AC Machines Part 3 AC Motors “THE ESTABLISHED LEADER IN EE REVIEW” LEGIT MULTIVECTOR Review and Training Center Ground Floor, Cuevasville Tower F. Cayco corner Earnshaw St Sampaloc, Manila Tel. No. (02) 8731-7423sp LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER an AC MACHINES 3 AC MACHINES \C MOTOR AC Motor — An electrical machine which main function is to convert electrical energy in the form of alternating current (AC) into mechanical energy. INDUCTION MOTOR (ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR) ~ The stator winding produces a magnetic field rotating at synchronous speed while the rotor runs at less than the synchronous speed. ~ The rotor current, which is induced thru electromagnetic induction, provides the needed torque to be delivered to the load. = Most commonly used AC motor ‘Single Phase Induction Motor |. Split-Phase Induction Motor ~ The stator contains two windings connected in parallel across the AC supply: ‘Main Winding — low resistance and high reactance Auxiliary or Starting Winding — high resistance low reactance ‘The current drawn by each winding are out of phase producing two magnetic fields which are out of phase from each other ‘The starting winding is sometimes connected in series with a resistor which is disconnected by @ centrifugal switch when the speed reached 70 to 60% of the full-load speed Split-phase motors have low starting current and moderate starting torque ‘Commonly used in fans, blowers, centrifugal pumps, washing machine, grinder, lathes, air conditioning fans, etc Nl. Capacitor Start induction Motor = The stator contains two windings connected in parallel across the AC supply: Main Winding Auxiliary or Starting Winding ~ connected in series with a capacitor ‘The current drawn by each winding are out of phase by almost 90 degree since one is capacitive and the other is inductive. Therefore, the flux produced are almost two-phase, The starting winding with the capacitor is disconnected by a centrifugal switch when the speed reached 70 to 80% of the full-oad speed Provides very high starting torque ‘Commonly used in conveyors, grinder, air conditioner, compressors, etc Ill. Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Induction Motor = The stator contains two windings connected in parallel across the AC supply: Main Winding Auxiliary or Starting Winding — connected in series with a capacitor ‘The current drawn by each winding are out of phase by almost 90 degree since one is capacitive and the other is inductive. Therefore, the flux produced are almost two-phase. ‘The starting winding with the capacitor is not disconnected unlike the capacitor start motor. Provides very high starting torque Commonly used in the same applications as the Capacitor Start Motor IV, Shaded Pole Induction Motor ~ The stator has salient or projected poles shaded with copper band or ring which is effectively inductive. These bands are then short-circuited to produce a magnetic field which is out of phase from the main flux produced by the poles. = Has simple construction and economical but has low power factor, poor starting torque, very low efficiency, and the reversal of speed is difficult and expensive. = Commonly used in small instruments, hair dryers, toys, record players, small fans, electric clocks, etc. AC Machines 2 age |1LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER AC MACHINES 3 ‘Three Phase Induction Motors |. Squirrel Cage Induction Motor ~ The rotors a cylinder of steel laminations (typically aluminum or copper) embedded into the end rings resembling a squirrel cage. ~ The rotor conductors are permanently short-circuited, Hence, the speed and the starting torque cannot be controlled by an external resistor. ~ Most commonly used induction motor because of it simple design and easy to maintain feature ‘due to the absence of slip rings. - Has good speed regulation but poor starting torque and high starting current. ~ Commonly used in centrifugal pumps, industrial drives, large blowers and fans, machine tools, lathes, ete. Il. Wound Rotor or Slip Ring Induction Motor ‘The rotor has insulated windings connected to slip rings and brushes which can be connected to an external resistor. ‘The extemal resistor can be used for speed control and to improve the starting torque of an induction motor. = Has good speed control with high starting torque and low starting current. = Needs maintenance due to slip rings and brushes ‘Commonly used in applications which require high starting torque, smooth start and adjustable speed such as cranes, hoists, mills, conveyors, ete. Note : Single-Phase Induction Motors are commonly used in smaller domestic applications while