2023-2024 Spring B1+ Grammar Worksheet Pack

YTU
SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

BASIC ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
WORKSHEET PACK
SELF-STUDY MATERIAL
WITH KEY
B1+ LEVEL
2023 – 2024 SPRING TERM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 1 ………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
Unit 2 ………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
Unit 3 ………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
Unit 4 ………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
Unit 5 ………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
Unit 6 ………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
Unit 7 ………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47
Unit 8 ………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
Unit 9 ………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
Unit 10 ……………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
Unit 11 ……………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
Unit 12 ……………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100
ANSWER KEYS ................................................................................................................... 115-139

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 2023-2024, SPRING
SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES B1+ GRAMMAR WORKSHEET
UNIT 1
Study the table below.
NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS
Mental States
think* notice remember Doubt want
suppose recognize forget Disagree need
believe realize remind Agree prefer
imagine know understand Mean
Emotions
Love like fear care
Hate dislike envy mind
Possession
have* own possess belong (to)
Perception
see* smell* taste* feel* hear
Others
look* appear* weigh* advise include
Seem sound cost promise contain
Verbs with (*) can be used in continuous forms, usually with a different meaning.
 Is something wrong with Kate? She looks very sad. (look expresses a state)
 Why are you looking at me like that? (look expresses a deliberate action happening at the time of
speaking)
 What perfume do you use? It smells very nice. (state)
 Look! Grandma is smelling the flowers we gave her. (action)
 I feel that we should help him more. (think, have the sense of something.-state)
 Ann is feeling the cat’s fur. (touch-action)
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A. Complete the sentences choosing from the non-progressive verbs in the table above. There
may be more than one answer for some of them.
0. I’m not comfortable on this chair. It feels / seems very hard.
1. Do you who that man over there is?
2. Well, your holiday plan interesting, but where will you get that
much money from?
3. I that piece of land to the Roberts, but
I’m not certain who actually has that land.
4. Elderly people should avoid eating eggs too often because they
cholesterol, which is bad for them.
5. The strawberries nice but they rather
sour.
6. Do you in ghosts?
7. That child is very clever. He everything very easily.
8. Paul that joining European Union will lead to disaster, but I
with him.
9. The linden tree in the garden of our office building wonderful in
spring, and it me of the ones we had in our garden in my
childhood.
B. Underline the correct answer to complete the sentences.

0. Dad, I am needing / need some money for tomorrow’s school trip.
1. Mmm! This curry tastes / is tasting delicious! Did you make it yourself?
2. A: Hi, Jack! Are / Do you have / having a good time?
B: Yes, but unfortunately, I have to / am having to leave soon.
3. A: Jim, I pack / am packing your suitcase. Shall I put in your yellow tie?
B: Oh, no! I am hating / hate it, but I am wanting / want to take my green one.
4. A: Where is Mum?
B: She works / is working in the back garden.
5. Don’t let anyone into the surgery. The doctor is seeing / sees one of his patients.
6. Our English teacher has given us a text to read, but I can’t understand it- it contains / is
containing lots of difficult words.
7. A: Is your brother still unemployed?
B: No, he works / is working in my uncle’s office for the time being, but he looks / is
looking for a job in his own field.
8. Sandra’s mother is a scientist. She works / is working at a university hospital in the city
centre.
9. We are living / live in a flat big enough for us and our children, but at the moment, my
husband’s niece is living / lives with us, so we are short of space.
10. Do / Are you remember / remembering his name? I think / am thinking that it is starting /
starts with a K.
11. My favourite group plays / is playing at the Town Hall tonight. Everyone is going / goes.
Are / Do you want / wanting to come with us?
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C. Complete the sentences using the Simple Present or Present Continuous of the verbs in the
list.
go eat enjoy hide
take after have advise organize
buy take decorate smell
0. She takes after her mother both in appearance and personality.

1. A: Where is Alison? B: She the dog for a walk. She’ll back in
twenty minutes.
2. That food wonderful. What is it?
3. We a small party next week. Would you like to come?
4. The secretary the trip, so she can give you all the information
about it.
5. The children in their bedroom at the moment because they think
I’m angry with them.
6. I you to go by train because it’s much faster than the bus.
7. We the living room at the moment, and next week, we’ll do the
bedrooms.
8. I watching films at the cinema much more than on television.
9. You too much! That’s why you’re having trouble losing weight.
10. I out at six, so don’t forget to take your keys with you.
11. Usually, I everything at the supermarket because it’s much more
convenient than going to the market.
D. Complete the sentences using the Simple Present or Present Continuous of the verbs in the
list.
arrive argue interview fly
help water give celebrate
laugh send sneeze play
0. A: What are you giving Lorna for her birthday?

B: A pair of earrings. I bought them yesterday.
1. The train in Ankara at half past eleven.
2. My grandparents their fiftieth wedding anniversary with a big
party at a luxury hotel.
3. Every Christmas, people in many parts of the world hundreds of
cards to all their friends and relatives.
4. A: Why you ?
B: Oh, Peter just told us a really funny story.
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5. I’m sorry. You can’t see the manager right now. She an applicant
for the new post.
6. My brother always me with my chemistry homework because he
is much better at it than me.
7. Mr. Edwards to Miami this morning for a conference.
8. My husband’s favourite game is backgammon, so he it whenever
he can.
9. Poor Jenny when there are flowers in the house because she is
allergic to them.
10. They’re really good friends, but they all the time.
11. A: Why you the garden? It’ll probably
rain tonight.
B: Oh, you can never believe the weather forecast!
E. Write questions for the underlined words in the sentences below.
0. Jake’s car is blue.
What color is Jakes car?
1. Mr. Brennan made Mark’s travel arrangements.
2. Kate will borrow Adam’s car to take her friends sightseeing.
3. Ann is carrying a backpack.
4. She spent all her money on clothes yesterday.
5. I saw Tom and Jane at the restaurant last night.
6. Last summer, we spent our holiday in Rome.
F. Write questions according to the answers given.
0. Mary went to Milan.

a. “Mary” Who went to Milan?
b. “To Milan” Where did Mary go?
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1. The mechanic fixed Sheila’s motorcycle.

a. “The mechanic”
2. “Sheila’s”
a. “The heavy rain”
b. “Jenny’s new shoes”
3. The storm caused a flood in the main street.
a. “The storm”
b. “In the main street”
4. Every month John donates some money to the charity for the homeless.
a. “Every month”
b. “To the charity”
5. Alan often buys cheap airline tickets.
a. “Often”
b. “Cheap airline tickets”
G. Complete the interview questions. Add question words where necessary.

Q: you/always/want/write/for TV? (0) Did you always want to write for TV?
A: No! When I was a kid, I wanted to be a doctor.
Q: you/change/your mind?
John Carling, 33:
(1)
TV Script Writer A: Because I failed my Science exams! Luckily, I also won the creative writing
prize that year.
Q: shows/you/make/so far?
(2)
A: I’ve written more than 20, I think. I can’t remember!
Q: kinds of shows/you/prefer?
(3)
A: Comedies. I like to tell jokes and have a laugh.
Q: you/write/your shows/for?
(4)
A: Everyone, I hope! I want to create shows the whole family can enjoy.
Q: you/write/anything/at the moment?
(5)
A: Yes. I’m working on a great new sitcom for TV1. Watch it-you’ll love it, I
promise!
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PREFIXES
Negative Prefixes
 un-: uncomfortable unexpected unhappy unkind unpopular unlock uncertainty

 in-: inaccurate inconsiderate inefficient inexpensive insensitive inconvenience
 im-: immature immoral impersonal impossible impolite imperfection
 il-: illegal illegible illogical illiteracy
 ir-: irrational irregular irresponsible irrelevance
 dis-: disorganized disagree dishonesty
A. Complete the sentences. Use negative adjectives.
0. That’s not an important detail. In fact, it’s completely unimportant .

1. You said Fred was a considerate person, but in fact, he’s very .
2. They said the bed was comfortable, but it was really .
3. He said diving without insurance is legal here, but I’m sure it’s .
4. His argument isn’t rational. It’s completely .
5. Key said she was responsible with money, but I think she’s totally
.
6. I asked if it was possible to change my ticket, but he said it was .
B. Complete the sentences. Use negative prefixes.
0. A lot of information in this article is inaccurate.

1. Some journalists like finding out all kinds of relevant details about famous people, like
what they eat for breakfast.
2. The two politicians agree in public, but journalists say that in private they agree with
each other about everything.
3. A journalist was jailed for using legal methods to obtain personal information about
members of the government.
4. Some famous actors never give interviews because they think they will always be
understood.
5. He never hides his patience with journalists.
C. Complete the texts. Use the negative form of the adjectives in the boxes.
happy kind mature perfect popular sensitive
The novel is about a very (0) unpopular boy who doesn’t have any friends. This is
because he’s (1) to other people’s feelings: he’s (2)
to everyone and he criticises everything they do. He’s also quite (3) for his
age and his family life is very (4) but when he finds an injured dog in the
street, his life changes. I like this story because it makes you realise that although we live in an (5)
world, things can get better.
6
correct legible relevant
When you write a composition in an exam, you should plan it to make sure you don’t say
anything (6) or repetitive. You will lose marks if your writing is (7)
or difficult to read. When you finish writing, check your work for (8)
spelling or grammar.
D. Use a prefix from the left and a word from the right and complete the sentences below.
un- in- ir- possible friendly regular legible patient
im- il- dis- correct honest visible employed responsible
0. Nobody at the party talked to us- they were very unfriendly.

1. I can’t read this at all; her handwriting is completely .
2. It’s a very depressed area and almost 20% of young adults are .
3. You can’t see where my jacket was mended. The repair is completely
.
4. I find it very hard to remember the past tense of lots of verbs.
5. Bob’s so .that he’s just not prepared to wait for the right
opportunity.
6. It was very .to go out and leave those two children alone.
7. It says here we lost £300 last week, but these figures must be .
Check them again, Sue!
8. His brother steals money and tells lies- he’s very .
9. She says it can’t be done, but I don’t accept that. Nothing is .
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Prefixes with Other Meanings
mis- (=badly /wrongly) misunderstand

mismanagement
re- (=again) rebuild reunion
over (=too much) overachieve overpaid
under (=not enough underachieve underpaid
E. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the words in capitals.
0. A place that has too many people in it is overcrowded . CROWDED

1. If you a door, you open it with a key. LOCK
2. Somebody who is behaves without thinking RESPONSIBLE
about the results of their actions.
3. is the state of not knowing how to read LITERACY
or write.
4. If you at school or work, you don’t do ACHIEVE
as well as you could.
5. If you something you are in charge of MANAGE
you deal with it badly.
F. Complete the sentences with a suitable verb from the box in the correct tense, using mis-, un-,
over-, re-, and dis-.
take pack do open lock

sleep
understand appear hear charge
0. If she fails her exam, she can retake it in the autumn.

1. I wrote the wrong answer because I the question.
2. I got to the hotel at 4.00 but I couldn’t my stuff until later.
3. When I , I feel even more tired when I wake up.
4. I turned left instead of right. Obviously I what she said.
5. It’s closed for the summer, but it will in September.
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6. The children were here a minute ago, but now they’ve .

7. John had a key but it wouldn’t the door.
8. A: It says here £3, but the man asked me for £5.
B: In that case he has you.
9. Do you think I can my homework if it’s not very good?
G. Complete the verbs in these sentences.
0. I’m sorry, I misunderstood her message completely.

1. We un as soon as we got to the hotel, then went out for a walk.
2. She was here a minute ago, but she dis . I’m afraid I don’t know where
she is now.
3. We normally have similar opinions but I dis with him on the subject
of drugs.
4. My homework was so bad that I’ll have to re it.
5. Apparently her alarm clock didn’t ring and she over .
6. She finally managed to un the door and we were able to go inside.
7. I dis the film, but the others enjoyed it.
8. I don’t think I’ll pass the exam, but I can always re it in September.
9. The post office shuts for lunch but it should re at 2.00 p.m.
10. She’s over at the moment. She really needs a holiday and a complete
break from her job.
11. My sister wrapped up my present so well that it took me about five minutes to
un it.
PERSONALITY ADJECTIVES
A. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
brave generous grateful honest independent jealous relaxed reliable warm
lively mature miserable patient popular proud sensible superficial weird
0. She doesn’t think about anything seriously or have any deep feelings. She’s so superficial.
1. He’s always . He’s never in a hurry and he’s always calm.
2. She’s the most person in the school. Everybody likes her.
3. He’s very . If he says he’ll do something, then he does it.
4. She’s very . She never complains about the pain she is in all the time.
5. She always tells the truth. She’s very .
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6. He’s a very teacher. He doesn’t get cross even when he has to repeat
something three times.
7. They were very when we said they could stay in our house while we
were away.
8. He never drinks and drives. He’s too to do something silly like that.
9. She’s going to travel around the world for six months on her own. She must be very
.
10. She always has fun at parties because he’s so bright and .
11. He never smiles and always looks I don’t know what his problem is.
12. She’s only seventeen but she seems much older. She’s very for her
age.
13. He makes her when he looks at other girls.
14. She looks . Why does she always wear such strange clothes?
15. They’re rich but they’re also really with their money. They give
wonderful presents.
16. He got 100% in all his exams. His parents are really of him.
17. She’s always and friendly. You always feel welcome at her house
B. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
adventurous ambitious eccentric immature moody talented violent
nosy obstinate self-confident strict sympathetic timid
0. They shouldn’t get married at eighteen. They are far too immature to take such an important
decision.
1. Clive is having another exhibition of his paintings. He’s also giving a concert next week. He is
a very .
2. Tina is so person. If I have a problem, she always listens and tries to
help me.
3. At the office party, she stood in a corner, and didn’t speak to anyone. She’s very quiet and
.
4. We’ve given her lots of good advice but she won’t listen. She’s very .
5. Jackie is so . One minute she’s laughing and the next she’s sulking.
6. He’s a man. He was arguing with Tom last night and he ended up
pushing him against the wall and shaking him.
7. My uncle cycles around town in a big red hat and long red boots. Everyone stares at him
because he looks so .
8. She enjoys hot air ballooning and parachute jumping. She’s very .
9. He wasn’t nervous about starting his new job. In fact he was very
and felt sure that he would do it well and enjoy it.
10. Michael already owns three restaurants but he intends to own a chain of them by the time
he’s thirty-five. He’s very .
11. Her parents are quite . She’s seventeen but she has to be home by
ten o’clock, even at weekends.
12. He’s always asking me questions about my family and job. He’s very .
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UNIT 2
GRAMMAR
A. Complete the sentences with the correct form of a verb from the box.
die go write marry paint win
0. Bob Dylan wrote “Blowin’ in the Wind” in 1962.

1. Mark Spitz seven Olympic gold medals in 1972.
2. Pablo Picasso “Guernica” in 1937.
3. Marline Dietrich to Hollywood in 1930.
4. Louis Armstrong in 1971.
5. Diana Prince Charles in 1981.
B. Use the words in brackets ( ) to complete the sentences.
0. When I was at school, (I / not / like / history) I didn’t like history.

0. (My mother / be / at work) My mother was at work when the explosion happened.
1. (I / meet / Brian) when we were in the army.
2. (I / be / in the garden) when you phoned.
3. When Sam was young, (she / love / swimming) .
4. (I / buy / these shoes) when I was paid last week.
5. When Neil was sixteen, (he / have / very long hair) .
6. When he saw her, (he / smile) .
C. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple or the Present Perfect of the verb in brackets.
0. (be) There were a lot of accidents last year, and there have been a lot this year, too.
0. (see) I have not seen Jane today, but I saw her yesterday.
1. (win) Our team is very good. We two competitions this year; and we
two this year, as well.
2. (make) The factory more than 1,000 motorbikes this year; it
not so many last year.
3. (be) I’m worried about Mary. She ill last week, and she
ill most of this week as well.
4. (work) Joe not hard last month, but he
hard this month.
5. (earn) I a lot of money this year – much more than I
last year.
6. (rain) It not much last year here, and it
not much this year, either.
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D. Use the words in brackets to express the same information from a different point of view.
Use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple.
0. Ben stopped smoking five years ago.

(not / smoke / for) Ben hasn’t smoked for five years.
0. Jane has lived in Bristol for two years.
(move / to / go) Jane moved to Bristol two years ago.
1. Anna and John moved to London after their wedding.
(live / in / since)
2. Mary started working in France six months ago.
(work / for)
3. Pam stopped playing tennis when she was 15.
(not / play / since)
4. Fred hasn’t eaten meat for 2 years.
(stop / eating / ago)
E. Rewrite / Complete the sentences below using the clues where given.
0. He died two years ago.

He has been dead for two years.
1. This will be our third holiday abroad.
We two times. (already)
2. This is my fourth job this year.
this year. (change)
3. They are still looking for the burglar.
yet. (find)
4. Tom is going to England for the first time.
(never)
5. This is Alex, my husband.
We married for only a week.
6. Sam is hungry.
Sam dinner yet.
7. Amy bought a car two years ago.
(for)
8. I painted my first picture years ago. I’ve just finished my 100th one.
100 pictures since then.
9. We settled down in Chicago three years ago.
three years. (live)
10. He has stopped playing cards.
any more.
11. She’s still in her office.
her office yet. (leave)
12. He’s still working for Mrs. Robbins.
yet. (get the sack)
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13. A: the report yet, have you?

B: You’re right. I haven’t. But don’t worry; I am going to write it this afternoon.
14. Molly’s kitchen is still very dirty.
Molly (yet)
15. Jack last watched a play at the Royal Theatre last year.
(since)
16. He became famous after he published his book on scandals.
his book on scandals. (ever since)
17. She last had a check-up a long time ago.
a long time.
F. Rewrite the sentences using “since” and “for”. Use the words given in parentheses.
0. I last saw Jim in January. (see) I bought this jumper two weeks ago. (have)
I haven’t seen Jim since January. I’ve had this jumper for two weeks.
1. You started this school three months ago. (be)
2. They last visited us on Saturday. (visit)
3. She last wrote to me two years ago. (write)
4. They moved to the USA in 1985. (live)
5. I first met Sally in January in 1980. (know)
6. I last went abroad ten years ago. (be)
7. We arrived here more than half an hour ago. (wait)
8. They first noticed the problem yesterday. (know about)
G. Complete the article. Use the present simple, past simple or present perfect of the verbs in
brackets.
People who Love Their Jobs
Ahmed Malik 0) sells (sell) newspapers and sweets from his shop in north London. He 1)
(have) the shop for thirty years. His wife 2)
(work) in the shop with him and they 3)
(employ) two assistants. In 2005, they 4)
(buy) another shop in another part of London and their son now 5)
(manage) that for them.
Emily Saunders is the head of English in a large secondary school. “I 6)
(come) to this school ten years ago as a teacher,” she told us. “Since
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last September, I 7) (be) head of English department. I 8)

(not, teach) as many classes as I used to, but I have other
responsibilities. It’s a very good school and I’m very happy here.”
David O’Brien is a driver for the Post Office. “I 9) (collect)
mail from post offices in my van. I 10) (work) for the Post Office for
twenty-three years. I was a postman until 1990 and then I 11) (get)
my own van. I 12) (enjoy) the job more since I became a driver. It’s
more responsible and you don’t get wet!”
H. Complete the article. Use the past simple or present perfect simple of the verbs in brackets.
MACHU PICCHU
We 0) have known (know) about Machu Picchu for over a century now. Archaeologists 1)
(discover) this ancient Inca site in 1911. They 2)
(write) books and newspaper articles about their discovery, so
people all over the world 3) (read) about the site and 4)
(want) to see it for themselves. The first tourists 5)
(start) to arrive in 1960s. Now, more than half a century later,
millions of visitors 6) (be) to Machu Picchu. Tourists from all over the
world 7) (see) this marvellous Inca city with their own eyes.
In recent years, Machu Picchu 8) (become) one of the most
popular tourist attractions in the world. Luxury hotels have been built not far from the site, while in
the late 1990s, the Peruvian government 9) (allow) the construction
of a cable car for visitors. However, all this 10) (do) a lot of harm to
the site. It 11) (pollute) the atmosphere and caused noise pollution
around the ancient city. In an effort to protect the site, UNESCO 12)
(make) Machu Picchu a World Heritage site in 1983.
İ. Choose the correct answer.

0. It has been a month while / since we last had a meal together.
1. We haven’t had a meal together for / since about a month.
2. Since / During our meal, her phone rang six or seven times.
3. During / While her stay here, she made a lot of good friends.
4. While / Since she was staying here, she made a lot of good friends.
5. Keane was injured during / while the last minute of the match.
6. For / Since several reasons, Keane has not been seriously injured in a game.
7. For / Since 2009, Keane has only been badly injured once on the pitch.
8. You know, I have never been to Rome from / before.
9. I’ve still / already been to Rome twice this year.
10. If you visit Rome that often, do you already / still enjoy it?
11. I haven’t been to Milan already / yet.
12. I went to Milan about a year ago / before.
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J. Complete the passage using the verbs in the box with used to or the Simple Present form.
buy play write go play
create employ sit take spend
have do put make complete
Technology has changed people’s lives a great deal. Its effect can be seen in every area- in
their clothing styles, in their entertainment, in working life, and so on.
There were no televisions in the past, so people (1) their own
environment. They (2) games in the evenings. Nowadays, everyone
just (3) in front of the screen, and people rarely (4)
games any more.
In the house, people (5) hours and hours doing the cleaning
and the washing, but these days, they (6) so many electrical
appliances in the house that machines (7) half of the work for them.
And while people in the past (8) all their clothes, the modern family
simply (9) to a shop and (10)
everything.
But perhaps the greatest changes can been seen at work. Factories (11)
hundreds of people to make their products, but now one or two
machines (12) the task in half the time. And in offices, clerks (13)
everything by hand, and it (14) them
ages to check and double-check all their files. Now, in this technological age, we (15)
everything onto disks, and all the checking is left to the computer.
K. Decide whether you can use “used to” instead of the verb in bold type or not. If it is possible,
rewrite the sentences with “used to”. If you can’t, write “No change”.
0. I went to the cinema very often when I was at university.
I used to go to the cinema very often when I was at university.
0. I bought this car when I was at university.
No change. (One specific event in the past.)
1. I drank a lot of champagne on my last birthday.
2. When I was a student, I drank a glass of hot lemon with honey in the morning in winter
because it gave me some protection against a cold.
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3. I spent my childhood in a village. The village road was not even, so I fell off my bike very
often.
4. I took my son to the park the other day, and he fell off his bike three times on the way there.
5. I gave my son a watch for his last birthday, but he lost it only two days later.
6. As a child, I liked visiting my grandparents because they gave me lots of presents and pocket
money.
7. When they were children, Jack was terribly jealous of his sister because she won every
competition she entered, but poor Jack didn’t win a thing.
8. When she was in primary school, Helen painted a wonderful picture, and with it, she won
first prize. Jack entered the same competition but he didn’t win a thing.
L. Complete the sentences with the correct form of used to or would. In some cases both used to
and would are possible.
0. We used to live in a village in the North of England.

0. When Robert was younger, he used to / would go running every morning.
1. (Andrew / cry) a lot when he was
a small baby?
2. I be afraid of dark when I was little, but now I am not.
3. We visit my grandfather every Sunday afternoon when
we were children, but we don’t any more.
4. Last year he go roller-skating after school, but now he
can’t because he is very busy.
5. I have a motorbike, but I sold it last year.
6. I hate going to bed early, but now I usually fall asleep
before ten.
7. (you / play) chess a ot when
you were a kid?
8. My primary school teachers give us any homework, but
they teach us a lot in class.
9. I like seafood, but now I just love it.
16
10. (Mr. Smith / watch) TV all day before he

lost his sight?
VOCABULARY
A. Match the words a-k with the definitions 1-11.
1. (…..) the place you travel to. a. trip
2. (…..) the place where bags are checked for illegal items. b. customs
3. (…..) to go on a journey. c. meet
4. (…..) a kind of journey. d. documents
5. (…..) the industry which helps people to go on holiday. e. insurance
6. (…..) you pay this to protect yourself on holiday. f. sight
7. (…..) papers with official information for travel g. stay
(e.g. passport, tickets, visa). h. tourism
8. (…..) to live in a place for a temporary period. i. destination
9. (…..) you have this to protect yourself against a disease. j. travel
10. (…..) a special place to see (e.g. famous monument, building, k. vaccination
palace).
11. (…..)to come together with new people on holiday.
B. Write one of these verbs in each sentence 1-10.

get respect find out see broaden become explore find
1. I think it’s good for young people to take a gap year and travel to
their horizons.
2. We’re going to some old temples in the mountains.
3. Lots of people travel to themselves as much as to visit new
places.
4. I like holidays where you just away from it all on a beach doing
nothing.
5. My daughter has more independent since her trip to Thailand.
6. So what sights did you while you were there?
7. It’s important to local culture and act in the correct way.
8. Did you what time the train leaves for Rome?
17
C. Make pairs of words for talking about holidays by matching a word in A to a word in B. Then
complete the sentences 1-5 with each pair.
A B
insurance agent
dress tour
holiday codes
package policy
travel resort
1. Remember to take out before you go on holiday in case of an
emergency.
2. We used to book with a but now we book online.
3. They’ve built a new on the coast. It’s so ugly.
4. in some countries can be quite formal.
5. We booked a which included the bus and all our meals.
D. Match the verb to the particle and complete the sentences.

set get stop get look carry out on off around back to
1. The explorers for the South Pole yesterday morning.

2. Every summer, on our way to the beach we for lunch halfway
and driving.
3. When I the office, I will look at the matter carefully.
4. The train was held up so we didn’t home until midnight.
5. I had some time to Venice when I was there last month.
E. In each sentence, replace the words in bold with a phrasal verb. Write the verb next to the
sentence.
check in stop over pull over get in take off check out
1. You need to go to the airline desk two hours before the plane leaves.
2. What time do you have to go to the hotel reception and pay?

3. What time does the plane arrive?
4. When does the plane leave?
5. We’ll probably stay in Singapore for a day in between our two flights.
6. I’m lost. Park the car at the side of the road and we can look at the map.
18
UNIT 3
A. Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs with the Present Simple, Present
Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous, and Past Simple.
Gary Connery: The Real Superhero
Wingsuit jumping is the sport of skydiving. Jumpers 1) …………………
(wear) a specially designed suit that allows them to glide for miles. It is
one of the most dangerous sports in the world and there 2) …………………
(be) many deaths so far, more than any other sport in the world. But this
fact doesn’t stop people from doing it. Every year, more and more
jumpers like Gary Connery 3) ………………… (risk) their lives to feel the
rush of adrenaline.
On May 23, 2012, Gary Connery 4) ………………… (jump) out of a helicopter 731.5 meters
above the ground and, a minute later, he 5) .................... (land) without a parachute. While he was
performing this jump, he 6) ..................... (use) only his wingsuit. It was the first wingsuit landing
without a parachute. Up to date, Connery 7)..................... (complete) more than 1,350 jumps.
Although people usually know him for his reputation as a successful wingsuit jumper, he is
actually the real hero behind many Hollywood superheroes. Before he performed his world-
famous jump, he 8) ..................... (act) as a stunt double on films like Indiana Jones and Batman
Begins. In fact, he 9) ..................... (work) on films and TV shows as a stunt performer since the
beginning of his career and he still takes part in movies from time to time. In other words, every
time an on-screen superhero 10) .....................(need) to act more like a superhero, they call him
and he saves the day.
B. Underline the correct option to complete the paragraphs.
1. Two scientists from a laboratory in Oxford a) have gone/have been to Antarctica, and will
stay there for three months. They b) have gone/have been there to investigate the effects
of global warming on the polar ice. Colleagues in Oxford, who c) have been/have gone to
Antarctica on earlier expeditions, will keep in touch with them by radio.
2. A dangerous spider is missing from a private zoo in Manchester. “Herbie is a Brazilian

wandering spider, and we’re not sure where he a) has gone/has been” said spokesperson
Anne Graham. “He only arrived in the zoo last month, so he b) hasn’t been/hasn’t gone here
long. A lot of children c) have been/have gone to the zoo in the past few days, and we are
worried that someone has taken Herbie, or that he d) has been/has gone out in somebody’s
pocket, and they don’t know about it.”
19
C. Complete the paragraph using Past Simple or Present Perfect Simple.
At the moment, scientists agree that the world’s climate 1)

………………… (become) warmer over the past 50 years, but they disagree
about the causes. Some believe that human activities 2) …………………
(cause) climate change. They argue that for 1000 or 2000 years before
1850, when records 3) .....................(begin), the temperature was more
or less stable. Short warm or cold periods 4) ..................... (occur) during
that time, but the climate always 5) .................... (return) to the same level.
However, since the Industrial Revolution, human beings 6) .................... (burn) more and more
fossil fuels, such as coal and oil. In 1800, the atmosphere 7) .................... (contain) around 280 parts
per million of carbon dioxide (CO2). Since then, there 8).....................(be) an increase of about 31%.
This extra carbon dioxide 9)..................... (raise) the world’s temperature because of the greenhouse
effect.
Other scientists disagree that human activities over the past 50 years 10) .................... (cause)
global warming. They point out that volcanoes and other natural processes 11) …………………
(always/release) CO2 into the atmosphere, and that human activity 12) .................... (contribute) a
rise in CO2 of only three per cent.
In 1999, 156 countries 13) ..................... (sign) the Kyoto Protocol, part of a United Nations
agreement on climate change, which 14) ………………… (come) into force in 2005. They 15)
………………… (agree) to reduce their emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, although so far,
some countries, such as the USA and Australia, 16) .....................(not/take) any action.
D. Underline the correct option.

