178 UNIT Qa Grammar: Relatives RELATIVE PRONOUNS subject of the following verb (cannot be omitted) people who /that He is the actor. He was awarded the Oscar He is the actor/who/that was awarded the Oscar ‘hings/animals which that 1 bought a camera. It doesn’t work properly 1 bought a camera which/ that doesn’t work properly. RELATIVE ADVERBS time ‘when (= in/on which) object ofthe following verb {con be omitted) whom/who/that (inf) There’s the man. We met him yesterday. There's the man fwhom/who/ thal) we met yesterday. which/that Here’s the dog. | found it in the street, Here's the dog (which/that) | found in the street The day when he frst met Jane wos the happiest of his lif. place where (= in/at/on/to which) That's the centre where the conference is being held. reason why (= for which) His laziness was the reason why he was dismissed. Notes possession (connot be omitted) whose, That's Mr Brown. His wile died last month. That's Mr Brown, whose wile died last month whose/of which (Formal) There’s the camera. Its lens is broken There's the camera whose Jons/the lans of which is broken. ‘© That can replace when, or be omitted in an informal style. I'll never forget the day (when that) the earthquake happened. That can replace where, or be omited only afier the words somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere, ploce. Have you got a place {where/that) I can store my schoolbooks? That can replace why or be omitted only after the word reason. That's the reason (why/ihat) he lied to you. ‘That's never used after commas oF prepositions That's the place in which I was born not That's the place émthat I wos born. This is Paul, who you spoke to last week not This is Paul, #hat you spoke to last week.9a Grammar: onder DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES A defining relative clause refers to the preceding noun. It gives essential information about it and cannot be omitted, 4s this could obscure the meaning of the main clause. A defining relative clouse cannot be placed between commas People are artists. (Which people? Everyone?) People who paint are artists NON - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ‘A nondefining relative clause refers to the preceding noun and gives ex'ra information about it. Therefore, it can be omitted without cause oF confusion or changing the meaning of the main clause, and must be put between commas. My brother, who is studying medicine, will be 24 next week. Relatives with Prepositions Tha preposition is putin front of whom ar which (formal English] However, it can be put at the end of the relative douse, thus whom becomes who, In this case that (less formal) is more commonly used instead of who/which. It is usual, though, fo omit who/which/that in everyday speech and put the preposition at the end of the relative clause. That's the man with whom | went fo France. (formal) That's the man who/that | went to France with. (less formal) That's the man | went to France with. (informal) where: 0 preposition + which when: a preposition + which b- which/that + clause + preposition b that + clause + preposition ¢ clause + preposition (no relative © no relative, no preposition That's the house where we lived for ten years. 1964 is the year when | was born. That's the house in which we lived for ten years. @ 1964 is the year in which | was born. That's the house which/that we lived in for fen years. b 1964 is the year that ! was born in, ¢ That's the house we lived in for ten years. € 196d is the year | was born. CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 1 Choose the correct item. 1 "He looks familia.” 2 “Hi Nick, | breck bad news. Natalie and James “He's the author novel became a bestseller.” broke up again." A which C whose “I know, but itis James is to blame this time, B of which D whom not Natalie.” A for whom C who B_ whose D which 179180 9a ',Grammar: Relatives “Wendover? Never heard of that town before.” “Well, actually is the town I spent my teen years.” A where C when B who D which “What are you reading?” "A review of the film ......... Was on television lost night.” A. which it © that it B where D which “Which was the mos! disappointing moment in your career?” “It was the moment... | vealised that my partner was giving oway company secrets to our rivals.” A which when B where D on which Children always want to know the reason things are as they ore. A whom © which B why D who “Is there @ problem with the lener?” “The person this letter is addressed no longer lives here.” A who C to who B to whom D whom India is the country he spent the early years of his life. A at which C where B thot D on which Fill in the blanks with the correct relative pronoun or