ART APPRECIATION
basis in the making of dance, picture,
Humanities and Art Appreciation
Art – the expression or application of
human creative skill and imagination
There is no single agreed upon definition of
art, it varies from cultures.
Humanities – from the Latin word
“humanus” which means educated
- refers to the learning of arts such as
architecture, dance, literature, music,
painting, theatre, and sculpture
- branches of knowledge that focuses
on the human opinions and
relationships
- explores on human conditions
through the use of analytical, critical,
or theoretical methods
- can also be as the study on how an
individual documented and
processed his/her experiences
particularly in connecting to others
- more concerned on how a person
expresses his/her feelings
Art Appreciation – is way to motivate
ideas and allow individuals to illustrate their
feelings when they viewed an artwork
- helps develop critical and innovative
skills in thinking and teaches
essential qualities in listening,
observing, and responding to
multiple viewpoints
- also requires an ability to
differentiate what is apparent and
what is not
The Creation of Arts
 The word “art” is from the Latin
word “arti”, which means
craftsmanship, inventiveness,
mastery of form, and skill.
 It includes literature, music,
paintings, photography, sculpture,
and etc.
 It serves as an original record of
human needs and achievements
 It usually refers to the so-called “fine
arts” (graphics, plastic, and building)
and to the so-called “minor arts”
(everyday, useful, applied, and
decorative arts)
The Creations of Ideas – artists are usually
impressionable persons
- they used their experiences as their
a poem, play, or a song
The Creations of the Materials – the artists
use different materials or mediums to give
form to an idea
The Creations of Forms – there are diverse
forms used by the artists in expressing their
ideas
- it is a medium of artistic expression
recognized as fine art
- this form is used to explain the
physical nature of the artwork like in
metal sculpture, an oil painting, etc
FUNCTIONS OF ART:
Individual Function – the artists perform
arts because of the passion of their
respective art forms
- a singer presents a concert for free
because of his advocacy and the love
of singing
Social Function – man associates with
others through his art performance that
arouses social consciousness
- ex.: choral singing, group dancing,
public art exhibits, and other
practices
Economic Functions – arts are emerging as
potent force in the economic life of people
assumes an essential role as a direct and
indirect contributor to state economies
- ex.: crafts, tourism, and cultural
attractions
Political Functions – art provides a forum
for ideas that will lead to employment,
prestige, status, and power
- during election period, for example,
the candidates created their artworks
(poster) which expresses their
propaganda, agendas, and political
views about making a stable society
Historical Functions – art is an essential
technique for information to be recorded and
preserved.
- it serves to document or reconstruct
historical figure and events
Cultural Functions – art is an articulation
and transmission of new information and
values
 - example, when you think of Manila,
you probably think of Fort Santiago,
Luneta Park, and its world-renowned
churches, or the famous Intramuros
Physical Functions – buildings are
artistically designed and constructed to
protect their occupants and make their life
inside more meaningful
Aesthetic Functions – any artwork means
beauty
- it is visual spice for gracefully
adorned interiors and can bring out
the most elegant features of different
décor elements
PURPOSE OF ART:
Create Beauty – art is an expression of our
thoughts, emotions, and intuitions
- it is the communication of concepts
that cannot be faithfully portrayed by
words alone
Provide Decoration – artworks are used to
create a pleasing environment
- it is intended to beautify things to
please and amuse the viewers
through its colors and patterns
Reveal Truth – artwork helped to pursue
truth and attempted to reveal about how the
world works
- it is a kind of language that allows
artists to send a message to the souls
of the recipients that help change
their attitudes, their sensibility, and
their ethics
Express Values – arts can illuminate our
inner lives and enrich our emotional world
- through arts, the artist will be
encouraged to develop their
creativity, challenge, and
communication skills
- also promotes self-esteem and
wellness
Commemorate Experience – art serves to
convey the personal experiences of an artist
and record his impression in his work
Create Harmony – an artist makes use of
the composition to put an order in the
diverse content of his work
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ART:
Visual Arts – forms that create works which
are primarily visual (forms perceived by the
eyes)
 Painting – this form of visual art
aims to evoke an emotion from the