1. Scientists have recently identified /have been identifying a new species of animal in the
rainforest of Borneo. They have been searching/have searched for this creature for several
years, after reports from local villagers, and say it is a type of lemur.
2. Archaeologists in Guatemala have found/have been finding a Mayan wall painting which they
think is more than 2000 years old. Archaeologist William Saturno explored /has been exploring
the site since 2002.
3. Scientists using the Hubble Space Telescope think they found/have found two new moons
circling the planet Pluto. Astronomers have been looking /looked closely at Pluto since 1978
when they spotted/have spotted its first moon. The telescope worked/has been working for
fifteen years, and has been producing/has produced more than 700,000 images of the universe.
4. Australian scientists have been discovering/ have discovered a new coral reef over 60 km long
in the Gulf of Carpentaria by using satellites to spot the reefs in deep water. Recently divers have
managed/have been managing to reach the reefs and take photographs.
20
UNIT 4
A. Choose the correct option.
1. The egg is cracking. The baby bird will have come out / is going to come out/comes out.
2. Can you hurry up please? The film will have started / is going to start/ will have been
starting.
3. A: Carry this very carefully! B: Don’t worry, I’m not dropping it / I won’t drop it.
4. We’re playing / We’ll play football this afternoon. Do you want to play, too?’
5. A: This dictionary costs £50, but the red one is cheaper.
B: OK, I’ll take / I’m taking / I’m going to take the red one.’
6. Have you decided about next year yet?
Yes, I’m studying / I’m going to study / I’ll study journalism. Well, that’s the plan anyway.
B. Complete the sentences with a verb from the list in Future Progressive.
watch lie catch wait work
1. Next Tuesday at this time I on the beach!

2. I outside the cinema at 7.30. See you then!
3. All tomorrow afternoon I on my history project.
4. Don’t phone at 9.00, because I the match then.
5. This time tomorrow I the plane to Brazil!
C. Complete the sentences with Future Perfect, according to your opinion.

In my opinion, by the end of the 21st century:
1. People (start) living on other planets.
2. Scientists (invent) artificial food.
3. Doctors (find) a cure for cancer.
4. The world (become) a peaceful place.
5. People (make) the environment cleaner.
D. Choose the correct option.

1. By 2040 the world’s population will have reached / will be reaching ten billion.
2. In the next twenty years people will have talked / will be talking to their houses.
3. By 2040 scientists will have invented / will be inventing glasses on which we watch videos.
4. By 2040 some things won’t have changed / will be changing.
5. Before the end of the twenty-first century, we will have found / will be finding life on other
planets.
6. In 2040, we will have worn / will be wearing the same clothes.
21
E. Complete the sentences with the future progressive or the future perfect.
1. A: I can’t come shopping on Saturday because I (work) all
day.
B: That’s a pity.
2. A: Come to my house at six o’clock.
B: (you/finish) your homework by then?
3. A: Have you made the preparations for the party?

B: Not yet, but I (finish) them by this evening.
4. A: Are you looking forward to your holiday?
B: Oh, yes! This time next week I (lie) on the beach.
5. A: How is your project coming along? Is it done?
B: Not yet, but I (complete) it by the time the holidays are
over.
F. Choose the correct option.

1. This time next week we are going to take / will be taking / take a taxi to the airport.
2. As soon as we hear any news, we are letting / will have let / will let you know.
3. We will have held / hold / are holding a press conference about our new discovery on
Tuesday.
4. Look at that helicopter! It will have landed / is going to land / lands on the sports field!
5. In a year’s time I am going to work / am working / will be working in the music industry.
G. Choose the correct answer.
1. By the end of the day, Melissa all the e-mails to her clients.
a) will send b) sends c) will be sending d) will have sent
2. I promise that I such a stupid thing again.

a) ‘m not going to b) won’t be doing c) won’t do d) won’t have done
3. Brian seminars all day long at the book exhibition tomorrow.

a) will be attending b) is attending c) will attend d) will have attended
4. Don’t be afraid of the horse. It you, Burt.

a) won’t be hurting b) won’t hurt c) will attend d) will have attended
5. Look at that child, Patricia. He the road all alone.

a) is going to cross b) will be crossing c) crosses d) will have crossed
6. Dennis his pottery class by the end of June.

a) will have completed b) complete c) will be completing d) going to complete
22
7. Please don’t call me between 3:00 and 4:00 because we a meeting then.
a) will have b) will be having c) going to have d) will have had
8. Andy expects that the Simpsons tonight.

a) will have arrived b) going to arrive c) will arrive d) will be arriving
H. Complete the text with will, will have or will have been + correct form of the verb in brackets.
It’s hard to make predictions too far into the future, but I think I can say quite a lot
about my life in about ten years’ time. I think I 1) (still, live)
in the same city. By that time, I 2) (finish) my studies, and,
who knows, perhaps I 3) (find) a good job. And I 4)
(probably, go out) with the same friends too!
I’m optimistic about the future, so I think that by the time I’m 35, I 5)
(make) my fortune. By then, I 6)
(run) my own company for about ten years,
and I 6) (almost certainly, become) a
millionaire! So I 7) (drive) an expensive sports car, I hope!
I think we should all be worried about what the world 8)

(be) like in fifty years’ time. By then, I hope the world’s governments 9)
(find) an answer to the problem of global warming, but
perhaps scientists 10) (search) for technological
solutions. It’s quite possible that we 11) (still, talk) about the problem,
as we are now!
By the time I’m fifty, I expect that nearly everything 12)

(change) and everyone 13) (try) their best to adapt to new
circumstances. For example, I can’t imagine that we 14)
(use) cars, because by then most of the oil in the world 15)
(run out). People 16) (travel) in electric cars, or perhaps we
(17) (walk) everywhere. I hope that scientists 18)
(solve) the pollution problem, but who knows! Perhaps some other worse
problem 19) (come) along by then!
23
İ. Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Right now, I (sit) at the computer writing these questions. I
(sit) down an hour ago; that is, I (study) at the
computer for an hour now. I (intend) to study for another hour. So, by
the time I (stop) studying in an hour, I
(study) for exactly 2 hours.
2. My son, Barış, is (be) a student at university now. He (attend) computer
engineering. He (study) computer engineering for 3 years now, so he
(graduate) next year. That is, he (work) as an
engineer in 2020. And, by the time I (retire), he
(work) as an engineer for almost 5 years.
J. Complete the answers using the word given.

0. What happens when you heat water to 100C? (boil)
If you heat water to 100C, it boils.
1. What does water turn into when you boil it? (steam)
If you .
2. What happens when you heat a piece of metal? (expand)
If you .
3. What happens when you freeze a piece of metal? (contract)
If you .
4. What happens when you freeze water? (expand)
If you .
K. Match the beginning of each sentence in A with its end in B.

A B
1. I will phone you (…..) a. if you make so much noise.
2. If you wash the dishes, (…..) b. we won’t be able to play
3. You will make Grandma very happy basketball.
4. If it doesn’t stop raining, (…..) c. if I arrive before you.
5. John won’t be tired (…..) d. if you visit her today.
6. The baby won’t sleep (…..) e. if he goes to bed soon.
(…..) f. I will dry them.
L. Underline the correct words.
1. Andrew will water the garden if he comes / will come home.
2. We will buy our tickets if we will have / have enough money.
3. We will be late for the show unless you hurry / will hurry.
4. I will take / took an umbrella if it rains.
5. If it is / will be a nice day tomorrow, we will go for a bike ride.
6. He won’t cross the road unless he will see / sees the green light.
24
M. Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets. Use the First Conditional.
1. If my aunt comes to visit, she (give) us a present.
2. If it doesn’t rain, we (go) to the beach.
3. If it (snow) tonight, we (make) a snowman
tomorrow.
4. If you don’t try, you (not succeed).
5. If you (bring) the sandwiches for the picnic, I will bring the drinks.
6. If he talks too long, his parents (not let) him use the phone.
7. He will turn on the heater if it (get) too cold.
8. You won’t understand the questions unless you (read) the book.
N. Use the words given to write if sentences about solutions to environmental problems.
0. Everyone/recycle paper/companies/not cut down so many trees.
If everyone recycles paper, companies won’t cut down so many trees.
1. Everyone / recycle paper, metal and glass / we / not produce so much rubbish.
.
2. Everyone / walk or cycle / we not waste so much oil and petrol
.
3. Countries / use power stations less / cause / less air pollution

.
4. Countries / use more wind and water power / not depend on power stations so much
.
25
VOCABULARY
A. Replace the words in bold type in the following sentences with a single word from the box.
apologized atmosphere biography emergency exhausted
hitchhiking insomnia nephew optimistic outskirts
regretted shelter souvenirs stamina surgeon
1. He was a happy person who always expecting the best happen (optimistic).
2. He was very sorry for ( ...................... ) what had happened. He felt that it was his fault.
3. He had great resistance to tiredness ( ...................... ) and could run for hours without
stopping.
4. I sometimes read in the middle of the night, as I suffer from a serious inability to sleep
(… ................... ).
5. I’ve just read a very good account of the life ( ...................... ) of Fidel Castro.
6. The manager of the hotel said she was sorry ( ...................... ) for all the problems we had
experienced. And she offered a discount!
7. Since the age of about nine, I’ve always wanted to be a person who performs operations at
a hospital (… ................... ).
8. It was a terrible storm and on the bare mountainside there was nowhere to get out of the
bad weather (… ................... ).
9. By the way, this is my brother’s son (… ................... ).
10. I was totally tired and worn out ( ...................... ) after running the London Marathon.
11. Too much carbon dioxide is now entering the layer of air and gases surrounding the Earth
(… ................... ).
12. I tried standing by the road with my thumb in the air ( ...................... ), but nobody stopped,
so I took the bus.
13. Quick! Call an ambulance. This is an extremely dangerous situation in which we must act
fast (… ................... ).
14. We met in a cheap hotel, somewhere in the area of housing a long way from the centre
(… ................... ).
15. The shop next to the Tower of London sells cheap things to remind of your visit
(… ................... ) - well, they look cheap, but actually they’re quite expensive!
26
B. Some students are talking about learning languages. Match one of these terms to each
sentence.
grammar foreign languages bilingual native speakers
accent dialect slang
1. “I want to learn street English, for example, the informal words that people use with their
friends.”
2. “I’m OK with the grammar, but when I listen I find it really hard to understand the
pronunciation of some native speakers.”
3. “I like to try and talk to people who were born in a country where English is the first
language
4. “I love to find out the way language works and all the rules.”
5. “They are really hard to learn. Why can’t everyone just speak the same language as me!”
6. “People with parents from different countries are really lucky because they can learn two
languages from birth.”
7. “It isn’t just the fact that their accent is different, but their English even uses different words
and incorrect grammar!”
C.1. Make the opposites of these adjectives by putting the correct prefix in front of them.
Choose from un-, in-, im-.
1. unattractive 7. healthy 13. polite

2. correct 8. interesting 14. popular
3. dependent 9. mature 15. possible
4. expensive 10. moral 16. practical
5. fashionable 11. patient 17. sensitive
6. formal 12. pleasant 18. usual
C.2. Complete the sentences with one of the prefixed adjectives above.
1. She is so . She is seventeen but she acts like a six-year-old.

2. Now, my sons are more . I have more time for myself.
3. The band’s last CD was very . Hardly anybody bought it and they
never played it on the radio.
4. The total is __________________. They’ve charged us $15 for the fruit salad!
5. The sunny weather is very . It’s normally cold and wet at this time
of the year.
6. Sally has been looking for a job for months. She looked miserable when Maria kept talking
about her new job. Maria shouldn’t be so . She should think about
Sally’s feelings.
27
7. We’re having a very party on Saturday evening. Come any time

after nine and there’s no need to dress up.
8. He can’t even boil an egg or make coffee. In the kitchen he’s a very ______________ person.
9. Your diet is very . You eat too much fat and sugar and not enough
fruit and vegetables.
10. She’s always stealing from shops. In my opinion, she’s completely ____________________.
11. Mes Amis is an excellent restaurant. The food is delicious and it’s very ________________. Even I can
afford to eat there!
12. “I’m tired of waiting for this bus. Let’s get a taxi.”
“Don’t be so . The bus will be here in another five minutes. We
can’t afford a taxi.”
D. Write the correct verb in each space. Change the verb from if necessary.
take pick catch fall keep let get
1. My poor English often me down.

2. I’m quick to on and learn new words.
3. She’s currently behind the rest of the class.
4. My friend up languages really easily.
5. I’m not fluent but I can by in French when I’m travelling.
6. I suggest you up a new language in your free time.
7. Sorry, but I can’t up with. Please speak more slowly.
28
UNIT 5
GRAMMAR
A. Choose the correct option to complete the text.
MARINE POLLUTION
Pollution in the oceans is a serious problem that is affecting both the oceans and the rest of the
Earth these days. Every day, humans 1) …… a risk to the plants and animals living in the oceans.
Especially farm chemicals and heavy metals from factories can have a very harmful effect on
marine life in the oceans. Oil spills from ships are also great risk to the oceans. They 2) …… more
harmful to the marine life since marine transport increased. Accidents in the oceans also pollute
the oceans. For example, last year, a huge ship 3)……. and a lot of oil was spilled into the Atlantic
Ocean. While the petrol was burning, it killed hundreds of fish and sea creatures. So far, a
research group 4) …… a report about the problems in the oceans. They 5) …… the number of sea
accidents for 2 years. According to their report, 65 sea accidents 6) …… last year and the
authorities unfortunately could do very little. At the moment, the governments and several
organizations like Greenpeace 7) …… to solve the problem in the oceans, but it is still a very major
problem for all of us. To tell the truth, no one 8) …… that they can stop the pollution in the oceans.
However, we should still protect the oceans by recycling plastics, disposing of batteries properly,
using rechargeable batteries, using less water and recycling.
1. a. created b. create c. have created d. were creating
2. a. are b. were c. have been d. are being
3. a. sink b. is sinking c. has sunk d. sank
4. a. is publishing b. published c. has published d. publish
5. a. searched b. are searching c. search d. have been searching
6. a. occur b. are occurring c. have occurred d. occurred
7. a. try b. were trying c. have tried d. are trying
8. a. believed b. has believed c. believes d. is believing
B. Put the verb in the correct form to complete each sentence.

1. If global warming continues, temperatures (rise) even higher.
2. What would you do if you (win) a million dollars?
29
3. If people stopped using cars completely, there (be) much less

pollution.
4. When it (rain) again, I won't forget to bring my umbrella.
5. If I spoke English fluently, I (not/need) to take lessons.
6. If Siberia (not/be) so cold, I'd go there in winter.
7. Tom will be at the party tonight. If I see him, I (say) hello.
8. If it (not/rain) so much in England, you wouldn't see so many
umbrellas.
9. I (call) you when I get home.
10. Where (you/live) when you move out of your flat?
11. If you (can) choose any company, which company would you
like to work for?
C. Study each situation and complete the sentence below. Decide whether to use a first or
second conditional structure.
1. According to the weather forecast there is a chance of snow tomorrow.
If it _________________(snow), I ________________(need) to buy a pair of gloves.
2. Patrick is deciding whether to go to France or Spain on his next holiday.
If Patrick ________________ (go) to Spain, he _____________________(be) verysatisfied.
3. John works 12 hours a day.
If John ______________(not/be) so busy, he ______________(have) moretime for his family.
4. Kate is out of work, but she goes shopping every day.
If Kate (continue) to go shopping, she
(run out) of money.
5. It is a sunny day with clear blue skies.
If it (rain), I (need) an umbrella.
6. Anne's boss is very demanding.
If Anne's boss (not/be) so demanding, she
(not/be) so stressed.
7. Daniel has an exam tomorrow.
If Daniel (pass) his exam, he
(celebrate) with his friends.
8. Fabio and Carlo are best friends.
If Fabio and Carlo (not/be) best friends, they probably
(not/be) living together.
30
9. Derek doesn't have a car. It takes him an hour to get to work.

If Derek (have) a car, it (not/take) him so
long to get to work.
10. The Olympic Games are held every four years.
If the Olympics (be) held every year, they
(not/be) so interesting.
Study the table below.

If vs. When
We use if when we talk about possible or hypothetical situations.
If she comes, I’ll call you
It is possible that she will come.
We can use when instead of if for things that we are sure will happen.
When she comes, I’ll call you.
I am sure that she will come.
D. Complete the sentences with “if” or “when”.

1. A: Mum, can you help me with my homework you finish the washing-up?
B: Sure, I know the subject.
2. I’ll close the curtains at about seven o’clock it gets dark.
3. A: What will you do you are eighteen?
B: Go to university, I hope.
4. you miss the bus tomorrow, telephone me and I’ll come and pick you up.
5. A: I hear you’re going skiing next week. What will you do you break your leg?
B: Well, I don’t think I will, but I do, I’ll probably cry!
6. A: Charlie, what are you going to be you grow up?
B: I want to be an astronaut.
7. You must take a few days to rest you don’t want your cold to get worse.
8. he doesn’t stop eating so much, he will put on weight.
9. the bride and the groom appear at the door, everyone will stand up and start
clapping.
10. What time do you think we’ll arrive there we leave in a few minutes?
31
E. Use if-conditionals (Type Zero, 1, 2) to complete the sentences.

1. Scientists are planning a way of writing extremely small letters, using xenon (Xe) atoms. If you
(use) this system, you (be able) to write ten
copies of a holy book on the area of a postage stamp.
2. The brain works in two parts, the left side and the right side. Scientists can put one side of
the brain to sleep, and see what happens. For example, if they (turn off)
the right side of the patient’s brain, the patient (not be able)
to sing, because musical ability comes from the right side of the brain.
3. Beetles are one of the numerous species on the planet. In fact, if other insects and animals
(not eat) beetles, in about a year and a half the beetle population
(weigh) as much as the whole Earth!
4. Parts of the body send messages to the other parts of the body when they have to do things.
For example, if you (not have) enough water in your body, the brain
(let) you know that you need more, by making you feel thirsty.
5. If you (smoke) , chemical changes (take place)
in your cells, which do not receive enough oxygen and die.
F. Put the words into the correct tense.

1. A: My sister seems very upset at the moment.
B: Well, if I (be) you, I (talk) to her about it.
2. A: If you (pass) a chemist’s, (you/get) me some
cough medicine?
B: Yes, certainly.
3. A: Should I buy that car?
B: Why not? If I ________________(have) the money, I ________________(buy) itmyself.
4. A: John doesn’t spend enough time with me.
B: Well, if he (have) the time, I’m sure he (try), but he’s very
busy nowadays.
5. A: Oh! I forgot to ask Sarah over for dinner.
B: If I _________________(speak) to her today, I ________________(ask) her foryou.
32
G. Rewrite the sentences with the given word.

1. Unless Sheila returns the money she owes me, I won’t be able to pay my rent. (If)
.
2. Maria won’t go to the theatre if Peter doesn’t go with her. (Unless)
.
3. Sarah will be disappointed if you don’t send her a birthday card. (Unless)
.
4. Unless my mother offers to help me, I won’t have time to make all the preparations for the
party. (If)
.
5. If the students don’t behave themselves, they won’t go to the zoo. (Unless)
.
H. Complete Jim’s letter. Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative or the
superlative form. You might need to include the or than.
Here I am in Las Vegas! I’m having a wonderful time. The weather is 1)
(hot) and 2) (dry) in England. The houses are 3)
(big) ours, and the cars are 4) (long) and 5) (wide)
those in our country. I love the food here. Yesterday I had 6) (good)
hamburger I’ve ever eaten! The hotel is beautiful. I think it’s 7)
(beautiful) hotel I’ve ever seen. At the moment, I am in a casino. It’s 8) (big)
in the world, and it’s 9) (busy) in town. I’ll phone you when I get back.
İ. Rewrite each sentence with the word(s) in parentheses.

0. My watch is less attractive than yours. (not as . . . as)
My watch isn’t as attractive as yours.
1. This supermarket isn’t as expensive as the one across the street. (less)
.
2. The actor’s new movie isn’t as exciting as his last one. (less)
.
3. This gym is less convenient than the one near my house. (not as . . . as)
.
33
4. This review is less positive than that one. (not as . . . as)

.
J. Write superlative sentences using the words in parentheses using least. Make the nouns
plural if necessary.
0. This is a state park. (not popular / in California)
This is the least popular state park in California.
1. This is an apartment. (not expensive / in the building)
.
2. That was a class. (one of the / not interesting / I’ve ever taken)
.
3. That’s a street. (one of the / pretty / in this city)
.
K. Complete the sentences using the…, the ….
0. As he cooks more, he becomes better.
The more he cooks, the better he becomes.
1. As he grew older, he became stranger.
.
2. As he sees her more, he likes her more.
.
3. As I did more for him, he complained more.
.
4. As he taught more, he gained more experience.
.
5. If you do more homework now, you’ll have to do less later.
.
6. As he learns more about life, he becomes more cynical.
.
34
7. As prices rose higher, the workers asked for more money.

.
8. If a restaurant is large, its service is more impersonal.
.
9. If we get to the theatre later, we’ll get worse seats.
.
10. I became nervous as he drove fast.
.
L. Choose the correct option to complete the text.
Today has been 1)……day in my trip to Poland. I 2)…… here for a week, and I didn’t know today is
Dyngus Day… So here is what happened. Since I 3) ……. last Tuesday, I 4)…… time to explore, and
today I got up 5)……. than usual because I wanted to go sightseeing in Gdansk. But, when I left
my apartment, this guy 6)…… water over me, and then ran away! Teresa, my flat mate came to
help me. She was even 7)…..than me because the water was for her! This guy 8)…… to be Teresa’s
boyfriend for a long time, but she always says “no”. So, he was waiting for Dyngus Day. People
here have celebrated it 9)…..1000 years. In the past, boys threw water over girls if they wanted
to marry them. People still do it for fun, and I left the house at 10) …… moment- when this guy
was waiting for Teresa! But 11)……. thing happened this afternoon, when he came to say “sorry”.
Teresa waited on the balcony and then she 12)….. water over him instead!
1. a. strange b. stranger c. the strangest d. the stranger

2. a. have only been b. was only c. had only been d. will only be
3. a. arrive b. arrived c. has arrived d. was arriving
4. a. didn’t have b. hadn’t have c. don’t have d. haven’t had
5. a. earliest b. early c. earlier d. the earliest
6. a. throws b. threw c. had thrown d. is throwing
7. a. surprised b. more surprised c. surprising d. more surprising
8. a. wants b. wanted c. has wanted d. will want
9. a. for b. in c. since d. at
10. a. the worst b. worse c. the best d. better
11. a. funnier b. funny c. the funniest d. the funnier
12. a. throws b. threw c. was throwing d. had thrown
35
M. Choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to the given sentence.
1. In some companies, women earn as much money as men.

a) In some companies, men are paid much more money than women.
b) Women and men are paid equally in some companies.
c) In some companies, women have never earned as much money as men do.
d) The more women earn, the less men are paid.
2. I didn’t enjoy this last novel nearly as much as his early ones.
a) I thought his early novels were good, but this last one was even better.
b) His first novel was his best, I quite enjoyed his last one too.
c) In comparison with his last novel, even his early novels were good.
d) His early novels gave me far more pleasure than this last one did.
3. If he doesn’t wear his glasses, he can’t see the whiteboard.

a) He can’t see the whiteboard even when he wears his glasses.
b) Since he wasn’t wearing his glasses, he couldn’t see the whiteboard.
c) He can’t see the whiteboard unless he wears his glasses.
d) Whether he wears his glasses or not he can’t see the whiteboard.
a. Cancer cells grow faster and spread more quickly than normal cells.
a) Normal cells, which grow more quickly than cancer cells, spread more slowly.
b) Cancer cells, which grow faster than normal cells, also spread more quickly.
c) Normal cells spread more slowly although they grow more quickly than cancer cells.
d) Because normal cells spread more slowly, they grow more quickly than cancer cells.
4. More is known of conditions on Mars than of conditions on Venus.

a) Conditions on Venus are better known than conditions on Mars.
b) Neither the conditions on Mars nor those on Venus are well known.
c) We know less about the conditions on Venus than those on Mars.
d) Conditions on Venus are as well-known as conditions on Mars.
5. In much of Europe, American films are more popular than those of any other country.
a) All over Europe, American films are the most popular of all.
b) Most American films are more popular in Europe than in any other country.
c) The films that are the most popular in much of Europe are American.
d) Other countries' films are less popular in Europe than they are in America.
36
6. My brother has received lots of job offers since Catering Magazine awarded him the
“Young Chef of the Year” four weeks ago.
a) Four weeks ago, my brother got his current job because Catering Magazine awarded him
“Young Chef of the Year”.
b) My brother had several jobs before he won Catering Magazine‘s “Young Chef of the Year”
a month ago.
c) Catering Magazine named my brother their “Young Chef of the Year” a month ago, and
since then lots of companies have offered him work.
d) My brother worked hard to win Catering Magazine‘s “Young Chef of the Year” title and
reached his goal a month ago.
7. They have been looking for a suitable house unsuccessfully for three months.
a) They started to look for a house three months ago and finally they were able to find a
suitable one.
b) It took them three months to find a suitable house.
c) At the moment, they are looking for a suitable house, but they won’t move in for another
three months.
d) They started looking for a house three months ago and they haven’t found one that suits
their needs yet.
VOCABULARY
A. Write one of these words to complete each sentence.
catching catchy grabbing exotic desire
persuasive attention original strong
1. The clients explained that they were looking for a way to end their presentation on a funny
and attention- style.
2. We have a fantastic eye- poster which was designed by well-known
artist Jimmy Lawlor.
3. Coca-Cola has always been good at coming up with a slogan.
4. Benetton adverts always use images of people. Sometimes they can
be quite shocking!
5. For any advert to work, it must get the customer’s
6. An advert has to get your interest and create for the product.
7. I don’t think many TV commercials are .They’ve never convinced me
to buy anything.
37
8. My job is to think up creative and ideas.

9. Thailand is seen a/an holiday destination with its beautiful beaches,
sun and sea, wonderful culture and smiling people.
B. Some people are talking about different methods of advertising. Write the correct method
after each sentence.
word-of-mouth TV commercials leaflet endorsement
poster radio spot side of bus
1. “I heard about it from my neighbour.

2. “There’s one on the wall advertising the event. It’s on Tuesday at 7.
3. “I hate the way they come on and interrupt just when you’re in the middle of a good movie.
4. “Someone just handed me this in the street. Normally, I throw them away, but this one is
quite interesting actually.”
5. “Turn it up! I want to hear when the sales starts.”
6. “I wouldn’t buy anything that he was promoting.”
7. “Follow it! I want to write down the telephone number at the bottom. Quick! It’s turning
left.”
38
UNIT 6
A. Read the text and choose the correct option.
London is the capital city of England and one of the biggest cities in Europe. It 1)............. on
the River Thames. London is a leading global city in the arts, finance, entertainment and tourism.
London has a variety of cultures and more than 300 languages 2) ............. within the modern
day London. 3) ........... , it is definitely a multicultural city! It has one of the largest concentrations
of universities and higher education institutions in the world. Furthermore, it is a highly popular
city with young people because of the excellent prospects 4) ............. a rapid career progress.
London has 5) ............ underground system in the world. This means that some of the tunnels
are small and the trains are too old-fashioned to provide a comfortable voyage. 6) ............ , they
lack air-conditioning and can frequently break down. It is certain that they won’t be efficient 7)
………… they are modernized.
8) ............ it is full of museums, galleries and theatres, London is highly popular with tourists.
Above all, it is a historic city. If you want to go to many different places in London you 9) …………
get a daily travel card which offers free entrance to certain tourist sights. Tourists also go to London
10) ………… do their shopping. The shops in London can be very expensive, especially the
department stores like Harrods, Harvey Nicholls and Liberty. 11) ........... , you can find good quality
items at a reasonable price during the sales.
The city has some of the finest parks in any city in the world. These parks belong to the
monarch-the king or the queen- so they don’t 12)............. people to build anything on the parks.
Currently, parks throughout London are seeing improvements, especially in areas 13) …………
cycling paths. Furthermore, they build modern, safer playgrounds for children.
1. a. locates b. is located c. was located d. is locating
2. a. were spoken b. spoke c. have spoken d. are spoken
3. a. Thus b. Since c. Despite d. Yet
4. a. for b. in c. to d. from
5. a. older b. the oldest c. old d. oldest
6. a. In case b. On the other hand c. Moreover d. To begin with
7. a. because b. but c. if d. unless
8. a. However b. As c. Because of d. In spite of
9. a. don’t have to b. would c. can d. shouldn’t
10. a. in order to b. so that c. due to d. for
11. a. As a result b. Nevertheless c. Therefore d. Although
12. a. let b. help c. ask d. allow
13. a. such as b. as c. also d. for example
39
B. Underlie each relative clause and circle the word it modifies. Sentence (2) has been done
for you as an example.
(1) Michelle has finally realized one of her life long dreams. (2) She has always wanted to attend
the cooking school that her mentor, Chef Troisgros, attended. (3) The school, which is in Paris,
accepts only 80 students every year. (4) The students who are accepted generally have at least
three years of cooking experience. (5) Michelle has five years of paid cooking experience.
(6) The project that attracted the attention of Chef Troisgros, however, was a cake that Michelle
made for a wedding. (7) Chef Troisgros had never tasted a cake that was as light and creamy as
the one that Michelle made. (8) He gave Michelle his card and invited her to cook pastries at his
restaurant. (9) It was this invitation that began her baking career. (10) Right now, she is waiting
for the plane that will fly her to Paris. (11) There she will begin the three-month course that Chef
Troisgros recommended.
C. Rewrite the sentences using whose, which, who, when, and where. Put commas where
necessary.
1. J S Bach had two sons. Their music was better known than his for many years.
2. All cells have a membrane or skin. It covers the cell.
3. Digital storytelling is popular with Professor Wong. Professor Wong has experience telling
stories with photos.
4. Inside the cell there is a substance called the cytoplasm. It contains a number of chemicals.
5. Pablo Picasso has a daughter. Her fashion designs have become famous worldwide.
6. Instagram is now available for Android devices. It was originally an application for iPhones.
40
7. Bollywood makes over 1000 films a year. Mostly Hindi language films are made in
Bollywood.
8. The history of film starts in the late 19th century. Movies had no sound then.
9. People want to go to a relaxing place. They could escape from their troubles there.
10. In 1974, Mary traveled to Los Angeles. She planned to study art there.
11. We should try to respect people. They have more different cultures than ours.
12. Do you remember that day? We went to London and got lost on that day.
D. Complete the text with a suitable relative pronoun (who, which, that, whose). Use Ø if it is
possible to omit the relative pronoun.
Antarctica is mainly known for the penguins and seals 1) live there, but
recently scientist have discovered the remains of two dinosaurs 2) live there
millions of years ago. These are not the first dinosaur fossils 3) have been
discovered in Antarctica, and bring the total to eight. The first new discovery was a plant-eating
dinosaur 4) was found by a mountain climber. Scientists 5)
examined the fossils say it is a plant-eating dinosaur 6)
is nearly 200 million years old. The parts of the animal 7) they examined
suggest that it was nine meters long and two meters tall. Dinosaurs 8) have
been found in other parts of the world are as long as 30 meters, however. So, this is a discovery
9) has excited the researchers. On the other side of Antarctica, dinosaur
bones 10) were discovered by accident have also proved interesting. This
second dinosaur was a meat-eater 11) was about two meters tall. Scientists
12) were sheltering from bad weather found the bones near the sea. The
dinosaur they discovered, 13) bones were next to fossils of sea life, probably
died and was washed out to sea after its death. Dinosaurs are creatures 14)
could not survive in cold conditions, but in their time, Antarctica was different. It didn’t have the
cold climate 15) it has today, but was warm and wet.
41
E. Complete the sentences with the correct relative adverb where or when.
1. I’ll always remember the day I graduated.
2. This is the house I was born.
3. Kate often thinks of the time she met her favorite actor.
4. Is this the shop you bought your new dress?
5. Do you remember the weekend we went camping in the woods?
6. That is the place Tim bought his new car.
7. The street we used to play is very busy now.
8. I’ll never forget the day I first met him.
F. Complete the paragraph with who, which, where and whose.