adverb. Indicate where the relatives can be omitted. Our new neighbours, who live in the flat _ is just below ours, own the gallery is showing the Picasso exhibition, Two weeks ago he went fo Chicago . he met the magazine editor for he will be working he finishes his training Kevin Sedgewick, stars in this film, comes from the small town lived | was studying in England, It was at the dinner on Saturday .... Gary told us about the woman claimed that she wos his kindergarten teacher, 5 | believe that vitamin C relieves colds quicky, is a point many doctors disogree on, Angela is a parent... soul met atthe school last week. Angela, is so interested in children, gave up a success career to campaign for their rights, is certainly praiseworthy. 7 That young man... .»- You were speaking to atthe conference was the one - mother is the country’s best heart surgeon 8 My Babe Ruth baseball card, vole has tripled since | bought it twenty years ogo, was bought by a collector... lives in the house ... I grew up, 9 Just os we were geting out of our cor, Mis Williams, - lives two doors away, cane with a police officer ond asked us if we had seen he couple to she had rented a Fat. 10. Yesterday was one of those days .. | couldn't find any free parking spots, was frustrating considering all the clients | had to meet. 3 Join the following sentences using relative pronouns ‘or adverbs. 1. John and Joe are brothers. They own the café down the street. 2 He bought these trousers at a secondhand shop. His best friend owns it. 3. That woman is a wealthy heiress. She is wearing dark sunglasses, 4. His article was accepted by the editor, He wrote it last week, 5 Jim and Maureen are our neighbours. Their daughter has just got married 6 The cinema has recently been renovated. tt wos designed by a famous architect.9a Grammar: RelaQves, - STRUCTURAL CONVERSION ~<-- 11 This isthe building where the meeting will take place. 9 He spoke quickly and I got confused, {This is the building in which the meeting will take place. He spoke quickly, which confused me. {This is the building the meeting will take place in 10 Many students graduate every year. Most of them come ' 2 She sent her kindest regards, which was thoughtful of her. from abroad. | twas thoughtful of her to send her kindest regards. Many students, most of whom come from abroad, 13. She is rather childish, which can be irritating, graduate every year. {ean be irvitating that she’s rather childish, 11 Shakespeare wrote the play Othello, 14 tt was a shame that you weren't able to attend the Othello is a play (which/that) Shakespeare wrote 1 performance. 12 Dante was born in that house. | You weren't able to attend the performance, which That's the house Dante was born in. {was a shame. That's the house where Dante wos born. 1 5. She received a gift which wos totally useless 13 I can't see any reason for their behaving like that {The gift she received was totally useless. can’t see any reason why they behaved like thar 16 The actor | met wos extremely talented. 14. The day when | got married was the happiest of my life. | __ Imet an actor who was extremely talented. The day on which | got married was the happiest of m, 17 That's the Queen. Her reign began in 1953, life. } That's the Queen whose reign began in 1953 The day | got married was the happiest of my life. 1 8 Whose pen is this? Who does this pen belong to? To whom does this pen belong? Who is the owner of this pen? 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use beiween three and eight words, including the word given. 1. Can you tell me who the owner of that car is, please? 6 It’s unfortunate that the construction of the building belongs Con you tell me , please? This is Thomus Hardy's binttyplace. town: This Ik was generous of her to donate so much money to chority amount She donated ve Was generous of her. This is the dog which won frst prize at Crufs last week. owarded This is the dog 5 «last week He recommended me for the potition, which was very nice of him kind It for the position, will not be finished as originally planned. longer The construction of the building unfortunate. Iwas childish of him not fo accept my apologies. refused He of him He was born in London fifty years ago. cily london srr ity years ago. The newspaper editor only accepted one of the ten articles | wrote by | wrote ten articles, the newspaper editor. The writer | really admire won the Nobel Prize for Literature. ‘admiration The writer 7 se ‘won the Nobel Prize for literature 181Ne English in Use 182 5 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. DISAPPEARING WORLD The destruction (0) of the rainforests is a pressing problem of our times (1) not cone tha is regarded equally seriously by everyone. The (2)... .. affluent nations regard the issue os (3) of preservation; deforestation must stop. When it comes to the poorer countries, the issve is not so cut and dried, (4) these people, the rainforests represent a source of economic prosperity, © point that obviously takes precedence (5) cee rosrnsesenrnenee @€0!0gical concerns. A solution must be found (6) the damage caused by the deforestation that is destroying the rainforests becomes irrevocable. Deforestation is carried out by (7) involved in the timber industry ond also by migrant farmers. The later occupy an area of land, strip it, farm it 8) . .