER 1997; SCHIFFMAN,
BEDNALL, OÇASS, PALADINO `7 KANUK 2005; SIRGY
&SU 2000)
• self-image (how they see themselves)
• ideal self-image (how they would like to see
themselves)
• social self-image (how they feel others see them)
• ideal social self-image (how they would like others to
see them)
-As consumer they buy products and brands that they
believe possess symbolic images that are similar and
complementary to their self-image to achieve
congruence (HEET &SCOTT 1988)
-People don’t just buy things for its benefits, they also
buy it for what it means to them (LEVY 1959)
EFFECTSOF MATERIAL POSSESSIONS
-can be used as status or symbol
-can make people more motivated to work harder to
achieve them
-however, lack or loss can be disruptive to the mental
health of some people
MATERIALISM
-The negative effect of the strong desire for material
possessions
-The importance people give on material possessions.
-Some aspects of materialism were related to
compulsive shopping tendencies (O’GUINN & FABER
1989)
COMPULSIVE BUYING DISORDER (CBD)
-the psychological dysfunction or impairment in
functioning caused by strong desire of material
possessions
-characterized by an obsession with shopping
and buying behaviors that causes adverse
consequences such as large debts.
ECONOMIC SELF
-Economic activities we see around us are
results of self- interested behavior.
-What do you need? What do you want?
“we are the sum of our possessesions” William james
THE SEXUAL SELF
This lessons elucidates how the human
sexuality perspective influences the self-
construct of a person and how the
development of the secondary sex
characteristic facilitates sexual identity,
behavior, and interactions with others
WHAT IS SEXUALITY
-human sexuality can be defined as a human
sexual behavior from a bio-psycho-
sociocultural-emotional-spiritual perspective.
-a multidimensional and multifaceted
expression of one’s unique sensuality,
intimacy, sexual identity, and sexuakization.
-sexuality is more than copulation, it is the
feelings and premeditated behaviors of being
male and female.
-sexuality is when one is in love, attracted to,
and in a sexual intimacy relationship that
entails sexual intimacy and activity.
FOUR INTERTWINIG STRANDS OF
SEXUALITY:
SEXUAL DESIRE OR ATTRACTION- To
whom(or in some cases what)someone is
attracted (physically and emotionally)
SEXUAL ACTIVITY OR BEHAVIOUR- what a
person does or likes to do
sexually( intercourse, masturbastion, oral sex,
sexual fetishes)
SEXUAL IDENTITY- how someone describes
their sense of the self as a sexual being (e.g.,
heterosexual, bisexual, lesbian, gay,
homosexual)
SEXUAL EXPERIENCE-observation of others
sexualities education or training related to
sexuality experiences that may nor have been
consensual.
WHAT IS SEX?
-biological differences between males and
females chromosomes (female XX, male XY)
reproductive organs(ovaries and testes),
hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
Sex does not change from birth, gender can.
WHAT IS GENDER
Masculinity or Femininity
GENDER IDENTITY
-person experience of one’s own gender
-person’s social identity in relation to members
of society
GENDER DYSPHORIA
-previously called gender identity disorder or
GID in the DSM
-experience significant discontent with sex they
were assigned at birth and /or the gender roles
associated with that sex
DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
PUBERTY- refers to the bodily changes
ADOLESCENCE-is the period of psychological
and social transition
PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTIC-
anatomical essential to reproduction
SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTIC-
physical traits not essential to reproduction
influenced by male and female hormones
APPERANCE OF SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
THELARCHE-Breast, scrotum testes
ADRENARCHE-pubis and//or underarm hair
MENARCHE-
GONADARCHE-growth of ovaries in girls and
of testes in boys and to an increase in the
production of the sex steroids and
testosterone.
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FERTILIZATION- occurs if the sperm enters
into the fallopian tube and burrows into the
egg. the egg implants itself in the lining of the
uterus an the process of
EMBRYOGENESIS(embryo forms)
MORPHOGENESIS begins (the fetus begin to
take shape)
When the fetus is matured enough to survive
outside of the womb, the cervix dilates and
contractions of the uterus propels it through
birth canal.
EROGENOUS ZONES
EROS- is a Greek word means to LOVE
GENOUS-an English word which means
PROCREATING AND PRODUCING
EROGENOUS ZONES- are believed to be the
areas of the human body that are highly
sensitive
Which may generate:
Relaxation, excitement, sexual
fantasies ,sexual arousal
-Various stages of the psychosexual growth
and development also have different
erogenous zones
NATURE AND DEPTH OF RELATIONSHIP
RELATIONSHIP-are among the most important
aspects of our lives. They could be positive or
conflicted, but the lack of relationships could be
the worst of all, as its creates loneliness.
FAMILIARITY-refers to being comfortable with
another person and is a necessary condition
for a close relationship to develop
ATTRACTION- what attracts someone to
another person
-what makes people spend more time with
each other or with one another?
- is physical attraction important at the early
stage of a relationship?
-may lead to deeper relationship(SANTROCK
2003)
-one person may be drawn or attracted to
another due to reasons like similarities and
differences in interest, personality
characteristics, life goals, and lifestyles.
-ATTRACTION paves the way for enjoying the
company and being comfortable with the
person, and for the feelings of ease and
confidence.
-can also be explained biologically through the
chemistry and interplay of hormonal releases.
DOPAMINE,
NOREPHINEPHRINE,SEROTONIN
LOVE- is a special attachment one has for
himself/herself or for somebody else.
-it is an intense feeling of deep or constant
affection and emotion in which a person always
sees to the good, happiness, and welfare of the
other.
-the person is willing to sacrifice or to give up
something for the good of the object of his/her
love.
