‭1.

‬ J ‭ im Crow laws enforced racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans‬
‭in the South in the 1950s.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Emmett Till, a young African American boy, was brutally murdered in Mississippi in the‬
‭summer of 1955, sparking outrage and highlighting racial violence.‬
‭3.‬ ‭The victory of the Montgomery Bus Boycott in December 1955 marked a successful‬
‭protest against segregation on public buses.‬
‭4.‬ ‭The ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas in 1954 declared‬
‭segregation in public schools unconstitutional, leading to the desegregation of schools.‬
‭5.‬ ‭The Little Rock 9 attended Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas in September‬
‭1957 with federal intervention protecting their rights.‬
‭6.‬ ‭The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLS) aimed to advance civil rights‬
‭through nonviolent means.‬
‭7.‬ ‭The "sit-in" movement originated in Greensboro, North Carolina in 1960, leading to the‬
‭desegregation of lunch counters across the South.‬
‭8.‬ ‭The Southern Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) played a key role in‬
‭the civil rights movement.‬
‭9.‬ ‭The Freedom Riders in May 1961 aimed to desegregate interstate bus travel,‬
‭contributing to civil rights progress.‬
‭10.‬‭James Meredith became the first African American student to enroll at the University of‬
‭Mississippi in 1962.‬
‭11.‬‭African American leaders organized the March on Washington in 1963 to advocate for‬
‭civil and economic rights.‬
‭12.‬‭The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in September 1963 resulted in the tragic deaths‬
‭of four African American girls.‬
‭13.‬‭The Civil Rights Act of 1964 aimed to end discrimination and segregation in public‬
‭places.‬
‭14.‬‭Freedom Summer in 1964 aimed to register African American voters and provide‬
‭educational opportunities in Mississippi.‬
‭15.‬‭The march from Selma to Montgomery in March 1965 demanded voting rights for African‬
‭Americans, leading to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.‬
‭16.‬‭The Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to overcome legal barriers preventing African‬
‭Americans from voting.‬
‭17.‬‭The Watts Riots in California in August 1965 were violent protests sparked by racial‬
‭tensions and police brutality.‬
‭18.‬‭Malcolm X advocated for black empowerment and self-defense during the Civil Rights‬
‭Movement.‬
‭19.‬‭The Black Panther Party focused on self-defense, community programs, and combating‬
‭police brutality in African American communities.‬
‭20.‬‭The Presidential Election of 1968 had candidates like Richard Nixon and Hubert‬
‭Humphrey, with law and order as a key issue, leading to Nixon's victory.‬
‭21.‬‭The Stonewall Riots in 1969 were a series of LGBTQ+ community demonstrations in‬
‭response to a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York City.‬
‭22.‬‭The 1972 Presidential Election saw Richard Nixon defeating George McGovern, partly‬
‭due to the Southern Strategy. Additionally, in 1972, Title IX banned sex discrimination in‬
 f‭ederally funded educational programs, while the ERA aimed to ensure gender equality‬
‭but was not ratified. Furthermore, Roe v. Wade in 1973 legalized abortion, marking a‬
‭significant milestone in women's reproductive rights.‬
‭23.‬‭The 1978 University of California v. Bakke ruling permitted race as a factor in university‬
‭admissions under affirmative action.‬
‭24.‬‭Native Americans advanced their rights in the 1970s, notably during the 1973 Wounded‬
‭Knee standoff in South Dakota.‬
‭25.‬‭Betty Friedan's "The Feminine Mystique" catalyzed second-wave feminism in the 1960s.‬
‭26.‬‭The National Organization for Women (NOW) was established in 1966 to champion‬
‭women's rights, including equal pay and reproductive rights.‬
‭27. Other Social Movements:‬
‭●‬ ‭The American Indian Movement (AIM) aimed to tackle systemic issues for‬
‭Native Americans, advocating for tribal sovereignty, treaty rights, and‬
‭better living conditions while raising awareness about injustices.‬
‭●‬ ‭The Asian-American Movement and "Yellow Power" challenged‬
‭stereotypes, discrimination, and promoted Asian-American identity and‬
‭civil rights, symbolizing empowerment and solidarity.‬
‭●‬ ‭The Gay Liberation Movement pushed for LGBTQ+ rights, visibility, and‬
‭acceptance to combat discrimination and achieve equality, with Harvey‬
‭Milk being a key advocate for LGBTQ+ rights.‬
‭●‬ ‭Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers (UFW) fought for better‬
‭conditions and rights for Hispanic and Filipino farm workers through‬
‭strikes and protests to gain recognition for their contributions.‬
‭●‬ ‭The Disabled Rights Movement, represented by American Disabled for‬
‭Accessible Public Transit (ADAPT), campaigned for accessible public‬
‭transport and equal rights for individuals with disabilities, aiming to‬
‭eliminate barriers to full participation in society.‬

‭ he US government institutions played key roles in advancing Civil Rights post-1945. Congress‬
T
‭passed significant laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the‬
‭Fair Housing Act of 1968 to fix segregation and protect civil rights. Presidents Truman,‬
‭Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson used executive orders and legislation to back civil rights,‬
‭such as desegregating the military and making crucial civil rights laws. Supreme Court rulings in‬
‭cases like Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia against discrimination, fostering‬
‭equality and civil rights.‬