-its natural mineral supply is used up and then move on, The land is left useless and exposed and a process of erosion (9) into effect, washing soil into rivers thereby killing fish cand blocking the water's natural course. The land is not the (10) are a richly populated habitat. In the rainforests of Madagascar there are at (11) 150,000 individual species of plants and animals which cre found nowhere (12) in the world, and more are being discovered all the (13). Furthermore, approximately 50% of all endangered animal species live in the world’s rainforests. The desiruction of the forests effectively represents a complete removal of all these plants and conimals. Deprived (14) sere their natural environments, they will disappear altogether. Agcin, this process is ireversible. Man, no (15) how powerful he considers himself, does not have the power to reestablish the species he is so wilfully destroying. victim. Rainforests PHRASAL VERBS 1 6 look at Appendix 1 and fill in the missing preposition or adverb from the box below, then give a synonym for each phrasal verb * chead * onto * back * for * after * up * out for * fo * up fo * over * down on on * at * into * out © Looking back on my life | realise I've been vey fortunate. 1. In 1917 the Russian working classes rose against their masters. 2. She looks three days a week 3. This firm looks have initiative. Mrs Brown's children employees who 4. Robert looks people who ore not as educated as he is. 5. The police are looking the matter hoping to find a solution soon. 6 Look ... .. | There’s @ car coming 7 He looks his older brother and follows his example in everything 8 Look . this manuscript and tell me what you think of it, 9 Let's make an appointment to look the house that is for sale 10 The hotel room locked the swimming pool. 11. Possers-by looked .... a3 the circus passed through town. 12. They looked . him to provide funds for the new magazine. 13. We've been looking anew flat for months but we haven't found one yet. 14 You'd better look the dates in the encyclopaedia 15. I'm sorry; | haven't had time to look your composition yet: 16 Have you looked... . at what you'll be doing in two years’ time? 17 Could you please go to the station and look - my grandmother? 18 He wos led by her flattery but soon discovered how insincere she was. 19. | don’t think we can rule this possibilty after all9b English WUsg PHRASAL VERBS 2 IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 1), gel very angry adhere strclly to the regulations 8 a form of protest think very hard about sth 7 look at Appendix 1 and fill in the missing preposition or adverb from the box below, then give a synonym for each phrasal verb. * for ® out * up © off with * up for # out unofficially) * over ¢ into ina rut be stuck in a monotonous routine © Con you make .......-0UP........ the meaning of this | in the long run: after a long period of time passage? it stands to reason: it is logical 1 When you make ccs the cheque, | as.alastresor: when all else has failed please make it payable to Mr. R. Smith. put down rools: settle down 2 The naughty boy made ....... vow the lost | know the ropes: know all the details of sth of the sweets. 3 When they heard the fire alarm, the audience ue ela 8 Fill in the blanks with one of the idioms/fixed 4 The boss asked her to make feo the phrases hours she missed last week. 5 I don't know how to moke . ™Y 0 Aer working in the same office for twenty-seven eee a years with no hope of promotion, he felt he was in 6 The committee is made of welve aan members fi 1 My bo: jIdn't tell me anything officially but 7 She makes _.that she iso successful a ee ar . he told me cctress, but in fact she's only played one small role apeomotion was lnminant 8 They want to make the lof. LOsdy. 