General

Physics 2 12
General Physics 2 – Grade 12
Quarter 4 – Module 8: Geometric Optics

First Edition, 2020

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 General
Physics 2
12

Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 8
Geometric Optics
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the (General Physics Grade 12) Self-Learning Module on GEOMETRIC

OPTICS!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed, and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st-century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or
strategies that will help you in
guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Physics 2 Self-Learning Module on GEOMETRIC OPTICS!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
This module is about Geometric Optics: Thin-lens. After going through this
module, you are expected to:

1. Determine graphically and mathematically the type (virtual/real),

magnification, location/ apparent depth, and orientation of the image of a
point and extended object produced by a lens or series of lenses
(STEM_GP12OPT-IVd-27)

PRETEST
Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. A convex lens has a focal length of 10 cm. At which distance should the object be
placed so that this convex lens may act as a magnifying glass?

A. 7 cm B. 15 cm C. 20 cm D. 25 cm

2. What should be the distance of the object to obtain a real image twice the size of
the object with a convex lens of focal length 15 cm?

A. more than 5 cm but less than 10 cm

B. more than 10 cm but less than 15 cm
C. more than 15 cm but less than 30 cm
D. more than 30 cm but less than 60 cm
3. A toy 1.5 cm tall is placed at a certain distance in front of a convex lens. An
image of the toy is received on a white screen kept behind the lens. The image of
the toy also measures 1.5 cm. If f is the focal length of a convex lens, where is the
image located?
A. at F C. at 2F
B. between F and 2F D. beyond 2F

4. A concave lens produces an image 20 cm from the lens of an object placed 30

cm from the lens. What is the focal length of the lens?

A. -30 cm B. -40 cm C. -50 cm D. -60 cm

5. An object is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a concave lens of a focal length of

20 cm. What is the distance of the image from the lens?

A. -10.5 cm B. -14.3 cm C. -25.0 cm D. -33.3 cm

 RECAP
Complete the table below that describes the Images Formed by a Concave Mirror.

Location of Object Location of Image Size of Image Nature of Image

Between Vertex 2.? Enlarged Virtual and erect

and focus)

At focus (F) At infinity Enlarged 6.

Between F and C 3.? Enlarged Real and inverted

1. ? At C same size as the Real and inverted

object

Beyond C 4.? reduced Real and inverted

At infinity At focus (F) 5.? Real and inverted

LESSON

THIN LENSES
The lens is the most commonly used optical device after the plane mirror. Perhaps
you have seen a watchmaker using a lens to see the extremely small parts of a watch.
A lens is a piece of transparent glass with two refracting surfaces as in Figure 1. The
simplest lens has two spherical surfaces close enough together that we can ignore
the distance between them (the thickness of the lens); we call this a thin lens. If you
wear eyeglasses, or contact lenses while reading, you are viewing these words
through a pair of thin lenses.

Figure 1 Concave and Convex Lens

Properties of a Lens

A lens of the shape shown in Fig 2 has an important property: When a beam of rays
parallel to the axis passes through the lens, the rays converge to a point as shown
in Figure 2 and form a real image at that point. Such a lens is called a converging
lens. Again, the point where parallel rays meet after passing through the lens is
called the focal point of the lens.

Figure 2. A converging lens with curved surfaces causes parallel rays to converge at
the focal point.

Similarly, rays passing through point F1 come out from the lens as a beam of parallel
rays. Point F1 and F2 are called the first and second focal points, and the distance f
(measured from the center of the lens) is called the focal length. The focal length of a
converging lens is defined to be a positive quantity, and such a lens is called a
positive lens. The central horizontal line in Fig 2 is called the principal axis, as with
spherical mirrors. The centers of curvature of the two spherical surfaces lie on and
define the principal axis.

So far we have been discussing converging lenses (convex lenses). Let’s look at Fig 3
which shows a diverging lens and the beam of parallel rays incident on this lens
diverges or moves apart after refraction. Again, the point from which parallel rays
appear to diverge after leaving a diverging lens is called the focal point of the lens.
Figure 3. A diverging lens causes parallel rays to appear to diverge from a single point
called the focal point.

The focal length of a diverging lens (concave lens) is a negative quantity, and the lens
is also called a negative lens. The focal points of a negative lens are reversed, relative
to those of a positive lens. The second focal point, F2 of a negative lens is the point
from which rays that are originally parallel to the axis appear to diverge after
refraction If you will compare from our lesson on mirrors, you can see that a diverging
lens has the same relationship to a converging lens as a convex mirror has to a
concave mirror.