viewers; by applying colors or other
media to a surface with a brush or
other objects
 Sculpture – representing an
imagined or observed objects in hard
materials such as glass, metals, or
wood in three dimensions
 Architecture – provides us the
physical structure we lived; it is a
profound expression of human
culture in a particular period, and it
will endure and outlive us in forms
of monuments that future generations
will study and strive to understand
 Drawing – this form of art enhances
the way we see the world around and
conditions us to capture its details in
a two-dimensional medium; a critical
element of art
 Photography – process of creating
portraits by recording radiation on a
radiation-sensitive medium, such as
electronic image sensors or
photographic films
Performing Arts – these arts are those
forms in which artists used his/her own
body, face, and presence as a medium
 Theatre (Drama) – uses performers
to present the experience of a real or
imagined event before a live
audience in a specific place and time
 Music – form of arts that helps in
expressing our mood and feel the
way through our emotions and ideas
 Dance – form of art that is expressed
through body movement which
entails social interaction, or
presented in a spiritual or
performance setting
 Film – allows us to explore the
complexities of the human situation;
used to work out our emotions, to
make history comes alive, science is
explained, and literary works are
brought into life
 Installation Art – the fundamental
nature of this form of art is the
participation of the spectators; in this
work of art, viewers become active
and navigate the work in an
 environment that they can experience
visually
 Opera – helps to tell stories through
music; performed with a full
orchestra composed of the various
musical instrument sections
- singers and musicians perform a
dramatic work by combining text
(libretto) and musical score
 Stagecraft – technical aspect of
theatrical production; includes
constructing and arranging scenery,
hanging, and focusing of lighting, the
design of costumes, makeup, and
procurement props, stage
management and recording and
mixing of sound
Literary Arts – centered on creative writing
and other composition processes which
intended to read
- includes prose and poetry (novels,
short stories, ballad, epic, and essay)
The Value of Arts in the Educational
System:
 Arts are worth studying because it
served to connect our imaginations
with the most profound questions of
human existence.
 Arts are always used because it helps
to present issues and ideas to teach,
persuade, and entertain people.
 Arts are integral to every person’s
daily life because it helps shape our
spiritual, political, economic,
cultural, and social environments.
 Arts are refreshing because it offers
unique sources of enjoyment and it
investigates relationships between
thought and actions.
 Art develop students’ attitudes
because it teaches self-discipline,
reinforces self-esteem, fosters the
thinking skills and creativity and
values the importance of teamwork
and cooperation.
The Ultimate Purpose of Art
Unification Thought Theory - argues that
we have now a degenerate or culturally
declining art
- this depravity springs from the fact
that we have a decadent culture.
Art is the center of culture so that once a
culture is lost, art is also lost with it.
 Art fueled by the culture of society
moves away from its basic purpose
that is – to please God who had
been in sorrow since the
beginning of the history of
humankind.
 According to this theory, God is the
greatest artist, and the universe is His
greatest masterpiece. He created the
universe out of the intention to
obtain joy.
 Like God, artists should have also
created artwork for the intention to
obtain joy - joy for them as artists
endowed with a rare quality, joy for
their fellow humans, but above all,
joy to God.
Beauty - something that is beyond what the
eyes can see
- the value that the giver (artist) gives,
and the receiver (appreciator)
receives.
- it is the value of art that stimulates
desire of the appreciator.
- to judge the beauty of a certain work
of art, the stimulation it creates to the
appreciator is the parameter.
Harmony in Art – it is about how beauty is
achieved by the artist in his work
- a work of art has a purpose, and as
we have explained previously, that is
to please God and His people
- achievement of beauty relies on how
these materials or items are arranged
or put together by the artist.
- putting together all the materials or
items depends on the craftsmanship
of the artist.
- to come up with beauty, these
materials are arranged or fixed in
harmony with the purpose of the
artist
- there is no harmony if materials are
not put together to meet the purpose
of the artist
 - there is no beauty, if there is no
harmony
Technicalities of Art
Noticeable in the face of Monalisa are lines
and forms mingled with colors to produce
the greatest painting. The same things are
observable in the Eiffel tower.