2 She nnn nessa 9 He made .. --rsm the whole story; it was just when her neighbours played their stereo at full © figment of her imagination volume for the fourth consecutive night 10 Her father has made all his 3 Having lived and worked in more than o dozen property to her as she is his only child 11 Aer not speaking for several days, they finally made countries, he thought it was about ime he feontnrinntnetnnsesiensee in one place. Y 4. The bus drivers voted to, 12 Leon’ make who is in the room, in on attempt to break down 498 it's too dark, the monagemen'’s resistance to their demands. 13 She never goes out of the house without first mocking § You've eaten so much thal sa... her face. you feel sick. & I'd been unable to contact her for three daye 20 ... se \ drove the 0 ......understand....... 7 z eosssne thirty miles to her house to see what wos going on. 1 8 z a 7 Paul’s only just started work here, so he doesn’t 2 9 really... yet 3 10 : 8 This may be an expensive purchase now but 4 u ' it will save us a lot of money. 5 12 9 He had to 6 3. to remember where he had left his spare car keys 183\e 184 b , English in Use ee PREPOSITIONS 9 10 u 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 Look at Appendix 5 and fill n the blanks with the correct preposition. Susan's quest for a satisfying job was at last realised We had to queve get into the cinema last night Heavy rain resulted flooding | was reminded | heard that nursery rhyme. before we could widespread my childhood when Green vegetables are rich vitornins cand minerals. She is quick .. doing mental arithmetic. Queen Victoria reigned Britain and Ireland for more than sixty years. The sight ofthe snake made him recoil horror. His style of writing is reminiscent... ‘Thomas Hardy's. There has been a sharp rise unemployment this year. Please keep gone back to America As she didn’t have a lot of cash, she bought the fridge ...... credit. They live ... the outskirts of a large industrial town. overage, English students study at university for three years. touch after you've Mike is not really... tune with the rest of the group. The writer is very much favour with the public at the moment. What is the agenda for today’s meeting? the one hand, he's o dependable worker, but he is also very slow. Are you the mood for a walk on the beach? IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 2) keep sth quiet keep sth secret at close quarters: from a short distance ccut sb fo the quick: deeply hurt sb's feelings on the quiet: secretly call it quits: give up/ stop out of the question: impossible open fo debate: undecided/unsettled at begs thequeton: makes people won foo @ particular question be ina quandary: _be confused; undecided tan unknown quantity: person or thing that one has no experience of 10 Fill in the blanks with one of the idioms/fixed phrases. 0 Although he was collecting unemployment benefit, ‘on the quiet, he was alsa working as a haspital porter. 1 He was by her comment that his previous novel was infiiely better than his new one 2 Whether the advertising campaign will increase soles is 3. The presidential candidate is virtually as almost nothing is known about him. 4 Although the antique table looked nice from ccross the room, .. .- you could see how badly damaged it wos 5: Jerry's sudden acquisition of a sports car where did he get the money to buy if? 6 Ifthe gardening business doesn’t pick up soon, I’ m going to tnd get another job. 7 Iris that you should drive the car without your licence. 8 She's. over which flat to choose, 30 she'll probably end up saying on at her parents’ house. 9 1'lltell you what's going on if you promise to9b English iN Use, 11 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 10 The new rules about school uniforms will apply next yeor. force The new rules .. next year. So many people were really delighted when the government lost the election. jubilation There lost the. lection, The Queen hos ruled the country for almost fifty years, throne The Queen has .. for almost fifty years That woman looks an avwiul lot like my mother. bears That woman my mother. You certainly could never accuse lom of being mean, nothing Tom generous. I'm not going ony further il 've had something to eat for This ........ Te had something to eat Ws entirely your own faut that you failed the exam. blame You have no one - the exam Bobby ate two ice creams one after the other after lunch. row Bobby 7 after lunch. Wes your mother any better when you visited her? improvement Was there when you visited her? The workforce reluctantly agreed to a cut in poy. reluctance It toa cut in poy. u 13 14 15 16 7 18 19 | put the cheque in the envelope without signing it. neglected ! in the envelope. Freddy was always quarrelling with his sister. row Freddy . with his sister. My grandmother surprised us by announcing she wos going on a world cruise, surprise Much . she was going on a world crise. You must remember to lock the drawer, whatever you do. account On : the drower. | perform wel No one is quite sure if the player at his new football club. seen It will perform at his new football club. The government will cease subsidising the project from the end of the month. receive The from the end of the month Brian is a strong contender forthe poston. for the position. She blushed with embarrassment ot having made such a stupid mistake. shamefaced She 4 stupid mistoke Your outrageous behaviour hos caused problems for the club. embarrassment. Your outrageous behaviour seve the club. 185\ 9b, English in Use FIXED PHRASES J 186 make do with sth: use/have sth not as ‘acceptable as original give sb their marching orders (inf: dismiss sb meet one's match: compete with sb os good as/better than you mean well: try to be kind/helpful living beyond one’s means: spending more than you can afford con the mend (in: recover from {illness/injury) mend one’s way: begin to behave well to put it milly: to understate sth in «an ironic way miles away (inf! deep in thought perfect condition decide not to do sth oF go to a ploce sb gels sth which is worth its price/the effort put in it identify sb who has done sth (usually immoral or illegal) the most important ospect be very easy for sb todo close relatives /riends put oneself in danger (physically or metaphorically) mention a sensitive subject sum of money saved for @ particular purpose avoid being caught by a system/trap set up to catch sb know nothing more than before try to interfere in sth re sb gets their money's wor: name of the game: come naturally to sb: nearest and dearest: risk one’s neck: touch a nerve: nest egg [inf]: slip through the net: ‘none the wiser: poke one’s nose into sth (inf: hand/give in one’s noti jn 12 Complete the sentences using the fixed phrases in an appropriate form. 1 Howing found a better job, Reg immediately. 2. J can't afford a new car, soll have to the old one. 3° When the challenger ‘answered every question cone, the current champion knew he in the general knowledge quiz. 4 I'm sorry if my advice upset you, but | so sons You know. 5 TRE cress even in this sport is to be fast ond accurate. 6 The minister refused to ... . . in the financial scandal 7 Many tax evaders - due to the inadequacy ofthe system 8 Cur next door neighbour is extremely curious and always sssonen Other people's business. 9 Geothey’s row with the boss led to his being seve the same doy. 13 Choose the correct item. 11 think you @ nerve when you mentioned Ralph's forthcoming retirement A drilled C touched B had D hit 2 Yes, | saw the last episode of the series, but I'm none the ......«. bout what really happened A better C dleverer B wiser D surer 3 Some people like to dangerous sports. A isk B break 4. The professor looked as if he were 2 world of his own their neck doing C twist D endanger way in A yards C miles B kilometres D streets 5 For stamps and coins to be of value, they need to be in mint A state © situation B condition D oppearance9b Engl Ney 6 Affer six months of convalescence in a nursing 7 Dave gave the office party a thot a ( home, Simon is finally on the... A miss © chance A wun C go B hit D break B top D mend 14 Find the mistake and correct it Nobody heve influenced my decision. has She speaks English most fluently than her sister. He disguised himself so that nobody wouldn’t recognise him. He entered into the house without making a noise No sooner he had arrived than he left again. She wrote him o note saying him where she had gone. Not only he win the race but he broke the world record as well The number of fatal car accidents are increasing at an alarming rate. The details of the plan are still being working out The accident took place at the crossroads near my house. 10 Your interview will occur at 10 am on Tuesday. 11's no use try fo sleep with all that noise going on 12 We went by the seaside yesterday. 13 Passengers needn’t cross the railway lines 14 She wasn't influenced with his speech WORD USAGE 15 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. were HMnenaio A TIME OF CHANGE What we mean by the Renaissance is the rich (0) cultural development that ‘CULTURE began in the late fourteenth century. It (1) . in ORIGIN northem tly and spread northwards during the subsequent two centuries. Literally meaning rebirth, this age Was (2) ...n.ssisniusense one BY @ CHARACTER (3) interest in classical learning and values. Three discoveries, NEW the compass, firearms and the printing press were essential conditions for the new epoch. The first of these, the compass, made (4)... NAVIGATE possible and became the basis for great voyages of discovery. The second, firearms, gave the Europeans military (5) o cessssseees OVE the ‘SUPERIOR American and Asiatic cultures. Finally, printing played 0 vital role in disseminating the new ideas of the Renaissance. The spirit of the Renaissance ulimately took many forms. It was expressed at first by the intellectual movement called (6) This philosophy can be best understood as « HUMAN reaction against the seemingly (7) dark ages in which TERMINATE every aspect of life was seen through divine light. It brought with it a new confidence in man’s worth, in striking contrast to the biased mediaeval emphasis on the (8) nature of man. The humanists of the PERFECT Renaissance took as their frame of (9) ou. man himself. For perhaps REFER the firs ime in western history, man’s potential seemed (10) .....