Ane onit-l of” nt : unit DB BIT (Bipolar Tunetion Fransistoy)' epee bene” A. Bipolar Tunetton Pranwttor CRIT) 1% I three terminal idemiconductoc device dn vohich he conduction depends om “Hee! both maj" and hence the name ity and mi sovily Cavviets “Bipopl. " —> the tvanctctor Was @ By. ohn Bardeen nevented by by. Wiluam mM last. Vacuum tubes and Came vita): Shockley —> BIT bat replaced the bedky tk domparadively trnalle. bo SEO » armplipier and octiliator and esiteh aig edreutte- —7 Applicertions —y pdvantages bow opevacting vee _» &t rs wed ital ar an Eleckronic % coenputes ja Catellites and ” Higher Eppiciency A Coremunttedttan systems Small Styc Does Not Yeoyuire any . Pikemne nt poesee- Rate, Emitter —y Traniister by three ‘terminal device and Collecty, can be operated \) thee Conpiquratens on collector \ Common bate, Commun emitle. & CommVv x a EFT ' fi Glicen Cet) oF A BIT ka Single cxyctel of Cyevmanium C4e) whieh conststs oF “lhace diggerently doped hemicondactor’ ‘vegion’ They ave! ~*~ Emitley Region ™ Bale Reaiun 7 Co lle chow Region + These Yegions are potype, n- type g p-type (p-0-p) Yeipectively Dy PNP trantictar, and —_ S-type , p-type and n-type Cp-p-v) dy an NPN sprantittur. —+ Treated ay Landwiching P-type blo two N- types and n-type bw shwo Pe type semiconduct - Emit fete —_ Collector 4) NPN Trancictor b) PNP Tsanctctor fig: Trantor Conctructton —> The middle -Yegion °} each banretor ‘type called the hase Ythe Aranittor: They region $6 Very Shiv and Lightly doped - —7 “the rermaing 10 Tegiws Ar colled emitter and collector.j \ Ape~ write -@ BS the ena he emitter and Cotlector ate heavilh doped - a d But the coping bevel tn ernilfer 9% cligghd by arcatet Ahan “that op Collector and —the tolle chy TT ) region -awren f slaghtty more trean thet 4 ermitter « Cymbele gy pon f Pepep trarister zmmitier Cottecter series cetledrr olled Bate j Pate fay n-p-9 poe fig: Stardard ban titer scymbole- arcow head mithe emitter porets furen the — Pe weg lan towards the N vegim rodicatiog the cooventional curvvent -f lou -prem ernitl to Pe typs hase . 7 G90)! Wepay) The the N-type 7 Lage 1 PeDeP! the arrow head i the emittec ! Me P- vregltn Apwatds Whe > regi pores yom inclenting the Conventional . convent few jor a Patype ennitler to Netype :—y Ly 4 a om a Tom, these thu types (n-p-n & pp) transite NPN cLranctetoy }s mostly uted: ~t Berane, tn NPN cbantistes,, the current noe 4 matnly by electrons where ak M™ Métorithe — euvrent Conduction ts due to id Since the elecboe mobi lity mr higher han holes, the condeuction +5 higher Pea NPN trane'’stors. Hlesking Principle of, Transistor: Prantictor with no Biar (ev) Uoblased Tanictor: Sy no external pe Voltage rs applied te the diferent ttertninali of 2 bransistoy, then “the Pramictor 1 “aid ty be % an unblated state x) | . an ae AD open -cxrcuit tate. oe, elim Reg m(on) The diypution of chav Gales eros the Junin produces o depletion t eq/u5) py the three regis have. _d\perent— N doping levels, sotthe deplefiimn wsletthy ‘ ae eee: 7 Because the Emitler ts _more heaw! eloped than the bose £ collects he width the Emitter-baié ol letter wegen “rs lar chen the width athe colledirtase: plete “region usictlh:iF e oe oem of eperoction 6 a “Transits aSpercclion modes of TT ! Mede. | ® E-Junchton | BC-qunckin! cumeak Achive Forward Povesbe : i. = Rip C cut-olf- Reverte Reverse | ic=ta= =O) eetuodivo| Forward