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Experiment PHE2 - Characteristics of A Solar Cell
Experiment PHE2 - Characteristics of A Solar Cell
LAB SHEET
*Note: On-the-spot evaluation may be carried out during or at the end of the experiment. Students
are advised to read through this lab sheet before doing experiment. Your performance, teamwork
effort, and learning attitude will count towards the marks.
EEN2056 Physical Electronics Experiment PHE2
Introduction
Solar cell directly converts sunlight to electrical energy and is the most promising of all
alternative resources known to date. Solar cells are inexhaustible in power generation with no fuel
except sunlight for nearly 30 years of lifetime guarantee. Solar cells are basically large area pn
junction photo diode. Basing on the junction structure, solar cells are categorized into two types
(a) homogeneous junction Si, Ge or GaAs solar cells (b) heterogeneous junction solar cells are
based on II-VI compounds like CdS/CdTe, CdS/CIGS etc. Homogeneous solar cells may be
either single crystal or poly crystalline material. The wafers are suitably doped to get ‘n’ or ‘p’
type materials. A suitable ohmic contact from the top of the solar cell is formed. For the n-type,
aluminium is one of the suitable materials and for p-type silver is the apt one.
The current-voltage characteristics of a solar cell are to be measured at different light
intensities, the distance between the light source and the solar cell being are to be varied. The
dependence of no-load voltage and short-circuit current on temperature is to be determined. As
additional tasks, the series resistance and ideality factor (of the diode) are to be figured out.
Equipment:
Solar battery, 4 cells, 2.5x5 cm 1
Thermopile, molltype 1
Universal measuring amplifier 1
Rheostat, 330 Ohm, 1.0 A 1
Lamp socket E27, mains conn. 1
Filament lamp, 220 V/120 W, w. ref l. 1
Hot-/Cold air blower, 1000 W 1
Meter scale, demo, l = 1000 mm 1
Tripod base 2
Right angle clamp 2
Plate holder 1
Universal clamp 1
G-clamp 2
Glass pane, 150x100x4 mm, 2 off 1
Digital multimeter 2
Lab thermometer, -10...+100 oC 1
Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, red 3
Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, blue 2
Objectives:
1. To collect the light intensity with the thermopile at various distances from the light source.
2. To measure the short-circuit current and open-circuit (no-load) voltage at various distances
from the light source.
3. To test the dependence of open-circuit (Voc) voltage, and short-circuit current (Isc) on
temperature.
4. To analyse the current-voltage characteristics (I-V) at different light intensities.
5. To compare the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics under different operating conditions:
cooling the equipment with a blower, no cooling, shining the light through a glass plate.
6. To calculate the Series Resistance of the solar cell.
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EEN2056 Physical Electronics Experiment PHE2
Theory
Pure silicon is deliberately ‘impurified’ (doped) with tri- and pentavalent impurity atoms
to make a p- or n-type semi-conductor. If we put a p-and n-type crystal together we get a junction
(pn-junction, Fig. 3) whose electrical properties determine the performance of the solar cell.
In equilibrium (with no external voltage) the Fermi characteristic energy level E F will be
the same throughout. Because of the difference in the concentrations of electrons and holes in the
p- and n-regions, electrons diffuse into the p-region and holes into the n-region. The immobile
impurity atoms create a space charge-limited current region; the diffusion current and the field
current offset one another in equilibrium. The diffusion potential UD in the pn-junction depends
on the amount of doping and corresponds to the original difference between the Fermi energy
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EEN2056 Physical Electronics Experiment PHE2
levels of the separate p- and n-regions. The distance between the valence band and the conduction
band in silicon at room temperature is E = 1.1 eV. For silicon, the diffusion potential is UD = 0.5
to 0.7 V.