- _ uMIT There was so much to be done, for the restless men of this new age. 187188 9b , English in Use 16 Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. OWNING A PET The joys and tribulations of being @ pet owner! During our lifetime most of us have some experience of either owning a pet or being in (0) . contact with someone who does. Is there such a thing os “the idea! pet’? If so, what characterises the ideal pet? Various (1) . .. influence one's choice of pet, from your reasons for getting a pet fo your lifestyle, For example, although quite « few pets are relatively cheap to buy, the cost of (2) prepared to exercise ond (5) ... €an be considerable, Everything must be (3) bedding, to vaccinations and veterinary bills. You must be prepared to (4) . involves shopping for it, cleaning and feeding it. Pets can be demanding and a into account, from food and ime. on your pet, which ig responsibilty. Are you cn onimal or do you prefer a more independent pet? How much spare room do you have? Is it right to lock an energetic animal into a (6) . @ busy road which may threaten the life of your pet? Pes (7) cand convenient, but if you prefer affectionate pels, o friendly cat or dog would be more (8) ... space? Do you live neor . 08 turlles and goldfish can be cheap People get pels for a number of reasons, for company, security or to teach responsibility to children. Pets can be affectionate and loyal and an excellent source of company as long as you know what pet (9) ..-.re-- YOU cond your lifestyle © close 0 A near 1 A facets B elements 2 A upkeep B_ maintenance 3. A considering B held 4 A take B waste 5 A household B housetrain 6 A confined B detained 7 Aso B for 8 A suited B appropriate 9 A fits B_ matches 17 Choose the correct item. © The cup is full to the so be careful when you carry it. A border C verge B boundary © brim 1 Young children are often to illnesses such os measles A liable C opt B sensitive D susceptible 2 Thousands of refugees are camping at the ... between the two countries, hoping to find asylum. A boundary © brim B border D sim 3 After losing my job, | was on the ....... of @ nervous breakdown, A border © bounds B brim D verge C narrow D tight C factors D points C upbringing D raising C token D kept C occupy D spend C housekeep D housework C reduced D closed C much D such C likely D good C suits D_ goes with 4 The school playing fields are out of while equipment is being set up for the cricket match A bounds C verge B brim D border 5. Children should keep away from the Fiver... in case they fallin A. bounds © bank B brim D border 6 We're spending our holidays on the this summer. A bank © cost B beach D shore 7 The old lady her bag for fear she might lose it. A seized © grosped B grabbed D clutchedCOLLOCATIONS 18 Fill in squeaking, creaking, whining. ee Z 5 floorboards new shoes 2. 6 children old beds a 7 ee mice electric saw 4. 8 rusty hit joints 19 Collocate the expressions with words given from the list. * value * spoil © prophesy * decline * restore ‘* manage * amaze * breed * maintain * exhibit * revive 0 breed horses 6 cessstnsenee 1 good relations ot doom 7. = 2. - ‘2 company «@ painting Speen oa children sb’s contribution 9. 4 a play an invitation 10 diplomatic relations sb with your singing 20 Collocate the expressions with words from the given list. * stroke * discharge * desert * abdicate * pat * evict * gape * wind © rinse * whisper 1 — 6 the dog «@ patient Qi cennsnnnnnennnn Ton - the cat in surprise 3 essen Bo ccrernee sweet nothings the clock 4 9 the plates your family 5 10 = tenant from the throne 9b English ih Use 21 Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. #1 finally him afer getting his home number from his wife. ‘After hours of negotiation and lengthy disagreements, they finally 12 compromise. # Her hair was $0 long it sn to her waist. ‘* When Laurence spilled the blackcurrant juice, it : .. the new white sofa #Since time was of the essence, the teacher sorstsasennene Te Fests Quickly and