An Arm Antenna Design with Defected Ground for
sub-6 GHz at Bio Medical Applications
1*R Saravanakumar 2Neeraj Agarwal
Associate Professor Associate Professor
Department of wireless Communication, Department of Mechanical
Institute of ECE, Engineering, IES College of Technology,
Saveetha School of Engineering, Bhopal
SIMATS, neeraj.bhopal@gmail.com
Chennai 602105
saravanakumarr.sse@saveetha.com
4Sathish
M,
Associate Professor,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Rajalakshmi Engineering College,
sathish.m@rajalakshmi.edu.in
Abstract—This study presents a wearable arm antenna that is
optimised for Sub-6 GHz applications with the goal of overcoming
the drawbacks of previous antenna designs. Conventional
wearable antennas frequently encounter problems with
interference, low bandwidth, and subpar performance. Research
suggested the antenna incorporates a defective ground structure,
which is carefully positioned to improve overall performance and
lessen known problems, in order to get around these challenges.
This design is novel because it takes a customized approach to
solving wearable antenna-related problems. The antenna achieves
reduced signal distortions, improved radiation characteristics,
and improved impedance matching by incorporating the defective
ground structure. The antenna's overall performance and
dependability in the Sub-6 GHz frequency range are improved by
these developments. Results from simulations and real-world
testing confirm that the suggested wearable arm antenna is
effective. In comparison to traditional designs, the antenna shows
increased radiation efficiency, increased bandwidth, and
improved signal integrity. The study's findings highlight the
presented antenna's potential impact on the development of
communication systems in various real-world scenarios and
position it as a promising solution for Sub-6 GHz applications in
wearable technology.
Keywords—Wearable Technology, Arm Antenna, Sub-6 GHz
Applications, Wearable Electronics
I. INTRODUCTION
A new era of interconnectedness has been ushered in by the
widespread adoption of wearable devices and the proliferation
of wireless communication systems in recent years. The
convergence of wearables and wireless technology is especially
noticeable in Sub-6 GHz applications, where there is a growing
need for small and effective antennas. Wearable antennas are
essential for smooth communication in a variety of
applications, such as smartwatches, augmented reality headsets,
and health monitoring gadgets [1].T. A distinct set of
difficulties arises when antennas are integrated into wearable
technology, calling for creative design solutions. These
problems arise from the physical space limitations on wearable
platforms, the requirement for minimal interference with the
device's appearance and functionality, and the requirement for
unobtrusiveness to guarantee user comfort [2]. With wearable
technology's variety of form factors and application scenarios,
XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
3Raju Thommandru
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Chalapathi Institute of Technology
Andhra Pradesh, Guntur, 522016
raazu.thommandru@gmail.com
5Dr.Veera Ankalu. Vuyyuru
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation,
Vaddeswaram, 522502, A.P, India.
veerankalu14@kluniversity.in
the search for the best wearable antenna design becomes
essential [3].
In order to overcome these obstacles, this study suggests a
state-of-the-art wearable arm antenna design that has a flawed
ground structure. Strategically, the antenna location on the arm
was chosen to provide a balance between accessibility and
unobtrusiveness {Citation}. The antenna's overall efficiency is
increased by the design's incorporation of a defective ground
structure, which also helps to manage radiation patterns and
improve impedance matching. The study's potential to improve
wearable antenna technology represents a significant
advancement in the field [4]. Through rigorous
electromagnetic simulations and iterative prototyping, the
research aims to provide valuable insights into achieving
optimal antenna performance by examining the complexities of
arm-mounted designs. This involves taking into account
radiation pattern, efficiency, and gain three crucial metrics for
dependable, high-throughput wireless communication [5]. With
the Internet of Things (IoT) taking on new dimensions and the
need for reliable, low-latency communication growing, the
suggested wearable arm antenna aims to be a useful solution for
Sub-6 GHz applications [6]. This includes considerations for
gain, efficiency, and radiation pattern, which are critical [1].