The Eiffel tower is considered as one of the
greatest achievements in the field of
architecture. Its fame attracts thousands of
tourists throughout the world every year. But
looking closely at it, one will find that it is
only a combination of lines and forms. It has
no color elements, but like paintings, it has
lines and forms.
Lines, forms, and colors are the most basic
elements of visual arts. All art has elements
of their own but in visual art, there are
always lines and forms. Other elements are
texture and perspective.
LINES
Straight Lines - these are the most used
lines both in art and in engineering.
- generally, straight lines imply
simplicity.
Vertical - a line rising perpendicularly from
a level surface upright.
- the fact that it is rising upward
implies ambition, authority, majesty
and respect.
- vertical line is seen in a man standing
straight, a tall tree.
- these are impressions of dignity.
Horizontal - a line parallel to the horizon.
- these are lines of repose and serenity,
reclining person, landscape of bodies
of water and picture of horizontal
lines
Diagonal - a line running in slanting
direction.
- this implies actions and
movements.
- a running man, a bull fighting, and
other actions are pictures of
diagonal lines.
Curved Lines - curved lines suggest grace,
movements, flexibility, and joyousness.
- they are never harsh or stern.
- they are formed in a gradual change
in direction (C.A. Sanchez et al
1989).
- curved lines are of various kinds.
Circle - a curve that is loci at all points in
the plane and equidistant from a fixed point
called center.
Lunet – kind of curve formed like a crescent
Oblong - a kind of curve identified by its
spherical form and elongation in one
dimension.
Forms - a combination of different lines
would result to a certain form.
- as discussed previously, visual arts
are only a combination of lines and
forms.
Colors - color is a property of light so if
there is no light, there is no color.
- lines and forms give structure to a
work of art while colors give life to
it.
3 Attributes of Color: Hue, Value, and
Intensity
Hue - refers to the name of the color itself.
 When we say the color of the dress is
yellow, we are naming its hue
yellow.
 Blue, red and yellow are primary
hues.
 Mixing equally the primary ones
produces secondary hues.
 Secondary hues are orange, green
and violet. Orange is the result of a
 mixture of red and yellow, green
from mixing yellow and blue, violet
from mixing blue and red.
Color harmonies refer to the groupings of
hues. There are two kinds namely: related
color harmonies and contrasted color
harmonies.
Related color harmonies refer to the
combination of several tones of one hue, like
for example orange, tan, brown and others
from the orange family. This is the
agreement of different tones. It is also called
monochromatic. The other one is called
adjacent or neighboring harmony, two or
three neighboring hues on the color circle
are used together. For example, tones of
green, yellow, and orange can produce a
delightful harmony.
Contrasted color harmonies refer to the
disagreement or opposition of hues. There is
difficulty in combining the opposite hues but
when they are properly harmonized, they
give a beautiful effect.
Neutral Colors. They are sometimes called
“earth tones.” These colors don’t usually
show up on the color wheel. Neutral colors
include black, white, gray, and occasionally
brown and beige.
Warm Colors. These colors are made with
orange, red, yellow or some combination of
these. The colors of the sunset give a feeling
of brightness and heat.
Cool Colors. These colors are made with
blue, green, purple or some combination of
these. These colors make you think of cool
and peaceful things, like winter skies and
ponds.
Symbolism and Meaning of Primary
Colors:
Colors can affect our actions and emotions
and on how we respond to various people,
things, and ideas. Much has been studied
and written about color and its impact on our
daily lives.
Red Color. This is noted as the warmest of
all types of colors. It is most chosen by
extroverts and one of the top choices among
males. It is a color which is associated with
fiery heat and warmth and has strong
symbolism about life and vitality. It is also
essential to human life because:
 It increases enthusiasm and interest.
 It gives more energy.
 It reinforces action and confidence.
 It protects us from fears and
anxieties.
Blue Color. This is known as the calmest
color like that of the sky and ocean. It is the
color of inspiration, sincerity, and
spirituality and often the chosen color by
conservative people. This color is important
to human life because:
 It is a sign of calmness and
relaxation.