forward Pr | averse | Reverse Forwoud E \ ff cf ve — The Hanstctos- sores iy thece Yeglina ae Active } Sd cut) ey ae Soduratton Active mode 1 blag the themttster te Ths active, mode, ~the “E8 ~yuoetirn ts faded & while he collector base (cB) junckten to “fevette bidked . El Ge ‘he J vee ny p-9 ij bine wmode bv) Active Begin, wld -t pr Toanaschor =y Motte uwsegul bias mode when using a4 a —fmplpier | ahG4 etal Region 7 To bias the hansictor ce junit must be : NPN ro its CeeE-of wegitn, bi the € junclers & Reverte biase, nN Pp _D . Ge E ret \\- He . | F 4 | a eee eo Nop > No electyn injected +0 AS as ‘oye ktate- tn cigite coreits bate, all curvendt are Zewor of open Lutteh tution Region : me 9 To bat “the “hansictor to te cedurodtirn Beqion then the BE junctim 4 C6 junction must be Farward bias. nipny 5 & whee ~ = vet | oF a \ ‘eo “? caburadtiry mode * 4 * > wed os a ‘0n' ckote do digital exreuits oy closed Sustloh- - es qi ive Regiro. 7 vreverseng “the. biasing Condition a Tnyese Dae aula gine Thrankabor qoeq unite the Shee take, Tythe EBC Tego “cutteh bles Ip AMY rede eee ny “the deping levels ofthe Erfiler # collector ate not lame, the. collect” cannd inl he evety tithe coaies Wives That ye render per@ | wena tarArst, cuncent Core the vastous current components inthe por sow atrofé the [ised diated Aronmwictor cohich Athe ~evere -biased emiler hake Junction (q,) 07 cottector bate ‘junction (qt). de Se PNP nN fee Wiehe Note tere, —the emlter , bare and Collector turverks we “vepeeted ark ardumed VY pyto —the ‘Lranarstor Se, Ip shen Tthe come rit plow eo dye, ne & 2’ [Be=See re) the emitler ounent Te con stikx ob hole currget Chote, crvoctmg (70 mittee ‘tnto howe’) and Pe elec curend Ine Celeckvons cron, fm int the emittec): : Wee) cleclwo currentt, Hefice Dose sore . propertionas tothe he P mafeiol trthah base —y The salto o- hot Cretaing thea» emitter yetio of dhe canductivity efPn One ft \E * apie Yr — 4 %} the Ne matorta! and ~the ductivity. re a to The doping fevel- proportional / ri -y ly dopeng ts. more, conductivity TS more a doping ye tere, Condactivtty len. —7 Sy a TWangitsy the dopma oF, he emllter made much large than She! doping opine bate. Hence. emitter current Te Ww mandy due te holec M p-9-p trankttor: emitter base ‘eenction Te and —y The holes ersting the. To cconatitutes vreackmng ~the leotleetr bare \uncttm Colleety current Tpe - 7 Not all —the boler Crotsing the emitter base jusction te} boc bare junction Tes becamte Some of Eth the electyms \) tthe n-type base. them Combine Since hate! with th very Luna, mack of hole collector bake Junett Te and veuy he bare current Gen) rreacher Colle Cre the feo recombine, eanititubeng Ten! Reverse teduvattrn Current: luben emitter ts open created , Teo F hence. Spe =0+ Sn such conditim, the hate & collector acty ab a weverse blasted and the collector Comet fe Coyuald the Seaverte bectureddomet __Pinep rans tahoe Ae Current hs dae do flow of magatiny Cheng, coy tes p—7n pon a> ts npr > po holes cleebms Ly the eenttter current (Te) -ernurcts of, teu Coottituerdts hole cunvent” & electron Cucrest-“a Hole cunenf —y clue fo Croccing 4 holes from esl emir (pst) € Info bate teglen (0 tide} Electon curved 9 due fo eressmg) °F electrons pm bare (n-ide) mto emitter (p- See). ly -ransistey emitter b hearty clopec! a aptol do base Thus, electron current | ins neg legible