My favorite place is York, a city in the north east of England, 1)
the rivers Ouse and Foss meet. It is a beautiful city
2) also has an interesting history. The city wasn’t
always called York. In 71 AD it was named Eboracum by the Romans 3)
lived there. Then, the city was conquered by the
Vikings, 4) gave it the name Jorvik. Only later did
the city become known as York. Visitors to York can go to the Castle
Museum, 5) an amazing collection of objects is on show, or the National
Railway Museum, 6) is the only national museum outside London. Famous
people 7) were born in York include Guy Fawkes, 8)
attempt to blow up the Houses of Parliament led to his execution, and Dick Turpin, 9)
was an 18th century highwayman! However, most people 10)
live in York today are kind and friendly, and that’s the reason why I love it
so much.
G. Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun or adverb. Put commas where
necessary. Write D for defining, ND for non- defining relative clauses and say whether the
relative can be omitted or not.
1. The dress she bought was too big.
2. Mrs. Stewart was the school’s head-mistress for ten years has retired
now.
3. This is the kitten I found in my garden.
4. Martin Reeds was born the same year as I was is a distinguished author.
42
5. The library they knocked down yesterday was in very bad condition.
6. My garden I like very much looks beautiful when all the flowers bloom.
7. Jane I don’t know very well is very good at her job.
8. That’s the man dog buried a bone in my vegetable garden.
9. The guesthouse we always stay has a lovely swimming pool.
10. New Zealand The Lord of the Ring was filmed has become a very
popular holiday destination.
H. Complete the paragraph with who, which, where, whose and when.
Martin Foster, 1) is 50, is a gardener. 1964 was the year 2)

he got his first job. He looked after the gardens of a huge house 3)
a very rich family lived. He loves his job and that’s why he doesn’t mind
getting up very early in the morning to water the plants and flowers. His favorite time of year is
spring 4) all the flowers begin to open and leaves grow on the trees. The part
of the garden he likes most is the kitchen garden 5) the vegetables grow,
because it has flowers blooming all year round. Martin says flowers and plants make our world
beautiful. “That’s why you must protect the environment around you – it’s something 6)
can’t be replaced.”
İ. Complete the sentences with who, which, where and when.
1. A: Is that the resort you are staying?

B: Yes, it was the cheapest I could find.
2. A: The pilot name I can’t remember, is very experienced.
B: That’s a relief! I’m a nervous flyer.
3. A: Did you have a good flight?
B: The flight attendant was in our section was quite rude.
4. A: Can you name the year Mozart died?
B: 1791.
J. Combine these pairs of sentences using a relative clause with that, who, whom, or which.
Use the second sentence as a relative clause.
0. Michelle started the pastry class. The cooking school recommended the class.
Michelle started the pastry class which / that / Ø the cooking school recommended.
1. Patrick took a course. The course is no longer offered at our school.
43
2. Kate bought a dress. The dress was on sale.
3. Michelle has a friend. Her friend owns a restaurant just outside of Paris.
4. I want to visit the beach. The beach was featured on a TV show.
5. The dog was in my backyard. The dog belongs to my neighbours down the street.
K. Some of the following sentences are incorrect. Identify the mistakes and correct them. Also
identify the sentences that are correct, and write a “C” next to them.
1. This is the person which David gave flowers.
2. My brother, that runs for two miles each morning, is in good physical shape.
3. The woman with whom he spoke had a heavy French accent.
4. The book that I read it was interesting.
5. The army troop that I mentioned earlier was ready to march after only two weeks of training.
6. The friend to whom I sent the gift was so pleased that she called me last night.
L. Combine the following pairs of sentences using whose.
0. The Sarnos own a house. The exterior of the house is frequently seen in movies.
The Sarnos own a house whose exterior is frequently seen in movies.
1. I own a cat. The cat has long fur.
2. Jackie bought a car from a salesman. She met his sister in the gym.
3. Mark often gets phone calls for a doctor. The doctor’s phone number is similar to his.
4. I spoke to the neighbour. My son had broken his window.
5. The professor spoke to the student. The student’s grade was lower than expected.
44
M. Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.

1. In some parts of the world, people rely on alternative therapy methods instead of
depending ...............medication.
a. at b. on c. of d. from
2. Food companies are................. a survey about organic food since they are going to invest a
lot of money in it.
a. conducting b. modernizing c. objecting d. appealing
3. During the match, the left wing of the attack .............. its target but the right wing failed
completely.
a. performed b. achieved c. arrived d. earned
4. Considering the financial .............. of children’s education, families are having hard times.
a. salaries b. impressions c. aspects d. incomes
5. According to psychologists, early childhood experience has a great ............... on the
personality development.
a. prospect b. expect c. respect d. impact
6. Unemployment is the most ...............result of the economic recession which the countries
face with.
a. ambiguous b. obvious c. unprovable d. escapable
7. “The Critical Age Theory” is one of the Second Language .............. theories and it claims that
second language can be learned and internalised up to the puberty period.
a. recognition b. gaining c. obtaining d. acquisition
8. The earthquake ............... the Fukushima nuclear power station and many people died to
stop the nuclear leak.
a. devastated b. governed c. rotten d. protected
9. Some of the data were ............... from the report since they were partly unreliable.
a. located b. excluded c. included d. threatened
10. The engineers who are .............. for control systems should care about their job security
first.
a. responsible b. reasonable c. reliable d. reversible
45
11. Teaching can be a very............... career because you feel you are doing something very
important and useful although you can’t earn much money.
a. rewarding b. irritating c. annoying d. threatening
12. The .............. showbiz star has a lot of fans and they follow him everywhere in Britain.
a. hideous b. ambiguous c. glamorous d. serious
13. According to research in psychology, watching terror films stimulate the development of
cognitive strategies for coping with ............circumstances or events.
a. convincing b. exciting c. persuading d. challenging
14. The question why and how animals and humans first started to ................is still unknown.
a. acquire b. interact c. treat d. analyse
15. The newly found equipment will play a vital role .............. the fight against cancer.
a. in b. on c. of d. with
16. Many languages have started to .............. because of natural disasters, migration and
political pressures.
a. sort out b. find out c. die out d. try out
17. The speaker expresses his special thanks to the committee by his feelings of gratitude
……………. the members who organised that night for the children in need.
a. for b. with c. towards d. about
46
UNIT 7
A. Choose the correct answers to complete the text below.
International aid workers have arrived in the Philippines. They

are now in the region which a typhoon 1) ……. the other day. An
estimated 10,000 people 2) ……. in the storm that struck the
island nation’s central part. It 3) .......... relatively easy to reach
those living in town centers since the arrival of the rescue
teams, but far-away coastal villages 4) …. for help too. As two
days have passed after the disaster, inhabitants living in disadvantaged neighborhoods 5) …….
of reasons such as hunger if aid workers 6) ....... them soon. To provide people with the basic
necessities including food and clean water, various countries all around the world
7) .......... hundreds of help packages to the area every single day. Among the ruined buildings
and remains of people’s homes, it 8) ........ possible to observe that when the deadly winds 9)
……. thousands of people, the islands were preparing for Christmas, a season that lasts for
four months in the Philippines. “The following day after the typhoon, my daughter 10) ........ a
Christmas tree among the ruins and 11) ………. it up. Right now she 12) ....... it with her friends
because she 13) ........ it to people on Christmas Eve in order to make them happy.” The tree
has become a small symbol of hope in a city which was hit by one of the worst storms to date.
1. a. has hit b. hit c. was hitting d. is hit

2. a. died b. will die c. have died d. die
3. a. is b. was c. is going to be d. has been
4. a. are going to wait b. were waiting c. waited d. are waiting
5. a. possibly died b. possibly die c. will possibly die d. are possibly died
6. a. won’t reach b. didn’t reach c. haven’t reached d. don’t reach
7. a. has sent b. sent c. will send d. send
8. a. will be b. is going to be c. is d. is being
9. a. have killed b. are killed c. killed d. are killing
10. a. saw b. has seen c. sees d. will see
11. a. will pick b. is going to pick c. is picking d. picked
12. a. fixed b. was fixing c. is fixing d. fixes
13. a. has shown b. was showing c. is going to show d. showed
47
B. Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t, have to, don’t/doesn’t have to.
1. They are happy because they wear a uniform in their new
school.
2. You worry about her! She’s all right now.
3. You smoke here! It’s a school!
4. He’s very ill, he stay in bed.
5. Children play in this dangerous place.
6. We are on Saturday! We get up early!
7. The river is too deep, you swim here!
C. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate modal verb from the box.
can / can’t could / couldn’t need to / don’t need to must/ mustn’t
1. It was an excellent piece of work. But I do it without you. Thanks

for your help.
2. I go to work on Saturdays. It’s my day off.
3. When I was in school I do a handstand, but now I’m too old. I
do it anymore.
4. Students forget to turn off their phones when they take an exam.
5. Tom volunteer at the animal shelter. He’s got allergies.
D. Complete the sentences with may/ might/ could, must/can’t. There may be more than one
answer.
1. Jack be relieved now as his exams are over.
2. Mary join in the fun run for UNICEF on Sunday. She hasn’t
decided yet.
3. Amy still be at work because she is a workaholic.
4. John be at the cycling contest. He doesn’t have a bicycle.
5. Ashley and John be at the fundraising event. I’m not sure.
6. This rumor be true. I am sure that Jessica does not want to move
to Paris.
6. Maria be 25. She looks older than that.
7. Kevin take up drawing but he is not sure.
8. The Smiths be at home. I saw their car at the garage.
48
E. Circle the correct alternative to complete the paragraph below.

Indonesian officials have increased the volcano
alert for the Mount Sinabung volcano in North
Sumatra to the highest level. They raised the
status from "stand-by" to "warning" on Sunday.
In a written statement this afternoon, they have
advised that people 1) will/ might/ must/had to
stay at least 5 km (3 miles) away from the crater.
They have said that if people 2) will not/ do not/
do not have to/ mustn’t stay far from the
volcano area, a possible eruption in the near
future 3) may/ has to/ mightn’t/ couldn’t hit a total of 15 villages close by. However, they stress
the point that this number is not certain because they haven't had time to analyze the volcano
area so far. The officials have warned all the local airlines that they 4) do not have to/ will not/
could not/ must not fly near the area so that possible accidents do not occur because of smoke
or heat in the air. When the volcano last erupted in 2010, it caused little damage to the houses
near the volcano (only 2 houses were destroyed at that time), but there is no guarantee of a
worse situation this time. People who live outside North Sumatra 5) must not/ do not have to/
could not/ might not do anything and can stay in their homes because the volcano will not affect
them.
F. Read the following email and choose the correct option.
Dear Victoria,
I’m writing to tell you about the play I’m going to be in. It’s called “Only for You”, and I’ve
got the leading role. I have a lot of lines and I must/ might learn them all before opening
night. We’re performing the play for the first time on Friday night. We’ve been told that a
TV company must/ may come to film it, so I could/ must be on television. I needn’t/ might
even become famous! We might/ have to rehearse the play every night until Friday,
because everything must/can be perfect for the performance. We couldn’t /mustn’t make
any mistakes. Can/ Must you come to see the play, or will you be at work? I hope you’ll be
able to come. If not, I’ll write and tell you how it went. I could/ must go and learn my lines
now. See you soon.
Yours,
Charles
49
G. Rewrite the sentences with the given word in parentheses.
1. You aren’t allowed to talk during the exam. (must)

.
2. It’s my advice for people to do their best to protect the environment. (should)
.
3. It is possible that Gary will go to the street protest today. (might)

.
4. Two students could not finish the test yesterday. (be able to)
.
5. I advise you to turn the water off while cleaning your teeth. (had better)
.
6. In this country, you are forbidden to leave the school before the age of 16. (can)
.
7. Sue can get her own apartment next year. (be able to)
.
8. It was necessary for Tom to take the exam. (have to)

.
9. It isn’t necessary for you to volunteer. You can just make a donation. (needn’t)
.
10. It wasn’t necessary for Jane to donate a lot of money to charity. (have to)
11. I cannot attend the meeting tomorrow at 10 o’clock. (be able to)
.
12. If a substance does not contain hydrogen, then we are sure that it isn’t an acid. (can’t)
.
13. I’m sure you know the difference between a solid and a gas! (must)
.
50
14. If we put some litmus paper in a solution and, it turns red, then we are sure that the
solution is an acid. (must)
15. If we put some litmus paper in a solution and, it turns red, then we are sure that the
solution isn’t an alkali. (can’t)
16. If it’s not an acid, or an alkali, then it’s sure to be neutral. (must)
.
17. If the world becomes warmer, it is possible that Europe will change dramatically over the
next century. (could)
18. It is possible that there will be no snow-covered mountains in Europe by then. (might)
There .
19. It’s possible that areas in the south of Europe will become deserts. (could)
Areas .
20. It’s also possible that heavy rain will become normal in northern Europe. (may)
.
21. It’s also possible that some species of plants and animals will become extinct. (might)
.
H. Choose the correct answers to complete the texts below.

When the aid group arrived in the village of Mhako, the people gathered quickly. The help
has just come in time because the village has lost two successive harvests and has run out of
food. The spokesperson 1) ........... in an official statement that in all parts of the country, a total
of 3 million people may be 2) ........... and therefore facing the danger of death from hunger any
time. The group apparently has no intentions to 3) ........... for the food that they are giving out.
Yet, a few people with bad intentions also exist. They get an aid package, but later sell it to
51
villagers at high prices.
1. a. delayed b. declared c. affected d. explored

2. a. starving b. observing c. broadening d. experiencing
3. a. credit b. charge c. reunite d. reserve
Some children can 4) ........... and resist obeying their parents in social situations. There
may be several factors behind their acting this way. For one thing, they may find their
environment 5) .......... and may be looking for adventure. Also, those with a new-born brother or
sister may try to 6) .......... their position as the number one son or daughter in the family. These
types of behaviour should not last long; otherwise, it might be a good option to consult an expert.
4. a. overshadow b. underrate c. misbehave d. redefine
5. a. capable b. aggressive c. immediate d. dull
6. a. disturb b. retain c. constitute d. cooperate
The Ethiopian athlete who 7) ........... England in this year’s Winter Games, and thus wore
an English uniform, 8) ........... all other athletes and won the gold medal. When he returned to
England after the Games, a cheerful crowd welcomed him at Heathrow Airport. He had a difficult
time trying to speak to the fans because they constantly 9) ...........him with clapping and shouting.
He expressed his gratitude for the 10)........... support he had received from everyone since the
beginning.
7. a. melted b. represented c. funded d. congratulated
8. a. misunderstood b. underused c. outperformed d. redid
9. a. interrupted b. invested c. interpreted d. involved
10. a. overwhelming b. jealous c. shameful d. uncovered
Despite all her success, the well-known businesswoman, Barbara Corcoran is familiar with
failure. The single most important quality every 11) needs in order to succeed, she says, is
the ability to fail well, and to accept rejection. “You should not 12)........... yourself to dive into
negative thoughts. Instead, you have to regroup yourself and get back up. It is 13) ……….
necessary to acknowledge that you will encounter rejection many times. If you cannot learn to
stand up whenever you fall to the ground, then maybe it is better for you not to start your own
business, but work for a regular 14) , and therefore guarantee your income.”
11. a. customer b. extinction c. budget d. entrepreneur
12. a. let b. permit c. die out d. fall behind
13. a. approximately b. fundamentally c. carelessly d. sensitively
14. a. wage b. deficit c. dialect d. semicircle
52
Honey bees’ colonies live mostly in manufactured hives, which are structures made for
bees to live in, but they occasionally build 15) in holes in large trees or large empty spaces
in building walls. As social insects living in a colony, they must communicate with each other.
They use movement, odor cues and even food exchanges to share information. For example,
when a worker bee stings, making a very small hole in your skin, it produces a pheromone,
chemical signal, that makes her 16) ………. workers aware of the threat. Also, many scientists
around the world are conducting research to 17) ...........more information about the reasons for
honey bee deaths. Research has found that the increase in honey bee deaths that generally starts
in autumn and peaks in winter is associated with increasing infections by a kind of virus. As a
result of this research, some well-known researchers are 18) how it is spread and what its
effects are.
15. a. tents b. caves c. nests d. grip

16. a. fellow b. symbol c. bilingual d. flexible
17. a. restrict b. reserve c. interact d. obtain
18. a. solving b. investigating c. sliding d. funding
İ. Choose the correct option to complete the paragraphs.
1. There are a few animals that depend on flying for moving as much as a bat does. While
birds and insects fly too, they can manage to walk about if they have to. This
means they also cannot stand easily. So when a bat is in its roost, the easiest thing for it is
to hang on, head down!
A. But the limbs and feet of a bat are not suitable for walking.
B. These sounds are too high to be heard by the human ear.
C. For a bat, flying is easier than walking.
D. The bat does a great many things that are quite remarkable.
2. There are some minor differences between American and British spelling. The British end
certain words with “-se”. The reverse is sometimes true. Notice also
the British preference for the final “-re” over the American “-er”.
A. These Americans are really crazy and strange.
B. American English is really different from British English.
C. Americans do these to ease spelling.
53
D. However, Americans end the same words with “-ce”.
3. This acid is like a poison. It is the main reason why the muscles feel
tired. For example, when lactic acid is removed from a tired muscle, that muscle is able to go
to work again.
A. Muscles are the “movers” of the body.
B. When a muscle contracts, or pulls, it produces lactic acid.
C. There are other substances in the body that make us feel tired.
D. An interesting experiment shows how lactic acid and toxins are involved in tiredness.
4. Thousands of years ago, money was not used This meant that if a
man wanted something that he didn’t make or raise himself, he had to find someone who
had this item. Then, he had to offer the owner something in exchange. If the owner of the
item liked what he offered in exchange, he could get the item he wanted.
A. Eventually, money was replaced by gold and silver.
B. It makes exchange and trade possible.
C. Gold was used before money was used.
D. Instead, man had the barter system.
54
UNIT 8
A. Underline the correct verb forms to complete each situation.
1. We 1) were listening / listened to great band last night. They 2) were playing / played
three songs, and then they 3) were stopping /stopped. We 4) were wanting / wanted them
to play more songs, but they didn’t. We 5) were leaving / left and 6) were asking / asked
for our money back.
2. Lily’s watch 7) was breaking / broke yesterday morning. It 8) was falling / fell off her wrist
on her way to work. She 9) was walking / walked out of the subway station at the time, and
someone 10) was stepping / stepped on it. Last night, after work, she 11) was buying /
bought a new one.
3. I 12) was sitting / sat at the student centre yesterday afternoon. Several students 13) were
studying / studied. Others 14) were using / used their phones. Then I 15) was seeing / saw
my friend, Phil. He 16) was eating / ate lunch alone, so 17) I was going / went over and 18)
was sitting / sat with him.
B. Complete each sentence with the past progressive or the simple past form of a verb from
the box.
arrive die open own see sleep think walk
1. The language was dying. Only a few people spoke it.

2. I saw street musicians when I home last night.
3. Debbie a nice car, but she didn’t drive it much.
4. I’m surprised Kumiko is here today. I she was on vacation.
5. Marcia to the meeting 15 minutes late. Her boss was very angry.
6. I Andy yesterday. He was talking to some friends.
7. My sister called me at midnight last night. I , and she woke me
up.
8. The professor the door and left the room.
C. Complete the text with verbs in the past perfect and the words given.
1. Why have certain fish vanished from the waters? The Blackfin Ciscso is one of several fish that
are now extinct in North America. Before overfishing, the Blackfin Cisco 1)
(live) in the Great Lakes. By the 1960s, it 2)
(also, fall) prey to sea Iamprey and other predatory fish.
55
2. By 1985, another type of cisco 3) (disappear) from the Great Lakes

region. People 4) (not realize) their own threat to the fish until it
was too late. Overfishing 5) (slowly, decrease) the populations of
the Shortnose Cisco to the point of no existence.
3. The condition of lake water itself can also threaten fish. Between worsening conditions in
Lake Erie and overfishing, the blue Pike 6) (go) into extinction by
1983.
4. It isn’t too late to protect other fish. Understanding threats and taking steps to control them
is key. For example, although it was human activity that 7) (allow)
sea lamprey to invade the Great Lakes in the 1920s, the U.S. government is now taking action
to control their population.
D. Complete the spaces in the text below with an appropriate form of the verb in brackets.
Usethe past simple or past perfect.
Tina, 16, brings her sister into the world.

When sixteen-year-old schoolgirl Tina Blake (come) home from
school she was expecting to have her lunch. But she (find) her 38-
year-old mother, Louise, on the floor in the hall, having a baby. She could see the baby’s head.
With her father out at work, Tina phoned the emergency services and told them what she
(just/see). Phil Bastin of Kent Ambulance Service
(tell) Tina that he (send) an ambulance
but Tina would probably have to deliver the baby herself. He (never
tell) anyone how to deliver a baby on the phone before. But he told Tina what to do and she did
it. “After I (get) some towels, Mr Bastin told me to wipe the baby’s
mouth and nose,” said Liz. Because she (do) everything she could do
and the ambulance (arrive), she went back to school for the
afternoon. “At first, she (not tell) us what
(happen)” said Tina’s teacher, Chris Hislop. “It seems that until the next day she
(not even tell) her best friends in the class. And after school she
(stay) behind to play basketball. Now, that’s what I call “cool”!
56
E. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms of the past tenses.
1. I __________________ (think) my train (leave) at 14.33, and

_____________ (be) very disappointed when I (arrive) at 14.30 and
__________ (learn) that it_________ (just/leave). I _________________ (find) later that I
________________ (use) an out-of-date timetable.
2. It _______________(be) 6 p.m.; and Jack ________________(be) tired because he
____________________(work) hard all day. He _________________ (be)also hungry because he ____
(have) nothing to eat since breakfast.
3. When I (open) the door, I (see) a man

on his knees. He clearly (listen) to our
conversation and I (wonder) how much he
________________ (hear). When I ______________(ask) him what he _________________ (do),
he __________________ (say) that he ____________________ (drop) a 50p piece outside the
door and ____________ (look) for it. I (not see) any sign of the money,
but I _____________ (find) a small notebook and pencil which he probably ______
(drop) when the door_________ (open) suddenly. So he_______
(take) notes of our conversation! The notes (be written) in a foreign language,
so I (turn) to the stranger and (ask) him to translate. But he ______
(pull) my hat over my eyes and (run) off down the corridor. By the time I
(recover) from the shock, he (disappear) round the
corner. Curiously enough, when I (move) my foot, I (find)
that I (stand) on a 50p piece. Perhaps he (tell) the truth after all!
4. When the old lady (return) to her flat, she

(see) at once that burglars (break) in
during her absence, because the front door (be) open and everything
in the flat (be) upside down. The burglars themselves
(be) no longer there, but they probably
only just (leave) because a cigarette was still burning on an
ornamental table. Probably they (hear) the lift coming up and
(run) down the fire escape. They (help)
themselves to her whisky too but there (be) a little left, so she
(pour) herself out a drink. She (wonder) if
they (find) her jewellery and rather
(hope) that they had. The jewellery ( be given) to her by her husband,
who (die) some years before. Since his death she
(not have) the heart to wear it.
57
F. Choose the best answer.
Usually, whenever Peter (1) home from a trip, he (2) his passport in
his desk drawer, but in January, after a trip to Poland, he (3) his passport in the
pocket of his overcoat. Two weeks later, he (4) fly to Thailand. While he (5)
his bag, he (6) that he (7) a note of the name of the
hotel that his company (8) for him. He (9) for his flight online earlier
that morning, but he (10) about the hotel details. While he (11) his
office, the doorbell (12) . His taxi for the airport (13) . He (14)
the details of the hotel, (15) his bag and (16) out of the
house. He (17) forward to a few sunny days in Bangkok. While he (18)
how nice it would be to walk around the city without heavy winter clothes, he suddenly (19)
that he (20) his passport in his overcoat.
1) A. was returning B. returns C. returned D. returning

2) A. had put B. would put C. was putting D. puts
3) A. left B. leaves C. was leaving D. leaving
4) A. was having to B. has had to C. had to D. would have to
5) A. packed B. was packing C. had packed D. packs
6) A. was realizing B. realizes C. realized D. realizing
7) A. hadn’t made B. don’t make C. wouldn’t make D. wasn’t making
8) A. was booked B. books C. booking D. had booked
9) A. was checking in B. had checked in C. checked in D. used to check in
10) A. forgetting B. forgotten C. had forgotten D. was forgetting
11) A. was phoning B. had phoned C. phoning D. phones
12) A. rung B. ring C. was ringing D. rang
13) A. arriving B. arrive C. was arriving D. had arrived
14) A. was noting B. used to note C. noted D. noting
15) A. picked up B. was picking up C. had picked up D. picking up
16) A. ran B. running C. was running D. run
17) A. looked B. was looking C. looking D. had looked
18) A. had thought B. thinking C. was thinking D. would think
19) A. remembered B. remembers C. was remembering D. remembering
20) A. leaving B. had left C. was leaving D. was left
58
G. Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the verbs in parentheses:
Ask yourself: BEFORE the action? / AFTER the action? / or DURING the action?
(had V3) (V2) (was/were Ving)
1. Barış (leave) the house at his usual time yesterday. He

(hurry) over breakfast because he
(get) up later than usual. Because of his hurry, he (forget) two
things before he (leave) the house. He
(not, say) goodbye to his mother and he (not, take) his umbrella
with him. He (realize) this while he
(get) on the bus. He (arrive) at his office half an hour later. The
first thing that he (do) (be) to
telephone his mother. He (say) that
(be) sorry that he (forget) to say goodbye to her. He also
(say) he (be) angry with himself
because he (not take) his umbrella. The radio
(say) the night before that it would rain.
2. The clock (strike) four by the time he

(reach) his flat night. He (feel) terrible because he
(drink) a lot at the party. He (light) a
final cigarette and (sit) at his computer table thinking of the party
he (leave) an hour before. He would have been home earlier, but
he (have) difficulty in finding a taxi at the late hour. Thinking that
if he (not, go) to bed quickly, he would feel terrible at work the
next day, he (put) down his cigarette,
(undress) quickly, and (get) in bed. He
(fall) asleep at once. At that moment, the cigarette which he (put)
down, but (forget) to put out, (drop)
from the side of the ash-tray and (burn) hole in the table cloth.
Upon waking some hours later, he (find) that the cigarette not
only (burn) a hole in the cloth, it also
(make) an ugly mark on the floor.
3. When they (arrive) at the seaside resort that

(become) so famous, they (spend)
three hours going from hotel to hotel trying to find a room. They
(have) no luck at all. Every hotel (be) completely full. He
59
(blame) himself because he (not,

reserve) a room in advance.
4. The new teacher, who (be) a determined young woman,

(give) little Barış a sound spanking and
(him) to bed because he (put) a drawing-pin on the seat of a chair
that she (be) going to sit down on. When they
(hear) about it the next morning, his parents
(tell) the teacher that they (not
approve) of what she (do) to Barış.
5. We (go) to Amasra yesterday. It (be)

very interesting experience. Our friends (tell) us to wear warm
clothing, and we (be) very glad that we
(take) their advice because it (be)
rather chilly in the evenings.
6. A friend of mine (come) unexpectedly to see me last night. I

(be) very glad to see her because we
(not, see) each other for a long time. I (sit) her down and
(ask) her what she would like to drink. She
(say) “Whisky, please!” There (not be)
much whisky left, but I (think) there might probably be enough.
We (sit) exchanging news for the next hour or so. Slowly but
surely we (finish) off the bottle of whisky. Then, she
(leave). She (hardly, go) when
Mustafa (arrive). I (sit) him down and
(ask) him what he would like to drink. He
(say) “Whisky, please!” I (have) to
apologize and explain that there (be) no whisky left because my
friend and I (finish) it off. I (have),
however, plenty of rakı. He (say) rakı would be very nice.
60
H. Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space.
Dear Trevor,
I know it’s been ages since I wrote to you, but I have been very busy (1) we decided
to move into the country. The house in the village isn’t quite ready yet but as you can imagine (2)
the past two weeks we have chased up builders and plumbers and we’ve (3)
got a long way to go.
It’s been such a long time since we (4) to work on it. Actually I have almost
forgotten how long it has been. We have (5) spent a fortune on it. We are still living
in our old flat where you visited us a few years (6) but there are lots of problems
and we (7) to moving out. We are still (8) from morning until night
and it has been hectic during the last week. Anyway, (9) all this was going on, Karen
fell and sprained her ankle, which was the last thing we needed!
1. a) since b) every time c) while d) before
2. a) for b) as c) while d) since
3. a) yet b) already c) nearly d) still
4. a) have started b) start c) did start d) started
5. a) still b) yet c) already d) not
6. a) last b) later c) ago d) past
7. a) are looking b) are looking forward c) are looking at d) are looking for
8. a) rush b) rushing c) rushed d) be rushed
9. a) during b) from c) in d)as
İ. Put each verb in brackets into the most suitable tense: present simple, present continuous,
present perfect, past simple and past continuous.
COMING HOME
I woke up while the flight attendant (serve) breakfast. The
plane (cross) the Channel at that time and when I
(look) out of the window, I (can) see the
ships far below me. I (come) home after a long time abroad!
The plane (land) and the bus

(take) us to the terminal building. After I collected my baggage, I
(walk) out of the baggage hall. When I (appear), I
(have) a big surprise. Almost half of my family was there! It was
wonderful!
“You won’t recognize the old town,” my sister told me. “Almost everything
(change) since you last (see) it. They
(build) a shopping centre near the park. The old town
61
(be) destroyed by a fire about five years ago. They

(build) a new one at the moment. They
(build) it for five years and they (not finish) it yet.
I (be) back for nearly a month now. And my sister was right.
The place looks very different, but it still (feel) the same, because
the people I love are here.
J. Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of the words in capitals.
1-) Calling her might make her feel better. IF
2-) Please turn on the light! COULD
3-) She’ll be in Paris. She’ll visit friends. WHILE
4-) If you don’t drive carefully, you’ll have an accident. UNLESS
5-) Riding motorbikes in the park is forbidden. MUST
6-) She’ll pay me back. She’ll get some money. AS SOON AS
7-) I’m not rich, so I can’t afford a long holiday abroad. WERE
8-) I’m sure the books are in the cupboard. MUST
9-) I’ll wait here. You’ll get back. UNTIL
10-) There’s no need to do the ironing now. HAVE
11-) She is not an honest person so she won’t tell us the truth. IF
12-)I’m sure John isn’t lying. CAN’T
62
K. Choose the option that has the closest meaning to the given statement.
1. Most probably you will not act in the play.
A) You may have a role in the play, but I’m not sure.
B) The only actor in the play will be you.
C) Your chance of having a part in the play is quite high.
D) There is a strong possibility that you are not performing in the play.
2. The best method of overcoming obstacles is the team method.