 It opens the flow of communication.
 It broadens our perspective in
learning new information.
 It implies solitude and peace.
Yellow Color. This is considered as the
easiest color to recognize. It is symbol
creativity and intellectual vitality. It also
symbolizes wisdom, happiness and brings
awareness and clarity.
The yellow color is vital to human life
because:
 It helps us in making decisions.
 It relieves us from burnout, panic,
nervousness, exhaustion.
 It sharpens our memory and
concentration skills.
 It protects us from depression.
Value - this is the relative lightness or
darkness of a color or a quality of light and
dark.
- practically, knowledge on the value
of color helps anyone achieve the
best effect they want to achieve.
- a scale is provided to explain further
the meaning of value.
- values are measured using a value
scale which has an infinite number of
values.
- most value scales are sufficient when
showing 7-9 values.
Intensity – it is the brightness or darkness of
color.
- it can be in the same hue but
different intensity.
- it deals with the amount of purity in
the hue itself.
 - it is also referred to as “saturation”.
- blue can be very thick or bright in
the upper portion but can be very
dark in the lower portion, but it is
still blue.
- can be described as full intensity,
two third intensity, two third neutral
and neutral.
Texture - this is the visual appearance of
things
- in sculpture, this includes the sense
of touch that has something to do
with the characteristics of surface.
- it can be rough or smooth, fine, or
coarse, shiny or dull and so on.
- in painting, texture represents the
skin, clothes, jewelry, and other
objects of the artists.
Perspective - this is the painters’ technique
to make the object of their art appear as in
the distance or in a depth
- to draw a highway, painters use two
converging lines.
- the two lines of a railway seem to
meet in the distance.
- in a long file of things or people, the
figures in the distance are smaller
than those in the foreground.
- objects seem to recede into the
distance.
- the distant appearance of an object.
Chiaroscuro (Light & Shadow/Darkness)
- the word is taken from the two Italian word
chiaro which means light and oscuro which
means dark
- this is a pictorial representation using
light and shade without the use of
colors.
Styles and Forms of Art according to
Development
Renaissance - refers to the rebirth or revival
of the classic.
- this is a period in European
Civilization that aims to bring back
the classic art of the Greeks and
Romans
- artists of this period were still free to
integrate their own taste into the
classic although features of
classicism such as balance, harmony,
proportions, and intellectual orders
were the standard of the time.
- it marks the transition from the
Middle Ages to modernity covering
the 15th and 16th century
Mannerism - according to chronology,
Mannerism is situated between the High
Renaissance and Baroque styles at the
ending part of the 15th century in Europe;
- although the term was also used in
the 18th century to refer to the 16th
century artists who adhered to their
Renaissance masters.
- the term comes from the Italian
word, maniera or “style”.
- manner is another word for ways or
means.
- the mannerists still followed the
forms of the artists of the
Reinassance.
- they followed them as their
inspiration and tried to perfect what
the renaissance masters had done.
Baroque Art - it is derived from the word
barocco which means an ill-shaped pearl.
- the word can be associated to an
overly ornamented thing or person.
- a person with too much adornment is
labeled as Baroque.
- curved and zigzag lines, which
express vitality and actions, make fit
to the standard of baroque art.
- this art flourished in Europe during
the 17th to 18th centuries. Baroque
art rejects straight lines because in
art, straight lines imply simplicity.
Classicism - generally, the term refers to a
work of art with quality and taste belonging
to the highest.
- the term also refers to the imitation
of Greek and Roman literature,
architecture and art. Artists of
Classicism adhered to the traditional
aesthetic principle and formalities
although they flavored their works
with expression and individuality.
- art belonging to this form could be
characterized by its clarity, balance,
order, unity, dignity and symmetry.
- the three columns of the Greeks are
still dominant in Classicism.
Romanticism - this refers to the movement
in art and philosophy that began and
developed in Europe in the 18th and 19th
centuries.
 - it was said that Romanticism is both
an expansion and at the same time, a
reaction against the Enlightenment.
- artists of Romanticism emphasized
the individual.
- it is subjective, irrational,
imaginative, personal, visionary, and
transcendental.
