University of Abuja

Department of Statistics
2022/2023 First Semester Examination STA101: Introductory Statistics (2 Units) TIME:2hrs 15Mins
INSTRUCTION: Answer all the questions in section A and ONE Question in Section B
Section A:
1. The variance of a constant is ——— a. zero b. Constant c. Negative d. None
2. Standard deviation is calculated from the harmonic mean . a. Always b. Sometimes c. Never d. None of the
above
3. A measure of dispersion is always? a. Zero b. Positive c. Negative d. Infinity
4. Which of the following is not based on all the observations? a. Arithmetic mean b. Geometric mean c.
Harmonic mean d. Mode
5. Which one is not measure of dispersion? a. The range b. 50th percentile c. Inter-quartile range d. Variance
6. If the standard deviation of population is 9, the population variance is? a. 9 b. 3 c. 21 d. 81
7. The mean of a distribution is 14 and the standard deviation is 5. What is the value of the coefficient of
variation? a.60.4% b. 48.3% c. 35.7% d. 27.8%
8. Proportion becomes percentage when multiplied by? a. 1/10 b. 1/1000 c. 1/100 d. 100
9. Which of the following divides a group of data into four subgroups? a. Percentiles b. Deciles c. Median
d. Quartiles
10. What is the fundamental concept in probability theory that represents the likelihood of an event occurring?
a) Ratio b) Proportion c) Probability d) Ratio-proportion
11. In a standard normal distribution, the mean and standard deviation are: a) Mean = 1, Standard Deviation = 0
b) Mean = 0, Standard Deviation =1 c) Mean = -1, Standard Deviation = 1 d) Mean = 1,Standard Deviation = 1
12. What does the area under the normal distribution curve represent?
a) Mean b) Median c) Standard Deviation d) Probability
13. What is the purpose of a probability distribution function?
a) To calculate the probability of an event that cannot happen b) To define all possible outcomes of an
experiment c) To describe the shape of a distribution d) To calculate the mean and median of a dataset.
14. What is the main purpose of using the concept of probability in real-world scenarios?
a) To make precise predictions about future events b) To eliminate all uncertainties from decision-making c)
To provide a mathematical framework for randomness d) To ensure that every event has an equal chance of
occurring.
15. A deck of cards contains 52 cards, of which 4 are aces. What is the probability of drawing an ace?
a) 1/52 b) 1/13 c) 4/52 d) 4/13
16. What does the term "independent events" mean in probability?
a) Events that have no effect on each other's outcomes. b) Events that always occur together.
c) Events that have opposite outcomes. d) Events that are impossible to predict.
17. A deck of cards contains 52 cards, with 26 red cards and 13 black cards. What is the probability of drawing
a red card? a) 1/2 b) 1/4 c) 2/3 d) 1/3
18. The following are measures of location except a) Mode b) Mean c) Range d) Median
19. Given a frequency distribution with 50 observations, obtain the number of class interval
a) 6 b) 7 c) 5 d) 8
20. Which of the following is the situation where a Poisson distribution can be applied?
a) The number of telephone calls arriving at a telephone board b) The number of customers arriving at the banks
c) The number of defects per unit of manufactured products d) All of the above
21. If the mid-points in a frequency distribution of a group of persons are: 125, 132, 139, 146, 153, 160, 167,
174, 181 pounds, find the size of class interval. a) 8 b) 6 c) 7 d) 9
22. If a fair dice is tossed once, what is the probability of obtaining a prime or odd number?
a) 0.33 b) 0.50 c) 0.67 d) 0.82
23. Which of these is a characteristic of Poisson distribution? a)The mean is greater than the variance (b) The
mean is less than the variance (c) It has equal-mean-variance relationship (d) None of the above
24. Find the probability that a single toss of a dice will result in a number less than or equal to 3 if it is given that
the toss resulted in an odd number a) 0.33 b) 0.50 c) 0.67 d) 1.00
25. Calculate the mean deviation about the mean of the following:
Values 10 11 12 13
Frequency 3 12 18 12
(a)11.87 (b) 0.81 (c) 0.71 (d) 12.89

In an examination in statistics, five students obtained the following marks:

 A B C D E
4 6 8 12 15
Use the information above to answer question 26 and 27
26. Find the standard deviation of these marks (a) 4 (b) 9 (c) 2 (d) 12
27. What is the coefficient of variation of these marks? (a) 44.4% (b) 22.5% (c) 20.7% (d) 19.8%
28. Which of the following is NOT a property of a binomial experiment? a) The experiment consists of a
sequence of n identical trial (b) Each outcome can be referred to as a success or a failure (c) The trials are
independent (d) The probability of success can change from one trial to the next
29. If the probability of a defective bolt is 1/100, find the variance. (a) 40 (b) 36 (c) 44 (d) 56
30. 12% of the items produced by a machine are defective. What is the probability that out of a random sample
of 20 items produced by the machine, 5 are defective? (a) ( 0.8 )15 (b) ( 0.88 )15 (c) ( 0.8 )5 (d) ( 0.88 )5
31. The probability that a student will graduate is 0.4. What is the probability that out of 5 students all will
graduate? (a) 0.0778 (b) 0.0102 (c) 0.2592 (d) 0.9222
32. The line of regression of X on Y is:
(a)The line which gives the best estimate for the value of X for any specified value of Y
(b).The line which gives the best estimate for the value of Y for any specified value of X
(c)The line which divides the value of Y and X (d) None of these
33. What does positive skewness in a distribution indicate?
a) The distribution is symmetric b) The distribution is negatively skewed c) The distribution has a long right
tail d) The distribution has a long left tail e) The distribution is normal
34. Which measure is used to quantify the degree of asymmetry in a distribution?
a) Mean b) Median c) Variance d) Skewness e) Kurtosis
35. A distribution has a kurtosis value of 2. What does this indicate?
a) The distribution is platykurtic b) The distribution is mesokurtic c) The distribution is leptokurtic
d) The distribution is negatively skewed e) The distribution is normally distributed
36. In a perfectly symmetrical distribution, what is the value of skewness?
a) 0 b) 1 c) -1 d) Infinity e) Depends on the sample size
37. A distribution with heavy tails and a high peak is classified as:
a) Positively skewed b) Negatively skewed c) Leptokurtic d) Mesokurtic e) Platykurtic
38. What is the range of values for the Pearson correlation coefficient?
a) -1 to 1 b) 0 to 1 c) -∞ to ∞ d) -1/2 to 1/2 e) 1 to ∞
39. If the Pearson correlation coefficient between two variables is -0.75, what does this imply?
a) There is no correlation between the variables b) The variables are perfectly positively correlated
c) The variables are perfectly negatively correlated d) There is a moderate positive correlation between the
variables e) There is a moderate negative correlation between the variables
40. If the correlation coefficient between two variables is 0.15, what can you conclude about the strength of their
relationship? a) Strong positive correlation b) Moderate positive correlation c) Weak positive correlation
d) No correlation e) Weak negative correlation

Section B: Answer either question ONE or Question TWO in this section

1(a) In the following table the weights of 40 male students at State University are recorded to the nearest
kilogram. Construct a frequency distribution using class interval of 5. Find the mean, median and mode
138, 164, 150, 132, 144, 125, 149, 157, 146, 158, 140, 147, 136, 148, 152, 144, 168, 126, 138, 176,
163, 119, 154, 165, 146, 173, 142, 147, 135, 153, 140, 135,161, 145, 135, 142, 150, 156, 145, 128
(b) Given that 0.01 is the probability that an individual will be alive in the next 100 years. What is the
probability that out of 300 individuals?
(i) at most 1 individual, (ii) more than 2 individuals and (iii) exactly 3 individuals will be alive in the next 100
years.

2(a) The corrosion of certain metallic substance has been studied in dry oxygen at 500 0C. In this experiment, the
gain in weight after various periods of exposure was used as a measure of the amount of oxygen that had reacted
with the sample. Here are the data:
Hours (X) 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Percent gain (Y) 0.02 0.03 0.035 0.042 0.05 0.054
Fit a linear regression equation of Y on X to the data and predict the percent weight gain when the metal is
exposed for 3.2 hours
(b) A medical test is 95% accurate in detecting a certain disease when it's present, but it has a 10% false-
positive rate. If the prevalence of the disease is 2% in the population, what is the probability that a
person who tested positive actually has the disease?
(c) Define Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis in statistical analysis and state their formulae