A) Forming a group is not enough to achieve.
B) A group of people can’t do anything without a leader.
C) Acting as a group is the finest way to achieve.
D) There are many other methods better than the team method.
3. Hunger is bearable when you have no hope of food.

A) If you aren’t hungry, then you don’t need any food.
B) One can endure hunger, if s/he doesn’t have any chance to find food.
C) People cannot do anything, if they don’t eat something for a long time.
D) Finding food is not always challenging.
4. After the operation, she recovered far quicker than we expected.

A) The sooner she has the operation, the quicker she will recover.
B) We were all surprised at how fast she got well after the operation.
C) She recovered from the operation as quickly as we hoped.
D) She had the operation so quickly that she recovered faster than we thought.
5. While walking through the park, we stopped by the pond to watch some children who
were sailing model boats.
A) We stopped and watched children playing with their boats on the pond while we were taking
a walk in the park.
B) While walking in the park, we were also watching the children playing with their boats.
C) We didn’t stop to watch the children playing with their boats because we were walking.
D) We frequently go and walk in the park, but this time we just watched the children playing
near the pond.
63
L. Choose the option that best completes the paragraph.

1. . Last weekend, for example, dozens of people had picnics on Harris
Beach. They brought a lot of food and many cans of soda and had a good time eating and
drinking and playing in the water. The picnickers put some of their trash in the containers in
the park, but they also left a lot of it on the ground. In the evening, a seagull got tangled in a
plastic bag and suffocated to death. At night a raccoon put its paw in an open soda can and
cut its leg badly. It died in the morning.
A) Harris Beach is an ideal place for people to have picnics

B) Picnickers don’t always put their trash away
C) Harris Beach is the natural habitat of different species of animals
D) Trash left on picnic areas injuries and kills wildlife
2. Species become endangered for a wide variety of reasons. . For

example, many tropical forests, the habitats of thousands of species, are being destroyed at
an irreversible rate, threatening many species with extinction. Overexploitation, that is, the
utilization of a species at an excessive rate, is another reason for the endangerment of
species. Among many examples of severe overexploitation , the case of great whales stands
out as one of the most dramatic. By the middle of the 20th century, unrestricted whaling had
brought many species of whales to incredibly low population sizes. Still another factor
threatening species is pollution. Pollution resulting from industrial activities in particular has
threatened many species, including the African Wild Dog and the American Peregrine Falcon,
with extinction.
A) Habitats in which many different species live are always undergoing changes to which
species must adapt
B) First, each animal and plant species has a native environment called the habitat, where is
grows naturally
C) The destruction of habitats, or native environments, by human activities is the most
important reason
D) Some species fail to react quickly to rapid changes in their habitats while others quickly
adapt to them
64
3. Poetry is an art form that scares many students who study literature. The struggles of life are
so tightly compacted to stanzas, crafted into lines, and plainly, boldly written across the page
that the readers has to read between the lines to find the hidden meanings and make sense
out of the rhymes. For many students, poetry is a mirror reflection of life that laughs at
weakness, shyness, and imperfection in its writers. Poetry is truly a harsh art form. It uses
sharp words that are intended to be loaded with meaning, and the feelings it conveys are
strong and fierce. .
A) Poetry can deal with a number of different issues, including politics, love and nature
B) Still, for those who have the courage and spirit, poetry is a passionate love
C) Poems can differ in length, but length does not affect the strength of the emotions
D) Poetry has always been a popular form in literature in all parts of the world
4. The job of a nurse isn’t always enjoyable or easy. . They often work at
night or at weekends, too, so they usually don’t have enough time to spend with their
families. In addition, the job isn’t well-paid.
A) Nurses have to work long hours

B) Most nurses work in modern hospitals
C) Nurses, together with doctors, help sick people
D) Some hospitals provide accommodation for nurses
5. In modern life, corn has many uses. . Corn is also hidden in many other
foods: cookies, bread, or beef. A large part of the corn production in the United States, in
fact, goes to feed beef cattle. However, corn is not just a food. It is also used in the production
of all kinds of things, from glue to hand lotion and paint. Recently, manufacturers have begun
to use corn to make a new type of plastic for garbage bags. In many places, cars are now
powered by a mixture that contains ethanol, a fuel made from corn.
A) For some civilizations around the world, corn is a symbol of life

B) Scientists are working on kinds of corn that can be cultivated in dry or very hot areas
C) Millions of tons of corn are produced around the world every year
D) We eat corn in many forms, from popcorn to corn oil, corn flour and corn syrup
65
UNIT 9
A. Complete the sentences using the present simple passive.
1. Cotton (grow) in the USA.
2. Rubber (use) to make car tyres.
3. Lots of new things (invent) every year.
4. Ethylene and propylene (heat) to make a polymer.
5. Many old mobile phones (recycle) every year.
6. Toxic gases (produce) when plastic (make).
B. Rewrite each sentence using the past simple or present simple passive and by when
necessary.
1. They use quality ingredients to produce Ben& Jerry’s ice cream.
2. Someone invented the computer mouse in 1963.
3. When did they create the Internet?
4. A British scientist created the World Wide Web.
5. Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield sell Ben & Jerry’s ice cream all over the world.
C. Complete the text with the verbs given in the present /past simple
passive or active form.
Haagen-Dazs (produce) ice cream, cakes and
frozen yoghurt. The brand (establish) by Jewish-
Polish immigrants Reuben and Rose Mattus in 1961. They (start) with
only three flavors, and the first store (open) in New York in 1976. Now,
Haagen-Dazs (have) dozens of flavors and their products
(distribute) in 55 different countries. Of course, their ice cream
(sell) in supermarkets and grocery stores all over the world, as well. The
name Haagen-Dazs has no special meaning. They are just two words which
(choose) because they (sound) Danish and
because Denmark (know) for its high quality dairy products in the USA.
Haagen-Dazs ice cream (make) using quality ingredients to produce
high-priced gourmet ice cream.
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D. Choose the correct answer.

Fire 1) moved / was moved fast through a furniture warehouse yesterday afternoon. Most
of the stock inside 2) was damaged / damaged, but shocked workers 3) have been
managed / managed to save a small amount of it. The police 4) are being investigated /
are investigating the cause of the fire, but it 5) is thought / thinks that it was an accident.
The shop manager 6) is being looked / is looking for another warehouse where stock can 7)
keep / be kept. “A lot of stock 8) has been lost / has lost, but the shop 9) will open / will be
opened tomorrow as usual” said the manager. “I‘m just glad no one 10) hurt / was hurt.”
E. Complete the text using simple present active or passive forms of the verbs.
We (depend on) agriculture. No matter where we are in the world,
different kinds of crops (find). Many crops (raise)
for food. The three most popular are sugar cane, corn, and wheat. Sugar cane
(produce) in around 107 countries worldwide. Brazil and China
(responsible) for more than 50 per cent of the world’s production.
Corn (plant) throughout the world. It (call) maize
in many countries in the world. More of the earth’s surface (cover) by
wheat than by any other food crop. Mostly, it (grow) in China, Russia,
the United States, India and Canada. The world’s farmers (grow)
enough wheat every year to fill a train long enough to stretch around the world two and a
half times!
F. Choose the correct answer.

Pompeii is an ancient town in Italy where/who/which was
destroyed when a volcano erupted/has erupted/had erupted
in 79 AD. The lava and ash from the eruption of Mount
Vesuvius buried the town along with everything and
everyone in it. So far, most of the site has studied/was being
studied/has been studied by archaeologists whose/who/they
have uncovered many objects among the ruins. The town is
now a popular tourist attraction and was visited/visit/is
visited by thousands of people each year. They can/are able/must walk along the streets
which was/were/have been once a part of the busy market town and were/are/has been
now an important part of history.
G. Complete the text with the passive form of the verbs given.
Hundreds of movies 1) (produce) all over the world every year. The
most successful ones 2) (make) in America, because they 3)
(direct) by famous people and lots of money 4)
(spend) on advertising them. Hollywood films 5) (watch) all over the
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world, but many countries have their own directors and stars. Bollywood films, which 6)
(make) in India, are becoming very popular in other countries.
Beautiful costumes, music, singing and dancing 7) (love) by
moviegoers everywhere, and that‘s why so many Bollywood films 8)
(show) all over the world. According to many film critics, the best film ever made is Citizen
Kane, which 9) (direct) by Orson Welles in 1941. The story 10)
(base) on the life of a very powerful business man, and the studio that
made the film 11) (threaten) by legal action. Luckily, the film 12)
(release) in 1941 and 13) (enjoy) by audiences
ever since.
H. Complete the text with a / an, the or zero article .

Cairo is 1) capital city of 2) Egypt. It has 3) long and interesting history, and
is still one of 4) most exciting 5) places to visit. The ancient Egyptians are most
famous for building the pyramids, but their civilization achieved many other great things.
They had 6) writing in the form of hieroglyphics, which decorate 7) tombs and
monuments of their pharaohs, and they produced beautiful stone and metal objects which
can be seen in 8) Egyptian Museum. Pictures in the tombs at Giza and Saqqara show
how the ancient Egyptians lived, the clothes they wore and 9) gods they worshipped.
10) visit to Cairo isn’t complete without 11) trip to 12) big bazaar Khan Al
Khalili, where you can buy everything from 13) belly dancing costumes to dates,
beautiful silver and gold jewellery and papyrus pictures of camels and pyramids. You can
even have your name written in 14) hieroglyphics.
İ. Complete the text with a / an, the or zero article .

Equity Travel
Equity has been arranging 1) educational tours since 1991 and our directors and
managers have many years’ experience in 2) school travel, making us true specialists in
3) field. We know and understand 4) special requirements of schools and youth
organizations and can meet your needs. You will receive 5) high-quality educational
tour, with unrivalled personal service and excellent value for 6) money. All tours have
7) educational value and many have been specifically designed to comply with 8)
requirements of 9) UK National Curriculum. We organize tours to 10) wide range
of countries in 11) Europe, and also offer tours in 12) USA, 13) South Africa,
and other parts of the world. History tours, geography tours, 14) language courses and
cookery courses are all available in our study tours programme, specially designed for 15)
school groups. There is 16) special brochure of tours to 17) New York and
Washington, 18) West Coast of America, South Africa (visiting big game parks), China
(visiting 19) Great Wall) and 20) Golden Triangle in India (visiting Delhi, Agra and
Jaipur).
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J. Circle the correct article to complete the paragraph.

People all over the /  world know a / the fables of Aesop, but
there is very little information about the /  life of this famous
Greek storyteller. Scholars agree that Aesop was born around 620
B.C.E. In his early years, he was a / the slave, and he lived on
Samos, an / a island in an / the Aegean Sea. Even as a / the slave,
Aesop had the /  wisdom and knowledge. His master respected
him so much that he freed him. When Aesop became a /  free
man, he travelled to many countries in order to learn and to teach. In Lydia, the /  king
invited him to stay in that country and gave Aesop some difficult jobs in a / the government.
In his work, Aesop often struggled to convince people of his ideas. Sometimes, he used a /
 fables to help people understand what he meant. One time, a / the king sent Aesop to
Delphi with a /  gold for a / the people of that city. Aesop became disgusted with the / 
people’s greed, so he sent the /  gold back to a / the king. A / The people of Delhi were
very angry at Aesop for this, and they killed him. After his death, a / the famous sculptor
made a / the statue of Aesop you see in a / the photo above.
K. Choose the correct answers to complete the texts below.
Mystery continues to surround the fate of Malaysia Airlines flight MH370, which 1) ……….
on its route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing on March 8th. Malaysian authorities, who are assisted
by international aviation and satellite experts, 2) hard since that day to piece together the
plane’s final hours in hope of explaining this mystery. Malaysia Airlines 3) ........... the plane lost
contact less than an hour after it left the airport. No negative signal or message 4) ........... from
the plane between the time of its departure and disappearance. Evidence from a military radar
revealed later that the plane 5) ………. suddenly its route from its northerly course to head
west. The 12 crew members were all Malaysian, led by two experienced pilots. The police 6)
………. their homes, and as a result of this search they now have a flight simulator which belongs
to one of the pilots. They 7) the simulator at police headquarters soon. The experts believe
that it is impossible for the plane to be going towards its original destination because if it 8) ……….
somewhere on the way to its original destination right now, it 9) relatively easy to receive
signals from it. A crucial and urgent part of the international search is finding the black box, which
stops communicating signals after thirty days. This means the search teams have to act quickly
as on the thirty-first day the black box 10) ………. sending out signals. Experts 11) ............on
analysing the little amount of data they have, and most probably we 12) for MH370 in the
next couple of months – a judgment based on the failure of previous missing plane stories from
the recent past.
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1. a. disappeared b. has disappeared c. was disappearing d. disappears

2. a. were working b. are working c. worked d. have been working
3. a. was said b. is said c. says d. had said
4. a. sent b. sends c. was sent d. is sent
5. a. had…changed b. has…changed c. was…changing d. is…changed
6. a. just search b. have just searched c. will just search d. are just going to search
7. a. examined b. are going to examine c. have been examining d. examine
8. a. were b. is c. would be d. will be
9. a. is b. will be c. would be d. were
10. a. will have stopped b. stopped c. has stopped d. was stopping
11. a. were still working b. have still worked c. will have still worked d. are still working
12. a. have searched b. are searching c. search d. will be searching
One of the most deadly plants in the world is poison hemlock. It is 13) ............ more
dangerous than other poisonous plants. Other poisonous plants do not cause as much damage
as poison hemlock. It is highly possible for people to die 14) ........... they take it. One thing that
makes poison hemlock really dangerous is that it looks like some plants that people normally eat.
All parts of the plant are poisonous and even the dead parts remain toxic for up to three years.
While digging large amounts of poison hemlock, it is best to wear gloves and a mask 15) ……….
avoid becoming ill. 16) .......... , hemlock leaves, root and seeds are used to make medicine despite
serious safety concerns. It is used for breathing problems such as asthma, which 17) ........... be a
fatal disease at the beginning of the twentieth century.
13. a. a lot b. as c. a little d. slightly

14. a. unless b. whereas c. although d. if
15. a. because of b. in spite of c. in order to d. otherwise
16. a. Because b. However c. So that d. Due to
17. a. may b. had to c. should d. used to
The population of the world continues to increase at an alarming rate. 18)............high-

tech agriculture improves greatly, food supplies remain inadequate. According to a recent survey,
there are now 800 million people who do not regularly get enough to eat. Nearly everyone admits
that this worrying situation occurs 19) ………. a lack of money. According to statistics, 20) ……….
2050, there will be 9 million mouths to feed, which is 3 billion more than today. 21) people
take precautions to solve the overpopulation problem today, it will be impossible to slow the
rates of population growth over time.
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18. a. Because b. Although c. When d. By the time

19. a. though b. since c. because of d. despite
20. a. while b. as soon as c. when d. by the year
21. a. Unless b. If c. As long as d. Provided that
John Steinbeck grew up in California and attended Stanford University where he studied
marine biology. 22) he became famous for his novels about the difficulties of farm workers
in 1930, he worked at various jobs. In 1939, he published what is considered his best work, The
Grapes of Wrath. The story focuses on Oklahoma tenant farmers who moved to California 23)
………. they were unable to earn a living from the land. 24) .......... the best-selling success of The
Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck went to Mexico to collect information about marine life with
freelance biologist, Edward F. Ricketts. He also served as a war correspondent. The three novels
which Steinbeck published immediately following the war were Cannery Row (1945), The Pearl
and The Bus (both 1947). These novels were 25) more emotional and relaxed.
22. a. As soon as b. To begin with c. However d. Before

23. a. because of b. as c. like d. such as
24. a. While b. However c. After d. Because
25. a. much b. as c. less d. the most
L. Choose the sentence that best completes the paragraph.

1. The Atlanta Olympics were the first to be held without any governmental support.
. In addition, a pipe bomb exploded in Atlanta’s Centennial Olympic Park, killing
two people and injuring a further 110. Although the incident was referred to as a terrorist
bomb, the motive or the group responsible was never determined. Disorganisation and
poor transport also spoilt the Games.
A) Approximately 10,000 athletes participated in the Games, representing 197 countries

B) This was a triumph for free enterprise
C) Atlanta has the reputation of being one of the most dynamic cities in the south
D) This led to commercialisation of the Games, which disappointed many
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2. . Many species are extremely fast and can outrun a person for short distances.
Others are good climbers and can easily escape. Some are difficult to find because they live
underground blend in with their surroundings, or simply because they are rare. Thus,
scientists have had to develop numerous techniques for collecting lizards.
A) Among the reptiles, lizards and snakes are mostly closely related in a scientific sense
B) The primary goal of zoologists is to understand the origins of different species of animals
C) One of the major challenges for zoologists who work with lizards is capturing them
D) Most lizards have eyelids, ear openings and four legs, in contrast to snakes, which have
none of these features
3. . He wore a woolen or cotton shirt and heavy woolen trousers. Around his neck
a big handkerchief was tied to protect him from the sun. It could also be pulled up around
his mouth and nose when dust was thick. Over his trousers were his chaps. These leggings
were of heavy leather for summer wear and fur for the cold northern winters.
A) The cowboy’s dress was suited to his job

B) The most important possession of the cowboy was his horse
C) Today cowboy films are still watched keenly
D) To the traditional skills of the old cowboy have been added many new ones
4. In recent years there has been a campaign by the Maltese Government to further enhance
the island’s main income generator: tourism. A noticeable result has been the development
of the conference market. .
After all, delegates have been gathering on the island for the last 600 years.
A) The Maltese language is an interesting combination of Italian and Arabic
B) Malta is an independent republic consisting of three inhabited islands
C) It seems natural that the Maltese should encourage this part of the market
D) For those wishing to study abroad, the University of Malta offers an extensive range of
courses
72
5. The Irish writer George Bernard Shaw once remarked that “England and America are two
countries separated by the same language.” . It is a living, evolving language that
attains distinctive qualities in different environments. An American tourist in London in
search of public transportation, for instance, takes the underground rather than the
subway. In a hotel, the tourist takes the lift up to his room, not the elevator.
A) Forging the English language into its present form was dependent on the bringing
together of several linguistic traditions over many centuries
B) In spite of standardizing effects of radio and television, there are still a number of dialect
regions across the United States
C) This humorous statement is a simple way of noting that the English language is not the
same everywhere it is spoken
D) Bernard Shaw was in influential socialist speaker, and he wrote plays that attacked the
accepted ideas of his time.
M. Choose the option that has the closest meaning to the given statement.
1. While there is no proof, many people believe in the existence of extra-terrestrial life.
A) A large number of people are busy trying to prove the existence of extra-terrestrial life.
B) In spite of a lack of evidence, a lot of people have confidence that there is life on other
planets.
C) The universe is so large that the existence of extra-terrestrial life seems to be a near
certainty.
D) Until it can be proved by concrete evidence, few people will believe that there is life on
other planets.
2. Though he did not like England very much at first, the longer he lives there the better he
likes it.
A) He likes England more as he stays there longer, despite not being very fond of the
country initially.
B) He believes that he will like living in England if stays there for a long time.
C) In spite of living in England for a long time, he has never liked it any better than he did
initially.
D) At first, he did not think he would ever like England, no matter how long he lived there,
but he was wrong.
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3. The collection of original manuscripts at the British Library is more extensive than the one
at the Bodleian Library.
A) It is much more costly to look at original manuscripts at the British Library than at the
Bodleian Library.
B) The British Library has a large collection of original manuscripts, and so does the Bodleian
Library.
C) There are a lot of original manuscripts at the British Library, but the Bodleian Library has
only one.
D) The Bodleian Library’s collection of original manuscripts is not as large as that of the
British Library.
4. Sally has been unable to convince anyone to serve on the committee voluntarily.
A) No one has volunteered to work on the committee in spite of Sally’s attempts to
persuade them.
B) Sally has had to force several people to become committee members, though she would
prefer them to be volunteers.
C) Sally was convinced that everyone would like to join the committee voluntarily, but she
was wrong.
D) Sally was unable to speak persuasively, so there were not many volunteers to work for
the committee.
5. My father has been working nights lately, so he seems to be very tired.

A) Dad didn’t appear so tired when he was working days.
B) I’m sorry that my father is very tired because of his part-time work at nights.
C) My father appears worn-out since, recently he has been on the night shift.
D) If my father didn’t work so late, he wouldn’t be so tired all the time.
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UNIT 10
A. Complete the dialogue with some or any.
A: Let's go for a picnic by the river tomorrow.
B: OK. Let’s make sandwiches. What do we need?
A: We haven't got bread. Can you buy ?
B: Yes, sure. What about butter?
A: We've got . You should also buy cheese.
B: OK, and is there orange juice in the fridge?
A: No, I'll get .
B: Good. Do we have apples or cherries?
A: We've just got apples.
B: OK, I'll get cherries. Oh dear! I haven't got
money to buy all.
B. Complete the dialogue with some, any, or no.
A: Hi, Sam. How are you?
B: Fine, but busy. We've got exams next week - remember?
A: I know. How much work did you do last night?
B: work! I went to the cinema. What about you?
A: I had time last night. It was my sister's birthday, so we all went out
for dinner.
B: Have you done work this morning?
A: , but not a lot. Anyway, I called to ask you something. Do you know
where my physics book is?
B: I' ve got idea, but you can borrow mine if you want.
A: Thanks.
B: Let's meet outside Natbank in the High Street this lunchtime. I need to get
money and I'll bring my physics book for you.
A: Good idea. I'm very worried about the physics exam. Have you got
old exam papers? I'd really like to look at them.
B: I haven't got , but my brother's got from a
few years ago. I'll bring them with me.
A: Wonderful! See you at 12.30. OK?
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C. Complete the text about Antarctica with little / a little or few / a few.
The coldest continent Antarctica is a snow-covered
continent. The average temperature at the South Pole is -
51° Celsius. plants or animals can
live on the land - it is too cold for them. The animal life is
found on and in the sea. There are
scientists from different
countries who live and work on special bases in Antarctica.
On midsummer's day (22 December) there is daylight for
24 hours and during this period tourist ships and planes come to see
this strange land. But in the winter, there is daylight for months. It
must be a terrible place in the winter. The snow is always there - winter and summer - but in
fact snow falls in the year (an average of 15-20 centimetres). People
say that Antarctica can be a beautiful place. At first, it appears rather frightening, but after
time, some people fall in love with it.
D. Rewrite the sentences using the words given in brackets.

0. Lisa doesn’t have much money. (little)
Lisa has a little money.
1. I haven’t got much time to have breakfast in the mornings. (little)
2. There aren’t any sandwiches left. (no)
3. Rose didn’t invite many people to her house-warming party on Friday. (few)
4. John has written many emails to his colleagues today. (lots of)
5. Jim read a few books last month. (many)
6. My mother puts a little sugar in the cake. (much)
7. Almost nobody knows the answer to that question.(few)
8. Jack spent almost no money when he was in Spain. (little)
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E. Complete the sentences with too or enough.

1. Carl is busy to go to the cinema.
2. Is there salt in the soup?
3. Benny isn’t old to cook on his own.
4. Jeremy is selfish to admit his mistake.
5. She didn’t stay at the gym because it was crowded.
6. Niles was kind to drive us to the concert venue.
7. Max is upset to talk right now.
8. I believe many people today don’t eat vegetables.
1. She wants to buy this dress, but she hasn’t got too / enough money.
2. You need another computer. This one isn’t fast too / enough.
3. My little brother can’t lift this bag because it’s too / enough heavy.
4. Nobody can’t solve the problem because it is too / enough complicated.
5. My family had to move into a new house because the old one wasn’t big too / enough.
6. It’s too / enough dangerous to climb up this tree.
7. I don’t the like the weather in winter. It isn’t warm too / enough.
8. My friends don’t want to walk home because it’s too / enough far.
G. Complete the sentences with too much, too many, or enough.
1. My parents sent me chocolate to eat all by myself.
2. Is it warm to sleep in your room, or should I turn on the heater?
3. Jenny feels that there is pressure on her to perform well in school.
4. The actress who won the award said she had people to thank in a one
minute speech.
5. During the busiest times in the supermarket, there are customers for one
cashier to handle.
6. Emily doesn’t have time to go to all of her after-school classes and finish
her homework.
H. Join the sentences using too or enough.
0. He isn’t fast. He can’t play in the basketball team.
He isn’t fast enough to play in the basketball team.
1. We have many eggs. We can make omelette for all of us.
2. He works very hard. He isn’t enjoying his life.
3. Eric is funny. He can be a professional comedian.
77
4. The gym is big. It can fit 200 people.
5. They haven’t scored many goals. They’re not going to win.
6. He left the house late. He didn’t catch the 9.0 am bus.
I. Rewrite the sentences using enough and the words in parentheses.

1. This lorry is too high to go under that bridge. (low)
2. The book was too boring to read so I stopped reading it. (interesting)
3. I was too sick to go to work so I stayed at home on Monday. (well)
4. The room was too dark to find my pink gloves.(light)
5. The horse was too wild to ride so I decided not to.(calm)
J. Complete the sentences using the infinitive of the following verbs in the box.
cook help phone wake up finish offer move be go
0. He’s always wanted to be famous.
1. She’s agreed me with the party.
2. Did you remember your mother when you got back?
3. I’m hoping all my work before I go to bed.
4. She asked me to the cinema with her.
5. He never learnt when he lived with his parents.
6. Please don’t forget me before you leave tomorrow.
7. When did you decide to Spain?
8. It was kind of her to look after the children.
K. Use the gerund (-ing form) to connect the following sentences.

0. Peter’s sometimes late. He can’t help it.
Peter can’t help being late.
1. Gordon has to get up early. He dislikes it.
2. Jill occasionally speaks Spanish. She can’t avoid it.
3. Jim didn’t take his holiday until June. He delayed it.
78
4. You may have an accident if you drive that car. You risk it.
5. I wouldn’t like to work in an office. I don’t fancy it.
6. I spent all my money. I regret it, because I’ve got none left now.
7. John saw the girl. He denies it.
8. Mary wanted to have dinner at a restaurant. She suggested it.
L. Complete the sentences using the gerund (-ing form) after prepositions.
0. David is studying. He’s bored.
David is bored with/of studying.
1. Jane likes to watch football. He’s keen.
2. Mike wants to learn English. He’s interested.
3. Sheila keeps her own room tidy. She’s responsible.
4. Sally will visit her aunt. She’s excited.
5. Swan will meet her best friend. She is looking forward.
6. Jane has to do the housework by herself. She’s tired.
7. Tom passed all his exams. He succeeded.
M. Choose the correct option.