- concerning the subject of
Romanticism, Carrassat and
Marcade’ (2005) said “artists
expressed their own opinion on
current events.
- their canvasses became vehicles of
an outpouring of extreme,
impassioned, strange, melancholic
feelings.
- their landscapes are drenched in
human emotion, mystery and poetry
– a gnarled tree, for example,
symbolizes anguish and pain.”
Gothic Art – it is a period in European art
which links medieval Romanesque art with
the Early Renaissance.
- the period is divided into Early
Gothic (1150-1250), High Gothic
(1250-1375), and International
Gothic (1375-1450).
- its main form of expression was
architecture which is shown through
the various Gothic cathedrals in
Northern France.
- primary gothic media also include
panel painting, stained glass, fresco
and illuminated manuscripts.
- gothic art, which is basically
religious art, was a major factor in
the growing power of the Church in
Rome.
- illustrates its upright position leading
to God.
Modernism – modernization is
characterized by the advancement of
technology.
- this technology brought several
changes to people’s lifestyle and this
lifestyle gives birth to several artistic
creations.
- some modern arts that come out
through recent inventions are
photography, industrial arts,
cosmetics and advertising.
- cinematography is also an art that
emerged together with the modern
innovation of humans.
- the word modernism comes from the
Latin “modo” referring to something
which belongs today.
- it is a form of artistic
experimentation of getting away with
what was in the past.
- it flourished in the 1940’s and 1960’s
in Paris.
- it is characterized by simple shapes
and modern artificial materials.
Prerequisites to Appreciation:
1. Attitude. This refers to your interest
in art or to a certain work of art. We
cannot do something that we do not
like. In other words, we cannot come
into oneness with the artist if in the
first place we do not like art. To
make you understand things, make
yourself free from any form of evil
thoughts, abhor all worldly materials
because the meaning of art does not
reside in this world. You try to
practice contemplation, reflection,
and discernment.
2. Background of the work. It is
necessary to know first the
philosophy, religion and even the
personal problem of the artist when
he created the work of art.
Background knowledge means
knowing the circumstances that
motivate the artist to do the work.
3. Empathy. It means to sympathize
with the sorrow of the characters. It
is a subjective action in which
through it, you become closer and
more united with the work of art.
4. Location. This is the place where art
is appreciated. The place contributes
much to your success. There is a
place for drama or ballet
performance. Gallery is a right place
to appreciate painting while a silent
place like a library is the right place
for reading a novel
SCULPTURE
Sculpture - an artistic form in which hard or
plastic materials are worked into three-
dimensional art objects.
- the designs may be embodied in
freestanding objects, in reliefs on
surfaces, or in environments ranging
from tableaux to contexts that
envelop the spectator.
- an enormous variety of media may
be used, including clay, wax, stone,
metal, fabric, glass, wood, plaster,
rubber, and random “found” objects.
- materials may be carved, modelled,
molded, cast, wrought, welded,
sewn, assembled, or otherwise
shaped and combined.
The Origin of Sculpture
 Sculpture is from the Latin word
sculpere which means “to carve.”
 The tools used in sculpture are varied
and are changing throughout history.
 It engages our sense differently than
paintings because it occupies space
as a three-dimensional mass through
carving, casting modeling or
assembling materials (Sheldon,
1968).
 It has sought to produce artworks
that are permanent and is working in
durable and expensive materials such
as bronze granite, limestone, marble,
and stone.
 More rarely, precious metals such as
gold, ivory, jade, and silver were
used for chryselephantine works.
 More common and less expensive
materials were also used for broader
consumption, like cast metals,
ceramics, glass, and hardwoods.
 Sculpture has long been one of the
most popular forms of fine arts and
one of the most beautiful
representations of humankind.
 It was also used to represent societal
concerns, such as morality, politics,
and religion (Witcombe, 1997).
 For many years, sculpture has filled
many roles in human life.
 For example, the earliest sculpture
was made to supply magical help to
trackers, to represent gods, and to
hope of making their ancient kings
becomes immortal.
 Most common purpose of sculpture
during the ancient time is associated
with religion.