Three- Phase Induction Motors are commonly used in larger industrial applications. Single-Phase Induction Motor are not-self-starting unlike the Three-Phase Induction Motors. Synchronous Speed (Ns) Slip Speed ~ Speed ofthe rotating magnetic eld produced Relate speed of he rotor conductors with by the stator windings. respect to the rotating magnetic field 220 evolutions per minute (pm) Slipspeed = Ne Na tpn] Shas {supply frequency (Ha) Ng rotor speed (rom) P+ number of poles Slip (s) — ratio between the slip speed and the synchronous speed oN Ne Rotor Frequency (fx) PXNs supply frequency (1) => rotor frequency (lx) Therefore, x Ne=Ne_ sp lr =s—> fp = sf AC Machines 3 Page |2sp LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER AC MACHINES 3 Rotor EMF Equation Since the induction motor runs by electromagnetic induction, its concept is the same as transformers. The only difference is that the secondary of the induction motor is rotating (rotor). During blocked-rotor condition, the rotor is not rotating, Nj = 0 sie (rst Enno = 444fannag volts (V) En =444fainag® volts (V) Exp _ 444g _ 4 Aestnng Fong FMoatngh 44H gd 5S Eng =SEune where: Ena, ~ Per phase rotor EMP at blocked rotor (V) Eq ~» per phase rotor EMF during running (V) fgn ~ frequency at blacked rotor (Hz) fj rotor frequency during running (H2) supply frequency (Hz) > flux (Wb) gg ~ number of rotor turns Ns synchronous speed (rpm) Spx >slip at Blocked rotor slip during running Rotor Reactance Xqu = 2nfggle ohm (0) Xq = 2nigL ohm (0) Xp, 2th _ 2aafl KKge = 2rfgg = On + Xq = Xpa| where: Xu rotor reactance at standstill (Q) Xq > rotor reactance during running (9) Per Phase Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor If referred to the stator, ras Rls et Bk Me i Wr NY Is + We i 3 (= Bem Ba! = 1 (252) re where: Vz terminal voltage or voltage supplied to stator Egy > blocked rotor EMF referred to the stator Es > stator EMF transferred to the rotor I, — rotor current referred to the stator Ig-> stator current 1p > novload current I, + componentofcurrentfor core loss ly, > magnetizing current Ry = stator winding resistance Ry > rotor winding resistance referred tothe stator XG 3 statorwinding reactance Xfq ~ blocked rotor reactance referred to the stator s-> running slip ‘Speed Regulation Nu = Ne =X 100 percent (%) where: Nyu ~* no-load rotor speed (rpm) Ne full-load rotor speed (rpm) AC Machines 2 Page |3LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER AC MACHINES 3 Power Flow Diagram for Induction Motors StaToR RoToR Pe wy he =“ Proras Peas Pease Prot where Pia =V3 Vault — input powertothestator(W) Pa Ba + rotor power input (W) gu terminal ine voltage (V) = Soares Pan = 3h oor ope ese CH) Plone stator core losses (W) Puss = (5) Pram ~ developed power the rotor W) Pays = 3ls*Rg ~ stator copper loss (W) Pros > rotational losses Pjues ~ Stator power output (W) w) Pyar > mechanical power output (W) Torque Equations in an Induction Motor Developed Torque (To) Output or Shaft Torque (To) Fawr _ Raw (= a DP 2nNg 2nNi| = Zany where Nj ~+ rotor speed (revolution per second) Nj + synchronous speed (revolution per second) Developed Torque at Running Tost = SoND’ Ra? 4 (eX..)2| et 2atNE Ra’ + (Xan)? 3 Ene Ry [To = DrNE Ra? + Xen? Maximum Developed Torque (Ra = Xx = $Xer) _ Re 3 Ear’ eae [Foe INS 2Xnn} where wax -¢ maximum developed torque faa > starting developed torque sur maximum torque slip Note: If powers in watts (WW), torque will be in newton-meter (N-m). If power is in pound-foot per second (Ib-Ft/s), torque will be in pound-foot (lb-ft) 1 hp = 746 W = 550 Ib-t/s Starting of an Induction Motor During starting the rotor speed is zero. Hence, Ns-0 Ns 1 [Tose & Emm’ & Vr AC Machines 2 Page |4sp LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER an AC MACHINES 3 Methods of Starting an Induction Motor |. Full-Vottage Starting ‘A. Direct On Line (DOL) Starter Method ~ The motor is connected directly to the supply. ~ Usually used in small sized three-phase motor since these motors accelerates more quickly than large motors which means the inrush current decreases rapidly I. Reduced-Voltage Starting A. Stator Resistor Starting Method ~ A resistor or reactor is added to the stator before connecting to the stator. In this case the voltage is reduced across the stator. When the induction motor gains speed, the resistor or reactor is gradually short-circuited. ~ A reactor is preferred for lower losses and more effective voltage divider but is more costly than a resistor. B. Autotransformer Starting Method ~ Uses a stepdown autotransformer between the supply and the stator. When the induction motor is running at rated speed, the autotransformer is disconnected and the