efficiently. They ... Josssie the occasion oftheir silver wedding anniversary by hosting @ large party in the grounds of he estate, *The dog would greet his ‘enthusiastically at the door every evening. Be very alert to his manipulations; he is at getting his own way. ‘Tim is fiercely independent and certainly his own . ; nobody tells him what to do. The conspirators were .. to secrecy. “Although unemployed, Dudley thought that something was .. fo turn up, ‘The parce! was roughly with sting els @ strange unknown * Pearl just stood there with « blank on her face. * The se of public opinion by demonstrations and strikes is a right of democratic societies. “There was much controversy about the new education + hummingbird isa finy multicoloured bird which sucks the nectar from flowers with its lnng curved whose origin is “There wos a reminder from the electricity ‘company because we forgot to pay last month’s 189\ 9b English in Use SS 190 PREPARING FOR PART 5 MEANING AND USAGE IT 22 Read the passages and explain the words, phrases, or sentences in bold. One item has been done for you. “rain driver Graham Robertson, 49, told police that the train continued to race along the lines for almost 500 meires after hitfing the animal. However, he was unable to control the train’s speed, and it came off the lines at the bend just before Oxenholme siation. Eight passengers were treated for minor injuries at the Barrow‘in- Furness Royal Infirmary. “It was the most (0) hairraising twenty seconds I've ever experienced,” says Robertson. A police inquiry continues. (0). frightening/horrifying... (1) The beauty of orbitcalculating computer software is that it not only tells you where an asteroid is going but ‘also where it has been. This can guide us in the re-examination of old space photographs, where an asteroid is visible but hasn't been noticed. With dates going back a few years instead of a few months, computers are ‘ble to (2) spit out much more accurate predictions concerning the orbit of comels and asteroids. 0) (2) Tom a junior doctor, that’s all. Full stop. I work 18 hours a day, get poid virtually nothing, get exiremely stressed while trying to convince administration to find someone to replace me while | get some sleep, occasionally chonge my clothes, (3) and ever s0 occasionally eat. (4) !am a junior doctor. That's all | am, twentyfour hours a day, every 8) (4) ‘With the death of actors Walter Matthau and Jack Lemmon being so recent, (5) raving about someone else's performance in Neil Simon’s classic The Odd Couple might be considered something of a sin. On the other hand, not to praise Jack Sherwood and Peter Snowgood for their interpretation of this hilarious play would certainly be unfair. With respect to Matthau and Lemmon, one might even suggest that Sherwood and Snowgood are, at times, better than the two recently deceased masters (6) whom the stage is going to sorely miss, 5) (6) Ronan O'Gara's badly bruised and swollen left eye, (7) tangible proof to a brutal night of rugby between England and Australia in Sydney, has left the England management in a state of diplomatic outrage. After a game that saw five yellow cards, England manager Graham Henry spoke of o “black night for rugby", and insisted that there was “an agenda to create o bad impression about the England team" in the minds of fans and referees. (8) In terms of peacemaking, it was less of a case of proffering an olive branch than of chopping down the entire grove for extra firewood. ” (8)9% engit) Ma 23 Read the passages and explain what the purpose of each writer is when using the bold wards, sentences or phrases. One item has been done for you. fis always better to judge something for yourself. That's why we're inviting you to come and take a look ot the performance of the new S-Vision NE Sirike 64 grophics card at any Dixon's branch on 15 and 16 June. Once you've found out about the unparalleled capabilities of the NE Strike, you'll never look at a computer the same way again. (0) But, then again, maybe we're prejudiced. The writer Is encouraging his readers to ga and teat. the product themselves. Dear Mr. Fielding, lam writing to inform you that your account is overdrawn by £194.22, which exceeds your agreed overdraft limit, (1) ! understand that this may be a simple miscalculation on your part ond trust that you will redress the bolance as soon as possible. Yours sincerely ‘Murray E. Banks ranch Manager 0) fase from some hal-hearted efforts, the government have not yet made a serious attempt to effectively address the Scots fisheries issue. (2) Fishing isthe livelihood of over 12,000 families in the north of Scotland, and over 150,000 tons of fish caught off Scotland's coast is exported annually. Action must be taken before the problems of Scotish fishermen grow out of control, something which is much nearer than many government officials think. s B fi\ students taking Biology B625 and B695 are invited to “Researching Amphibians: Methodological Advances in the 1990s" by Professor Angela Smith of the University of Arkansas, USA, ot the Proudfoot Lecture Theatre on Tuesday, 11th May, 6 p.m. Attendance will not be recorded, but students taking the above-mentioned courses ‘re strongly encouraged to attend, (3) since Professor Smith will examine the issues which are highly relevant to he material taught in B625 and B695. 