 Different images like a human-made
object revered for the spirit are
familiar in many cultures.
 One of the oldest sculptures
discovered is an ivory statuette,
dating approximately 30,000 BCE
from a cave at Hohlenstein-Stadel,
Germany called Löwenmensch
(which means a“lion-human”). This
Paleolithic period statue is about 12”
tall and depicts a human figure with
a feline face.
 Another very iconic and famous
piece of sculpture is “the Sphinx” of
Egypt. This sculpture of an image of
the pharaoh Khafreand is part of a
funerary complex for the pharaoh.
Egyptian sculpture and all Egyptian
art were on the belief in a life after
death wherein the body of their ruler
(the pharaoh) was preserved
carefully and buried with some
goods with him to provide for his
needs forever. The Egyptians often
combined features from various
creatures to symbolize ideas. For
example, the head of the pharaoh
Khafre is added to the bowing figure
of a lion to form the Great Sphinx.
This type of masterpiece suggests the
combination of human intelligence
and animal strength. The Great
Sphinx of Egypt is an enormous
sandstone sculpture, measuring 240’
ft. Long and 65’ ft. High.
Importance of Sculpture
 The sculpture is a perceptive-
regeneration of reality using three-
dimensional form.
 As a specialized work of art, its
objective is to exemplify a concept
by forming a visual equivalent.
 Since the shape is the dominant
characteristic of sculptures, the
human body and animals have been
its primary subject.
 They are constructed using bronze,
clay, and ivory as their mediums.
 Likewise, the making of Sculpture is
with the idea of expressing religious,
personal, and political views.
 This kind of artwork is meant to
create a sense of patriotism, pride,
greatness, and spiritual respect.
  Statues and sculptures have always
been an integral part of museums and
art history.
 They have become more popular as
decoration items in private homes
and office facilities.
 Sculptures and miniatures have also
become more popular as decoration
items, and in the long term, valuable
art investments.
Types of Sculptures:
Bust – it is a sculpted and painted
representation of the upper part of the
human figure such as the head, neck,
shoulders, chest, or breast.
Statue - is a life-size or a larger size of a
sculpture of a person or an animal, made of
metal, stone or wood.
- the world's tallest statue is the 420
feet (128 meters) Spring Temple
Buddha in Henan, China.
Architectural – architectural sculpture is a
universal classification used to describe a
structural design such as buildings, bridges,
burial chamber and other big projects.
- it is from a brand of materials which
includes carved stone such as
brownstone, cast iron, machine
pressed sheet zinc, terra cotta,
concrete and other architectural
supplies.
Mediums and Techniques:
Sculpture techniques have the aim of
providing practical and technical support
through several procedures. These processes
are either additive (added material) or
subtractive (material is removed or carved
out). Sculptures primarily use four basic
techniques, namely:
Carving - it is a procedure in which the
artists cut away objects until reach the
desired form.
- various tools are used, depending on
the materials to be carved and the
statue to which the work has
progressed.
 Stone carving- it is a type of
sculpture which requires patience
and planning.
- it is the shaping activity of pieces of
rough natural stone using essential
hand tools like hammer and chisel.
 Wood carving- it is the art of
shaping objects of wood using
cutting tools.
- it is done through a specialized
carving knife (used to cut or smooth
the wood), the slicer saw (used to cut
off chunks of wood), the chisel (used
for lines and cleaning up flat
surfaces), and the gouge (used in
carving hollows, rounds, and
sweeping curves).
Casting – it is a method by which a liquid
material is usually poured into a frame or
pattern, which contains a hollow cavity of
the desired shape, and then allowed to
harden. It has two types, namely:
 Glass casting- it is the shaping
activity of pieces of rough natural
stone using essential hand tools like
hammer and chisel.
 Slip casting- it is a technique for the
mass-production of pottery,
especially for shapes not easily made
on a wheel.
Molding - molding sculpture is an additive
process.
- it is the working of soft or plastic
materials (like clay and wax) by
hand to build up or shape to create a
form.
Assembling - is an additive process of
gathering and joining different materials to
create an assembled artwork.