If light falls on the pn-junction, the photons create electron-hole pairs separated by the
space charge. The electrons are drawn into the n-region and the holes into the p-region. Photons
are absorbed not only in the pn-junction but also in the p-layer above it. The electrons produced
are minority carriers in those areas: their concentration is greatly reduced by recombination and
with it their efficiency. The p-layer must therefore be sufficiently thin for the electrons of
diffusion length LE to enter the n-layer. LE >> t, where t = thickness of p-layer.
If g is the number of electron-hole pairs produced per unit area and of a voltage U is applied
across the pn-junction, a stream of electrons and holes of density
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EEN2056 Physical Electronics Experiment PHE2
is = – e . g…………………….. (2)
The voltage U can become as high as the diffusion potential UD but no higher. As the temperature
rises the no-load voltage decreases typically by –2.3 mV/K, since the equilibrium concentrations
n0and p0 increase with the temperature:
n0 = exp (– E/2kT)
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EEN2056 Physical Electronics Experiment PHE2
Experimental Procedures:
Task 1:
Measure the light intensity with the thermopile and digital multimeter/amplifier with the
equipment at different distances from the light source e.g. 10 points beginning at 200cm till
50cm. The inlet aperture marks the position of the thermopile. The distance between the lamp and
the thermopile should be at least 50 cm, since the angular aperture of the thermopile is only 20
degree. The light intensity is varied by varying the distance between the light source and the solar
cell. To determine the intensity with the thermopile it is assumed that all the light entering the
aperture (dia. 2.5 cm) reaches the measuring surface. (see Fig.5 for reference). Collect the data
and plot the graph for report.
Notes: The maximum output voltage of the amplifier is 10 V in case if used. The sensitivity is
0.16 mv/mW. By extrapolating the straight line one can determine the intensity at distances s
cm.
Task 2:
The solar cell measures the diffused light as well as the direct light from the lamp. As the
lamp has a slim light cone of approx. 30 degree, the diffused light chiefly arises as a result of
reflection from the bench top, and can be suppressed by covering the bench with a black cloth.
Using the measured values in Fig. 5 one can obtain the relationship between the light intensity
and the short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage measured at various distances away from the
light source. Collect the Ligh Intensity (J)-Short Circuit Current (Isc)-Open circuit voltage (Voc)
data and later prepare graph for report. (see Fig. 6 for reference).
Task 3:
The open circuit voltage (Voc) and the short-circuit current (Isc) of the solar cell depend
on temperature. To demonstrate the temperature effect, blow hot air (no air, medium hot, high hot
air and screening with glass plate: 4 categories) over the solar cell.
A glass plate which absorbs light in the infrared region can be used to reduce a rise in temperature
of the solar battery.
To measure the temperature, put the thermocouple tip along any side of the panel and
insert the socket to the multimeter. Do not touch the cell as its thin p-layer can easily be damaged.
Now, measure Voc and Isc individually and tabulate the data.
Task 4 & 5:
Please refer to figure 2 for circuit setup for I-V measurement. Change the voltage with
the potentiometer (also called voltage divider) and record the current to get the I-V
characteristics. Repeat the I-V characteristics for various light intensities and temperatures from
the readings of the Voltmeter and Ammeter. Make sure to put at High Impedance and
amplification factor of 105. The differences are in the distance and the temperature variation by
external factors (like hot blowers). Ask the supervisor if any confusion happens.
Notes: The short circuit current is proportional to the light intensity (see 2). If the distance
between lamp and solar cell exceeds 50 cm, the temperature rise caused by radiation can be
disregarded in comparison with that caused by the hot air.
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EEN2056 Physical Electronics Experiment PHE2
Fig. 7: Current-voltage
characteristic at different
light intensities J.
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EEN2056 Physical Electronics Experiment PHE2
When measuring the effect of temperature on U0 and Is, the temperature distribution over the hot
air area must be taken into account. The measurements can provide only a rough order of
magnitude of this.
Fig. 9: Spectrum of the sun (T approx. 5800 K) and of an incandescent lamp (T approx. 2000 K),
and the spectral sensitivity of the silicon solar cell.