Beyond the field of communications, this research adds to the
ongoing story of how technology is assiduously incorporated
into our daily lives, with an emphasis on creating wearables that
are more effective and easier to use, with the goal of seamlessly
enhancing our experiences and capabilities. Due to millimetre
wave limitations, sub-6 GHz (Mid band) is currently the main
focus of investigators [7]. As mm-waves are thought of as high-
frequency waveforms, their range is comparatively small. As a
result, using mm-wave devices is expensive. Because it can be
implemented using the current 4G LTE frequencies, sub-6 GHz
is a viable option for 5G communication [8]. Key contributions
of the proposed work:
⮚ Specifically crafted for the arm, ensuring discreet and
effective communication
⮚ Harnesses the benefits of Sub-6 GHz frequencies
prevalent in wireless communication
 ⮚ Improves impedance matching, exhibits superior
radiation patterns, ensuring optimal functionality
⮚ Rigorous research, simulation, and testing for robust
and reliable antenna performance
⮚ Adaptable solution for communication, health
monitoring, and connectivity in Sub-6 GHz scenarios
The investigative process unfolds as follows: In Section 2.
Related works, an extensive examination of prior research is
conducted, specifically exploring prediction problems and the
diverse array of optimization strategies applied in those
contexts. Moving on to Section 3, a detailed exploration of
problem statements is undertaken. Section 4 expounds upon the
recommended approach or strategy to address these identified
issues. Section 5 is dedicated to a comprehensive discussion of
performance evaluation criteria and metrics. Subsequently.
Finally, Section 6 aids as the concluding segment of the essay,
short key outcomes and insights derived from the investigation
II. RELATED WORKS
A Sub-6 GHz and mm-wave range of frequencies
Numerous-Input Numerous-Output (MIMO) radar device that
has several beams and polarizations is implemented for the 5G
Vehicle-to-Everything (5GV2X) application. Considering a
vehicle must connect to various cars, travelers, administrative
components, and cellphone networks in the region around it in
a variety of circumstances, an antenna with a 360° viewing
radius is necessary. An eight-element antenna for MIMO is
developed and built for this reason in the present research. A
circular substrate positioned in the azimuth plane has 4 equally
spaced pieces. The remaining five parts are produced during the
interim on two orthogonal substrates that attach to the circle
substrate perpendicularly. Every emitting element is a dipole
combined using a tapered slot antenna that can function in the
microwave and millimeter wave bands. The outcomes from
both simulations and measurements show that the suggested
layout can cover the entire region around it (360° coverage in
azimuth plane). In the millimeter wavelength region, this
antenna reaches a realized gain of over 9 dBi, while in the radio
frequency range, it reaches 4 dBi. Ensuring effective
coexistence with other systems operating in the same frequency
bands is crucial for reliable 5GV2X communication(Ikram et
al. [7].
Salma et al [9] paper proposes and conducts a study on an
integrated polarization Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
(MIMO) antennas for multi-band operation from 2.3 to 9.2 GHz
with an impedance range of 7 GHz. The minimal dimension of
the planned MIMO antenna model on the FR-4 substrate is
20mm x 40mm x 1.6mm. This suggested slotted antenna's
microstrip feeding is a tapering construction, while its radiated
component is made up of inverting L-shaped slots that were
expanded on both sides to create notches at sub-6 GHz
frequencies. In order to provide strong isolating among the
radiated parts of the suggested antenna, two L-shaped stubs
have been included on the opposite side of the substrate in the
common ground plane. The suggested concept achieves
separation of under -20 dB in the working band of 2.3 to 9.2
GHz. The present research examines and presents the results of
the in a circle polarized MIMO antenna's effectiveness in the
areas of a higher benefit axial ratio, surface current
distributions, separation among the ports, RHCP and LHCP
radiation designs, diversity gain (DG), envelope correlation
coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC),
and others. This suggested antenna's acquired features qualify
it for sub-6GHz frequency purposes.Assessing coexistence
with neighboring devices and networks is crucial for reliable
communication.