0. Mr Brown offered to loan/loaning us some money.
1. Tom took a second job paying/to pay off his debts.
2. It is essential to add/adding salt to this recipe.
3. The children learned not to talk/not talking to strangers.
4. Martha thought about travelling/to travel to Peru.
5. You can get to the theatre by to take/taking the bus.
6. Do you want to go to jog/jogging tomorrow?
7. I can’t stand waiting/to wait for the bus for hours.
8. Are you good at to play/playing musical instruments?
9. She is old enough to go/going out on her own.
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N. Complete the sentences using infinitive or gerund form of the verbs.

0. She complains about bullying (bully).
1. They are afraid of the match.(lose)
2. I wouldn't like in his shoes. (be)
3. She doesn't feel like on the computer.(work)
4. We are looking forward to out at the weekend.(go)
5. I need some information about Portugal.(find)
6. Andrew apologized for late.(be)
7. Clare refused clean up after the party.(help)
8. The girls offered out with Kerry.(go)
9. The firemen managed the fire pretty quickly.(put out)
10. Edward thinks of trees this afternoon.(climb)
O. Choose the correct alternative to complete the text below.
Are You Getting Enough Sleep
What happens if you don’t get enough sleep? Randy Gardner, a high school student in the
United States, wanted (1) finding out / to find out / to finding out what happens if you don’t. He
designed an experiment on the effects of sleeplessness for a school science project. Dr. William
C. Dement from Stanford University and two friends kept (2) to watch / watching / watch him
carefully, and Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours and 12 minutes.
What effect did sleeplessness have on Gardner? After 24 hours of sleep, it was difficult for
Gardner (3) to read/reading/read and watch television. The words and pictures were too blurry.
(4) On / In / At the third day, he was having trouble doing things with his hands. The fourth day
was (5) more difficult / the most difficult / as difficult as one because Gardner was hallucinating.
For example, when he saw a street sign, he thought it was (6) a / an / the person. Over the next
few days, Gardner’s speech became so slurred that people couldn’t understand him.
After the experiment, Gardner slept for 14 hours. In the following days, he slept in, and woke up
around 4 p.m. and finally succeeded in (7) returning / to return / return to his normal sleep
schedule. Even though Gardner recovered quickly, scientists believe that going without sleep can
be dangerous. Babies tend (8) sleep / sleeping / to sleep about 14 hours, an average adult needs
7 or 8 hours of sleep, and older people sleep less.
During your lifetime, you spend 25 years or more sleeping. But why? What is the purpose of
sleep? Surprisingly, scientists don’t know for sure. Scientists thought we “turned our brains off”
when we went to sleep. Sleep researchers now know, however, that our brains are very active
when we sleep. Research continues, so we can hope (9) to learn / learning / to learning more
about sleep in the future.
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P. Fill in the blanks with the correct form (ACTIVE OR PASSIVE) of the verbs in the parentheses
using Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Present
Continuous, Will.
NATIONAL PARKS
National Parks are areas of a country where the government protects the natural environment.
This century (1)…………………..(see) the establishment of national parks recently. Animals
(2)…………………..(allow) to live freely and they are away from the risk of becoming extinct. In
many parts of the world, these parks are an important way of making endangered species live
longer. They (3)… .................. (direct) by some local officers who experience a lot of problems.
The Nairobi national park in Kenya (4)…………………..(establish) in 1946. The park
(5)(attrack) lots of tourists since it started. The biggest problem in those days was that animals
felt very scared, while tourists (6)…………………..(take) photos of them. Animals
(7)…………………..(suffer) from serious diseases sometimes there. Some wild life foundations
(8)… .................. (try) hard to support them financially with their constant efforts for years. They
(9) ………………….. (believe) those parks should be donated more by institutions. If the parks
(10) … .................. (publicize), we will have more opportunities to see wild animal in their natural
environments.
At the moment, some rock singers (11)…………………… (organize) a concert to raise money for
those parks in Britain. They think it (12) ……………….. (be) a great concert for the parks.
Q. Read the paragraph below and choose the correct option.
Last night Thomas and Abby were at (1) a/the/- shopping mall cinema. As the film was a
blockbuster, the cinema was almost full. There were (2) much/a lot of/little people in the
cinema. They sat at their seats near (3)-/the/a main entrance. There were mainly women
spectators, but there were (4) much/little/few men who wanted to watch the film. At first,
Thomas was irritated with this situation. He thought, men showed (5) little/much/any interest
because the film was a romantic comedy. When the film started, the main entrance was opened
and (6)many/much/any spectators came in the saloon. As the film started before they came,
their coming caused (7)many/much/any noise in the saloon. Thomas thought that (8)
some/any/a lot other female spectators came in, because the women were always late for
everything. When (9) the/a/- break time came, the lights were on, he surprisingly saw that the
reason for (10) the/a/any noise was men.
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R. Rewrite the following sentences using the words in the parentheses in the correct form.
1. My old school friends always called me on my birthdays when we were at high school.(used)
2. Sheila can’t get the bottle from the upper shelf because she is short. (enough)
3. The parliament doesn’t approve the new maternity leave law, so female employees can’t get
a 6 month leave.(if)
4. The new version of the android system isn’t easy to apply in your computer. (too)
5. The heart attack victim must receive medical assistance in a quick way, otherwise his
chance of survival won’t be high. (unless)
6. It’s a fact that the two companies don’t have any common characteristics. For this reason,
they will not reach an agreement after this week’s negotiations. (if)
7. Organize all your ideas under different groups; otherwise, you won’t finish the work in the
expected duration. (if)
8. The Earth and the planet which was discovered in an expedition last month are the same
size. (as)
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S. Complete the text below with the correct form of the verbs in the brackets using Present
Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous,
will+V, and Future Perfect.
Sydney's Opera House and Harbor Bridge (1)................................... (fall) into darkness on
Saturday last week for the Earth Hour environmental campaign. These are among the first
structures around the world which (2) .................................. (turn) off their lights for the event up
to now. Currently, some 7,000 cities and towns from New York to New Zealand (3)
…………………………….. (make) plans to join in the Earth Hour, which aims to raise hundreds of
thousands of dollars for green projects. Australians' focus this year is the Great Barrier Reef, the
huge coral structure off Queensland. Conservationists (4) .................................. (warn) for years
against possible irreversible damage, which may occur if governments (5) ……………………………..
(not/take) urgent action soon. Even though the Earth Hour event is symbolic in nature rather
than making a real impact, it (6) …………………………….. (already/receive) occasional criticism,
including one from Danish political scientist Bjorn Lomborg. He argues it is unlikely that the
amount of used electrical power (7) …………………………….. (decrease) as a consequence of the
Earth Hour or similar one-time-only events to be held in the future. Anna Rose, national Earth
Hour manager for Australia, says switching off the lights for one hour may not solve the world's
environmental problems, but it (8)...................................(raise) awareness about climate change
in the community by the time this year (9) …………………………….. (end). "It's important as a
moment in which we can have this conversation about our environment," she explains.
VOCABULARY
A. Choose the correct phrasal verb from the box to fill in the blanks. There are two extra phrasal
verbs.
carry on stop off look after get to get back look around set out set up
I have already planned my next holiday. I am going to travel around Europe with a friend of mine.
I think, we will be able to (1)… ................... our travel at the end of May. We want to travel to
Italy via Greece. We are going to see Lido, Venice, Rome and we are going to (2)….................... in
Sicily to have some time to regain our energy for France. We are planning to take a boat to
Cannes, France. When we (3)… .....................Cannes, we are going to stay there for 2 days and
then (4)………………….. to Paris. I think June will be a perfect time to see Paris and to
(5) … ................... for shopping as there will be a discount. As Jenny is going to get married, we are
planning to (6)… ...................by the end of June. I hope this will be a great holiday.
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B. Complete the words in the sentences with a prefix from the box. There are two extra prefixes.
bi- dis- re- semi- ex- over- mis- anti-
1. According to the experts, the ………social behaviour of children is mainly influenced by

environmental factors.
2. The latest data shows that approximately 40% of papers coming from domestic waste is
………cycled . Thus, the woods are protected.
3. In general, women ………like any kind of unnecessary rudeness, so men should watch their
behaviour when they are with women.
4. The teacher thinks that the students in class D are ………rated. In fact, they are not good
enough.
5. The director was found guilty of ………using public funds and he was sent to jail.
6. In typical language classes, the chairs are in a ………circle order. Thus, the teacher can see each
student’s face.
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the box. There are two extras.
assertive graffiti wasteland experience sights moody dump sensible
1. Package holidays are not suitable for the ones who want to see new ...................... , so
backpack holidays are more suitable for these people.
2. Some employees have a very ....................... nature, they directly say that they want
promotion, higher salary or bonus for better working conditions.
3. The vehicles which are considered as very old are sent to the....................... in the south of
the city.
4. Travelling expats have the chance to ....................... different cultures. Therefore, they can be
called as ‘world citizens’.
5. In some departments of the company, the staff can be ....................... because of the stress
they feel and can display a changeable nature.
6. The metropolitan municipality decided to give punishment to the companies which
………………….. their garbage to the sea.
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D. Complete the paragraph with the words from the box. There are two extra words.
eye-catching endorse fluency misleading slang keep up with repetitive let down
Many of the advertisements that we see today on TV, newspapers or billboards include
celebrities in them. These celebrities, including the worldwide famous footballer David Beckham
and Grammy-winning singer Beyoncé, (1) …………………………….. a variety of products, ranging
from beauty cream, or underwear to watches, and credit cards. An obvious aspect of such
commercials is that famous actors, singers or businessmen can help an advert to become (2)
…………………………….. , and the advert is then more likely to grab attention. One example is a
recent TV commercial where a pop band is using lots of (3) .................................. during the whole
time they are speaking in the advert. This of course has a purpose: Young audiences like to hear
more up-to-date street language rather than proper formal sentences uttered by old people.
Advertisement companies also try their best to avoid being (4) …………………………….. in the
commercials they present the viewers because the same kind of adverts with the same kind of
elements in them most of the time do not help to sell a product. Similarly, they feel a need to (5)
…………………………….. the demands of their target audiences, and achieve this aim by following
the latest trends in social media and the current events that happen worldwide. On the other
hand, a significant amount of criticism comes related to the (6) ................................... aspect of
some commercials. For instance, a person watches a hamburger advert on TV, which claims to
portray the most delicious burger one could ever see, yet the person gets quite disappointed
when they visit the restaurant and see the real thing, which is a lot less attractive than what they
saw in the advert.
E. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. There are two extra words.
handbill set out ethnicity emerge rewarding get by
take up sufficient word-of-mouth concerned prospects
1. It is generally accepted that teaching is truly a/an ................................... career. Teachers

feel highly delighted when they teach young people critical skills that will help them in
real life.
2. Overpopulation, one of the major problems the world is facing today, causes reduction in
resources because the Earth can only produce a limited amount of water and food. Some
scientists state that there will be no ................................... food in the near future to feed
all the people in the world.
3. There are many risk factors associated with coronary heart disease. Some risk factors such
as family history and …………………………….. are impossible to change whereas others
including harmful use of alcohol and obesity can be treated.
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4. People believed many stories of treasure in the north of Mexico. For example, in 1540,
Francisco Sanchez and more than 1000 soldiers................................... on a journey to find
“the Seven Cities of Gold” which is actually a myth that led to many more expeditions
later.
5. Most people who intend to be good in their fields tend to immigrate to big cities because
they offer brilliant ...................................for a successful career.
6. After a lengthy investigation, the facts about the burglary started to ……………………………..
thanks to significant amount of evidence. At the moment, the police are looking for the
two criminals.
7. Sigmund Freud, who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis was
…………………………….. with interpreting dreams. He believed that there is a specific
psychological technique through which dreams can be interpreted.
8. Oral tradition is cultural material that is passed from one generation to another by
…………………………….. . In this way, it is possible for a society to transmit oral history, oral
literature, and other knowledge across generations without a writing system.
9. It is highly suggested for people who suffer from anxiety to................................... a hobby
like yoga because yoga enables people to decrease their anxiety and depression level.
F. Choose the sentence that best completes the paragraph.
1. Arabic is one of the world’s major languages .............................. This figure places it
among the top ten tongues of the planet in number of speakers. Its unbroken literary
tradition goes back about thirteen centuries, it is the language of one of the world’s
major religions, Islam, and it is the written and spoken means of communication in a
region of steadily rising importance in international affairs: the Middle East.
a) There are a number of different dialects that are sometimes mutually

incomprehensible
b) A lot of Turkish and Persian words are Arabic in origin
c) Related languages include Hebrew and several of the languages of Ethiopia
d)It is the official language of eighteen countries with a total population of 120 million
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2. . A little over half reach hurricane or cyclone strength, with continuous

winds of over 33 meters per second. Most occur in the North Pacific and many do not
strike land. About one in eight form in the North Atlantic, and it is these storms that
have been the most intensively studied because they affect busy shipping routes and
threaten the eastern US.
a) Tsunamis, which cause incredible damage when they hit land, used to be called “tidal
waves”
b) Each year, some 80 or 90 tropical storms form above warm ocean waters around the
globe
c) People are often surprised to learn that the eye of an hurricane can be the safest
place for a ship
d) Hurricanes, which used to be named after women, are now given male names as well
3. Enormous problems keep troubling Honduras. Nearly half the four million people cannot
read. Development is slow because the country looks risky to investors. Tourism has
shrunk to a trickle of diverts attracted by the coral reefs. . At my hotel,
for instance, there was a table of missionaries, one of arm merchants and one of
journalists looking for war.
a) They are some of the most beautiful reefs in the world
b) Foreign investors should realize the potential of this underwater paradise
c) Most visitors pursue other affairs
d) But even with all its problems, Honduras remains a delightful place to visit
G. Choose the option that has the closest meaning to the given statement.
1. The plan is that when he gets home from work, we will have finished all the
preparations.
a) It is not unusual that when he comes home, he finds all the preparations complete.
b) It is not easy to make a plan because no one knows what time he is coming home.
c) According to our plan, we’ll have everything ready before he gets home.
d) Different from what we’ve planned, when he gets home, we will still be getting things
ready.
2. It is difficult to keep one’s cool in the heat of an argument.

a) It’s natural that no one can stay calm during a heated argument.
b) It’s not easy to remain calm during an intense dispute.
c) To avoid verbal fights, you should try hard to control yourself.
d) Everybody loses their temper when an argument gets out of control.
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3. You won’t be able to find a job until you are better qualified.
a) Unless you find a job, you will not be able to increase your qualifications.
b) Most places will not hire someone with as little experience as you have.
c) As long as you have so few recognised skills, it will be impossible for you to find work.
d) With your qualifications, it is surprising that you have not found a job.
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UNIT 11
A. Change the following into reported speech.
0. “I can help you with your maths assignment.”

My mother told me that he could help me with my maths assignment.
1. “I’ll give your raincoat back tomorrow”
My sister told me that…………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. “I must study hard for my final exams.
Sally said that …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. “I’ve just received a letter from Kevin.”
Kevin’s mother said that …………………………………………………………………………………………
4. “I’m extremely tired today.”
When he arrived home, Dane said that ……………………….………………………………………………….
5. “I don’t like horror movies at all.”
Our literature teacher said that ……………………………………………………………………………………
6. “I’m reading your paper now.”
The teacher told Mary that ………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. “I forgot to post your letter yesterday.”
Mark told his mother that ………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. “You should study harder in order to pass the exam.”
His maths teacher told Jim that ……………………………………………………………………………………
9. “I might visit your parents next Saturday.”
Alice’s fiancé told her that ………………………………………………………………………………………….
B. Change the following into reported speech. Pay attention to whether the reporting verb is
“present” or “past”.
0. “We are planning to visit you next weekend.”

Sally said that they were planning to visit us the following weekend.
Sally says that they are planning to visit us next weekend.
1. “I’m thinking of going on holiday soon.”
James told me that ……………………………………………………………………………………………
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2. “I’ll fire you if you go on a strike.”

Our boss says that …………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. “I don’t have to go to work tomorrow.”
My father told me that …………………………………………………………………………………………
4. “My sister is going to be a mother very soon.”
Jack said that that ………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. “Your car isn’t as fast as mine.”
Bill has told me that ……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. “I’m sorry I forgot about your birthday.”
Mary told Jim that ……………………………………………………………………………………………...
7. “It’s incredible that my cat doesn’t like fish.”
Aunt Edith says that ……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. “I’ve already phoned you twice this week.”
Martin told his fiancée that ……………………………………………………………………………………
C. What did the following people actually say? Write their direct statements.
0. The teacher told Deniz that his grammar was improving.

“Your grammar is improving,” the teacher said to Ozan.
1. The teacher told us that we couldn’t use our dictionaries during the exam.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. The old lady told the police officer that her house had been broken into the previous night.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Susan told me that she thought she would be able to visit me sometime the following week.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. James told his friends that he couldn’t go to the cinema with them because he didn’t have
any money.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Kevin told Linda that he was going to help her when she moved to her new flat.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Mr. Kent told his wife that she didn’t need to keep his dinner warm for him because he’d be
late.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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D. Report the following questions as in the example. Pay attention to whether the reporting
verbs is in a present tense or in the past.
0. A:“Who is your favorite pop singer?” B: What did James ask you?
C: James asked me who my favorite pop singer was.
1. A: “What time do you have to get up? B: What has Lucy asked you?
C: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. A: “How long have you lived in Turkey? B: What did you ask Frances and
Peter?
C: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. A: “When will you go on holiday?” B: What did Peter ask your mother?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. A: “Where can I buy fresh vegetables?” B: What has Jill asked you?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. A: “What have you bought your brother for his birthday?” B: What did you ask Sarah?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. A: “What is on TV tonight?” B: What is your grandma asking
you?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. A: “What is your favourite subject, Tom?” B: What did Sue ask Tom?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. A: “Who must I see at the company?” B: What did Jeremy ask you?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
E. Report the following questions as in the example. Pay attention to whether the reporting
verbs is in a present tense or in the past.
0. A: Have you finished reading the text? B: What did the teacher ask Jim?
C: She asked him whether/if he had finished the reading text.
1. A: Should I phone them now? B: What did the secretary ask?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. A: Will I be able to pass the exam? B: What did the student ask you?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. A: Do you support a football team? B: What has Sally asked Liz?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. A: Did you watch the match on TV last night? B: What did you ask Mary yesterday?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. A: Is Jenny studying in her room? B: What did Mr. Williams ask his wife?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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6. A: Are you going to join us for tonight’s party? B: What is Steve asking Valerie?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. A: Can you look after our cast while we are away? B: What did the Browns ask Mike?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. A: Have you seen the film Dumbo? B: What has Deniz asked you?
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
F. Yesterday, Erol went to a job interview, and the interviewer asked him a lot of questions.
Here are some of them.
1. How old are you?

2. Are you married or single?
3. Do you have any children?
4. Which university did you graduate from?
5. How many foreign languages do you speak?
6. Have you done this kind of work before?
7. Why are you leaving your present job?
8. Can you do overtime twice a week?
9. And the last question! Which football team do you support?
Now, Erol is back home, and he’s telling his wife about the interview. Report the interviewer’s
questions to complete the passage.
… Well, the interview went pretty well, and the interviewer was certainly very pleasant. First of
all, he asked me (1) ........................................................ because apparently they don’t want
anyone over the age of forty- so that was no problem. And then he asked me (2)
………………………………………………. and (3)........................................................, so of course I told
him about you and the twins. Then, he wanted to know (4) …………………………………………………..
He was extremely impressed when I told him about Boğaziçi. I think they must do a lot of
overseas business because he asked me (5) ......................................................... He was very
pleased when I said three. Then, he wanted to learn about my work experience and asked (6)
………………………………………………….. After that, I’d told him about my career so far, he wondered
(7) ......................................................... I said it was because of terrible salary. In fact, he was
shocked when I told him the amount. Then, he wondered (8) ………………………………………………….
and I said yes. I know it means coming home late, darling, but it’s paid and we really need the
money. Well, then it was my turn to be surprised. Do you know what he asked? He wanted to
know (9) ......................................................... And guess what! He supports Beşiktaş, too. So that
was it. He offered me the job immediately. Isn’t that great?
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G. Read the following passage and write the conversation.
When Judy and Peter entered the hotel, Judy asked the receptionist if they had any rooms free.
She said they did and wondered if they wanted two singles or a double. Peter replied that they
wanted a double room. The receptionist said they had a nice room with a sea view on the second
floor. Judy said it was terribly hot there and wanted to know if the room had air-conditioning.
The receptionist said it didn’t, but there was a fan on the celing. She assured them that, because
the room faced north, it was the coolest in the hotel. Peter asked the receptionist how much it
was, and she replied that it was $45 a night, including breakfast. Peter said they would take it.
The receptionist wanted to know how long they would stay. Judy said they’d stay just one night
and that they were going to leave before noon the following day. The receptionist asked them if
they’d mind waiting in the lobby for a few minutes while the room was being prepared. Peter
said it was no problem and that they could have some cold drinks in the meantime.
Judy: Hello, do you have any rooms free?

Receptionist: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Peter: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Receptionist: …………………………………………………………………………………………………
Judy: …………………………………………………………………………………………………
Receptionist: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Peter: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Receptionist: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Peter: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Receptionist: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Judy: ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Receptionist: ………………………………………………………………………………………………...
Peter: ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
H. In everyday life, we often hear lots of Dos and DON’Ts. Here are some familiar ones.
a) Don’t feed the animals.
b) Stop smoking totally, or at least, smoke less. 
c) Take us to an amusement park at the weekend.
d) Unplug your television before you go to bed.
e) Don’t hang around after school, but come directly home.
f) Move to the back of the vehicle, please.
g) Don’t play with matches.
h) Don’t unfasten your seatbelt until the light indicated that it is safe to do so.
i) Don’t look at your neighbour’s paper during the exam.
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Decide who is most likely to say these imperatives and complete the sentences below.
0. Doctors often warn smokers to stop smoking totally, or at least, to smoke less.
1. Bus drivers often tell passengers …………………………………………………………………..
2. Electricians often instruct people ……………………………………………………………………
3. Parents often tell their children ………………………………………………………………………
4. People frequently warn young children ……………………………………………………………
5. Children often ask their parents …………………………………………………………………..
6. Flight attendants always instruct passengers ……………………………………………………………......
7. Teachers usually warn students ………………………………………………………………………
8. Zookeepers in a zoo often ask visitors ………………………………………………………………..
I. Write the direct forms of the following.

0. “Tidy your room while I’m cleaning the kitchen.”
Mum told me to tidy my room while she was cleaning the kitchen.
1. “………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………”
The boss asked the secretary to file the documents.
2. “………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………”
Mr. Wilkins told his wife not to leave home until he’d phoned her.
3. “…………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………”
My driving instructor told me not to drive off until the road was clear.
4. “…………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………”
The army officer ordered the soldiers to stand at attention during the parade.
5. “…………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………”
Jane asked Tim to buy some candles when he went shopping.
6. “…………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………”
My boyfriend told me not to call him during the football match.
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J. Read the text and choose the correct option.

SOMEBODY WATCHING OVER ME
Government officers observe major city centres throughout Britain for 24 hours a day. This is done
successfully with the help of hundreds of closed circuit televisions (CCTVs). They are located in 1)
………… strategic positions in the cities. They are especially located in large cities, because they are
not 2) ............ they used to be.
There are a lot of CCTVs in all public places including streets and roads. They watch every move,
even though we 3) ………… aware of them. Although some people feel 4) ............. by them, we
should not underestimate their importance. The police can identify the criminals or robbers easily
by 5) ………… the videotapes of CCTVs. Furthermore, shop owners manage 6) .............. the police
about the shoplifters immediately.
In many respects, CCTV is successful as individuals feel 7) ………… in public places than before.
Nevertheless, there have been negative reactions to CCTVs since they 8) .............a few years ago.
In fact, if we didn’t have them, the crime rate in cities 9)............. at a high rate.
Many other countries 10) ............ Britain’s CCTV system in public places for some time. For instance,
in five European countries, ten thousand CCTV cameras 11) ............. in public places last year. 12)
………… the reactions of some people against this system, it is still seen as the only solution for
security by the majority.
1. a. the most b. as much as c. more d. less
2. a. safer b. the safest c. as safe as d. less safe
3. a. may not be b. wouldn’t be c. would be d. should be
4. a. scary b. scared c. scaring d. scare
5. a. studied b. study c. to study d. studying
6. a. informing b. to inform c. inform d. for informing
7. a. more b. the most

c. comfortable d. less comfortable
comfortable comfortable
8. a. were starting b. start c. started d. have started
9. a. increased b. can increase c. will increase d. would increase
b. have been
10. a. were followed c. are following d. are followed
following
11. a. were fixed b. have fixed c. fixed d. were fixing
12. a. Thus b. Since c. Despite d. Due to
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VOCABULARY
A. Read the text and choose the correct word from the box to fill in the blanks. There are two
extra words
behind for with to of in by on
A robot can be defined as a mechanical and virtual artificial agent. Robots can be autonomous or
semi-autonomous and can be programmed (1) ............ various reasons such as research, industry
or daily use. They are more likely to replace humans in any circumstances. Because of this reason,
the companies who are the creators (2) ............ these new intelligent technologies, feel pressure
on themselves to keep up (3) ……….. the latest developments. Therefore, they aim to create
things which can be used (4) ……….. everyday life with the fear of falling (5) ............the market.
Once they produce a new technology, this has an immediate effect in the market. The rival
companies immediately produce something to get (6) ........... in the market.
B. Choose the correct word from the box to fill in the blanks. There are two extra words.
dull catchy concentrating exposed resolve

misleading acquired entrepreneur obtained
1. The ....................................... tune of the original sound track made the movie a blockbuster.
After the movie all the copies of the album were sold out.
2. Although there are some different and interesting approaches, on the whole, the project which
was supposed to be used was a/an ...................................... one with nothing new conceptually.
3. According to the law, the consumers can complain about the companies who are
………………………………… them by giving false information.
4. If a new type of business is offered to the market, it is wise to find a good
………………………………… who can put money for the business.
5. The results which are ………………………………… from the last two experiments should be
excluded from the study as they are not valid for the evaluation procedures.
6. After the application of complaint, the company generally aims to ...................................... the
problem in 30 days.
7. Being ...................................... to excessive sunlight can cause deep burns on the skin and this
can lead to cancer.
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C. Choose the option that best completes the paragraph.

1. Swine Flu is number one health concern in the world over. The H1N1 flu or Swine Flu was
first detected in US in April 2009. The first affected areas initially were Canada and Mexico
beforeH1N1 flu cases began to emerge in other areas of the world. .
Therefore, the World Health Organization has called H1N1 as pandemic which means a big
disease that involves the entire world.
A) Swine Flu spreads from person to person in the same way as regular seasonal influenza
viruses spread
B) People with high risk for seasonal flu are also at high risk for H1N1 flu
C) Infected people can actually infect others from the first day itself, even before they
themselves get any symptoms
D) In a short span of four months, the disease has spread to almost all regions in the world
2. . Various gods, myths, and superstitions are just a few examples that
out ancestors believed in. Ancient man probably had many reasons to account for such
phenomena. Moreover, despite the contemporary scientific gadgets and data, we are
actually no different from them whatsoever. Ghost, fairy tales and several creatures were
believed to exist until recent years. Aliens from outer galaxies and UFOs are just recent
examples of today’s supernatural beliefs.
A) Religions and particular beliefs were dominant in ancient civilizations until the rise of
modern sciences
B) How the unknown or paranormal occurrences should be defined is a controversy
C) The unknown, or the undefined, has always been charming for people from the early
man to the modern one
D) The more one believes in superstitions, the more he will be involved in undefined
phenomena
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3. Global warming is an issue that is taken very seriously and is a major environmental concern
for towns and cities that are coastal or built on islands. Reports have shown that the ice caps
are melting at their fastest rate ever, and it is becoming a critical issue. Experts are seriously
addressing the issue in order to find a solution to the problem. . Many
theories and concepts are being developed to stop Venice sinking. City leaders are now
considering investing in huge steel gates to block the floods in order to stop Venice sinking.
The cost of this project is estimated at around two or three billion Euros but this enormous
price tag will not be enough to stop Venice sinking.
A) For instance, the level to which Venice is sinking is now seen as critical and need urgent
attention
B) Regional and international governments are trying to find out ways as to how to stop the
melt down
C) As a result, the future of Venetian trade does not look promising not only in domestic but
also in international markets
D) This may have more to do with global warming and the melting polar ice caps, along with
other natural disasters
4. Red blood cells and White blood cells are, in essence, completely different. While both are
necessary for the body’s proper functioning, they each have singular roles. Red blood cells
carry oxygen, while white cells do not, for example. Red blood cells in humans do not have
nuclei, while white cells do. Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, are responsible for the
characteristic colour of our blood. . White blood cells or leukocytes,
on the other hand, are primarily responsible for fighting foreign organisms that enter the
body. This includes everything from bacterial and parasitic infections to allergic response.
A) T-cells, a form of white blood cells, are the ones that stop functioning properly in the
presence of HIV infection
B) They are also responsible for picking up carbon dioxide from our blood and for transporting
oxygen
C) White blood cells have different shapes, depending on their function, which make them
unmatched
D) In the blood are present special cells, classified in: erythrocytes and leukocytes
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5. The history is full of different ages and advances, such as the Enlightenment, the Middle-Ages
or the Stone Age. How about the age we live in? Is it really the ages of humans or has the age
of computers already begun? . Today, thousands of people work for
computers, not for humans. These people develop new software, hardware and even provide
maintenance so that the computer systems might work properly. Moreover, most of the
technological devices that we take for granted are outcomes of computational devices.
A) Industrial computers and robots have increased the rate of unemployment

B) We have become almost completely depended on computers which were actually
intended to assist our living
C) These devices are both used for individual purposes and the industry
D) However, it is known that excessive use of computers prevent reasoning and analytical
thinking
D. Choose the option that has the closest meaning to the given statement.
1. A new and quicker method to check or prove the existence of weapons of mass destruction
is being developed.
A) The existence of mass destruction weapons can only be controlled or proved by developing
an innovative and rapid technique.
B) The control or confirmation of the existence of mass destruction arms may be possible
once the new system is properly developed.
C) Mass destruction weapons are being developed though a novel and rapid method exists
or check or prove them.
D) A novel and faster technique is being developed so that the availability of mass destruction
arsenal can be tested or verified
2. In accordance with the UN reports, the conflict between Israel and Palestine is likely to
continue this year.
A) It is evident that the conflict between Israel and Palestine has been unpredictable to the
UN reports.
B) The UN officials warn us that the conflict between Israel and Palestine in the following
yearmay be unintended.
C) The conflict between Israel and Palestine will probably go on this year, according to the
reports released by UN.
D) The disagreements between Israel and Palestine seemed alarming in the current year in
accordance with a report released by the UN
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3. Many people believed that Edison and Tesla had almost none in common, but they were
wrong.
A) Edison and Tesla were very different from each other, so everybody believed them.
B) Edison and Tesla were believed to have had little in common by most people, which wasn’t
true at all.
C) A lot of people were of the opinion that Edison and Tesla never had similar ideas.
D) Nobody realized that the most common property of Edison and Tesla was their different
personalities.
4. It was in the early 1900s that scientists first realized that roughly half a million galaxies
existed in space.
A) Immediately after the end of the 19th century, more than half a million galaxies were
identified by scientists.
B) Of the million galaxies in space, merely half of them could be discovered by the scientists
in the early 1900s.
C) The earliest discovery regarding the existence of almost half a million galaxies in space
dates to the beginnings of the 1900s.
D) Millions of galaxies had been identified thanks to the scientists of the early 1900s.
5. Violent scenes in TV programmes should be censored, for they might have negative
psychological effects on children.
A) TV programmes including violence had better be censored, as children’s psychology may
be effected badly.
B) TV programmes that include violence are sometimes removed since children’s psychology
may be negatively affected by them.
C) Children were getting scared of the violent TV programmes, so they were all censored.
D) TV programmes including violence have recently been prohibited due to the negative
opinion of the psychologists.
UNIT 12
A. Put the verbs in to the correct tense to form conditionals Type 3.
1. If I (trip), I wouldn’t have sprained my ankle.
2. If George had trained harder, he (join) the swimming
team last year.
3. If she (go) to bed so late, she wouldn’t have overslept.
4. He wouldn’t have felt sick if he (not/ eat) so much.
5. Eve might have gone to the exhibition if she (know)
about it.
6. If Estelle (not lie), she wouldn’t have got into trouble.
7. If Charlie hadn’t eaten cheese, he (have) food poisoning.
8. They would have helped us move house if we (ask)
them.
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B. Complete the sentences using the verbs given.