a compated to hole Curved cere pnp Hawaither Coreen flows pranly due fr The holes Or mejoy chawge Cotes cause the —p bees Am FeAl Aoles crotsing he ender jeenctinn donot yeahs the Collector Jjundion because Come a then tombmne weth electtrns hase (o-tye thle orotsty Ho base TexTOn: fete colle tr uttref— in INP Heo = Thee Peco): te lege Cornctcts fio cure Ds helen Cremtmg frm hate do colte tor hee od Legge electrons Urpsting fram Cr Mevente eaten comract (eset ro Teg = Ty atteco collector fese- fn Actye mode operat due to foruad birted emitter quoctin, f. = ot + leo aon fraction oy te foie curren Te cotich Constetutes Th, ticorcdhingy rho becehose current law otet coven! ot noe X er ==ON Obed Thy effect” & Cotled barvty eppet. JEe : @ oly E edt Bare width meduloctéon: & al A&G : wo ye eh pepletien engi? ee bse oa? Ae ert ae tig * Change w base t deptection region width wilh change Ww veverbe biased voltage: | —7 by RB ythe width of dl Teal RB volkage Meveakes im Moreases, Wher ! Wp width 1 bake. Wa = weet Ww Weg = We | Ww, wa Nip Piverene = Wt perce 2 Me lepy Poeers = fs -ttag meres te 7 on WW, deureoes vmous ed Ee neeterbmatten reduced ge le eA [ven * =y cred te y z sepiniten ee the uidth of 4 aC rti<“C~™SO™CO—t—sSsrs—se inoveased — : abs vedinset ie tute width. veqion plto Mcreasets They epee alled Barty Eppes, 40 Slivane, ens iefor _Zongigurcitione ! bhen a BIT $s tonmected Ma cirewit, me terminal Ki ude at an frput leviminad.. 70* secind terminal faked as an output terminal, and the thy termmal bh temmon, bo he liput £ apo oly ~_ Pepencling egon Wes ermmnale ; a barunbr can be Comected Pm Three “epipur actions. “They ate « 3 Common Bare C CB) Congiguracton- XH Tommen Emitter CCE) Congigurediion. 36 ‘tornmen Colleefor- (ce) “conglqurabton. Common Bate tengiquetion' Lever ' on & a. -5- Te Te = oo Te +Seo = ‘ * = j Te Ves ue) —+ Bn a “Comnmron Base. *eoniqurattion the emitia 6 the ie terminoll p cllerter 1 the lp terminal and sthe base of the “beansistor 5 commento both terminals this 1 called “the qrourded hate Canpigursstion, : | The behavior of he ‘Bvancttor \s analyged wth the hell, ef, tts Fopudh & outpat chara tedstics-ChavactenMtcs : Srput ~chaya cferes Hes! a? be ‘Ip charactedelicr “curves deine Hthe vreladten between ~the Enpudt oe Emer, cuwert Te and emitter te bate Votlhge Vip, at a constan Volkage Vin. t out pet 8 Tech) var (ke7° os > vs oS bi : os Ue — v O oy ovr OS OY ors Ok Or OF eq pets Ves ( ) —y The “Pp chavaceistics op the ctransittoy ave determined by keeping “the "|vottage Gonitant Ls, tye collector- base volkage Va Kept con ttant at ero volls and “he emilee current Te is hereased, $2 Lew by increaling Vee zeioy the emilfer bate junelton % foswatd biased, and “the Junction behaves akagonaatd biased divde ‘ : when VY, & equal to +The Enitley carver’ Te \neveased vyapidly uth a Small increase $0 The emidler bate Voltiage Veg: > When Veo 4 Increased Keezihg Ver, canclartt, the width ofthe i base “region vill decreate « thly Yecukl, In an increase ty Te© “The ofp eros gueyves relate “the oulpat or and Ccolleckyrto base volloge Vg 19 _outpect haracterisficr: ap C8 _Lespiqurection’ tollect carvvertt 4 Keeping othe th ox emitler current Se constant Cro) —— Saluration_y Aclive region Negion i —Up cut “ veqing 3 Te determioe the ofp characteictes the em current Te ts Kept umntant: SD Ven bs Increased i unyerm steps andthe collects Te fs noted por each Value of. Te . thts ts repeated for ditperent valusr of- Te. ther | hat at a conttant —7 “the chavadtenistic cuvver Show Vee," Move overs, Te Volus of Te, Te inde pendent: of flows even when Vep, fs Zero:Cureent_ gain! The 0¢ current gam o “the stranuistter. 