-it can manifest as love for GOD, spouse ,
children, family or country among others
THREE OF THE MOST KINDS OF LOVE
-ROMANTIC LOVE
-AFFECTIONATE LOVE
-CONSUMMATE LOVE
ROMANTIC LOVE- is also called passionate
love it includes an intermingling of different
emotions fear, anger, sexual desire, jealousy
among others
In a study of (BERSCHEID, SNYDER
&OMOTO 1989) college students choose
romantic partner rather than a sibling or parent
as their closest relationship
This suggests that college students put a
higher premium on romantic relationship
-it also one major reasons for getting married
CLASSIFICATION OF ROMANTIC LOVE
LUST, ATTRACTION, ATTACHMENT
Each component s characterized by its own set
of biogenic amines or hormones that emanate
from the brain
The hormones Estrogen and Testosterone are
responsible for sexual drive and lust
Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
induce attraction, while oxytocin and
vasopressin accord attachment
LUST
-is an emotion or feeling of intense desire in the
body
-lust for food as distinct from the need for food
-psychological force producing intense wanting
for an object or circumstance fulfilling the
emotion
AFFECTIONATE LOVE
-also referred to as COMPANIONATE LOVE It
is the type of love that occurs when someone CHLAMYDIA
has deep and caring affection for a person and is caused by bacteria
desires to have him/her near constantly. called Chlamydia
CONSUMMATE LOVE trachomatis. It can infect both
-it is the strongest and fullest type of love men and women. Women can
(STERNBERG 1985) this is ideal form of love get chlamydia in the cervix,
rectum, or throat. Men can
which involves passion, intimacy and
get chlamydia in the urethra
commitment.
(inside the penis), rectum, or
PASSION-has something to do with physical
throat.
and sexual attraction to another
INTIMACY- is characterized by the emotional SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
feelings of warmth closeness and sharing of INFECTIONS
the relationship GONORRHEA
Gonorrhea is an infection caused by a sexually
COMMITMENT-the cognitive appraisal of the
transmitted bacterium that infects both males and
relationship at the intent to maintain it even un females. Gonorrhea most often affects the urethra,
the face of problems rectum or throat. In females, gonorrhea can also infect
DESIRE-the coming together of visual, the cervix.
Gonorrhea is most commonly spread during vaginal, oral
emotional and biochemical cues triggering the or anal sex. But babies of infected mothers can be
hormonal cascade infected during childbirth. In babies, gonorrhea most
THE SCENT OF ATTRACTION commonly affects the eyes.
PHEROMONES- as precursors of estrogen GENITAL HERPES
Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection
and testosterone caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Sexual contact
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED is the primary way that the virus spreads. After the initial
infection, the virus lies dormant in your body and can
INFECTIONS reactivate several times a year.
Genital herpes can cause pain, itching and sores in your
Are caused by disease – genital area. But you may have no signs or symptoms of
producing bacteria, viruses, or genital herpes. If infected, you can be contagious even if
you have no visible sores.
parasites that are transmitted There's no cure for genital herpes, but medications can ease
through unprotected sex symptoms and reduce the risk of infecting others.
(vaginal, anal, oral) Condoms also can help prevent the spread of a genital
herpes infection.
Zika virus can also be sexually
Hepatitis B
transmitted. is a liver infection caused by the
STIs are a pandemic; they are hepatitis B virus (HBV). This infection
always there and is worlwide. is spread much like HIV, the virus that
WHO ARE AT HIGHER RISK causes AIDS. It is found in the blood,
FOR ACQUIRING STIs? semen, and vaginal secretions of an
infected person. Hepatitis B is easier
• Travelers who have casual to catch than HIV because it can be
and unprotected sex 100 times more concentrated in an
• Multiple sexual partners infected person's blood.
• Sex workers • Hepatitis B is a sexually transmitted
• Sexual molestations, e.g: rape disease, but it is spread in other
ways, too.
• Gays • You can get infected through
contact with an infected person's
• Chlamydia blood or body fluids.
• Gonorrhoea HIV/AIDS
• Genital Herpes Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a
chronic, potentially life-threatening condition
• Hepatitis B caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
• HIV/AIDS (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV
interferes with your body's ability to fight
• Syphilis infection and disease.
HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It can
also be spread by contact with infected blood or
from mother to child during pregnancy,
childbirth or breast-feeding. Without medication,
it may take years before HIV weakens your
immune system to the point that you have
AIDS.
There's no cure for HIV/AIDS, but medications can
dramatically slow the progression of the
disease. These drugs have reduced AIDS
deaths in many developed nations.
Syphilis
is a bacterial infection usually spread
by sexual contact. The disease starts
as a painless sore — typically on your
genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis
spreads from person to person via
skin or mucous membrane contact
with these sores.
FAMILY PLANNING
Natural Contraception
• are type of birth control that depend with
observations on woman’s body through
monitoring and recording different fertility
signals during her menstrual cycle.
• Through there different methods one may
predict when it is safe or when a woman
will more likely to get pregnant.
• These may be in a form of abstinence,
calendar method, basal body temperature
method, cervical mucus method, ovulation
detection, lactation amenorrhea method and
coitus interruptus.
Artificial Method
• is diverse method of contraception using to
prevent conception of a woman.
• There are different types of artificial
contraception but not all types are
appropriate for all situation.
• Using artificial contraception depends on the
individual’s health status, age, sexual activity
and/or number of partners.
• These are oral contraception, transdermal
patch, vaginal ring, subdermal implants,
hormonal injection, Intrauterine device (IUD),
chemical barriers, diaphragm, cervical cap,
male and female condoms, surgical methods
(vasectomy and tubal ligation).