1. If Alexander the Great (march) west instead of east, he
(conquer) the whole Europe.
2. If more Vikings (go) to North America, the Viking
settlements (succeed).
3. If a storm (not hit) Bartolomeu Dia’s ship off the coast of
Africa in 1487, they (not arrive) in the Indian ocean by accident.
4. If Colombus (not read) about Marco Polo’s trip to China,
he (not try) to sail there by crossing the Atlantic.
5. If Colombus (sail) east in 1492, he
(reach) China or Japan.
C. Complete the sentences using the verbs given.

A Famous Explorer
Throughout history, we have benefited from the courageous explorers whose daring adventures
opened new frontiers to us. Whether they set out to sail the seas, cross unexplored lands, or take
to the skies in flight, they changed our perception of the world.
Vasco da Gama is one such explorer. He was the first European to sail from Europe (Portugal)
around Africa to India and back. In 1497, with four ships, he made the trip to India in 23 days.
The return trip, however, took almost four and a half months because of the monsoon winds. If
he (listen) to the advice of the local people and waited, he
(lose/not) more than half of his crew. He returned with
only two of the four ships. If he (wait) a while before
returning to Portugal, maybe all four ships (return) with
him. Da Gama was a true adventurer, and his discovery brought the spice trade to Portugal.
D. Rewrite the sentences using if.

1. Start saving up now, otherwise you will be in trouble in the future.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. I don’t think it’s a good idea to buy a second-hand car.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Without our parents’ financial help, we couldn’t possibly make ends meet.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. You missed the bus and were late for school.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. You will probably not get a promotion unless you start working harder.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. We didn’t arrive at the port on time so we missed the ferry.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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E. Put the verb into the correct form.

1. If she had had more experience, we (offer) her that
job as a veterinarian.
2. If they (offer) us a unit price of $ 4.50, we will
accept to build a new hospital.
3. If I had £ 10 million, I (to invest) in cancer research.
4. If we (hire) a factoring agency, we would have
recovered our debts more easily.
5. If Liz passes her exam, her father (give) her a
present.
6. If I gave your firm order in advance for one year,
(you/reduce) the price by 10%?
7. If the sale of alcohol was banned in Europe, there
(be) fewer road accidents.
8. How long (hold) your prices if we order today?
9. If Mary (phone), can you tell her I’ll be back at 7:00?
10. If you (not/want) to go out tonight, we can stay at
home.
F. Match the sentences with their meanings.

1. I’m sure that’s Katie. …… a. That girl must be Katie.
2. I’m sure that isn’t Katie. …… b. It might not be Katie.
3. It’s possible that it’s Katie. …… c. That girl can’t be Katie.
4. Maybe that isn’t Katie. …… d. It may be Katie.
G. Circle the correct option.

1. They could / can’t be Colombian because they’re speaking Spanish.
2. It can’t / must be a spider; it’s only got six legs.
3. Oliver must/can’t really love that film. He’s seen it ten times.
4. Dana can’t / might know what the homework is. She wasn’t at school yesterday.
5. Jo must / might travel a lot. Her passport’s full of visa stamps.
6. Bernie must / can’t be tired. She’s been working hard all day.
7. Dave must/ might like One Direction. He’s got all of their CDs.
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H. Complete the conversation with must / can’t / might.
RUTH: Look, Claudia Jones is on Facebook. I’m going to send her a friend request. There –
done.
IAN: Wow, she’s got five hundred friends. She 1..................... be really popular.
RUTH: Well they 2. ................... all be real friends. No one can have that many. Not even
Claudia.
IAN: That’s true. She 3 ..................... ‘t not really know most of them.
RUTH: Yes, twenty proper friends at the most. The rest of them 4 ..................... just be
friends of friends. She probably just accepts anyone who wants to be her friend.
IAN: Why does she do that?
RUTH: I don’t know. She 5 ..................... just be a bit lonely. Maybe it makes her feel better.
IAN: But that 6 ..................... work. Having lots of false friends doesn’t make anyone feel
better.
RUTH: Oh look. She 7......................be online because she’s replied to my request already.
IAN: And what does she say?
RUTH: I 8 ..................... believe it. She said ‘no’!
İ. Match the sentences with the meanings given.

1. She must have been happy. …... a. Her husband crashed her car again.
2. She can’t have been happy. …... b. He ate everything.
3. She might have been happy.…... c. But he was too polite to ask for any food.
4. He must have been hungry. …... d. Her football team won the cup.
5. He can’t have been hungry. …... e. He didn’t eat anything.
6. He could have been hungry.…... f. But it’s always difficult to know what she’s feeling.
J. Complete the text with the verbs in brackets and the correct forms of modal verbs must
can’t/might.
Police are still looking for the multi-millionaire banker Cecil Montgomery who disappeared
from his home last week. At first, they were sure criminals 1)
(take) him from the family home but now they are
investigating the possibility that he 2) (disappear) on
purpose. It seems that he was having financial problems and owed a lot of people a lot of
money and police believe that he 3) (go) into hiding to
escape from these people. One thing for sure is that he 4)
(leave) the country as police found his passport in his
office desk. Police are now asking members of the public for their help. They feel certain that
someone 5) (see) Cecil in the last few days and they are
asking that person to come forward and help them with their investigation.
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K. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of should or should have.
1. The game last night was brilliant. You (watch) it.
2. That old house looks really dangerous. My mum says we
(go) inside.
3. You (invite) Joe. He’ll be upset if you don’t.
4. You (say) anything. It was our secret.
5. You say) things if you don’t really mean them.
6. The party was really boring. We (go) .
7. You (invite) Kate to your party. She was really
upset that you didn’t.
L. Rewrite the sentences with the modals given.

1. You almost dropped the computer and you nearly damaged it. (could)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
2. It would have been a good idea to ask for help! (might)
You …………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………
3. You nearly broke the printer while you were pulling out the papers. (could)
You ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Some people think it is possible that the ancient Egyptians crossed the Atlantic. (might)
The ancient Egyptians ……………………………..………………………………………………………………………….
5. It is possible that the Egyptians traded with America more than 3000 years ago. (may)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. It’s possible that the Mayas got the idea for building pyramids from Egypt. (might)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Some people claim that it was possibly aliens from other planets who built the Mayan
pyramids. (may)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
M. Complete the sentences with the verbs given using a past modal of deduction.
1. They (arrive) home yet- they only left half an hour ago
and it’s 60 km away.
2. Ali and Fatima (meet) each other in college; they’re always
talking about their time there.
3. You (lose) your keys when you took out your wallet or
maybe you left them in the café.
4. This essay is too good to be Leila’s own work; she (copy)
it from the Internet.
5. I (cut) my hand when I was peeling the potatoes or
maybe later.
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6. But you (see) him in town yesterday- he’s been abroad

for a week.
N. Complete the dialogue about puzzles with must / might /could/ can’t/ couldn’t have.
Puzzle 1: A fully booked 747 took off from Hong Kong, bound for London Heathrow. When it
arrived in London, there were no passengers on board.
Puzzle 2: There were two men who were born on the same day in the same hospital. They had
the same mother and the same last name. They looked exactly alike. But they weren’t twins.
A: OK, so what about the plane puzzle?
B: The people 1. (get) on the plane.
A: They did get on.
B: Then, I’m not sure, but the plane 2. (experience) a problem
and everyone had to get off.
A: No, there was no problem with the plane. I’ll give you a hint: it wasn’t a non-stop flight.
B: Got it! The plane 3. (make) a stop on the way, and all the
passengers got off there.
A: That’s right. So what about the second puzzle?
B: That can’t be right, the woman 4. (give) birth to twins!
A: No, as it says, they weren’t twins.
B: Oh. Then they 5. (have) the same birthday, it’s
impossible.
Something‘s not right.
A: No: same birthday, same mother, and same name.
B: I suppose there 6. (be) two mothers who were
sisters…..
A: No. Same mother. One mother.
B: This is only a possibility. They 7. (be) born a year apart,
so they had the same birthday, but were one year apart.
A: No, it was the same year. Just minutes apart. But… they had a sister.
B: Oh… so they 8. (be) triplets.
105
VOCABULARY
A. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. There are two extra words.
consume unique intentional right eradicate phenomenon
compulsory accuracy manual pace modify component
1. Starting at the age of six or seven up to eighteen years of age, 12 years of education is
………………… in Turkey. Therefore, every person is required to attend school during this
period.
2. Children learn best by studying at their own ...................... Some learn faster than others
while others are better at taking things slowly and more relaxed.
3. Celebrities usually complain that the paparazzi don’t respect their .................... to
privacy by following them all the time. They explain that they might be famous, but also
have a private life like ordinary citizens.
4. This job position provides ..................... opportunities to employers because many of the
features are not offered by any other companies in the sector.
5. Instead of using automatic features, a photographer can switch to the …………………
mode. By using this mode, it is possible to have more freedom and flexibility while
taking photographs.
6. One of the long-term goals of many developed countries is to..................... poverty and
hunger all over the world. This goal can be achieved by methods like investing more in
agriculture and creating jobs for the unemployed.
7. It is advisable for language teachers to ..................... the teaching material by considering
their students’ needs and interests. If they don’t, the material may not be suitable for
students.
8. Industrial countries ..................... large amounts of energy resources, including fossil
fuels. Consequently, these resources are in danger of extinction.
9. The ‘selfie’ became a global .................... when the host of the Oscars took a photograph
together with well-known actors and actresses and then posted it online.
10. Revising regularly is a crucial ..................... for success in language learning. When
students do not revise on a constant basis, studying just before an exam will not help
them pass their classes.
106
B. Complete the paragraph with the words from the box. There are two extra words.
ban criticise estimated streamlined stuck crew approach
A research ship that carried a team of scientists, tourists and staff became 1) …………………
in the Antarctic ice on 25 December 2013. Before the incident, the ship was 2) ..................... to
finish its journey in four weeks, but the calculated schedule didn’t work because of this
unexpected condition. The ship failed to move for nearly two weeks and this scared the tourists
on board. However, the 3) ………………… , who had been working on the ship for years,
experienced similar situations in the past. As a result of this, they felt confident that the situation
didn’t cause a big problem. Australian authorities tried several ways in order to move the ship
from the thick ice, but even after 10 days passed, none of those methods worked. The authorities
then tried a different 4) ..................... and left the ship at its current location. Instead of trying to
move the ship, they transferred the scientists and tourists on board to another ship with the help
of a helicopter. After this incident, Australian authorities decided to 5) ..................... ships from
sailing around the same area until the ice melted in spring. This meant that if ships sailed in the
forbidden area, the owners of these ships would have to pay a fine to the authorities.
C. Complete the sentences using the words below. There are two extra words.
pace truancy optimism approach breakthrough streamlining

encourages improve retro consumerism deadline criticize
1. The competition between Samsung and Apple in the market means that these companies
must ................................ their products continuously in order to survive in the market.
2. The growth of ................................ which promotes buying and selling trends has led many
companies to give better services to the customer.
3. Montessori method is an educational system which .................................. an informal style of
teaching. In this style, children can learn by using everyday objects or materials.
4. The love for 60s and 70s promoted the trend for .................................styles in fashion and
design.
5. Hope and................................. together with the hard work can be the keys for the success of
young officers who are at the beginning of their careers.
6. The coordinators of the course have arranged the ................................. according to the final
exam, so there is no need to worry about the completion of the curriculum.
7. The ........................ to hand in your essays is 26th May. The teacher will not accept any
excuses after this date.
8. The invention of penicillin was a great scientific ............................... in medicine.
107
9.rates at high schools are very high, nowadays. Therefore, school

administrations try to take some precautions to discipline0 students.
10. The teacher’s friendly ................................ towards the problematic students in the class
changed those students’ behaviours in a positive way.
D. Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the words in the parentheses.
In the last 50 years, the Internet has had the most important impact on communication,
research, (1)… ................... (advertise), and shopping. It has also been one of the most quickly
advancing (2)….................... (invent) ever made.
The, Internet is the most (3)… .................. (innovate) tool after the telephone in the field of
communications. However, its (4)… ...................(efficient) is incomparable to that of the
telephone as it has provided the world with a whole new way to stay in touch with family and
friends via chat rooms, e-mail and instant messaging. The Internet has been a huge
(5)… ................... (science) tool, too. The Internet has marked the beginning of a huge
(6) … ................... (develop) in research and studies. There are numerous sites on almost every
topic possible. Students can find (7)…................... (rely) sources on the Internet for research
papers and school projects.
Companies are always looking for a place to advertise. The Internet is the perfect source.
Almost every site includes banners and pop-ups. Companies use the Internet as a new way for
media which offers another (8)… ................... (possible) to reach out to the public apart from
mass media.
There are various online shopping sites which are opened for the (9)…................... (consume). In
this way, they are able to shop from home (10)… ................... (safe).
WRITING
A. Rewrite the sentences with the given phrases. Make the necessary changes.
1. Scientists believe that people can increase their intelligence by thinking creatively.
(according to)
2. People get diseases like hepatitis by eating poisoned seafood. Water pollution may have
disastrous consequences for humans, animals, and water life. (for instance)
108
3. Despite widespread protests, three more nuclear power stations were built. (however)
4. Doing exercise is helpful for reducing stress and anxiety. As well as this, it slows the
aging process. (in addition to)
5. There was a snow storm last night, so some roads were blocked. (due to)
6. We need to employ experienced technicians because of the complicated machines.

(for this reason)
B. Find the errors in the sentences and rewrite them correcting the errors.
1. In a recent study, it has been stated that stress may lead to such as cancer serious
diseases.
2. In some countries, teachers earn a lot of money than other people who work in other
fields.
3. Some people argue that losing weight with medical help a good idea.
4. People have to learn many skills to keep up with modern life because of everything is
more complicated.
5. A new species of bird has discovered recently in the Mato Grosso forest in Brazil, but
people are destroying this forest rapidly at the moment.
109
6. Students study a foreign language can improve their chances for success in school and in
their career.
C. Rewrite the sentences with the given phrases. Make necessary changes.
1. You don’t have to finish your essay in class. You can finish it at home. (INSTEAD OF)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. They have been cleaning up the rivers. They are still quite dirty. (DESPITE)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. If you want to get a good place at the concert, you need to arrive early. (SO THAT)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. He is a hard working person. What is more, he is honest. (IN ADDITION TO)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Lack of communication caused their marriage to end. (DUE TO)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Unemployment may be the reason for your depression. (A CONSEQUENCE OF)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
D. Find the errors in the sentences and rewrite them correcting the errors.
1. My sister hasn’t a driver’s license, so she doesn’t drive.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. People study abroad can learn new languages since they are in an international environment.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The government should banned fast food at schools because of many reasons.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Nowadays, people are leading much materialistic lives than before.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. There were a few high grades on the exam such as one student had 95 out of 100.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Being an only child advantageous because only children receive all the attention in the family.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
110
PARAGRAPH COMPLETION
Choose the option that best completes the paragraph.
1. The Romans are both honored and notorious for their military skills. Numerous military
innovations took place with the roman era and that shaped the much of the world.
. While the traditional view of Roman artists is that they often borrowed
from, and copied Greek ancestors, more recent analysis has indicated that Roman art had its
unique style in painting, prose and literature. Besides, despite mostly for military purposes,
the engineering skills should also be stressed.
A. Roman military tactics had long been modelled by well-known warlords, such as Napoleon
or Hitler
B. As a result, the empire had divided into two as the Western and Eastern Roman Empire
C. At it is height, it stretched from Scotland to the Persion Gulf and all the way around the
Mediterranean
D. Yet, Romans should not only be thought in military terms, but also in literature and
engineering
2. People suffering from insomnia, sleeping problems, do not actually know that it is caused by
several factors needing attention. Stress keeps our body from functioning normally in many
areas, not just our brains at that time. Besides, there are health factors, such as the flu, that
may prevent breathing and therefore interfere with sleep. . It is rare to
find a perfectly silent room to sleep in and not everybody can sleep in perfect silence . The
key to falling asleep is to be comfortable, but most of us get too caught up in what our
bedrooms should be that we forget about what they need to be.
A. Some other severe illnesses which have not been determined yet may lead to insomnia
B. Many people in developed countries spend a fortune to get rid of their sleeping problems
C. However, eating disorders can be much more serious than sleeping problems
D. Moreover, the environment is another significant issue that must be taken into
consideration
111
3. . Rome made it available and useful by all accounts and led to the spread
of its use as a commercial item. Then, the form of bronze bars appeared around 289 B.C. The
earliest bronze coins had featured gods such as Janus, Mercury, and Apollo. In 44 B.C. Ceaser
was the first to place a portrait of him on the silver denarius and was the first Roman to do
so. With this, he started a tradition in which Hellenistic monarchs began portraying
themselves on coinage while they were alive.
A. Paying for goods and services in Rome didn’t start with the coin, but certainly developed
there
B. The first coins were used in Anatolia mainly among Greek colonies
C. Romans and Greek were notable for the payment system that they developed
D. During the “Year of the Four Emperors”, Rome’s prosperity and achievements began
showing up on coins again
4. What makes gold so special? The answer is probably its appearance. Gold is among the
earliest elements discovered by the humankind. With the passage of time, people have found
several uses of gold in a wide range of fields due to its splendidly unique attributes. Its various
characteristics make it stand out among other elements. It is easy to work with, which is why
it is used for several purposes. However, gold is mostly used in electronics to serve the
purpose of plating contacts in switched, relays, and connectors. It is also used in electrical
wiring for applications that need immense amounts of energy. .
A. Gold has been used in jewellery for almost thousands of years

B. The use of gold in electronics is, therefore, superior to its other uses
C. People have challenged and rivalled with one another for gold
D. Investing in gold has both its advantages and drawbacks
112
5. The Renaissance and the Enlightenment name two distinctly different periods of European
history. We associate the Renaissance with advances in literature, architecture, humanism,
and a world economy, while the Enlightenment calls to mind the scientific method,
industrialization, rationality, astronomy, and calculus. The Renaissance occurred during the
14th-16th centuries, following the Middle Ages. During this area, great contributions were
made to music, astronomy, painting, architecture, poetry, drama, and philosophy. From
about 1680-1800, on the other hand, Europe and the New World experienced an
Enlightenment that introduced new paradigms of morality. .
A. Some famous people of this period include William Shakespeare, Amadeus Mozart, and
Leonardo da Vinci
B. Moreover, most thinkers of the Renaissance were convicted of various crimes such as
spying
C. This, too, was a period of discovery, but is generally limited to the realm of science,
mathematics, and technology
D. The Black Plague that killed many people is also a hallmark of the area
RESTATEMENT
Choose the option that has the closest meaning to the statement given.
1. Research findings reveal that microwaving does not lead to reduced nutritional value
compared to other cooking methods.
A. The findings of the recent research indicate that microwaving and other cooking methods
do not reduce nutritional value.
B. Research results illustrate that as a new cooking method, microwaving is no different than
other cooking methods in terms of the nutritional value.
C. According to research findings, microwaving does not cause reduction in nutritional value
relative to other cooking methods.
D. Research findings demonstrate that other cooking methods do not decrease nutritional
value as much as microwaving.
2. Good nutrition and environmental factors can influence the height of a person.
A. The height of people depends largely on their environment and how good their diet is.
B. A good diet as well as environmental factors have the potential to affect how tall an
individual is.
C. Environmental problems can play part in the height of people when they maintain a healthy
diet.
D. As well as a good diet, environmental factors also lead to an increase in the height of
individuals.
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3. With the aid of new Technologies, farmers may significantly reduce their ecological
footprint and cut costs.
A. Thanks to new technologies, farmers were able to either lower their ecological footprint
or reduce their expenses.
B. Not only farmers’ ecological footprint, but also their expenditures can be reduced only if
innovative technologies are used.
C. When farmers make the most innovative technologies, they are more likely to lower their
ecological footprint and expenses.
D. Farmers could considerably lessen their ecological footprint as well as diminishing
expenditures with the help of innovative technologies.
4. Buses are by far the most common means of public transport in the capital of North Korea.
A. There is no more widespread method of public transport than buses in the capital city of
North Korea.
B. Buses in the capital of North Korea are the most prevalent means of public transportation
as in the rest of the world.
C. Buses in the capital city of North Korea is so widespread that there is almost no other
means of transport.
D. Other methods of public transport in the capital of North Korea are not as efficient as
buses.
5. Despite its reputation for environmentalism, Germany generates enormous amounts of

waste.
A. Since Germany is able to deal with the huge amounts of garbage, it is famous for being a
green country.
B. Germany has a reputation for environmentalism, it still needs to deal with huge volumes
of trash, though.
C. Even though Germany produces huge quantities of garbage, it is still a reputable country
that attaches importance to environment.
D. Germany produces a vast quantity of garbage although it has a reputation for
environmentalism.
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ANSWER
KEYS
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UNIT 1
A. Complete the sentences choosing from the non-progressive verbs in the table above. There may be more than one answer for some
of them.
0. feels / seems 6. believe
1. know / recognize 7. understands / remembers
2. sounds / looks / seems 8. thinks / believes / supposes / imagines / fears -
3. think / believe / suppose / imagine / doubt disagree
4. contain 9. looks / smells - reminds
5. look / seem - taste
B. Underline the correct answer to complete the sentences.

0. need 5. is seeing
1. tastes 6. contains
2. A: Are - having 7. is working - is looking
B: have to 8. works
3. A: am packing 9. live - is living
B: hate - want 10. Do - remember - think - starts
4. is working 11. is playing - is going - Do you want
C. Complete the sentences using the Simple Present or Present Continuous of the verbs in the list.
0. takes after 4. is organising 8. enjoy

1. is taking 5. are hiding 9. eat
2. smells 6. advise 10. am going
3. are having 7. are decorating 11. buy
D. Complete the sentences using the Simple Present or Present Continuous of the verbs in the list.
0. are - giving 4. are - laughing? 8. plays

1. arrives 5. is interviewing 9. sneezes
2. are celebrating 6. helps 10. argue
3. send 7. is flying 11. are - watering
E. Write questions for the underlined words in the sentences below.

0. What color is Jakes car?
1. Who made Mark’s travel arrangements?
2. Whose car will Kate borrow to take her friends sightseeing?
3. What is Ann carrying?
4. What did she spend all her money on yesterday?
5. Where did you see Tom and Jane last night?
6. When did you spend your holiday in Rome?
F. Write questions according to the answers given.

0.
a. Who went to Milan?
b. Where did Mary go?
1.
a. Who fixed Sheila’s motorcycle?
b. Whose motorcycle did the mechanic fix?
2.
a. What ruined Jenny’s new shoes?
b. What did the heavy rain ruin?
3.
a. What caused a flood in the main street?
b. Where did the storm cause a flood?
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4.
a. How often does John donate some money to the charity for the homeless?
b. Where does John donate some money for the homeless every month?
5.
a. How often does Alan buy cheap airline tickets?
b. What does Alan often buy?
G. Complete the interview questions. Add question words where necessary.

(0) Did you always want to write for TV? (3) What kinds of shows do you prefer?
(1) Why did you change your mind? (4) Who do you write your shows for?
(2) How many shows have you made so far? (5) Are you writing anything at the moment?
PREFIXES
A. Complete the sentences. Use negative adjectives.
0. unimportant . 3. illegal 6. impossible

1. inconsiderate 4. irrational
2. uncomfortable 5. irresponsible
B. Complete the sentences. Use negative prefixes.
0. inaccurate. 2. disagree 4. misunderstood.

1. irrelevant 3. illegal 5. impatience
C. Complete the texts. Use the negative form of the adjectives in the boxes.
(0) unpopular (5) imperfect.

(1) insensitive (6) irrelevant
(2) unkind (7) illegible
(3) immature (8) incorrect
(4) unhappy
D. Use a prefix from the left and a word from the right and complete the sentences below.
0. unfriendly 4. irregular 8. dishonest

1. illegible 5. impatient 9. impossible
2. unemployed 6. irresponsible
3. invisible 7. incorrect
Prefixes with Other Meanings
E. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the words in capitals.
0. overcrowded 3. Illiteracy
1. unlock 4. underachieve
2. irresponsible 5. mismanage
F. Complete the sentences with a suitable verb from the box in the correct tense, using mis-, un-, over-, re-, and dis-.
0. retake 4. misheard 8. overcharged

1. misunderstood 5. reopen 9. redo
2. unpack 6. disappeared
3. oversleep 7. unlock
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G. Complete the verbs in these sentences.
0. misunderstood 4. redo 8. retake/do/sit

1. unpacked 5. overslept 9. reopen
2. disappeared. 6. unlock 10. overworking
3. disagree 7. disliked 11. unwrap
PERSONALITY ADJECTIVES
A. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
0. superficial 5. honest. 10. lively. 15. generous

1. relaxed 6. patient 11. miserable 16. proud
2. popular 7. grateful 12. mature 17. warm
3. reliable 8. sensible 13. jealous
4. brave 9. independent. 14. weird
B. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
0. immature
1. talented
2. sympathetic - timid
3. obstinate
4. moody
5. violent
6. eccentric
7. adventurous
8. self-confident
9. ambitious
10. strict
11. noisy
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UNIT 2
GRAMMAR
A. Complete the sentences with the correct form of a verb from the box.
0. wrote 2. painted 4. died
1. won 3. went 5. married
B. Use the words in brackets ( ) to complete the sentences.
0. I didn’t like history. 2. I was in the garden 5. he had very long hair.
0. My mother was at work 3. she loved swimming. 6. he smiled.
1. I met Brian 4. I bought these shoes
C. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple or the Present Perfect of the verb in brackets.
0. were - have been 3. was - has been

0. have not seen - saw 4. did - work - has worked
1. have won 5. have earned - earned
2. has made - did not make 6. did not rain - has not rained
D. Use the words in brackets to express the same information from a different point of view. Use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple.
0. Ben hasn’t smoked for five years.
0. Jane moved to Bristol two years ago.
1. Anna and John have lived in London since their wedding / since they got married.
2. Mary has worked in France for six months.
3. Pam hasn’t played tennis since she was 15.
4. Fred stopped eating meat two years ago.
E. Rewrite / Complete the sentences below using the clues where given.
0. has been dead for 9. We have lived in Chicago for
1. have already been abroad 10. He doesn’t play cards
2. I have changed my job three times 11. .She hasn’t left
3. They haven’t found the burglar 12. He hasn’t got the sack
4. Tom has never been to England. 13. You haven’t written
5. have been 14. hasn’t cleaned the kitchen yet.
6. hasn’t had/eaten 15. Jack hasn’t watched a play (at the Royal Theatre)
7. Amy has had / owned a car / the same car for two since last year
months 16. He has been famous ever since he published
8. I have painted 17. She hasn’t had a check-up for
F. Rewrite the sentences using “since” and “for”. Use the words given in parentheses.
0. I haven’t seen Jim since January. I’ve had this jumper for two weeks.
1. You have been in this school for three months.
2. They haven’t visited us since Saturday.
3. She hasn’t written to me for two years.
4. They have lived in the USA since 1985.
5. I have known Sally since January 1980.
6. I haven’t been abroad for about ten years.
7. We have waited here for more than half an hour.
8. They have known about the problem since yesterday.
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G. Complete the article. Use the present simple, past simple or present perfect of the verbs in brackets.
People who Love Their Jobs
0) sells 5) manages 10) have worked
1) has had 6) came 11) got
2) works 7) have been 12) have enjoyed
3) employ 8) don’t teach
4) bought 9) collect
H. Complete the article. Use the past simple or present perfect simple of the verbs in brackets.
MACHU PICCHU
0) have known 5) started 10) has done
1) discovered 6) have been 11) has polluted
2) wrote 7) have seen 12) made
3) read 8) has become
4) wanted 9) allowed
I. Choose the correct answer.