8) —/ femember the days when vegetables were sold by grocers, newspapers were sold by newsagents and hair was cut by barbers? That's all gone now. Have you noticed how your local supermarket is stocking more and more items which you wouldn't expect to find there? Clothes, perfume, jewellery, computer games, mobile phones, for goodness sake! OF course you have. (4) Have you also noticed that the litle shop on the corner is not there enymore? ——/ = st year, fewer people bought key rings and noddy dogs over the Internet than the yeor before. As a resul,, some hove expressed the view that e-commerce is dying. They couldn’t be farther from the truth, Not only is e-commerce actively soaring, but the very concept of e- commerce is developing into something of a worldsize applicable trade philosophy. Rather than squint over dry ‘aisles, one should look at the types of business services now available on the net. Web-based banking, insurance and learning are all fas-developing industries, bound to transform the world of international trade in next couple of decades. (5) Even if you had to buy your noddy dog from your local Halford’s. Eg Ss 191\ 9c, Practice Test Nine 192 Paper 3 Use of English Time: 1 hour 30 minutes op Road the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. A DYING ART “Read a book? (0) There must be something better to do.” This phrase is heard more and more frequenty a) not only the desire but olso the incentive to read declines. Young people nowadays are provided (2) cvvrees 100 many alternatives (3) . reading fr them to find o justification for actually siting down and opening « book, let (4) curling Up in a chair for the cftemoon fo enjoy a good long read for the pure pleasure of it. Even in schools, where books have been the standard (5) of storing and transmitting all types of knowledge for centuries, they are (6) eo... supplanted by the tools of the video and compuler revolution (7) cee bother to turn a page when by lapping a bution or touching a screen he 8) information can be flashed before your eyes within seconds? Even the act o reading (9). is being “revolutionised” by the advent of portable walkmarlike devices which (10) ._ store ond display the texts (11)... innumerable books without the reader (12) toturn @ page. One wonders (13) save future generations wil ever know the actual, physical pleasures of reading: the sturdy weight of the book itself, the rough (14) smooth texture of the paper, the soothing rustle of the pages, and the indescribable scent of old paper and ink which is much (15) .....::c «@ perfume to the dedicated reader. Poa 2 Read the fext below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines fo form @ word that fis in the space in the same line POISONOUS SEALIFE One of the most lethal poisons on Earth, ten thousand fimes more (0} deadly than cyanide, DEAD is tetrodotoxin, more concisely known as TTX. Its potency is well known in East Asia, where it regularly kills (16) who have braved the capricious DINE 17)... sennee known as fugo or puffer fish DELICATE This toxin has @ (18) . method of operation: twenty-five minutes after TERROR 19) on I begins 1 paralyse is victims, leaving the victim fully aware EXPOSE of what is happening. Death usvall results, within hours, from suffocation or heart failure There is no known antidote. If lucky patients can (20) ...-nn-- -the symptoms STAND for twenty-four hours, they usually recover without further (21) COMPLICATE Iris no ordinary poison, What is strange about its (22) is that it OCCUR is found in such @ wide range of creatures, from algae to angelfish spanning entire kingdoms of life. I is rather unlikely that such an unusual toxin evolved (23). in so many unrelated animals. DEPEND Marine biologists have discovered thatthe poison is produced by bacteria living in the gut of its host. The best explanation is that a symbiotic relationship exists between host and the not (24) .. guest, where microbes exchange poison for WELCOME ntients, providing 0 voluable (25) ov... sssns Weapon for its host. DEFEND