Formation of Images

1. Graphical Method for Lenses

We can determine the position and size of an image formed by a thin lens by using a
graphical method very similar to the one we used in Module 7 for spherical mirrors.
Again, we draw a few special rays called principal rays that diverge from a point of
the object that is not on the principal axis. The intersection of these rays, after they
pass through the lens, determines the position and size of the image. In using this
graphical method, we will consider the entire deviation of a ray occurring at the
midplane of the lens, as shown in Figure 4-6. This is consistent with the assumption
that the distance between the lens surface is negligible.

The three principal rays whose paths are usually easy to trace for a convex lens
(converging lens) are shown in Fig 4-6

1. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis appears from the lens in a direction
that passes through the second focal point F2 of a converging lens or appears
to come from the second focal point of a diverging lens.
 Figure 4. The first of the three rays passes through a converging lens. Two or
three of these rays can be used to locate the image of any object.

2. A ray of light passing through the center of the lens goes straight after
refraction. So this ray emerges at essentially the same angle at which it enters
and along essentially the same line.

Figure 5. The second of the three rays passes through a converging lens. Two
or three of these rays can be used to locate the image of any object.
 3. A ray of light passing through the first focal point becomes parallel to its
principal axis after refraction through the lens.

Figure 6. The third of the three rays passes through a converging lens. Two or
three of these rays can be used to locate the image of any object.

The three principal rays whose paths are usually easy to trace for a concave lens
(diverging lens) are shown in Fig 7-9

1. Parallel incident ray appears after refraction to have come from the second
focal point F2

Figure 7. The first of the three rays passes through a diverging lens. Two or
three of these rays can be used to locate the image of any object.

2. Ray through the center of the lens does not deviate appreciably
 Figure 8. The second of the three rays passes through a diverging lens. Two
or three of these rays can be used to locate the image of any object.

3. Rays aimed at the first focal point F1 emerges parallel to the principal axis

Figure 9. The third of the three rays passes through a diverging lens. Two or
three of these rays can be used to locate the image of any object.
When the image is real, the position of the image point is determined by the
intersection of any two rays 1,2, and 3. When the image is virtual, we extend the
diverging outgoing rays backward to their intersection point to find the image point.

Formation of Images by Convex Lens (Converging) for Various Object Distances

Figure 10. Formation of an image by a convex lens when the object is placed beyond
2F1.
The image formed is:
a. between F2 and 2F2
b. reduced in size, and
c. real and inverted

Figure 11. Formation of an image by a convex lens when the object is placed at 2F1.
The image formed is:
a. At 2F2
b. of the same size as the object, and
c. real and inverted
Figure 12. Formation of an image by a convex lens when the object is placed between
F1 and 2F1. The image formed is:
a. between F2 and 2F2
b. reduced in size, and
c. real and inverted

Figure 13. Formation of an image by a convex lens when the object is placed at F 1
The image formed is:
a. at infinity
b. enlarged, and
c. real and inverted
Figure 14. Formation of an image by a convex lens when the object is placed between
the focus and vertex
The image formed is:
a. On the same side as the object
b. enlarged. and
c. virtual and erect
Figure 15. Formation of an image by a convex lens when the object is placed at
infinity.
The image formed is:
a. at the focus
b. reduced in size, and
c. real and inverted

Formation of Images by Concave Lens (Diverging lens) for Various Object Distances

Figure 16. The diagram shows the formation of the Image by a concave lens (diverging
lens)

When the object is placed anywhere between the center of the lens and infinity in
front of a concave lens, the image formed is
a. between the center of lens and focus (F)
b. reduced, and
 c. virtual and erect

When the object is placed at infinity from a concave lens, the image formed is:
a. at focus (F)
b. reduced, and
c. virtual and erect

Thin-Lens Equation

As we saw in our lesson, a ray diagram can be used to locate the image of light rays
passing through a lens from an object. The ray diagram method yields a means of
determining the type of image (real or virtual, inverted or erect ) and its
approximation location. The thin-lens equation is used to determine more accurately
the location of the image.

1/f = 1/do + 1/di (Eq. 1)

where
f = the focal length of the lens
do= the object distance di = the image distance

If the other two quantities are known, this equation can be solved for any one of the
three quantities (f, do di). The design of optical instruments such as telescopes,
microscopes, slide projectors, cameras, and when choosing lenses for eyeglasses are
obtained using the thin-lens equation.

Here are the several sign conventions that are important when using the thin-lens
equation. These conventions apply to light rays moving from left to right.