0. since 4. While 8. before. 12. ago
1. for 5. during 9. already
2. During 6. For 10. still
3. During 7. Since 11. yet
J. Complete the passage using the verbs in the box with used to or the Simple Present form.
(1) used to create (6) have (11) used to employ
(2) used to play (7) do (12) complete
(3) sits (8) used to make (13) used to write
(4) play (9) goes (14) used to take
(5) used to spend (10) buys (15) put
K. Decide whether you can use “used to” instead of the verb in bold type or not. If it is possible, rewrite the sentences with “used to”. If
you can’t, write “No change”.
0. I used to go to the cinema very often when I was at university.
0. No change. (One specific event in the past.)
1. No change. (One specific event in the past.)
2. When I was a student, I used to drink a glass of hot lemon with honey in the morning in winter because it used to give me some
protection against a cold.
3. I spent (no change) my childhood in a village. The village road was not even, so I used to fall off my bike very often.
4. No changes. (One specific event in the past.)
6. As a child, I used to like visiting my grandparents because they used to give me lots of presents and pocket money.
7. When they were children, Jack used to be terribly jealous of his sister because she used to win every competition she entered, but
poor Jack didn’t use to win a thing.
L. Complete the sentences with the correct form of used to or would. In some cases both used to and would are possible.
0. We used to live in a village in the North of England.
0. When Robert was younger, he used to / would go running every morning.
1. Did Andrew use to cry / Would Andrew cry (Andrew / cry) a lot when he was a small baby?
2. I used to be afraid of dark when I was little, but now I am not.
3. We used to / would visit my grandfather every Sunday afternoon when we were children, but we don’t any more.
4. Last year he used to / would go roller-skating after school, but now he can’t because he is very busy.
5. I used to have a motorbike, but I sold it last year.
6. I used to hate going to bed early, but now I usually fall asleep before ten.
7. Did you use to play / Would you play (you / play) chess a ot when you were a kid?
8. My primary school teachers didn’t use to / wouldn’t give us any homework, but they used to / would teach us a lot in class.
9. I didn’t use to like seafood, but now I just love it.
10. Did Mr. Smith use to watch / Would Mr. Smith watch (Mr. Smith / watch) TV all day before he lost his sight?
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VOCABULARY
A. Match the words a-k with the definitions 1-11.
1. (i) 4. (a) 7. (d) 10. (f)
2. (b) 5. (h) 8. (g) 11. (c)
3. (j) 6. (e) 9. (k)
B. Write one of these verbs in each sentence 1-10.

1. broaden 5. become
2. explore 6. see
3. find 7. respect
4. get 8. find out
C. Make pairs of words for talking about holidays by matching a word in A to a word in B. Then complete the sentences 1-5 with each pair.
1. insurance policy 3. holiday resort 5. package tour
2. travel agent 4. Dress codes
D. Match the verb to the particle and complete the sentences.

1. set out 4. get back
2. stop off for lunch halfway and carry on driving. 5. look around
3. get to
E. In each sentence, replace the words in bold with a phrasal verb. Write the verb next to the sentence.
1. check in 3. get in 5. stop over
2. check out 4. take off 6. pull over
UNIT 3
A. Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs with the Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present
Perfect Continuous, and Past Simple.
Gary Connery: The Real Superhero
1) wear 2) have been 3) are risking 4) jumped 5) landed 6) used / was using 7) has completed
8) acted / was acting 9) has worked / has been working 10) needs
B. Underline the correct option to complete the paragraphs.
1. a) have gone/have been to b) have gone/have been c) have been/have gone
2. a) has gone/has been b) hasn’t been/hasn’t gone c) have been/have gone d) has been/has gone
C. Complete the paragraph using Past Simple or Present Perfect Simple.
1) has become 2) have caused 3) began 4) occurred 5) returned 6) have burned 7) contained 8) has been 9) has 10) have caused 11) have
always released 12) has contributed 13) signed 14) came 15) agreed 16) have not taken
D. Underline the correct option.

1. have recently identified - have been searching 3. have found - have been looking – spotted - has produced
2. have found - has been exploring 4. have discovered - have managed/have been managing
VOCABULARY
A. Match the verbs on the left with the nouns or phrases on the right. Use each word once only.
1. earn £500 4.go to meetings

2. work overtime 5.deal with clients
3. pay income tax 6.run a shop
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UNIT 4
A. Choose the correct option.

1. is going to come out 3. I won’t drop it. 5. I’ll take
2. is going to start 4. We’re playing 6. I’m going to study
B. Complete the sentences with a verb from the list in Future Progressive.
1. will be lying 3. will be working 5. will be catching
2. will be waiting 4. will be watching
C. Complete the sentences with Future Perfect, according to your opinion.

1. will have started 3. will have found 5. will have made
2. will have invented 4. will have become
D. Choose the correct option.

1. will have reached 3. will have invented 5. will have found
2. will be talking 4. won’t have changed 6. will be wearing
E. Complete the sentences with the future progressive or the future perfect.
6. will be working 9. will be lying
7. Will you have finished 10. will have completed
8. will have finished

1. will be taking 4. is going to land
2. will let 5. will be working
3. are holding
G. Choose the correct answer.

1. d)will have sent 4. b)won’t hurt 7. b)will be having
2. c)won’t do 5. a)is going to cross 8. c)will arrive
3. a)will be attending 6. a)will have completed
H. Complete the text with will, will have or will have been + correct form of the verb in brackets.
1) will still be living 2)will have finished 3)will have found 4)will probably be going out
5) will have made 6) will have been running I 6) will almost certainly have become 7) will be driving
8) will be 9) will have found 10) will still be searching 11) will still be talking
12) will have changed 13) will be trying 14) will be using 15)will have run out (16) will be travelling (17) will be walking 18) will have
solved 19) will have come
İ. Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Right now, I am sitting(sit) at the computer writing these questions. I sat(sit) down an hour ago; that is, I have been studying (study)
at the computer for an hour now. I intend(intend) to study for another hour. So, by the time I stop (stop) studying in an hour, I will have
been studying (study) for exactly 2 hours.
2. My son, Barış, is (be) a student at university now. He attends/is attending (attend) computer engineering. He has been studying (study)
computer engineering for 3 years now, so he will graduate (graduate) next year. That is, he will be working (work) as an engineer in
2020. And, by the time I retire (retire), he will have been working (work) as an engineer for almost 5 years.
J. Complete the answers using the word given.

0. If you heat water to 100C, it boils. 3. If youfreeze a piece of metal, it contracts.
1. If youboil water, it steams. 4. If youfreeze water, it expands.
2. If youheat a piece of metal, it expands.
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K. Match the beginning of each sentence in A with its end in B.

(6) a. if you make so much noise. (3) d. if you visit her today.
(4) b. we won’t be able to play basketball. (5) e. if he goes to bed soon.
(1) c. if I arrive before you. (2) f. I will dry them.
L. Underline the correct words.

1 comes 3. hurry 5. is
2. have 4. will take 6. sees
M. Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets. Use the First Conditional.
1. will give 3. snows - will make 5. bring 7. gets
2. will go 4. won’t succeed 6. won’t let 8. read
N. Use the words given to write if sentences about solutions to environmental problems.
0. If everyone recycles paper, companies won’t cut down so many trees.
1. If everyone recycles paper, metal and glass, we won’t produce so much rubbish.
2. If everyone walks or cycles, we won’t waste so much oil and petrol.
3. If countries use power stations less, they will cause less air pollution.
4. If countries use more wind and water power, they won’t depend on power stations so much.
VOCABULARY
A. Replace the words in bold type in the following sentences with a single word from the box.
1. optimistic 6. apologized 11. atmosphere
2. regretted 7. surgeon 12. hitchhiking
3. stamina 8. shelter 13. emergency
4. insomnia 9. nephew 14. outskirts
5. biography 10. exhausted 15. souvenir
B. Some students are talking about learning languages. Match one of these terms to each sentence.
1. slang 4. grammar 7. dialect
2. accent 5. foreign languages
3. speakers 6. bilingual
C.1. Make the opposites of these adjectives by putting the correct prefix in front of them.
Choose from un-, in-, im-.
1. unattractive 7. unhealthy 13. impolite
2. incorrect 8. uninteresting 14. unpopular
3. independent 9. immature 15. impossible
4. inexpensive 10. immoral 16. impractical
5. unfashionable 11. impatient 17. insensitive
6. informal 12. unpleasant 18. unusual
C.2. Complete the sentences with one of the prefixed adjectives above.
1. immature 5. unusual 9. unhealthy
2. independent 6. insensitive 10. immoral.
3. unpopular 7. informal 11. inexpensive
4. incorrect 8. impractical 12. impatient
D. Write the correct verb in each space. Change the verb form if necessary.
1. lets 3. falling 5. get 7. put
2. catch 4. picks 6. take
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UNIT 5
GRAMMAR
A. Choose the correct option to complete the text.
MARINE POLLUTION
1. b. create 4. c. has published 7. d. are trying
2. c. have been 5. d. have been searching 8. c. believes
3. d. sank 6. d. occurred
B. Put the verb in the correct form to complete each sentence.

1. will rise 5. wouldn’t need 9. will call
2. won 6. weren’t 10. will you live
3. would be 7. will say 11. could
4. rains 8. didn’t rain
C. Study each situation and complete the sentence below. Decide whether to use a first or secondconditional structure.
1. snows - will need 6. weren’t - wouldn’t be
2. goes - will be 7. passes - will celebrate
3. weren’t - would have 8. weren’t - wouldn’t be
4. continues - will run out 9. had - wouldn’t take
5. was raining - would need 10. weren’t - wouldn’t be
D. Complete the sentences with “if” or “when”.

1. A: when B: if 5. A: if B: if 9. When
2. when 6. when 10. if
3. when 7. if
4. If 8. If
E. Use if-conditionals (Type Zero, 1, 2) to complete the sentences.

1. used - would be able 3. didn’t eat - would weigh 5. smoke - takes place
2. turn off - won’t be able 4. don’t have - will let
F. Put the words into the correct tense.

1. were - would talk 4. had - would try
2. pass - will you get 5. Speak - will ask
3. had - would buy
G. Rewrite the sentences with the given word.

1. If Sheila doesn’t return the money she owes me, I won’t be able to pay my rent.
2. Maria won’t go to the theatre unless Peter goes with her.
3. Sarah will be disappointed unless you send her a birthday card.
4. If my mother doesn’t offer to help me, I won’t have time to make all the preparations for the party.
5. Unless the students behave themselves, they won’t go to the zoo.
H. Complete Jim’s letter. Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative or the superlative form. You might need to include the or
than.
1) hotter 2)drier than 3) bigger than 4) longer 5) wider than 6) the best7) the most beautiful 8) the biggest 9) the busiest
İ. Rewrite each sentence with the word(s) in parentheses.

0. My watch isn’t as attractive as yours.
1. This supermarket is less expensive than the one across the street.
2. The actor’s new movie is less exciting than his last one.
3. This gym isn’t as convenient as the one near my house.
4. This review isn’t as positive as that one.
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J. Write superlative sentences using the words in parentheses using least. Make the nouns plural if necessary.
0. This is the least popular state park in California. 3. That’s one of the prettiest streets in this city.
1. This is the least expensive apartment in the building.
2. That was one of the least interesting classes I’ve ever taken.
K. Complete the sentences using the…, the ….

0. The more he cooks, the better he becomes. 6. The more he learns about life, the more cynical he
1. The older he grew, the stranger he became. becomes.
2. The more he sees her, the more he likes her. 7. The higher the prices, the more money the workers asked
3. The more I did for him, the more he complained. for.
4. The more he taught, the more experience he gained. 8. The larges a restaurant is, the more impersonal its service
5. The more homework you do now, the less you’ll have to do is.
later. 9. The later we get to the theatre, the worse seats we’ll get.
10. The faster he drove, the more nervous I became.
L. Choose the correct option to complete the text.

1.c. the strangest 7. b. more surprised
2. a. have only been 8. c. has wanted
3. b. arrived 9. a. for
4.d. haven’t had 10. a. the worst
5.c. earlier 11. c. the funniest
6. b. threw 12. b. threw
M. Choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to the given sentence.

1. b) Women and men are paid equally in some companies.
2. d) His early novels gave me far more pleasure than this last one did.
3. c) He can’t see the whiteboard unless he wears his glasses.
4. b) Cancer cells, which grow faster than normal cells, also spread more quickly.
5. c) We know less about the conditions on Venus than those on Mars.
6. c) The films that are the most popular in much of Europe are American.
7. c) Catering Magazine named my brother their “Young Chef of the Year” a month ago, and since then lots of companies have offered
him work.
8. d) They started looking for a house three months ago and they haven’t found one that suits their needs yet.
VOCABULARY
A. Write one of these words to complete each sentence.
1. grabbing 4. strong 7. persuasive
2. eye-catching 5. attention. 8. original
3. catchy 6. desire 9. exotic
B. Some people are talking about different methods of advertising. Write the correct method after each sentence.
1. word of mouth 4. leaflet 7. side of bus
2. poster 5. radio spot
3. TV commercials 6. endorsement
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UNIT 6
A. Read the text and choose the correct option.
1. b. is located 5. b. the oldest 9. c.can 13. a. such as
2. d. are spoken 6. c.Moreover 10. a. in order to
3. a. Thus 7. d. unless 11. b. Nevertheless
4. a. for 8. b.As 12. d. allow
B. Underlie each relative clause and circle the word it modifies. Sentence (2) has been done for you as an example.
(1) Michelle has finally realized one of her life long dreams. (2) She has always wanted to attend the cooking school that her mentor, Chef
Troisgros, attended.(3) The school, which is in Paris, accepts only 80 students every year. (4) The students who are accepted generally have
at least three years of cooking experience. (5) Michelle has five years of paid cooking experience.
(6) The project that attracted the attention of Chef Troisgros, however, was a cake that Michelle made for a wedding. (7) Chef Troisgros had
never tasted a cake that was as light and creamy as the one that Michelle made. (8) He gave Michelle his card and invited her to cook pastries
at his restaurant. (9) It was this invitation that began her baking career. (10) Right now, she is waiting for the plane that will fly her to Paris.
(11) There she will begin the three-month course that Chef Troisgros recommended.
C. Rewrite the sentences using whose, which, who, when, and where. Put commas wherenecessary.
1. J S Bach had two sons whose music was better known than his for many years.
2. All cells have a membrane or skin which covers the cell.
3. Digital storytelling is popular with Professor Wong, who has experience telling stories with photos.
4. Inside the cell there is a substance called the cytoplasm which contains a number of chemicals.
5. Pablo Picasso has a daughter whose fashion designs have become famous worldwide.
6. Instagram, which was originally an application for iPhones, is now available for Android devices.
7. Bollywood, where mostly Hindi language films are made, makes over 1000 films a year.
8. The history of film starts in the late 19th century when movies had no sound.
9. People want to go to a relaxing place where they could escape from their troubles.
10. In 1974, Mary traveled to Los Angeles, where she planned to study art.
11. We should try to respect people who have more different cultures than ours.
12. Do you remember that day when we went to London and got lost?
D. Complete the text with a suitable relative pronoun (who, which, that, whose). Use Øif it is possible to omit the relative pronoun.
1) which/that 2) which/that 3) which/that 4) which/that 5) who/that 6) which/that 7) Ø8) which/that 9)which/that 10) which/that 11)
which/that 12) who/that 13) whose 14) which/that 15) Ø
E.Complete the sentences with the correct relative adverb where or when.
1. when 4. where 7. where
2. where 5. when 8. when
3. when 6. where
F. Complete the paragraph with who, which, where and whose.
1) where 2) which 3) who 4) who 5) where 6) which 7) who 8) whose 9) who 10) who
G. Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun or adverb. Put commas where necessary. Write D for defining, ND for
non-defining relative clauses and say whether the relative can be omitted or not.
1. The dress which/that she bought was too big. D, can be omitted.
2. Mrs. Stewart, who was the school’s head-mistress for ten years, has retired now. ND, cannot be omitted
3. This is the kitten which/that I found in my garden. D, can be omitted
4. Martin Reeds, who was born the same year as I was, is a distinguished author. ND, cannot be omitted
5. The library which/that they knocked down yesterday was in very bad condition. D, can be omitted
6. My garden, which I like very much, looks beautiful when all the flowers bloom. ND, cannot be omitted
7. Jane, who I don’t know very well, is very good at her job. ND, cannot be omitted
8. That’s the man whose dog buried a bone in my vegetable garden. D, cannot be omitted
9. The guesthouse where we always stay has a lovely swimming pool. D, cannot be omitted
10. New Zealand, where The Lord of the Ring was filmed, has become a very popular holiday destination. ND, cannot be omitted
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H. Complete the paragraph with who, which, where, whose and when.
1) who 2) when 3) where 4) when 5) where 6) which
İ. Complete the sentences with who, which, where and when.

1. where 2. whose 3. who 4. when
J. Combine these pairs of sentences using a relative clause with that, who, whom, or which. Use the second sentence as a relative clause.
0. Michelle started the pastry class which / that /Ø the cooking school recommended.
1. Patrick took a course which / that is no longer offered at our school.
2. Kate bought a dress which / that was on sale.
3. Michelle has a friend who / that owns a restaurant just outside of Paris.
4. I want to visit the beach which / that was featured on a TV show.
5. The dog which / that belongs to my neighbours down the street was in my backyard.
K. Some of the following sentences are incorrect. Identify the mistakes and correct them. Also identify the sentences that are correct, and
write a “C” next to them.
1. This is the person who / that / whom David gave flowers to. This is the person to whom David gave flowers.
2. My brother, who runs for two miles each morning, is in good physical shape.
3. C
4. The book that I read was interesting.
5. C
6. C
L. Combine the following pairs of sentences using whose.

0. The Sarnos own a house whose exterior is frequently seen in movies.
1. I own a cat whose fur is long.
2. Jackie bought a car from a salesman whose sister she met in the gym.
3. Mark often gets phone calls for a doctor whose phone number is similar to his.
4. I spoke to the neighbour whose window my son had broken.
5. The professor spoke to the student whose grade was lower than expected.
M. Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.

1. b. on 6. b. obvious
2. a.conducting 7. d. acquisition
3. b. achieved 8. a. devastated
4. c. aspects 9. b.exclude
5. d. impact
10. a. responsible 14. b. interact

11. a. rewarding 15. a. in
12. c. glamorous 16. c.die out
13. d. challenging 17. a. for
UNIT 7
A. Choose the correct answers to complete the text below.

1.b. hit 2.a. died 3.d. has been 4. d. are waiting
5. c. will possibly die 6. d. don’t reach 7. a. has sent 8.c. is
9.c. killed 10. a. saw 11. d. picked 12. c. is fixing
13. c. is going to show
B. Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t, have to, don’t/doesn’t have to.
1. don’t have to 4. must/ has to 7. mustn’t
2. don’t have to 5. mustn’t
3. mustn’t 6. don’t have to
C. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate modal verb from the box.
1. couldn’t 3. could - can’t 5. can’t

2. don’t need to 4. mustn’t
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D. Complete the sentences with may/ might/ could, must/can’t. There may be more than one answer.
1. must 4. can’t 6. can’t
2. may/might/could 5. may/might/could 7. could/ may/ might
3. must 6. can’t 8. must
E. Circle the correct alternative to complete the paragraph below.

1) must 2) do not 3) may 4) must not 5) do not have to
F. Read the following email and choose the correct option.

Dear Victoria,
I’m writing to tell you about the play I’m going to be in. It’s called “Only for You”, and I’ve got the leading role. I have a
lot of lines and I must/ might learn them all before opening night. We’re performing the play for the first time on Friday
night. We’ve been told that a TV company must/ may come to film it, so I could/ must be on television. I needn’t/
mighteven become famous! We might/ have to rehearse the play every night until Friday, because everything
must/can be perfect for the performance. We couldn’t /mustn’t make any mistakes. Can/ Must you come to see the
play, or will you be at work? I hope you’ll be able to come. If not, I’ll write and tell you how it went. I could/ must go
and learn my lines now. See you soon.
Yours,
Charles
G. Rewrite the sentences with the given word in parentheses.
1. You mustn’t talk during the exam.

2. People should do their best to protect the environment.
3. Gary might go to the street protest today.
4. Two students were not able to finish the test yesterday.
5. You had better turn the water off while cleaning your teeth.
6. You can’t leave the school before the age of 16.
7. Sue will be able to get her own apartment next year.
8. Tom had to take the exam.
9. You needn’t volunteer. You can just make a donation.
10. Jane didn’t have to donate a lot of money to charity.
11. I won’t be able to attend the meeting tomorrow at 10 o’clock.
12. If a substance does not contain hydrogen, then it can’t be an acid
13. You must know the difference between a solid and a gas.
14. If we put some litmus paper in a solution and, it turns red, then the solution must be an acid.
15. If we put some litmus paper in a solution and, it turns red, then the solution can’t be an alkali.
16. If it’s not an acid, or an alkali, then it must be neutral.
17. If the world becomes warmer, Europe could change dramatically over the next century.
18. There might be no snow-covered mountains in Europe by then.
19. Areas in the south of Europe could become deserts.
20. Heavy rain may become normal in northern Europe.
21. Some species of plants and animals might become extinct.
H. Choose the correct answers to complete the texts below.

1. b. declared 10. a.overwhelming
2. a.starving 11. d.entrepreneur
3. b. charge 12. b. permit
4. c. misbehave 13. b. fundamentally
5. d. dull 14. a.wage
6. b. retain 15. b. caves
7. b. represented 16. a.fellow
8. c. outperformed 17. d. obtain
9. a.interrupted 18. b. Investigating
I. Choose the correct option to complete the paragraphs.
1. A. But the limbs and feet of a bat are not suitable for walking.
2. D. However, Americans end the same words with “-ce”.
3. B.When a muscle contracts, or pulls, it produces lactic acid.
4. D.Instead, man had the barter system.
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UNIT 8
A. Underline the correct verb forms to complete each situation.
1. 1) were listening 2) played 3) stopped 4) wanted 5) left 6) asked
2. 7) broke 8) fell 9) was walking 10) stepped 11) bought
3. 12) was sitting 13) were studying 14) were using 15) saw 16) was eating 17) went 18) sat
B. Complete each sentence with the past progressive or the simple past form of a verb from the box.
1. was dying 4. thought 7. was sleeping

2. was walking 5. arrived 8. opened
3. owned 6. saw
C. Complete the text with verbs in thepast perfect and the words given.
1. 1)had lived 2)had also fallen
2. 3)had disappeared 4)hadn’t realized 5)had slowly decreased
3. 6) had gone
4. 7)had allowed
D. Complete the spaces in the text below with an appropriate form of the verb in brackets. Use the past simple or past perfect.
Tina, 16, brings her sister into the world.
When sixteen-year-old schoolgirl Tina Blake came (come) home from school she was expecting to have her lunch. But she found (find) her
38-year-old mother, Louise, on the floor in the hall, having a baby. She could see the baby’s head. With her father out at work, Tina phoned
the emergency services and told them what she had just seen (just/see). Phil Bastin of Kent Ambulance Service told (tell) Tina that he had
sent (send) an ambulance but Tina would probably have to deliver the baby herself. He had never told (never tell) anyone how to deliver a
baby on the phone before. But he told Tina what to do and she did it. “After I had got (get) some towels, Mr Bastin told me to wipe the
baby’s mouth and nose,” said Liz. Because she had done (do) everything she could do and the ambulance had arrived (arrive), she went back
to school for the afternoon. “At first, she did not tell (not tell) us what had happened (happen)” said Tina’s teacher, Chris Hislop. “It seems
that until the next day she did not even tell (not even tell) her best friends in the class. And after school she stayed (stay) behind to play
basketball. Now, that’s what I call “cool”!
E. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms of the past tenses.
1. I thought (think) my train left (leave) at 14.33, and was (be) very disappointed when I arrived (arrive) at 14.30 and learnt (learn) that it
had just left. (just/leave). I found (find) later that I had been using/had used (use) an out-of-date timetable.
2. It was (be) 6 p.m.; and Jack was (be) tired because he had been working (work) hard all day. He was (be) also hungry because he had had
(have) nothing to eat since breakfast.
3. When I opened (open) the door I saw (see) a man on his knees. He had clearly been listening (listen) to our conversation and I wondered
(wonder) how much he had heard (hear). When I asked (ask) him what he had been doing / was doing (do), he said (say) that he had
dropped (drop) a 50p piece outside the door and had been looking /was looking (look) for it. I didn’t see (not see) any sign of the money,
but I found (find) a small notebook and pencil which he had probably dropped (drop) when the door opened (open) suddenly. So he had
been taking (take) notes of our conversation! The notes were written (be written) in a foreign language, so I turned (turn) to the stranger
and asked (ask) him to translate. But he pulled (pull) my hat over my eyes and ran (run) off down the corridor. By the time I recovered
(recover) from the shock, he had disappeared (disappear) round the corner. Curiously enough, when I moved (move) my foot, I found (find)
that I had been standing (stand) on a 50p piece. Perhaps he had been telling / was telling (tell) the truth after all!
4. When the old lady returned (return) to her flat, she saw (see) at once that burglars had broken (break) in during her absence, because the
front door was (be) open and everything in the flat was (be) upside down. The burglars themselves were (be) no longer there, but they
probably had only just left (leave) because a cigarette was still burning on an ornamental table. Probably they had heard / heard (hear) the
lift coming up and had run /ran (run) down the fire escape. They had helped (help) themselves to her whisky too but there was (be) a little
left, so she poured (pour) herself out a drink. She wondered (wonder) if they had found (find) her jewellery and rather hoped (hope) that
they had. The jewellery had been given( be given) to her by her husband, who had died (die) some years before. Since his death she hadn’t
had (not have) the heart to wear it.
F. Choose the best answer.

1. B. returns 6. C. realized 11. A. was phoning 16. A. ran
2. D. puts 7. A. hadn’t made 12. D. rang 17. B. was looking
3. A. left 8. D. had booked 13. D. had arrived 18. C. was thinking
4. C. had to 9. B. had checked in 14. C. noted 19. A. remembered
5. B. was packing 10. C. had forgotten 15. A. picked up 20. B. had left
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G. Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the verbs in parentheses:
Ask yourself: BEFORE the action? / AFTER the action? / or DURING the action?
1. Barışleft (leave) the house at his usual time yesterday. He had hurried(hurry) over breakfast because he had got(get) up later than usual.
Because of his hurry, he had forgotten(forget) two things before he was leaving(leave) the house. He hadn’t said(not, say) goodbye to
his mother and he hadn’t taken(not, take) his umbrella with him. He realized(realize) this while he was getting(get) on the bus. He
arrived(arrive) at his office half an hour later. The first thing that he did(do) was(be) to telephone his mother. He said(say) that was(be)
sorry that he had forgotten(forget) to say goodbye to her. He also said(say) he was(be) angry with himself because he hadn’t taken(not
take) his umbrella. The radio had said(say) the night before that it would rain.
2. The clock had struck(strike) four by the time he reached(reach) his flat night. He felt(feel) terrible because he had drunk(drink) a lot at
the party. He lit(light) a final cigarette and sat(sit) at his computer table thinking of the party he had left(leave) an hour before. He
would have been home earlier, but he had had(have) difficulty in finding a taxi at the late hour. Thinking that if he didn’t go(not, go) to
bed quickly, he would feel terrible at work the next day, he put(put) down his cigarette, undressed(undress) quickly, and got(get) in
bed. He fell(fall) asleep at once. At that moment, the cigarette which he had put(put) down, but had forgotten(forget) to put out,
dropped(drop) from the side of the ash-tray and burned(burn) hole in the table cloth. Upon waking some hours later, he found(find)
that the cigarette not only had burned(burn) a hole in the cloth, it also had made(make) an ugly mark on the floor.
3. When they arrived(arrive) at the seaside resort that had become(become) so famous, they spent(spend) three hours going from hotel
to hotel trying to find a room. They had(have) no luck at all. Every hotel was(be) completely full. He blamed(blame) himself because he
hadn’t reserved(not, reserve) a room in advance.
4. The new teacher, who was(be) a determined young woman, gave(give) little Barış a sound spanking and sent(him) to bed because he
had put(put) a drawing-pin on the seat of a chair that she was(be) going to sit down on. When they heard(hear) about it the next
morning, his parents told(tell) the teacher that they didn’t approve(not approve) of what she had done(do) to Barış.
5. We went(go) to Amasra yesterday. It was(be) very interesting experience. Our friends had told(tell) us to wear warm clothing, and we
were(be) very glad that we had taken(take) their advice because it was(be) rather chilly in the evenings.
6. A friend of mine came(come) unexpectedly to see me last night. I was(be) very glad to see her because we hadn’t seen(not, see) each
other for a long time. I sat(sit) her down and asked(ask) her what she would like to drink. She said(say) “Whisky, please!” There
wasn’t(not be) much whisky left, but I thought(think) there might probably be enough. We sat(sit) exchanging news for the next hour
or so. Slowly but surely we finished(finish) off the bottle of whisky. Then, she left(leave). She had hardly gone(hardly, go) when Mustafa
arrived(arrive). I sat(sit) him down and asked(ask) him what he would like to drink. He said(say) “Whisky, please!” I had(have) to
apologize and explain that there was(be) no whisky left because my friend and I had finished(finish) it off. I had(have), however, plenty
of rakı. He said(say) rakı would be very nice.
H. Read the text below and decide which answer bestfits each space.
1. a) since 4. d) started 7. b)arelooking forward
2. a) for 5. c) already 8. b) rushing
3. d) still 6. c) ago 9. d )as
I. Put each verb in brackets into the most suitable tense: present simple, present continuous, present perfect, past simple and past
continuous.
COMING HOME
I woke up while the flight attendantwas serving (serve) breakfast. The planewas crossing (cross) the Channel at that time and
when Ilooked (look) out of the window, Icould (can) see the ships far below me. I was coming(come) home after a long time abroad!
The plane landed(land) and the bustook(take) us to the terminal building. After I collected my baggage, I walked(walk) out of the
baggage hall. When I appeared (appear), I had(have) a big surprise. Almost half of my family was there! It was wonderful!
“You won’t recognize the old town,” my sister told me. “Almost everything has changed(change) since you lastsaw (see) it. They
are building(build) a shopping centre near the park. The old town was (be) destroyed by a fire about five years ago. They are
building(build) a new one at the moment. They have built(build) it for five years and they haven’t finished(not finish) it yet.
I have been(be) back for nearly a month now. And my sister was right. The place looks very different, but it still feels(feel) the
same, because the people I love are here.
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J. Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of the words in capitals.
1-) If you call her, you might make her feel better. 7-) If I were rich, I could afford a holiday abroad.
2-) Could you please turn on the light? 8-) The books must be in this cupboard.
3-) While she is in Paris, she’ll visit friends. 9-) I’ll wait here until you get back.
4-) Unless you drive carefully, you’ll have an accident. 10-) You don’t have to do the ironing now.
5-) You mustn’t ride motorbikes in the park. 11-)If she were an honest person, she would tell us the truth.
6-) As soon as she gets some money, she will pay me back. 12-)John can’t be lying.
K. Choose the option that has the closest meaning to the given statement.
1. D) There is a strong possibility that you are not performing in the play.
2. C) Acting as a group is the finest way to achieve.
3. B) One can endure hunger, if s/he doesn’t have any chance to find food.
4. B) We were all surprised at how fast she got well after the operation.
5. A) We stopped and watched children playing with their boats on the pond while we were taking a walk in the park.
L. Choose the option that best completes the paragraph.