line is connected to the supply. C. Wye-Delta or Star-Delta Starting Method ~ The stator is intially connected in wye, thus the per phase voltage is reduced to 87.7%. When the induction motor gains enough speed the stator is reconnected as delta so that per phase voltage becomes equal to the supply voltage, = Can only be used to delta-connected induction motor. Il. Addition of External Resistor to the Rotor ~ Instead of shorting the rotor circuit, an external resistor is added, thus decreasing the starting urtent, increasing the starting torque, and improving the power factor. ~ The resistor is gradually decreased as the induction motor gains speed. ~ Can only be used to a wound rotor or siip ring induction motor since the rotor of a squirrel-cage: ‘motors are permanently short-circuited SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR - The stator is connected to an AC supply producing a rotating magnetic field while the rotor is ‘connected to a DC supply which produces an electromagnet causing a magnetic locking between the rotor and the rotating magnetic field. Hence, this motor always runs at synchronous speed - Can operate et any power factor, making it useful in power factor correction where static capacitors appear to be t00 expensive. ~ Usually used in low speed high power applications where induction motors are too expensive to use such as reciprocating pump, compressor, rolling mils, etc. ‘Single Phase Synchronous Motor Non-Excited Synchronous Motors |. Hysteresis Motor ~ The stator has two windings, main and auxiliary winding, and is fed by an AC supply which produces a revolving magnet field. = The rotors cylindrical in shape and have a high hysteresis loss property such as chrome, cobalt steel, or alnico = The rotating field induces eddy currents in the rotor and starts to rotate with a slip. When the rotor approaches synchronous speed, the stator pulls the rotor to synchronism, Hence, this ‘motor starts as an induction motor and later runs as a synchronous motor. ~ Commonly used in a noiseless operating environment with constant speed such as electric clocks, tape recorder, record players, etc. AC Machines 2 Page |SLEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER AC MACHINES 3 I Reluctance Motor ~ Construction is basically the same as a single phase squirrel cage induction motor except some of the rotor teeth are removed to provide certain number of salient rotor poles, = The stator still contains main and auxiliary winding to produce a rotating magnetic field just like an induction motor. ~ When the motor achieves 75% of the synchronous speed, the auxiliary winding is removed, and the rotor align itself with the minimum reluctance position when close to synchronous speed. Thus, the rotor pulls in synchronism. = Has no slip rings, brushes, or field windings making its construction simple, low cost and easy to maintain ~ Used in constant speed applications such as electric clock timer, signaling devices, recording instruments, ete Il, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor ~ The stator consists of an outer stator frame and a core with windings which is fed by an AC supply to produce a rotating magnetic field = The rotor consists of permanent magnets which produces constant magnetic field = The rotor magnetic field intereacts with the stator magnetic field which forces the rotor to rotate. = When the rotor is rotating at synchronous speed, the rotor poles interlocks with the rotating field. ~ Commonly used in industrial and robotic applications due to their high efficiency, low inertia, and high torque. Direct Current Excited Synchronous Motor ~ Has the same concept as the permanent magnet synchronous motor but instead of using a permanent magnet, we use an electromagnet by connecting the rator winding to a DC supply. ‘Three Phase Synchronous Motor Per Phase Equivalent Circuit of the Armature im i, = 1, ‘ Oy “e | “ 1, + phasor line current (A) 1, > phasor armature current (A) Z, = Ry + iX, > synchronous impedance (0) Excitation of a Synchronous Motor |. Normally-Excited Synchronous Motor powerangle ~The field is sufficient to produce the air gap flux, as a required by the supply voltage, V- SJ ~ The magnetizing current is zero ~ The motor operates at unity power factor Peta AC Machines 2 Page |6LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER AC MACHINES 3 Il, Under-Excited Synchronous Motor ~ The field is not sufficient enough to produce the air gap oe flux, as required by the supply voltage, Vr ~ Additional magnetizing current or lagging reactive VA will be drawn from the source = The motor operates at lagging power factor Il, Over-Excited Synchronous Motor ~ The field is