1) Cong catty) TS depined amthe vatto op the Collector CB cuvvernt Le to “the emitter cunert te vobieh 1 alto called ar usrert ampbigécodien actsr: (2) [=k le Leakage current! Tepe O) Teo ’ Se = Tet Tso 25 9. — Depo > Fe = Ie = de ~ Seno @ =F a Jc - Fewo = Je | = teks | OY De = Ip #2) Spt Te , = & (TgtSe) = Me —Teeo ! ty, + Met Tego = Tem OTe - = wile tTero = = dTgt Tego = (1-02) Te icone = Se = o I- aes(Ges Probleme on 8 Cond (D An a CB ~ ConnechtO9 Je= calaatete the Value of 4p: Ima, le= ots mty Lol! Given oda Ree og mit Sez? ~~ Ger toma) me = Ip tte Dp + oe) rt @ _ cB conned an Tt Jp (@ Lo 4 the 3 re la, i. br p. - tmir peta oe = 04 ) te sol five i Tr Bs te [w= 4 =y te = ob ” Be. y cs mi ge wane 2 on = lt ; Se = Set pe de ee zy | = : =) fois 1-94 wy@ Gna CB, Ne = O46 ms § By > 00SmB Find % . Sol! Given achat Be = oasedy , p= oresmdtr. w=) [oo = Be = => t= Bt fe — posmh fF O45 mfp [Se < bom | de 0-4 ou = = 2 = 09s mdr | OG £6 Langiguvecton, The Se = tmt, Gp the Emitter Ureuit ¥ oper; The collect erred, ts 0 Ufy* find the total Loltedtr currents Gir that = 0-92. cl: Sven bata! Te = tm? » Sesofto,= 46 we09 » B=? — Fotal collector curve Ti Ge - fe + Lebo = (0:92) (ima) AD Ady = 092 + SOKO par boos = OFT my [oe fez Og mA hoy—s Bn a Common Smiter tauradlon, the jbate The ie termine , the collectar k the ofp tevmmal and the ernitter 1s Comm to both the terminals. Le chen ttes! uy Binped chara ceststtes ! — The. fe ee ke ais define the Veledton bls the bse cuvrert Tp and the \ bate t enalttes voltage Vpe ata Contant votes x) ue? Vr~ hihen Me = + the emitle bate {junction bh FB ed dode and the jundion behavel ar a forward bias Co, the Yp charackaeictics vesernble the asad biased diode * at Me =o, —y kthen. Vee x0» The wietth op phe depletion wegie9 at , (increta the vevete binted “aptlectv bate junction wi This wlll seduce the eppertive uidth 4 the bate od lead -o a decrease inthe babe current Tp, « Wh ofp chavaifonstics! ———_ . the the velation blo —4 the ofp chavacleiste’ curves def J collectsy to emitter voltage Mee ata constasit gf)Ui) cuvent_qain_op Ce! @ The vale oh Colledir Current” Te genta Curvernt-Ty. MK Called as cuyrent a mplipicadivn fx =y n= ble Whdeakeage Current’ Cleco) po a Su: Cote! Collector camer) BP wn be curred por = tmelf anunnt of— Cavrert— Seco. > Very Str CE equation Gotal cawvent In CF thi fwe Earns 3) Te = Int Be ate true fv Je a : aa strnce~ obiTe + Leno 2 Te = rif cuvrent = Dp = P ss > ‘lp voltage = Vee + olp caiyertt = Le v + Ip Voltage = be 4€ a.Up cuyvert | (£8) Hao Ihe %Yp Current) eeises fhe trom ean —C) OTe + Teo (ei Se= AeASe | Ae, = fo = 0 (£a+4c) -+ Tee0 fp = Ollgt cOte + eso ay 4, — 8 = obip + Teeo = ew T-(1-%) = dp + Tceo =y fe = ele, ¢ Beto [=o ~» fe = (A + c= aa | - pln + (ex) Tego [ ¢ a ptl= 24 ae > a phe + (p+!) Peo] -® : ga, erie jo ' [& = w of thentranutider te these aaa -"t Shove ithe pts qretec thal 4. = [p values vanges fem atount 20 to several undead) Ge} of = 01195 \ go * an 4 wy os IN Pe cteane 1-00 - OAS ofp cuvvert Le ' Revere leakage (p+!) Secor? rato. = PH 1, Sin tev ol ‘pi the aay $ Gee pln + +e) Toto | current ty CE Congege Ses decade ATE ae (BN TceProblems — lems on CE Conf guration 1 o The value of @ fore tyaniietor bs loo» Dyrthe value of Collectar cuvrent TS 30 mh» Fmd Tp: Sol} . anal Sliven Pale! pee Ge = aor ‘Ip- ? 