1. D) Trash left on picnic areas injuries and kills wildlife
2. C) The destruction of habitats, or native environments, by human activities is the most important reason
3. B) Still, for those who have the courage and spirit, poetry is a passionate love
4. A) Nurses have to work long hours
5. D) We eat corn in many forms, from popcorn to corn oil, corn flour and corn syrup
UNIT 9
A. Complete the sentences using the present simple passive.

1. is grown 3. are invented 5. are recycled
2. is used 4. are heated 6. are produced, is made
B. Rewrite each sentence using the past simple or present simple passive and by when necessary.
1. Quality ingredients are used to produce Ben& Jerry’s ice cream.
2. The computer mouse was invented in 1963.
3. When was the Internet created?
4. The World Wide Web was created by a British scientist.
5. Ben & Jerry’s ice cream is sold all over the world by Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield.
C. Complete the text with the verbs given in the present /past simple passive or active form.
produces, was established, started, has, are distributed, is sold, were chosen, sound, is known, is made
D. Choose the correct answer.

1) moved 4) are investigating 7) be kept 10) was hurt
2) was damaged 5) is thought 8) has been lost
3) managed 6) is looking 9) will open
E. Complete the text using simple present active or passive forms of the verbs.
depend on, are found, are raised, is produced, are responsible, is planted, is called, is covered, is grown, grow
F. Choose the correct answer.

which, erupted, has been studied, who, is visited, can, were, are
G. Complete the text with the passive form of the verbs given.
1) are produced 5) are watched 9) was directed 13) has been enjoyed
2) are made 6) are made 10) was based
3) are directed 7) are loved 11) was threatened
4) is spent 8) are shown 12) was released
H. Complete the text with a / an, the or zero article .

1) the 4) the 7) the 10) A 13) 
2)  5)  8) the 11) a 14) 
3) a 6)  9) the 12) the

İ. Complete the text with a / an, the or zero article .

Equity Travel
1)  3) the 5) a 7) an 9) the
2)  4)  6)  8) the 10) a
131
11)  14)  17) the 20) the

12) the 15)  18) the
13)  16) a 19) the
J. Circle the correct article to complete the paragraph.

the world, the life, a slave, an island, the Aegean Sea, a slave,  wisdom and knowledge, a free man, the king, the government, 
fables, the king,  gold, the people of that city, the people’s greed, the gold, the king, The people of Delhi, a famous sculptor, the
statue of Aesop, the photo above.
K. Choose the correct answers to complete the texts below.

1. a. disappeared 10. a. will have stopped 19. c. because of
2. d. have been working 11. d. are still working 20. d. by the year
3. c. says 12. d. will be searching 21. a. Unless
4. c. was sent 13. a. a lot 22. d. Before
5. a. had…changed 14. d. if 23. b. as
6. b. have just searched 15. c. in order to 24. c. After
7. b. are going to examine 16. b. However 25. a. much
8. a. were 17. d. used to
9. c. would be 18. Although
L. Choose the sentence that best completes the paragraph.
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C
M. Choose the option that has the closest meaning to the given statement.
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. C
UNIT 10
A. Complete the dialogue with some or any.
A: Let's go for a picnic by the river tomorrow.
B: OK. Let’s make some sandwiches. What do we need?
A: We haven't got any bread. Can you buy some?
B: Yes, sure. What about butter?
A: We've got some. You should also buy some cheese.
B: OK, and is there any orange juice in the fridge?
A: No, I'll get some.
B: Good. Do we have any apples or cherries?
A: We've just got some apples.
B: OK, I'll get some cherries. Oh dear! I haven't got any money to buy all.
B. Complete the dialogue with some, any, or no.

A: Hi, Sam. How are you?
B: Fine, but busy. We've got some exams next week - remember?
A: I know. How much work did you do last night?
B:Nowork ! I went to the cinema. What about you?
A: I had no time last night. It was my sister's birthday, so we all went out for dinner.
B: Have you done any work this morning?
A:Some, but not a lot. Anyway, I called to ask you something. Do you know
where my physics book is?
B:I' ve got no idea, but you can borrow mine if you want.
A: Thanks.
B: Let's meet outside Natbank in the High Street this lunchtime. I need to get some money and I'll bring my physics book for you.
A: Good idea. I'm very worried about the physics exam. Have you got any old exam papers? I'd really like to look at them.
B: I haven't got any, but my brother's got some from a few years ago. I'll bring them with me.
A: Wonderful! See you at 12.30. OK?
C. Complete the text about Antarctica with little / a little or few / a few.
The coldest continent Antarctica is a snow-covered continent. The average temperature at the South Pole is -51° Celsius. Few plants or
animals can live on the land -it is too cold for them. The animal life is found on and in the sea. There are a few scientists from different
countries who live and work on special bases in Antarctica. On midsummer's day (22 December) there is daylight for 24 hours and during
this period a few tourist ships and planes come to see this strange land. But in the winter, there is little daylight for months. It must be a
terrible place in the winter. The snow is always there - winter and summer - but in fact little snow falls in the year (an average of15-20
centimetres). People say that Antarctica can be a beautiful place. At first, it appears rather frightening, but after a little time, some
people fall in love with it.
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D. Rewrite the sentences using the words given in brackets.

0. Lisa has a little money. 5.Jim didn’t read many books last month.
1. I have got little time to have breakfast in the morning. 6. My mother doesn’t put much sugar in the cake.
2. There are no sandwiches left. 7. Few people know the answer to that question.
3. Rose invited a few people to her house-warming party on 8. Jack spent little money when he was in Spain.
Friday.
4. John has written lots of emails to his colleagues today.
E. Complete the sentences with too or enough.

1. too 3. enough 5. too 7. too
2. enough 4. too 6. enough 8. enough

1. enough 3. too 5. enough 7. enough
2. enough. 4. too 6. too 8. too
G. Complete the sentences with too much, too many, or enough.

1. too much 3. too much 5. too many
2. enough 4. too many 6. enough
H. Join the sentences using too or enough.

0. He isn’t fast enough to play in the basketball team. 4. The gym is big enough to fit 200 people.
1. We have enough eggs to make omelette for all of us. 5. They haven’t scored enough goals to win.
2. He works too hard to enjoy his life. 6. He left the house too late to catch the 9.00 am bus.
3. Eric is funny enough to be a professional comedian.
I. Rewrite the sentences using enough and the words in parentheses.

1. This lorry isn’t low enough to go under that bridge.
2. The book wasn’t interesting enough to read.
3. I wasn’t well enough to go to work so I stayed at home on Monday.
4. The room wasn’t light enough to find my pink gloves.
5. The horse wasn’t calm enough to ride.
J. Complete the sentences using the infinitive of the following verbs in the box.
0. to be 3. to finish 6. to wake me up
1. to help 4. to go 7. to go /move
2. to phone 5. to cook 8. to offer
K. Use the gerund (-ing form) to connect the following sentences.

0. Peter can’t help being late. 5. I don’t fancy working in an office.
1. Gordon dislikes getting up early. 6. I regret spending all my money.
2. Jill can’t avoid speaking Spanish. 7. John denies seeing the girl.
3. Jim delayed taking his holiday until June. 8. Marry suggested having dinner at a restaurant.
4. You risk having an accident if you drive that car.
L. Complete the sentences using the gerund (-ing form) after prepositions.
0. David is bored with/of studying. 4. Sally is excited about visiting her aunt.
1. He is keen on watching football. 5. Swan is looking forward to meeting her best friend.
2. He is interested in learning English. 6. Jane is tired of doing the housework by herself.
3. Sheila is responsible for keeping her own room tidy. 7. Tom succeeded in passig all his exams.
M. Choose the correct option.

0. to loan 4. travelling 8. playing
1. to pay 5. taking 9. to go
2. to add 6. jogging
3. not to talk 7. waiting
N. Complete the sentences using infinitive or gerund form of the verbs.

0. bullying 3. working 6. being 9. to put out
1. losing 4. going 7. to help 10. climbing
2. to be 5. to find 8. to go
O. Choose the correct alternative to complete the text below.

Are You Getting Enough Sleep
(1) to find out (2) watching (3) to read (4) On (5) the most difficult (6) a. (7) returning (8) to sleep (9) to learn
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P. Fill in the blanks with the correct form (ACTIVE OR PASSIVE) of the verbs in the parantheses using Present Simple, Past Simple,
Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Present Continuous, Will.
NATIONAL PARKS
(1)has seen (2) are allowed (3) are directed (4) was established (5) has attracted / has been attracting (6) were taking (7) suffer (8) have
tried / have been trying(try) (9)believe (10)are publicized (11)are organizing (12) will be
Q. Read the paragraph below and choose the correct option.
(1) a (2) a lot of (3) the (4) few (5) little (6)many (7) much (8) some (9) the (10)the
R. Rewrite the following sentences using the words in the parentheses in the correct form.
1. My old school friends used to call me on my birthdays when we were at high school.
2. Sheila isn’t tall enough to get the bottle from the upper shelf.
Sheila can’t get the bottle from the upper shelf because she isn’t tall enough.
3. If the parliament approved the maternity leave law, female employees could/would/might get a 6 month leave.
4. The new version of the android system is too difficult to apply in your computer.
You can’t apply the new version of android system in your computer because it is too difficult.
9. Unless the heart attack victim receives medical assistance in a qucik way, his chance of survival won’t be high.
10. If the two companies had any common characteristics, they would reach an agreement.
11. If you organize all your ideas under different groups, you will finish the work in the expected duration.
If you don’t organize all your ideas under different groups, you won’t finish the work in the expected duration.
12. The Earth is as big as the planet which was discovered in an expedition last month.
The planet which was discovered in an expedition last month is as big as the Earth.
The planet which was discovered in an expedition last month is the same size as the Earth.
S. Complete the text below with the correct form of the verbs in the brackets using Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple,
Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous, will+V, and Future Perfect.
(1) fell (2) have turned (3) are making (4) have warned / have been warning (5) don’t take (not/take (6) has already received (7) will
decrease (8) will have raised (9) ends
VOCABULARY
A. Choose the correct phrasal verb from the box to fill in the blanks. There are two extra phrasal verbs.
(1) set out (2) stop off (3) get to (5) look around (6) get back
B. Complete the words in the sentences with a prefix from the box. There are two extra prefixes.
1. antisocial 3. dislike 5. misusing
2. recycled 4. overrated 6. semicircle
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the box. There are two extras.
1. sights 3.wasteland 5. moody
2. assertive 4. experience 6. dump
D. Complete the paragraph with the words from the box. There are two extra words.
(1) endorse (2) eye-catching (3) slang (4) repetitive (5) keep up with (6) misleading
E. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. There are two extra words.
1. rewarding 4. set out 7. concerned
2. sufficient 5. prospects 8. word-of-mouth
3. ethnicity 6. emerge 9. take up
F. Choose the sentence that best completes the paragraph.

1. d)It is the official language of eighteen countries with a total population of 120 million
2. b) Each year, some 80 or 90 tropical storms form above warm ocean waters around the globe
3. c) Most visitors pursue other affairs
G. Choose the option that has the closest meaning to the given statement.
1. c) According to our plan, we’ll have everything ready before he gets home.
2. b) It’s not easy to remain calm during an intense dispute.
3. c) As long as you have so few recognised skills, it will be impossible for you to find work.
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UNIT 11
A.
0. My mother told me that he could help me with my maths assignment.
1. My sister told me that she would give me my raincoat the following day.
2. Sally said that she must/had to study hard for her final exams.
3. Kevin’s mother said that she had just received a letter from Kevin.
4. When he arrived home, Dane said that he was exteremely tired that day.
5. Our literature teacher said that he / she didn’t like horror films at all.
6. The teacher told Mary that he / she was reading her paper then.
7. Mark told his mother that he forgot / had forgotten to post her letter previous day.
8. His maths teacher told Jim that he should study harder in order to pass the exam.
9. Alice’s fiancé told her that he might visit her parents the following Saturday.
B. Change the following into reported speech. Pay attention to whether the reporting verb is “present” or “past”.
0. Sally said that they were planning to visit us the following weekend.
Sally says that they are planning to visit us next weekend.
1. James told me that he was thinking of going on holiday soon.
2. Our boss says that he/she will fire us if we go on a strike.
3. My father told me that he didn’t have to go to work the following day.
4. Jack said that that his sister was going to be a mother very soon.
5. Bill has told me that my car isn’t as fast as his.
6. Mary told Jim that she was sorry she had forgotten his birthday.
7. Aunt Edith says that it is incredible that her cat doesn’t like fish.
8. Martin told his fiancée that he had already phoned her twice that week.
C. What did the following people actually say? Write their direct statements.
0. “Your grammar is improving,” the teacher said to Ozan.
1. “You can’t use your dictionaries during the exam,” the teacher said to us.
2. “My house was broken into last night,” the old lady said to the police officer.
3. “I will be able to visit you sometime next week,” Susan said to me.
4. “I can’t go to the cinema with you because I don’t have / haven’t got any money,” James said to his friends.
5. “I am going to help you when you move to your new flat,” Kevin said to Linda
6. “You don’t need to / needn’t keep my dinner warm for me because I will be late,” Mr. Kent said to his wife.
D. Report the following questions as in the example. Pay attention to whether the reporting verbs is in a present tense or in the past.
0. C: James asked me who my favourite pop singer was.
1. C: Lucy has asked me what time I have to get up.
2. C: I asked them how long they had lived in Turkey.
3. C: Peter asked my mother when she/we would go on holiday.
4. C: Jill has aksed me when she can buy fresh vegetables.
5. C: I asked Sarah what she had bought her brother for his birthday.
6. C:My grandma is asking me what is on TV tonight.
7. C: Sue asked Tom what his favourite subject was.
8. C: Jeremy asked me who he had to see at the company.
E.Report the following questions as in the example. Pay attention to whether the reporting verbs is in a present tense or in the past.
0. C: She asked him whether/if he had finished the reading text.
1. C: The secretary asked if he/she should them then.
2. C: The student asked me whether/if he/she would be able to pass the exam.
3. C: Sally has asked Liz whether/if she supports a football team.
4. C: I asked Mark whether/if he had watched the match on TV the night before.
5. C: Mr. Williams asked his wife whether/if Jenny was studying in her room.
6. C: Steve is asking Valerie whether/if she is going to join them for tonight’s party.
7. C: The Browns asked Mike whether/if he could look after their cats while they were away.
C: Deniz has asked me whether/if I have seen the film Dumbo.
F.
(1)how old I was (2) whether/if I was married or single (3) if/whether I had any children (4) which university I had graduated from (5)how
many foreign languages I spoke (6) if/whether I had done that kind of work before (7) why I was leaving my present job (8)whether/if I
could do overtime twice a week (9) which football team I supported
135
G.
Judy: Hello, do you have any rooms free?
Receptionist: Yes, we do. Do you want two singles or a double?
Peter: (We want) a double room, please.
Receptionist: We have a nice room with a sea view on the second floor.
Judy: It’s terribly hot here. Does the room have air-conditioning?
Receptionist: No, it doesn’t, but there is a fan on the ceiling. Because the room faces north, it’s the coolest in the hotel.
Peter: How much is it?
Receptionist: (It’s) $45 a night, including breakfast.
Peter: We’ll take it.
Receptionist: How long will you stay?
Judy: (We’ll stay) just one night. We’re going to leave before noon tomorrow.
Receptionist: Would you mind waiting in the lobby for a few minutes while the room is being prepared?
Peter: (It’s) no problem. We can have some cold drinks in the meantime.
H. In everyday life, we often hear lots of Dos and DON’Ts. Here are some familiar ones.
Decide who is most likely to say these imperatives and complete the sentences below.
0. Doctors often warn smokers to stop smoking totally, or at least, to smoke less.
1. Bus drivers often tell passengers to move to the back of the vehicle.
2. Electricians often instruct people to unplug their television before they go to bed.
3. Parents often tell their children not to hang around after school, but to come directly home.
4. People frequently warn young children not to play with matches.
5. Children often ask their parents to take them to an amusement park at the weekend.
6. Flight attendants always instruct passengers not to unfasten your seatbelt until the light indicated that it is safe to do so.
7. Teachers usually warn students not to look at your neighbour’s paper during the exam.
8. Zookeepers in a zoo often ask visitors not to feed the animals.
I. Write the direct forms of the following.

0. “Tidy your room while I’m cleaning the kitchen.” 4. “Stand at attention during the parade.”
1. “File the documents, please.” 5. “Buy some candles when you go shopping, Tim.”
2. “Don’t leave home until I’ve phoned you.” 6. “Don’t call me during the football match.”
3. “Don’t drive off until the road is clear.”
J. Read the text and choose the correct option.

SOMEBODY WATCHING OVER ME
1. a. the most 5. d. Studying 9. d. would increase
2. c. as safe as 6. b. to inform 10. b. have been following
3. a. may not be 7. a. more comfortable 11. a.were fixed
4. b. Scared 8. c. Started 12. c. Despite
VOCABULARY
A. Read the text and choose the correct word from the box to fill in the blanks. There are two extra words
(1) for (2) of (3) with (4) in (5)behind (6) by
B. Choose the correct word from the box to fill in the blanks. There are two extra words.
1. catchy
2. dull
3. misleading
4 entrepreneur
5. obtained
6. resolve
7. exposed
136
C. Choose the option that best completes the paragraph.

1. D) In a short span of four months, the disease has spread to almost all regions in the world
2. C) The unknown, or the undefined, has always been charming for people from the early man to the modern one
3. A) For instance, the level to which Venice is sinking is now seen as critical and need urgent attention
4. B)They are also responsible for picking up carbon dioxide from our blood and for transporting oxygen
5. B) We have become almost completely depended on computers which were actually intended to assist our living
D. Choose the option that has the closest meaning to the given statement.
1. D) A novel and faster technique is being developed so that the availability of mass destruction arsenal can be tested or verified
2. C) The conflict between Israel and Palestine will probably go on this year, according to the reports released by UN.
3. B) Edison and Tesla were believed to have had little in common by most people, which wasn’t true at all.
4. C) The earliest discovery regarding the existence of almost half a million galaxies in space dates to the beginnings of the 1900s.
5. A) TV programmes including violence had better be censored, as children’s psychology may be effected badly.
UNIT 11
A. Put the verbs in to the correct tense to form conditionals Type 3.
1. hadn’t tripped 4. hadn’t eaten 7. wouldn’t have
2. would have joined 5. had known had
3. hadn’t gone 6. hadn’t lied 8. had asked
B. Complete the sentences using the verbs given.

1. had marched, would have conquered 4. hadn’t read, wouldn’t have tried
2. had gone, would have succeeded 5. had sailed, would have reached
3. hadn’t hit, wouldn’t have arrived
C. Complete the sentences using the verbs given.

A Famous Explorer
had listened, would not have lost, had waited, would have returned
D. Rewrite the sentences using if.

1. If you start saving up now, you won’t be in trouble in the future.
2. If I were you, I wouldn’t buy a second-hand car.
3. If our parents hadn’t help financially, we wouldn’t have made ends meet.
4. If you hadn’t missed the bus, we wouldn’t have been late for the school.
5. If you don’t start working harder, you will probably not get a promotion.
6. If we had arrived at the port on time, we wouldn’t have missed the ferry.
E. Put the verb into the correct form.

1. would have offered 5. will give 9. phones
2. offer 6. would you reduce 10. don’t want
3. would invest 7. would be
4. had hired 8. will you hold
F. Match the sentences with their meanings.

1. a 2. c 3. d 4. b
G. Circle the correct option.

1. could 3. must 5. must 7. must
2. can’t 4. can’t 6. must
H. Complete the conversation with must / can’t / might.

1. must 3. can‘t 5. might 7. must
2. can’t 4. might 6. can’t 8. can’t
İ. Match the sentences with the meanings given.

1. d 3. f 5. b
2. a 4. e 6. c
137
J. Complete the text with the verbs in brackets and the correct forms of modal verbs must can’t/might.
1) must have taken 3) must have gone 5) must have seen
2) might have disappeared 4) can’t have left
K. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of should or should have.
1. should have watched 4. shouldn’t have said 7. should have invited
2. shouldn’t go 5. shouldn’t say
3. should invite 6. shouldn’t have gone
L. Rewrite the sentences with the modals given.
1. You could have damaged the computer.
2. might have asked for help.
3. could have broken the printer while you were pulling out the papers.
4. might have crossed the Atlantic.
5. The Egyptians may have traded with America more than 3000 years ago.
6. The Mayas might have got the idea for building pyramids from Egypt.
7. Aliens from other planets may have built the Mayan pyramids.
M. Complete the sentences with the verbs given using a past modal of deduction.
1. can’t have arrived 4. must have copied
2. must have met 5. might have cut /could have cut
3. might have lost/could have lost 6. can’t have seen
N. Complete the dialogue about puzzles with must / might /could/ can’t/ couldn’t have.
1. can’t have got /couldn’t have got 5. can’t/couldn’t have had
2. might /could have experienced 6. could /might have been
3. must have made 7. could /might have been
4. must have given 8. must have been
VOCABULARY
A. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. There are two extra words.
1. compulsory 5. manual. 9. phenomenon
2. pace 6. eradicate 10. component
3. right 7. modify
4. unique 8. consume
B. Complete the paragraph with the words from the box. There are two extra words.
1) stuck 3) crew 5) ban
2) estimated 4) approach
C. Complete the sentences using the words below. There are two extra words.
1. improve 4. retro 7. deadline 10. approach
2. consumerism 5. optimism 8. breakthrough
3. encourages 6. pace 9. Truancy
D. Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the words in the parentheses.
(1) advertisement (4) efficiency (7) reliable (10) safely
(2) inventions (5) scientific (8) possibility
(3) innovative (6) development (9) consumer(s)
WRITING
A. Rewrite the sentences with the given phrases. Make the necessary changes.
1. According to scientists, people can increase their intelligence by thinking creatively.
2. Water pollution may have disastrous consequences for humans, animals, and water life. For instance, people get diseases like hepatitis
by eating poisoned seafood.
3. There were widespread protests. Widespread protests took place. However, three more nuclear power stations were built.
4. In addition to being helpful for reducing stress and anxiety / In addition to reducing stress and anxiety / In addition to this/ that, doing
exercise slows the aging process. OR In addition to slowing the aging process, doing exercise is helpful for reducing stress and anxiety.
138
5. Some roads were blocked due to a snow storm last night / Due to the fact that there was a snow storm last night, some roads were
blocked.
6. The machines are complicated / We have complicated machines. For this reason, we need to employ experienced technicians.
B. Find the errors in the sentences and rewrite them correcting the errors.
1. In a recent study, it has been stated that stress may lead to serious diseases such as cancer.
2. In some countries, teachers earn a lot / much more money than other people who work in other fields.
3. Some people argue that losing weight with medical help is / can be / could be / may be/ might be a good idea.
4. People have to learn many skills to keep up with modern life because everything is more complicated. / because of everything being
more complicated.
5. A new species of bird has been discovered recently in the Mato Grosso forest in Brazil, but people are destroying this forest rapidly at
the moment.
6. Students who/that study a foreign language can improve their chances for success in school and in their career.
Students study a foreign language so that they can improve their chances for success in school and in their career. / so as to / (in order)
to improve their chances for success… .
C. Rewrite the sentences with the given phrases. Make necessary changes.
1. You can finish your essay at home instead of finishing in class. / Instead of finishing your essay in class, you can finish it at home.
2. Despite (their) cleaning up the rivers, they are still quite dirty. / Despite the fact that they clean up the rivers, they are still quite dirty.
3. You need to arrive early so that you can get / could get / will get / get a good place at the concert.
4. In addition to being a hard working person, he is honest. / He is a hard working person. In addition to this/that, he is honest.
5. Their marriage ended due to a lack of communication. Due to the fact that they had a lack of communication, their marriage ended.
6. Your depression might be/could be/may be / is a consequence of unemployment.
D. Find the errors in the sentences and rewrite them correcting the errors.
1. My sister hasn’t got / doesn’t have a driver’s licence, so she doesn’t drive.
2. People who/that study abroad can learn new languages since they are in an international environment.
3. The government should ban fast food at schools because of many reasons.
4. Nowadays, people are leading (much) more materialistic lives than before.
5. There were a few high grades on the exam. For example / For instance, one student had 95 out of 100.
6. Being an only child is/may be/could be/must be/might be advantageous because only children receive all the attention in the family.
PARAGRAPH COMPLETION
Choose the option that best completes the paragraph.
1. D 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C
RESTATEMENT
Choose the option that has the closest meaning to the statement given.
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5.D
139

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YTU

SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Unit 12 ……………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100

ANSWER KEYS ................................................................................................................... 115-139

think* notice remember Doubt want

suppose recognize forget Disagree need

believe realize remind Agree prefer

imagine know understand Mean

Love like fear care

Hate dislike envy mind

have* own possess belong (to)

see* smell* taste* feel* hear

look* appear* weigh* advise include

Seem sound cost promise contain

B. Underline the correct answer to complete the sentences.

take after have advise organize

buy take decorate smell

0. She takes after her mother both in appearance and personality.

help water give celebrate

laugh send sneeze play

0. A: What are you giving Lorna for her birthday?

1. Mr. Brennan made Mark’s travel arrangements.

2. Kate will borrow Adam’s car to take her friends sightseeing.

3. Ann is carrying a backpack.

4. She spent all her money on clothes yesterday.

5. I saw Tom and Jane at the restaurant last night.

6. Last summer, we spent our holiday in Rome.

F. Write questions according to the answers given.

0. Mary went to Milan.

1. The mechanic fixed Sheila’s motorcycle.

G. Complete the interview questions. Add question words where necessary.

 un-: uncomfortable unexpected unhappy unkind unpopular unlock uncertainty

A. Complete the sentences. Use negative adjectives.

0. That’s not an important detail. In fact, it’s completely unimportant .

B. Complete the sentences. Use negative prefixes.

0. A lot of information in this article is inaccurate.

happy kind mature perfect popular sensitive

correct legible relevant

un- in- ir- possible friendly regular legible patient

im- il- dis- correct honest visible employed responsible

0. Nobody at the party talked to us- they were very unfriendly.

Prefixes with Other Meanings

mis- (=badly /wrongly) misunderstand

over (=too much) overachieve overpaid

under (=not enough underachieve underpaid

0. A place that has too many people in it is overcrowded . CROWDED

take pack do open lock

0. If she fails her exam, she can retake it in the autumn.

6. The children were here a minute ago, but now they’ve .

G. Complete the verbs in these sentences.

0. I’m sorry, I misunderstood her message completely.

A. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

brave generous grateful honest independent jealous relaxed reliable warm

lively mature miserable patient popular proud sensible superficial weird

B. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

adventurous ambitious eccentric immature moody talented violent

nosy obstinate self-confident strict sympathetic timid

0. Bob Dylan wrote “Blowin’ in the Wind” in 1962.

B. Use the words in brackets ( ) to complete the sentences.

0. When I was at school, (I / not / like / history) I didn’t like history.

0. Ben stopped smoking five years ago.

0. He died two years ago.

13. A: the report yet, have you?

2. They last visited us on Saturday. (visit)