- an example of assemblage is Martin
Puryear's network of welded and
sandblasted stainless-steel tubes
whose joints are bound together by
strands of silver and patented bronze.
Basic Sculpture Terms
Armature - it is skeleton-like framework
used to support the building of paper-mâché,
usually made or stiff wire.
Assemblage - it is a three-dimensional art
assembly of various materials, often taken
from scraps, junk, or various natural or
human-made objects.
Base - it is the portion of the work on which
the sculpture rests.
Craftsmanship - it is a skill with which one
uses tools and materials in producing art.
Plaster of Paris - it is an excellent white
powder which sets hard when blended in the
water.
Freestanding - it refers to a method when a
sculpture is intended to view from all sides.
Manipulation - it is a process of shaping an
object by a skilled worker.
Replica - it refers to a precise reproduction
of an artwork.
PAINTING
Painting - is an important form in the visual
arts, bringing in elements such as drawing,
composition, gesture, narration, and
abstraction.
- can be naturalistic and
representational, photographic,
abstract, narrative, symbolic,
emotive, and/or political in nature.
- a style of creating an expression by
applying colors to a flat surface or
any medium like canvas, clay, glass,
paper, walls, leaf, paper, or wood.
- abstraction or composition, drawing,
and other aesthetics may serve to
manifest the expressive and
conceptual intention of the artists
(Mayer, 1970).
- it is an unspoken and mostly
unrecognized dialogue, where the
painter speaks silently in masses and
colors, and the artist responds in
moods.
- paint records the most delicate
gesture.
- it tells whether the painter sat or
stood or crouched in front of the
canvas (Elkins, 1998).
- it is loaded with narrative content,
symbolism, or emotion.
The Elements of Painting
Line - it is the simplest element in the
painting.
- it has a continuous marking made by
a moving point to outlines shape and
can contour areas within those
outlines.
- it can suggest movement (vertical,
horizontal, diagonal, and curved).
- each line has its meaning: vertical
line stress action, strength,
dynamism; horizontal lines mean
serenity, calmness, stability; diagonal
line express tension, movement;
curved lines appear softness,
flexibility, gentleness.
Color - the artists used colors to convey
feelings and moods within their painting.
- it is the result of wavelengths of
lights reflecting objects.
- it is composed of three distinct
qualities such as hue, saturation, and
value.
- Hue is merely the name of the color.
Red, yellow, and blue are the
primary colors.
- their mixture that produces the
secondary colors are green, orange,
and purple.
Texture - it is a component of two-sided
and three-sided designs and distinguished by
its perceived visual and physical properties.
- it is used to describe the way a three-
dimensional work feels when
touched.
- in two-dimensional models, such as
painting, it may refer to the visual
"feel" of a piece (Isaac, 2017).
Perspective - it is an art technique for
creating an illusion of three-dimensional
with depth and space.
- its real goal is creating a viewpoint
for the audiences that will best
communicate the subject and serve
its message.
- is the same as “viewpoint” and
“position.”
- it is what makes a painting seem to
have form, distance, and look "real"
(Evans, 2002).
- it is projected according to its levels
namely: foreground, middle ground,
and background.
The foreground is the visual plane that
appears closer to the viewers. On the other
hand, the middle ground is the part between
the foreground and the part of which is
which is called the background.
Shapes - it is an element in painting that
helps express ideas.
- it helps to interact, and
independently evoke agitation,
purposeful energy, direction, etc.
 - they may be circles, rectangles,
ovals, or square.
- it is an area with defined boundary
created by a variety of color, value or
texture of the areas adjacent to it.
Symbols - the Artists often include symbolic
objects in their paintings that have a special
meaning or a special message.
- it is used to express ideas such as
death, hope, life, etc.
Mediums in Painting
There are different mediums in paintings
used today. It helps to describe the elements
that bind the colors in the paint (Martin,
2004). The following are examples of the
methods used in painting:
1. Oil - It is the type of slow-drying
paint that consists of particles of
pigment suspended in drying oils
such as linseed oil, poppy seed oil,
safflower oil and walnut oil.