more than sufficient to produce the air gap flux, as required by the supply voltage, Vz, hence, the field produces excess flux to be neutralized by the armature winding ~ Demagnetizing or leading reactive VA will be drawn from the source - The motor operates at leading power factor Starting of a Synchronous Motor = Synchronous motors are not self-starting because if the rotor runs at synchronous speed there will be no relative speed between the conductors and the magnetic field. Thus, an initial push is needed. Using a Prime Mover 1. Using an Induction Motor = We can couple the synchronous motor to a smail induction motor (pony motor) with the synchronous motor. ~ The number of poles of the induction motor must be smaller than that of synchronous motor to achieve synchronous speed. - After bringing the synchronous motor to synchronous speed, the induction motor is decoupled I Using a DC Motor ~ We can couple the synchronous motor to a DC machine with the synchronous motor. - The DC machine will act as a motor intially bringing the synchronous motor to synchronous speed - After bringing the synchronous motor to synchronous speed, the DC machines acts as a generator to excite the rotor conductors of the synchronous motor. This offers easy starting ‘and better efficiency than the earlier method. Using Damper Windings - Damper windings are additional windings consisting of copper bars placed in the slots of the pole faces and are short-circuited. ~ The synchronous motor runs as induction motor first, then if the motor is near synchronous speed, DC excitation is applied to the rotor to pull it to synchronism, - Commonly used starting method of synchronous motor Using an External Rheostat ~ An external theostat is connected in series with the rotor just like slip ring induction motor. ~ The motor starts as a siip ring induction motor and when the rotor is near the synchronous speed, DC excitation is applied to the rotor to pullitto synchronism AC Machines 2 Page |7LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER AC MACHINES 3 COMPARISON OF INDUCTION MOTOR AND SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR Induction Motor ‘Synchronous Motor Excitation Single Excitation Double Excitation ‘Armature Winding - AC ‘Supply Stator Winding — AC Baa Wien oS Speed Less than Synchronous Speed Equal to Synchronous Speed pee ‘Speed decreases as Load increases Constant Speed Starting Self Starting Not Selt-Starting Operation Operates atlagging power factor only | Can operate at any power factor ; Can be used for driving Toads as well as Usage Can be used for driving loads only power factor correction ——— Lower efficiency at the same power and | Higher efficiency at the same power and ¥ voltage rating voltage rating cat ‘Cheaper at the Same power and voltage | More expensive at the same power and os rating voltage rating OTHER TYPES OF AC MOTOR Universal Motor ~ Also known as single phase seties motor. = Acommutation type motor - Similarto a DC series motor but it can be operated with a single phase AC supply and a DC supply. ~ Usually used in applications which requires both AC and DC supply such as portable drill machines, hair dryers, grinders, table fans, blowers, polisher, kitchen appliances, etc Repulsion Motor ~ The stator is similar to a split-phase motor without the auxiliary or starting winding, - The rotor is similar to a DC motor with the brushes short-circuited. - Operation is based on repulsion between two similar poles (North-North or South-South) ~ Usually used in high starting torque high speed applications such as coil winders, lifts, etc. ‘Stepper Motor ~ The stator contains teeth where coils are wound, - The rotors either a permanent magnet or variable reluctance iron core. ~ The shaft rotates a series of fixed amount of degrees or steps, - Most commonly used as a two-phase motor - Commonly used in applications which need simple position control and ability to hold the position such as printers, cameras, video cameras, robot arms, engraving machines, automated teller machines, etc, AC Machines 2 Page |8LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER an AC MACHINES 3 REE - April 2011 / Sept. 2018 What affects the speed of a rotating field? A. torque and frequency C. frequency and number of poles B. torque and no. of poles D. frequency and horsepower REE — Sept. 2015/ Sept. 2016 What is the formula for the synchronous speed of a motor? A.Ns = 22 B.Ns = 1200P C.Ns= at REE ~ Sept. 2019 ‘A 60-Hz induction motor has 2 poles and runs at 3510 rpm. What is the synchronous speed of the induction motor? A. 3200 rpm B. 3600 mpm . 