2 = de Po Be sy lob = 20 mA te ce “Ip chavadfedttics & similar he Lot ua) te Te ae Enmitte. cuventd TS @ eA) ol P cured collector Curved Current Gala sf C5! ” eer " do of emitfe curved Be rt alto Called as euvrent—~The relation bli CR ad CE art 4 and Pf two Cavvent a: & we the Sum > The emitter current (fe) ™ 4 ae fn). uwe athe bate cavrent lind Colkector be Ge = Int Ie O Divide the eyO by fe : Se _ Se, Be fe & [" won Be Se _ Se 41 p > Ze 7 7 a 7 Ge i a 7 ow P om Gar T eo ®6) Lind 6 forthe balh the values 4 pr 6 fcd00 « Aloo dfirdtoe P for balh valucs of. oo 0:4R f Ot: Sel! Given Dela! —_ ‘ P= 60 and 200 A= 0198 and ott Wa Hee: the relation bo oo FP Ter My A= Po +P ee - = = oF pe oe, VF THbo pe 282, a = #00 = O19 [tao The relat blo # Po J? bye - P* wis 048 BA ore 2 ede P= oq = 49 OF = 32'S, me OTE, eee e [— 09>v! (D x Relation bleo_| ea and ¥ ! ot and Pf The veledion bho -the ‘two current qa CC and CE atet otal cpeanssdne cunvedt !2 alyen bg —O fe = Se the bbe Enow that Cument” 9. um of. ce oe te —- DP Se current gan of ee y = te & tT. cabal Mpg Velue ey ies fe = Serf => I6= S_-fe] pare Se Y fe@ -fe Divide the. 2G@ by Te Lye hfe _ i tony EO te pe ee Seble Know theast pe 4 tee = etl = SS +) [=o “7 Ptl= ftI® poo. = a > pth = a% “y= pt fF~© Problem! @ A hanststor fs woveing Lath ob = O'1> caleutecte Te Values of é pv sft Aven bata! aa ey. a 046 diye - pr ae ~ Taos z= al Yo pti = aytl@ % Comparison bl C&, CE, Ce _congiqurel(ent! + 7 ‘Nb — : Pavameler ce Conpigaraction [ee compiguy atten ce Coa piqued, 16] Snot : F qeclstanee ae ( ve mee he ka) 2] output Mt ™ moderate bow Yeststance. * (1a) (abot 10 p2)| (about cor) 3+| ceeevent gahn | 0 = Fe _« Te bre t-te less than unity High C10) ARgh Cis) | Voltage gain vevg. Smal Gs) thangs gh tod bese, Tn vaity S| Le, core Very Small Large Large: 6. | phase chit | 0" x 360 180° 6 te 360 4 i igh Fr Audio fi Ampedanc Appliceier’s High Freay 0 freay re nyQ transite ths to fr aigh) ox Sv). Transishr ata Switch! ° ————— oe g digital Soge aagpltcx preayerenlty whiliced: (the voltage lets alleinale —_ * sald wn operated at cut-eyf gor the BFR” Condition and at adwection gee the “ON: Gondry ty Syitehing coreults: Honk , cbly ereised vahite —_ The achive Aegim bh qui a efron, cut-off 0 cabuvation ox View ves + 4 the active vegin is irrelevant while witching poorer —y'ldhen Handtifrr ah a cwttth, Up yequintes the opening. are chung f the cuttth: : Cut- off veg) ! ‘ . Ver =t5V Vee = tSV a i “ lee ef : | : Frankie under Cut-off Tegln-Culeyp reaton | (ort cwttA) 7 Ay cut ft region, bath “un efione af the transi ane Revee bioted Cie tp ‘usc (pe) ¥ ap Sundton Yee) + -fy this condition) a amall eurrent -plowe Trough She dantttis and tt can be neglected - ilhen —P V=oV, the tp Voltage fe fees than & ranted threshold voltage, thus, thet tp Voltage cannot drive Campated “to cut-off regi, a lange current flows Hhyough the Avaniior ty thts Con détion: sree ok a td sete, Cone? and “the —rlhen Var sv, the tp voltage YS greater Shan the transits threshold voltage then the Ip vo tage can and in this digve. fhe. “beunsiztor toto gaduration: tsod tors, The Aranheybor act ase a Closed cutich