1. The focal length f is positive for converging lenses and negative for diverging
lenses.

2. The object distance do is positive if the object is to the left of the lens and
negative if the object is to the right of the lens.

3. The image distance di is positive for real images formed to the right of the lens
and negative for virtual images formed to the left of the lens.

The linear magnification of an optical system can be calculated using either ratio.

m = hi/ho = -di/do (Eq 2)

Equation 2 applies to any type of lens and real and virtual images. if m is negative,
the image is inverted relative to the object.

Sample Problem 1.
An object is placed 30 cm to the left of a diverging lens whose focal length is -15cm
(the negative sign is used for a diverging lens). Where is the image of this object
located and describes the nature of the image (real or virtual)?
Solution:
Given:
f = -20 cm do= 40 cm
Rearranging Eq. 1 to solve for di, we find that

1/di = 1/f - 1/do = 1/-20 cm -1/40 cm

= -0.05 cm-1 - 0.025 cm-1 = -0.075 cm-1

di = 1/-0.075 cm-1 =-13.33 cm

Fig 17. A ray diagram for the system is described in sample problem 1. If we looked
at the ray diagram below, the image is reduced in size and virtual.

through a diverging

Sample Problem 2

A converging lens has a focal length of 10.00 cm. A Christmas tree 1.0 m tall is
standing 2.0 m from the lens. (a) Where is the image located? How large is the
image?

Solution:
Given:
f = 10 cm do = 200 cm

(a) Rearranging Eq. 1 to solve for di, we find that

1/di = 1/f - 1/do = 1/10 cm -1/200 cm

= 0.1 cm-1 - 0.0005 cm-1 =0.0995 cm-1

di = 1/0.0995 cm-1 = 10.05 cm

 (b) To calculate the height of the image hi we must first solve for the linear
magnification of the lens using Eq 2
m = -di/do = 10.05 cm/200 cm = -05025
The negative sign means that the image is inverted, Again, using Eq 2, we can
find the image height

hi = mh = (-0.05025) (1.0 m) = 0.05025 m = -5.025 cm

(c) Solving Multiple-Lens Problems

1. Use Eq 1 to determine the distance of the image di(1) formed by the first lens.
If di(1) is positive, the image is to the right of lens 1. If di is negative, the image
is to the left of lens 1.
2. The image of lens 1 is now the object for lens 2. The object distance is

d0(2) = d - di(1) Eq 3

3. Use the thin-lens equation to calculate the image distance di(2) of lens 2

1/di(2) = 1/f2 -1/d0(2)

Sample Problem 3

An object is located 40 m from a +15.0 cm focal length converging lens. A diverging

lens with a -4.50 cm focal length is placed 10.0 cm to the right of the first lens. Locate
the final image of the two-lens system.

Solution
Given:
f1 = +15.0 cm f2 = -4.50 cm d= 10.0 cm d0(1) = 4,000 cm
First locate the image of the first lens using Eq 1

1/di(1) = 1/f1 - 1/do(1) = 1/+15.0 cm - 1/4000 cm = 0.0664cm-1

or
di(1) = 1/0.0664 cm -1 = +15.06 cm

Next, locate the object of the second lens using Eq 3

d0(2) = d - di(1) = 10.0 cm - 15.06 cm = -5.06 cm

The negative sign indicates that the object of the second lens is to its right.
Finally, using Eq 1 locate the image of the second lens

1/di(2) = 1/f2 -1/d0(2) = 1/-4.50 cm -- 1/-5.06 cm = -0.025 cm-1

or

1/di(2) = 1/-0.025 cm-1 = -40.67 cm

The negative sign tells us that the final image is 40.67 cm to the left of the
second lens. Since it is to the left, the final image is virtual.
The optical system for this problem is shown in Figure

ACTIVITIES
Quarter 4: Week: 3 Day: 2
Title of the Activity: Image Formation by Lenses

Activity no. 1

Learning Competencies: Determine graphically and mathematically the type

(virtual/real), magnification, location/ apparent depth, and orientation of the image
of a point and extended object produced by a lens or series of lenses
(STEM_GP12OPT-IVd-27)

Direction: Use ray diagrams to locate the images of the following objects (1) an object
that is 10 cm from a converging lens of 15.0 cm focal length, (2) an object that is 10
cm from a diverging lens of -15 cm focal length (3-4) Calculate the image location of
parts (1) and (2) using the thin-lens equation (5-6) How large is the image formed in
parts (1) and (2). you may use the following equations below:
1/f = 1/do + 1/di (Eq. 1)
m = hi/ho = -di/do (Eq 2)