Liu et al.[10] proposes dual-polarized antennas with
excellent selectivity and multiple modes resonant to span the
5G sub6 GHz spectrum. Through a combination of four planar
paired strips that surround a driving patch and an additional
dual mode paired patch, the suggested antenna accomplishes
double broad bandwidth impedance properties. The antenna
encompasses both necessary ranges efficiently using each of the
four resonating modes that comprise these frameworks. In
addition, 3 emissions nulls that inhibit undesired emission may
be created thanks to the electric/magnetic couplings among the
magnetic driven patch, dual mode paired patch, and planar
paired strip. Four shortened bands are added throughout the
radiator to additionally enhance the half of the voltage
beamwidth and out-of-band rejecting levels.The inclusion of
these bands increases an antenna's half-power beamwidth from
52° to 62° and produces a 4th emission null at high outside the
band frequency. The suggested antenna and its array were built
and evaluated in order to show the concept's viability. Using a
standard deviation of |Sdd11| < -14 dB, observed findings
indicate that the filtration component had the ability to function
properly throughout frequency bands of 3.24-3.83 GHz
(16.7%) and 4.74-5.30 GHz (11.2%). At 40 dB, both input ports
showed a good degree of isolation. In addition, the four
radiation nulls demonstrated efficacy in attenuating outside the
band energy. Fabricating an antenna with intricate structures,
such as the planar paired strips and dual-mode paired patches,
may pose challenges in terms of precision manufacturing.
The first study presents a 360° coverage MIMO radar
device for 5G Vehicle-to-Everything (5GV2X), but potential
limitations arise in scenarios with obstacles. The second study
introduces a complex MIMO antenna design with potential
manufacturing challenges, impacting mass production
consistency. In the third study, a dual-polarized antenna
achieves impressive selectivity but introduces complexity and
trade-offs in beamwidth enhancement, requiring careful
consideration. All studies should address environmental
sensitivity for robust real-world deployment.
III. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The presented research addresses unique challenges and
provides novel solutions in the quest to advance 5G Vehicle-to-
Everything (5GV2X) communication systems. The first study
discusses the critical requirement for a Sub-6 GHz and mm-
wave MIMO radar device with multiple beams and
polarisations, which is necessary in order for a car to be able to
communicate with a variety of objects in its environment [10].
Even though an impressive 360° coverage was obtained in the
azimuth plane, possible drawbacks in situations where
obstacles are present must be carefully considered. The second
study suggests an integrated around-polarization MIMO
antenna that supports multiple bands, but due to its complicated
design and small form factor, mass production and precision Where 𝜀′𝑟 is permittivity, ‘ℎ’ is the height of the substrate
manufacturing may be difficult. In conclusion, the third study and ‘𝑤’ is the width of the patch. The effective length of the
presents a dual-polarized antenna designed for the 5G sub6 patch can be calculated using (3)
GHz spectrum. It boasts multiple resonating modes and 𝐶′
excellent selectivity. To overcome the limitations we propose 𝐿′𝑒 = 2𝑓′0 (3)
√𝜀′𝑒𝑓𝑓
M-Shaped Monopole Antenna for Sub 6 GHz.
The vector system analyzer is utilized to ascertain the
IV. PROPOSED M-SHAPED MONOPOLE ANTENNA FOR SUB prototype antenna's characteristics in an anechoic chamber. To
6 GHZ ensure appropriate impedance matching between the designed
The aerial architecture and design specifications are shown antenna and the measurement instrument, a 50 ohm SMA
in Fig. 1(a). The resulting antennas dimensions are roughly 37 connection was attached to the antenna feedline. The efficiency
x 26 x 1.6 mm on FR4 dielectric substrate board with an and pattern of radiation of the antenna are measured using the
apparent permittivity of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.25. The ALRC-R&D antenna radiation assessment equipment. [4].