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EEN2056 Physical Electronics Experiment PHE2
If we compare the maximum power output with the incident power, we obtain an efficiency of
approx. 6% (area of solar battery 50 cm2).
Fig. 8 shows the effect of the various ‘operating modes’ as for reference.
Task 6:
To measure the series resistance, connect the solar cell and the measurement apparatus as
shown in figure 10. This experiment has to be carried out under Dark condition (you have to
cover the solar cell area with dark cloth as provided).
Step 1: Supply the voltage to the cell from the power supply until the reading on the digital
ammeter is equal or close to the Short-circuit current Isc measured in previous
experiment.
Step 2: Record the applied voltage Va. A higher voltage that the open circuit voltage (Voc) is
necessary to obtain the current value equal to Isc. This is because of the additional
voltage drop across the series resistance (Rs). This resistance can therefore be determined
by the difference between those two voltages:
Va - Voc= Rs x Isc
Va Voc
Therefore, Rs
Isc
Solar
V Cell
_
-
_
_
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EEN2056 Physical Electronics Experiment PHE2
The wires are connected to the voltmeter and ammeter to measure current when the solar cell is
exposed to the illuminating source. Ideality factor indicates the formation of an ideal diode (as
varies in between 1 - 2). The ideality factor is obtained from the equation,
nkT
qV
I Io
e 1 I sc …………….(1)
Under load condition, current will flow; the total current is given by,
q (VnkT
Rs I )
V Rs I
I I sc I o e 1 ………..(2)
Rsh
Where ‘Io’ is the reverse saturation current, ‘n’ is the ideality factor, ‘Isc’ is the photocurrent, Rs
and Rsh are the series and shunt resistance of the solar cell, ‘k’ is the Boltzmann constant
respectively. Hence from the above equation (1), the reverse saturation current ‘Io’ and the
ideality factor ‘n’ can be determined.
1. Construct the circuit shown in Fig 11 for measuring the ideality factor of a solar cell.
2. The solar cell is connected in series with a resistance box (variable resistance or voltage
divider) and an ammeter. A voltmeter is connected across the solar cell.
3. Cover the whole cell with a black cloth to prevent the external light / radiations.
4. Illuminate the light source to the solar cell. Maintain the solar cell and light source in the
same height. Measure the intensity of the light by intensity meter or LUX meter
(mW/cm2 or LUX or Lumens).
5. By varying the load resistance to maximum, record the open circuit voltage V oc for
different intensities ranging from 10 to 100 mW/cm2 insteps of 10 mW/cm2.
6. Short circuit the solar cell (fix the zero resistance in the resistance box) and measure the
short circuit current, Isc at different light intensities ranging from 10 to 100 mW/cm2
insteps of 10 mW/cm2.
7. Tabulate the values of Voc, Isc and intensity and estimate the ideality factor and reverse
saturation current form the graph.
8. Plot the graph between Voc and ln Isc. Estimate the ideality factor ‘n’ from the slope of
q
the curve. slope ,
nkT
q
n ,
kT slope
9. Extrapolate the IV curve, where it cuts the y-axis is the reverse saturation current Io.
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EEN2056 Physical Electronics Experiment PHE2
Solar
Cell
V
R
_
-
_
Fig 11. Setup for Ideality factor experiment _
Cautions: Never put the black cloths over the lamp. Put the thermocouple tip any side of the solar
panel. Double check the connections before powering on. Please do not handle any of the
apparatus roughly and the way that differs from this lab sheet. Any questions should immediately
be asked to the instructor/lecturer.
References:
1. Solar Cells: Operating Principles, Technology, and System Applications (Prentice-Hall
series in solid state physical electronics) by Martin A. Green; Publisher: Prentice Hall
(October, 1981) ISBN: 0138222703.
2. Any other “Semiconductor Devices” related books in the MMU library could be good
references.
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EEN2056 Physical Electronics Experiment PHE2
Marking Scheme
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