3800 rpm D. 2400 REE - April 2018 An induction motor with 8 poles, 60 Hz is operated with a slip of 3%. Calculate the rotor speed. A. 1,684 B. 1,024 c.873 D.927 REE - Sept 2018 The nameplate speed of a 60 Hz, 3-phase induction motor is 1,175 rpm. What is its number of poles? A2 B.4 c.6 D8 A three-phase 60-cycle sixpole 220-volt wound-rotor induction motor has a stator that is connected in A and a rotor that is connected in Y. The rotor has half as many turns as the stator. For a rotor speed of 1,110 rpm, calculate: A. the blocked rotor voltage per phase Eas A110V B.220V ©. 440V D.165V B. the rotor generated voltage per phase Ez A14.25V B.16.5V ©. 18.25V D.8.25V C. the rotor voltage between terminals A.8.25V B.14.29V C.16.5V D.4.76V D the rotor current, if the rotor resistance per phase is 0.1 © and the rotor reactance at standstill is 0.5 Qiphase A.77.25 A B.7.725A ©. 16.18. D. 28.02 A REE - Sept. 2019 The rotor of a 3-phase, 60 Hz, 4-pole inductor motor takes 120 kW at 3 Hz. What is the rotor speed of the induction motor? A. 1710 mpm B. 1810 rpm ©. 1800 rpm D. 1700 rpm REE — Sept. 2013 If the speed of an induction motor increases, what happens to the rotor frequency? A. increases C. does not change B. decreases D. frequency has no relation to the speed The nameplate speed of a 60 Hz induction motor is 1750 rpm. If the speed at no-load is 1795 rpm, what is the percent regulation? A278 B. 2.86 c.2.67 D.4.24 ‘AC Machines 3 Page|10, "1 12. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, sp LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER an AC MACHINES 3 REE - April 2011 A three-phase, 60 HZ induction motor has a fultload slip of 5% and full-load rotor current per phase of 10 A. The resistance of its wye-connected rotor is 0.035 ohm per phase. Determine the intemal power developed. A.200w B.210w c.220w D. 160w REE - Sept, 2007 A 6-pole, three-phase, 60 Hz wound rotor induction motor delivers 25 hp at 1,150 rpm. If the rotational losses of the motor are 300 watts, what is the rotor power input in KW? A.21.66 B. 18.95 C.19.7 D.22.74 A 36, 4-pole, 230-V, 60 cycle wound-rotor induction motor has both its stator and rotor connected in Y. The rotor has half as many tums per phase as the stator. If the rotor is turning at 1725 rpm, Re = 0.075 Q and Xep = 0.375 O, determine A. the torque developed by the motor. A. 2.7543 Ib-ft B. 275.43 lb-ft C. 23.745 Ibeft D. 27.543 lb-ft B. the maximum torque that can be developed by the motor? A, 22.99 Ib-ft B. 68.96 lb-ft ©. 137.93 Ibeft D. 119.44 lb-ft C. the starting torque of the motor. A. 26.525 Ib-ft B. 79.575 lb-ft C. 45.943 Ib-ft D. 53.050 lb-ft REE - April 2006 A 3,300-v, 24-pole, 50-HZ, 3-phase star-connected induction motor has a slip-ring rotor resistance of 0.016 © and standstill reactance of 0.265 Q per phase. Calculate the ratio of full-load torque to maximum torque if fullload torque is obtained at 247 rpm. A.0.298 B. 0.288, C.0.375 D.0.382 REE - Sept. 2003 Ina wound rotor induction motor, where do you connect the voltage limiting device for reduced voltage starting? A. stator B. rotor C. field D. panel board A 10-hp 550-volt 60-cycle three-phase induction motor has a starting torque of 160 percent of fullload torque and a starting current of 425 percent of full-load current. What voltage is required to limit the starting current to the full-load current value? A.129.41V B.74.72V C.224.14V D.275V REE — April 2002 A three phase squirrel cage motor is started by a wye-delta starter. What shall be its starting torque relative to its rated voltage starting torque? A.33.3% B. 42.3% C. 57.7% D. 100% REE ~ April 2004 A synchronous motor that is used for power factor correction only. A. synchronous reactor C. generator B. alternator D. synchronous condenser REE — Sept. 2004 What is the maximum speed at which a 60 Hz synchronous machine can be operated? ‘A, 3400 rpm B. 3200 rpm C. 3600 rpm 1D, 3000 rpm. AC Machines 2 Page 10LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER an AC MACHINES 3 REE - Sept. 2004 19. What is the percent slip of the synchronous motor when running? A3 B25 GA Do REE - Sept. 2016 20. When the frequency of a synchronous motor increases, what happens to its speed? A. decreases B. increases C. remains the same D. none of these REE - Sept. 2008 21.A three-phase 2300 v, Y-connected wound rotor synchronous motor has Xz = 2 ohmsiphase and R, = 0.1 ohm/phase. The motor operates at 0.866 leading power factor while taking a line current of 350 amperes. Find the power angle in degrees. A195 B.-229 C.22.4 D.-207 22. The full-load losses in a 5,000 kVA three-phase 6,600-volt synchronous condenser are 160 KW. Calculate the full-load current and pf. A, 438 A, 0.032 Idg B.43.8A,0.32|dg C.483A,0.64ldg —_D. 483 A, 0.064 Idg AC Machines 3 Page| 11