grating has a microstrip line for feeding and an M-shaped Parameter Description is given in Table.I
emitting monopole structure. The base configuration, which has TABLE I. PARAMETER DESCRIPTION
a pair of strips on either side of the feedline and an opening S.NO Description Parameter Dimension in
between each of them, has a complete floor position, as seen in mm
Fig. 1 The resonance frequency of the lower band may be 1 The feeding line's Lf 23.7
identified via (1) size
2 The feeding line's Wf 4.1
𝐶′ size
𝐹′𝐿 = (1)
𝜆′ 3 upper arm breadth Wtat 9.3
where ‘𝐶’ ’ is velocity of light and ‘𝜆’’ is the wavelength is 4 breadth of the lower Wtab 8.4
given in (2) arm
5 breadth of a Wt 12,2
𝜀′𝑟 +1 𝜀′𝑟−1 triangular part
𝜀′𝑒𝑓𝑓 = +2 (2)
2
√1+10 ℎ′
𝑤′

Fig.1. Antenna Geometry Top View and Bottom View

Across various RF components, defunct ground structures
(DGS) find a variety of uses in sub-6 GHz scenarios. They are
widely used to create small bandpass and bandstop filters,
which provide exact control over the frequencies of the signals.
DGS enhances radiation patterns, improves impedance pairing,
and expands bandwidth in antenna design. Additionally, the
frameworks help to improve isolation by lowering interference
and crosstalk between neighbouring components. DGS is also
used to reduce size in miniaturised radio frequency devices,
which improves the sub-6 GHz systems' overall effectiveness
and efficacy. In order to maintain ideal signal integrity, the
method is also used to control signal return paths and suppress
undesired modes in transmission lines. All things considered,
defective ground structures are essential for customising the
properties of radio frequency components to satisfy particular
needs in sub-6 GHz applications.
V. RESULT
A. ANTENNA VIEW
An extensive method for designing and optimising antenna
performance for wireless communication is included in the
Fig.2. Visual representation of Antenna view
B. IMPEDANCE
The antenna impedance is shown in Fig. 3. An important
factor that describes how an antenna reacts to an applied
electrical signal is its impedance. It takes the form of an
impedance magnitude and angle, which are complex quantities.
antenna view is shown in Fig.2 It takes into account things like
radiation patterns, gain, bandwidth, polarisation, impedance
matching, size restrictions, ambient conditions, and array
configurations. By carefully considering these factors,
engineers hope to achieve efficient signal transmission and
reception. This will guarantee dependable communication
across a wide range of applications, from mobile devices to
satellite systems and Internet of Things connectivity regarding
a substrate made of jeans with a particular thickness. The
dimensions of the substrate are 20 mm in length, 20 mm in
width, and 1.6 mm in thickness. This equals a volume of 20 *
20 * 1.6 mm³.
The antenna's impedance is specified for a specific frequency
of 3.56 GHz in your particular example. The real (1.1385) and
imaginary (0.2191) parts of the impedance, together with its
magnitude (0.1206) and angle (51.8417 degrees), reveal details
about the resistance, reactance, and phase relationship between
voltage and current in the antenna.
 Fig.3. Antenna Impedance
C. ATTERN
Fig. 4 shows the antenna pattern. The term "pattern" in the
context of antennas describes the three-dimensional directional
distribution of electromagnetic energy that is either received or
radiated. By highlighting areas of higher or lower signal
strength, the radiation pattern shows how antenna performance
changes with direction. The two types of patterns are
Fig.4. Antenna Pattern
D. Radiation Intensity and Efficiency
Fig.5 shows the radiation intensity and efficiency. Power
distribution in space is described by radiation intensity, which
quantifies power per unit solid angle in an antenna's radiation
pattern. It is measured in watts per steradian (W/sr) and is
essential to obtaining the required directivity and coverage.
When taking structural losses into account, radiation efficiency,
expressed as a percentage, shows how well an antenna converts
input power to radiated waves.The starting value of 0.1380, the
peak value of 0.1610, and the low value of 0.1560 are the
directional, which concentrates energy in one direction, and
omnidirectional, which radiates evenly in all directions. With
an emphasis on variables like gain, beamwidth, and sidelobe
levels, engineers examine and create antenna patterns to
maximise coverage. 150 degrees is the observation angle
(Theta), 3.565 GHz is the frequency, and the magnitude of the
radial electric field component in the azimuthal (Phi) direction.
radiation intensity parameters that you have given. The
radiation intensity pattern of an antenna is most likely
represented by these values. Radiation intensity is defined as
the power per unit solid angle that electromagnetic waves
radiate. You have given efficiency parameters with a high value
of 1.087 and a starting value of 1.074. These figures most likely
indicate an antenna's efficiency, which is determined by
dividing the total input power by the radiated power. Based on
the efficiency values in this case, 1.074 is the starting efficiency
level and 1.087 is the peak or high efficiency level.
