23 How are outliers represented on box plots?
With a cross or a dot. The end of the affected whisker should then be drawn
at the first non-outlier data point, if known – otherwise, at the outlier
boundary.
25 What is the key feature of a histogram? And for what type of data would
you use a histogram?
The key feature of a histogram is that the area of each block is proportional to
the frequency. We use a histogram for continuous data.
27 What do you get if you join the middle of the top of each bar in a
histogram?
A frequency polygon.
29 On a scatter graph, which variable should go on the x-axis? And what do
you call the variable that goes on the y-axis?
The x-axis is for the explanatory variable (or independent variable). This is the
variable you control. The y-axis is for the response (or dependent) variable.
The researcher measures this variable.
31 What do we mean by a causal relationship between variables?
When a change in one variable causes a change on the other. (Correlation
does not imply causation so consider the context carefully).
33 When are you able to make predictions using a least squares regression
line?
Predictions inside the range of data (interpolation) should be accurate, as long
as there is a fairly strong linear relationship (correlation) between the two
variables. Extrapolation (estimating outside the range of data collected) is to
be treated with caution as the linear relationship may not remain valid.
24 What do we call the process of removing anomalies from a data set?
Cleaning the data.
26 On a histogram, what goes on the vertical axis?
Frequency density.
28 What must you comment on when comparing data sets?
A measure of location and a measure of spread.
30 How do we describe correlation and what does it tell us about the linear
relationship between the two variables?
Negative correlation (when one variable increases the other decreases),
positive correlation (when one variable increases the other also increases) or
no linear correlation.
32 In the equation of a regression line 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥, how do you interpret the
values of 𝑎 and 𝑏?
a tells you the value of y when x = 0. b tells you the change in y for every
unit change in x. If the data is positively correlated, b will be positive. If the
data is negatively correlated, b will be negative.
34 In probability, how do you know if two events are independent?
P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B) (ie the probability of the intersection is the same as the
two probabilities multiplied together).
35 In probability, how do you know if two events are mutually exclusive? 36 Describe and give an example of a discrete uniform distribution.

A discrete uniform distribution is a probability distribution where the

P(A∩B) = 0 (the probability of the intersection is zero)
probability of each outcome occurring is the same (e.g rolling a fair die).
or P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B).

37 State the four conditions for a Binomial Distribution. 38 What is a null hypothesis?

1. There is a fixed number of trials. 2. Each trial has two possible outcomes A statement made about a value of the population parameter that we assume
(success/failure). 3. The trials are independent of each other. 4. The probability to be correct unless there is evidence to suggest otherwise.
of success is constant/fixed.
39 What notation do we use for the null and alternative hypothesis? 40 What is a critical region?

Null hypothesis: Ho The range of values of the test statistic that would lead us to reject the null
Alternative hypothesis: H1 hypothesis.
41 What is a critical value? 42 What is a test statistic?

The value(s) on the boundary of the critical region. The result of an experiment or the statistic that is calculated from the sample.
43 What’s the difference between a one-tailed and two-tailed test? 44 What’s an actual significance level?

A one-tailed test looks either for an increase OR for a decrease in a parameter The probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis.
(ie p>… or p<…), and has a single critical value. A two-tailed test looks for a
change in a parameter (ie 𝑝 ≠…), and has two critical values. For a two tailed
test, halve the significance level at the end you’re testing.