Ch- 1 POWER SHARING

1. Describe the ethnic composition of the people in Belgium.

i. The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex. Of the country’s total

population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language.
ii. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French..
iii. Remaining 1 per cent of the Belgians speak German.
iv. In the capital city Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch-
speaking.
v. The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This was resented
by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of economic development and education
much later. This led to tension between the Dutch speaking and French-speaking communities
during the 1950s and 1960s

State the basic reason for the tension between the French speaking and Dutch speaking
communities in Belgium. ( Answer point v above)

2. Describe the ethnic diversity of the people in Sri Lanka.

i. The major social groups in Sri Lanka are the Sinhala-speakers (74 per cent) and the Tamil-
speakers (18 per cent). Among Tamils, there are two subgroups. Tamil natives of the country are
called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 per cent). The rest, whose fore fathers came from India as
plantation workers during colonial period, are called ‘Indian Tamils’.
ii. Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhist, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or
Muslims. There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala. (Name the
conflicting group of people in Srilanka : Sinhala-speakers and the Tamil speakers)

3. Define the term ‘majoritarianism’.

A belief that the majority community should be able to rule the country in whichever ways it
want, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority is majoritarianism’.

4. State the basic reasons for the tension ( Civil War ) between Sinhala and Tamil speaking
people in Sri Lanka. Or Why do the Sri Lankan Tamils feel alienated in their country?

i. In Sri Lanka, the Sinhala community enjoyed a bigger majority and could impose its will on
the entire country. As a result, the democratically elected government adopted a series of
majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.
ii. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language,
disregarding Tamil.
iii. The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for
university positions and government jobs.
iv. A new constitution stipulated that the state should protect and foster Buddhism. All these
government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation
among the Sri Lankan Tamils.
v. They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders was
sensitive to their language and culture. They felt that the Constitution and government policies
denied them equal political rights, discriminated against them in getting jobs and other
opportunities and ignored their interests.
vi. The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for- the recognition of Tamil as an
official language,- for regional autonomy and- equality of opportunity in securing education and
jobs. But their demand for more autonomy to provinces populated by the Tamils was repeatedly
denied.
vii. By 1980s, several political organizations were formed demanding an independent Tamil
Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. The distrust between the two
communities turned into widespread conflict. It soon turned into a civil war. (any four)

What were the majoritarian measures adopted by the Sri Lankan Government?
(Write points ii to iv above)

5. How did the Belgian Government resolve the ethnic diversities and tension between
them? Or How was power shared between the people in Belgium?

i. The Belgian Government recognized the existence of regional differences and cultural
diversities.
ii. Between 1970 and 1993 they amended their constitution four times to work out an
arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. The
arrangement they worked out is different from any other country and is very innovative.
iii. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be
equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members
from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
iv. Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two
regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.
v. Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal
representation. The French-speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because
the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government.
vi. Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government. This
‘community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community – Dutch,
French and German-speaking – no matter where they live. This government has the power
regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.
vii. They helped to avoid- civic strife between the two major communities and- a possible
division of the country on linguistic lines.

6. State the two sets of reasons in favour of power sharing. Or What are the
prudential and moral reasons for power sharing?
i. Prudential Reasons: Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict
between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability,
power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
ii. Moral Reasons: Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves
sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. People
have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one
where citizens, through participation, acquire a chance in the system.

7. Describe the horizontal distribution of power. What are its advantages?

i. Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and
judiciary. We call this horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of
government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.

ii. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ
checks the others. This results in a balance of power among various institutions.
iii. Similarly, although judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the
functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system
of checks and balances.

8. Describe the vertical division of power. Or What is meant by federal division of power?

i. Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the
entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Such a general government
for the entire country is usually called federal government. In India, we refer to it as the Central
or Union Government.
ii. The governments at the provincial or regional level are called by different names in different
countries. In India, we call them State Governments. This is called federal division of power.
iii. The same principle can be extended to levels of government lower than the State government,
such as the municipality and panchayat. Division of powers involving higher and lower levels of
government is called vertical division of power.

9. Describe the power sharing among different social groups.

i. Power may be shared among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic
groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement.
ii. In some countries, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker
sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.

10. Describe the power sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements.
i. Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and
movements control or influence those in power. In contemporary democracies, political
competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.
ii. In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different
ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more
parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition
government and thus share power.
iii. In a democracy, we find interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen,
industrialists, farmers and industrial workers. They also will have a share in
governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or
bringing influence on the decision making process

11. Describe the different forms of power sharing in democracies. Give examples. (Write 1st
point of answers 7, 8, 9 and 10)