Quarter 4: Week: 3 Day: 2

Title of the Activity: An Image of an Image

Activity no. 2
Learning Competencies: Determine graphically and mathematically the type
(virtual/real), magnification, location/ apparent depth, and orientation of the image
of a point and extended object produced by a lens or series of lenses
(STEM_GP12OPT-IVd-27)

Direction:
A Galilean telescope, sometimes called an opera-glass, such as the figure shown
below, consists of a +10.0 cm objective lens and a -2.0 cm eyepiece. The lenses are
separated by 8.0 cm. A Peacock Pansy butterfly 20 m from the objective lens is
viewed.

(1) Locate the final image

(2) Calculate the total linear magnification

WRAP-UP

Fill in the blanks with suitable words to complete the statements.

1. A lens is an ______(1)___________ device that changes the apparent location of

an object by changing the path of ______(2)________ coming from an object.A
_________(3)______ causes parallel rays to to converge at the focal point, while
a ________(4)_________ causes parallel rays to appear to diverge from a single
point called the focal point. The image formed by lenses can be located by
using ____(5)_______ or by using the ______(6)_________equation.
 2. Complete the table to show the summary of the images formed by a convex
lens

Location of Object Location of Image Size of Image Nature of Image

Between F1 and 7. enlarged 8.

lens

At F1 (Focus) At infinity 9 Real and inverted

Between F1 and 10 enlarged Real and inverted

2F1

At 2F1 At 2F2 same size as object 11

Beyond 2F1 12 reduced Real and inverted

At infinity At F2 (Focus) reduced 13

Summary of the Images Formed by a Concave Lens

Location of Object Location of Image Size of Image Nature of Image

Anywhere between Between the lens 14 15

the lens and and focus
infinity

VALUING

Mica is playing with a lens given as a gift by her older brother Mikel. Mica is
fascinated with the lens and she holds it towards the sun and starts looking at the
sun through it. On seeing this, Mica’s older brother Mikel ran towards her and
snatched the lens from him. Mikel firmly told Mica never to do it again.

(a) What could be the nature of the lens?

(b) Why did Mikel snatch the lens from Mica?

(c) What could have happened to Mica if Mikel had not snatched away the lens from
him? Explain.

(d) What values are shown by Mikel?

 POSTTEST
Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. A virtual, erect, and enlarged image of an object is to be obtained with a
convex lens. For this purpose, where should the object be placed?

A. between 2F and infinity

B. between F and center of the lens
C. between F and 2F
D. at F

2. Ally experimented with a convex lens. She put an object at different distances 25
cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 60 cm, and 120 cm from the lens. In each case, she measured
the distance of the image from the lens. Her results were 100 cm, 24 cm,
60 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm respectively. However, her results are written in
the wrong order. What is the correct order of the image?

A. 100 cm; 60 cm; 40 cm; 30 cm; 24 cm

B. 60 cm; 40 cm; 30 cm; 24 cm; 100 cm
C. 40 cm; 30 cm; 24 cm; 100 cm; 60 cm
D. 30 cm; 24 cm; 100 cm; 60 cm; 40 cm

3. If an object of 7 cm height is placed at a distance of 12 cm from a convex lens of

a focal length of 8 cm, what is the distance of the image?

A. +14 cm B.+18 cm C. +20 cm D. +24 cm

4. An object is 2m from a lens which forms an erect image ¼ the size of the object.
What is the focal length of the lens?

A. -33.4 B. -54.67 C. -66.7 cm D. -78.79 cm

5. A converging lens of focal length 20 cm is placed 30 cm in front of another

converging lens of focal length 4.0 cm. An object is placed 100 cm in front of the first
lens. Where is the final image located?

A. 10 cm right of the second lens

B. 10 cm left of the second lens
C. 20 cm right of the second lens
D. 20 cm left of the second lens
KEY TO CORRECTION
References
Hewitt, Paul G. Conceptual Physics, 11th Edition San Francisco: Pearson, 2010.

Singh, Lakhmir and Kaur, Manjit. Science for Tenth Class: Physics. New Delhi: S Chand
Publishing, 2016.

Silverio, Angelina A. Exploring Life Through Science SERIES General Physics 1.Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, 2017.

Van Heuvelen, Alan. Physics: A General Introduction, United States of America: Little, Brown
and Company, 1986.

Young, Hugh D., and Freedman, Roger A. Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with
Modern Physics, 14th Edition. San Francisco: Pearson, 2016.