2. Pastel - It is an art medium in the
shape of a stick or crayons. It
consists of pure powdered color and
a binder. Dry pastel can be classified
as soft pastels, pan pastels, hard
pastels, and pastel pencils.
3. Acrylic - It is fast drying paint
containing pigment suspension in
acrylic polymer emulsion which
becomes water-resistant when dry.
4. Watercolor - It is the medium in
which the paints are made of colors
suspended in a water-soluble vehicle.
It is usually transparent and appears
luminous because the pigments are
laid down in a relatively pure form
with few types of filler obscuring the
pigment colors.
5. Ink - It is a liquid that contains
colors and dyes and is applied to a
surface to produce an image, text, or
design. It is for drawing with a
brush, or pen.
6. Encaustic - It is heated beeswax to
which colored stains are added. The
paste is then applied to a wood-based
canvas.
7. Fresco - It refers to any of several
related mural painting types,
executed on walls, ceilings, or any
other kind of flat surface. The term
fresco comes from the Italian word
“affresco” which means “fresh.”
8. Gouache - It is a water-based paint
consisting of pigment and other
materials designed to be used in an
opaque painting technique.
9. Enamel - It is a paint that air dries to
a durable, usually glossy, and solid
finish. It is used for outdoor coating
surfaces or otherwise subject to
variations in temperature.
10. Spray paint - It is the type of paint
that comes in a sealed pressurized
battle and released in a fine spray.
11. Tempera - It is a permanent, fast-
drying painting medium consisting
of colored pigment mixed with a
water-soluble binder method.
Classifications of Painting Styles
Part of the desire in painting, particularly in
the 21st century, is the variety of available
art styles. The style in painting is in two
senses: it can refer to the distinctive visual
elements, techniques, and methods that
characterized one’s artwork, and can refer to
the movement or school that associated to
the artists. Such classifications include the
following styles:
Western Styles:
Abstraction. It is an art in painting which
does not attempt to represent an accurate
depiction of a visual reality but instead uses
colors, shapes, forms and gestural marks to
achieve its effect. It may be formed by
reducing the observable phenomenon,
typically to retain only information which is
relevant for a particular purpose.
Expressionism. It is sometimes called
emotional realism. In this style, the artists
sought to express meaning or emotional
experience rather than physical truth.
Baroque. It is characterized by dynamism (a
sense of motion), which is augmented by
extravagant effects (e.g., sharp curves, rich
decoration). Among the most significant
Baroque painters are Caravaggio,
Rembrandt, Rubens, Velazquez, Poussin,
and Vermeer.
Impressionism. It is a type of art presenting
the real-life subject with emphasis on the
impression left in the artist’s perception,
particularly the effect of light on the object
used as a subject.
Modernism. It is characterized by a
cautious rejection of the styles of the past
and emphasizing innovation and
experimentation of materials and techniques
instead to create better artworks.

Modern Styles:
Realism. It is a style of painting practiced
before the invention of the camera, where
artists depicted landscapes and humans with
as much attention to detail and precision as
possible. The artist’s primary goal is to
describe accurately and truthfully as possible
what is observed.
Symbolism. It is an art that represents the
subject symbolically. For instance, the
“Spolarium” painting of Juan Luna depicts
the suffering of the Filipino people from the
hands of the Spaniards. Many works of art,
including some writers who cover the
Symbolist era were produced in the middle
of the century, or even before.
Fauvism. It refers to art that used brilliant
primary colors or color illumination on
subjects like pictures to emphasize comfort,
joy, and leisure. It comes from the French
word fauves, meaning “wild beasts” (this
name refers to a small group of painters in
Paris who exhibited works notable for the
bold and expressive use of pure color).
Cubism. It is a form of abstraction wherein
the object is first reduced to cubes and then
flattened into two-dimensional shapes. It has
been considered the most influential and
powerful art movement during the 20th
century in Paris, established by Georges
Braque and Pablo Picasso.
Surrealism. It is a type of art wherein the
artist creates dreamlike paintings that are
filled with mysterious objects. It is the
opposite of abstraction that attempts to
portray the conscious mind through
unconventional means.