 Fig.5. Radiation Intensity and Efficiency
E. SAR
Fig.6 illustrates the antenna's specific absorption rate.
Specific Absorption Rate, or SAR for short, is a measurement
of how quickly energy is absorbed by the body in response to
radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields, which are
frequently connected to wireless devices and cell phones. SAR,
which measures possible health risks associated with RF
exposure in watts per kilogramme (W/kg), is a unit of
measurement. Manufacturers design products to minimise SAR
levels to mitigate potential adverse effects on human health, and
regulatory bodies set SAR limits to ensure that devices comply
with safety standards.
Fig.6. Specific Absorption Rate of Antenna
F. Surface Current
Fig.7 displays the antenna's surface current. In the context
of antenna design, surface current refers to the electric current
that is generated by incident electromagnetic waves and flows
along the outer surface of a conductor, such as a metallic
antenna element. Optimizing antenna performance requires a
thorough understanding of surface current distribution and
characteristics. In order to achieve desired radiation patterns
and overall efficiency, engineers analyses these currents and
use the information to inform their design decisions.
Fig.7. Surface Current
G. Discussion
In antenna design, the examination of surface current
distribution enables a thorough discussion of the
electromagnetic behaviour of the antenna. Engineers can learn
a great deal about the performance characteristics of an antenna
by studying how electric current moves along the antenna
structure in response to incoming waves. In order to achieve
desired radiation patterns and efficiency, decisions about
geometry, material selection, and dimensions are based on this
discussion, which is crucial to optimising design parameters.
The overall efficiency of the antenna system in transmitting or
receiving electromagnetic signals is influenced by the ability to
identify possible areas of energy loss and optimise the antenna
for particular applications, which is made possible by an
understanding of surface currents.
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
Through the examination of surface current distribution in
antenna design is shown to be a critical component that
provides a wealth of information about the complex
electromagnetic behaviour of the system. This knowledge is
crucial for directing optimisation efforts meant to reach higher
performance indicators. Surface current patterns can be used to [9] S. Salma, H. Khan, B. Madhav, D. R. Sandeep, and M. Suman, “Design
and analysis of a hybrid circularly polarized multi-band MIMO antenna
help identify possible inefficiencies and impedance for sub 6 GHz applications,” International Journal of Electronics and
mismatches. They can also be used to guide strategic Telecommunications, pp. 570–577, 2021.
modifications aimed at improving the antenna's overall [10] X. Liu et al., “Differentially Fed Dual-Band Base Station Antenna with
performance. Improving simulation methods to handle more Multimode Resonance and High Selectivity for 5G Applications,” IEEE
intricate antenna geometries and dynamic operating conditions Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2023.
is a relevant research direction as we look to the future of
antenna design. In order to accurately represent antenna
performance in real-world scenarios, it would be essential to
capture the subtle interactions between electromagnetic fields
in these scenarios through advancements in computational
capabilities and modelling algorithms. Furthermore, there is a
lot of exciting research potential at the intersection of material
science and antenna design. Material innovations with an
emphasis on reducing surface current losses have the potential
to greatly increase antenna efficiency. A new era of high-
performance antennas may be ushered in by customising
materials to reduce energy dissipation and improve
conductivity, particularly in applications where efficiency is
crucial. One area that appears to be very promising going
forward is the incorporation of machine learning algorithms
into the antenna design process. Automated optimisation
through machine learning can accelerate the exploration of
large design spaces and result in more creative and effective
antenna designs. These speeds up the design process and creates
opportunities for novel and avant-garde solutions. In summary,
a dynamic future for antenna design is being heralded by the
combination of improved simulation techniques, advances in
material science, and the integration of machine learning
algorithms. These methods have the potential to revolutionise
practical applications in wireless networks, radar systems, and
communication, going beyond the realm of theoretical
advancements and opening the door for revolutionary advances
in the field of electromagnetics.

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