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Pyrometry Guide 20 Nov 12
Pyrometry Guide 20 Nov 12
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Contents
BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................. 3
OUTLINE ........................................................................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 4
SECTION I – TEMPERATURE SENSORS (AKA T/C’S) ............................................... 6
Thermocouples........................................................................................................... 6
Correction Factors ..................................................................................................... 6
Guidelines for Temperature Sensors/Thermocouples ............................................ 8
Terminology for Temperature Sensors/Thermocouples ......................................... 8
Thermocouples and Their Usage .............................................................................. 9
SECTION II - INSTRUMENTATION.............................................................................. 11
SECTION III – THERMAL PROCESSING EQUIPMENT .............................................. 13
Other Issues – Parts vs. Raw Material .................................................................... 15
Nadcap INTERPRETATION ...................................................................................... 15
Use of Outside Calibration Sources ....................................................................... 16
Type A Instrumentation ........................................................................................... 17
Type B Instrumentation ........................................................................................... 18
Type C Instrumentation ........................................................................................... 19
Type D Instrumentation ........................................................................................... 20
Type E Instrumentation ........................................................................................... 21
SECTION IV – SYSTEM ACCURACY TESTS (SAT) ................................................... 22
Errors and Correction Factors ................................................................................ 22
SECTION V – TEMPERATURE UNIFORMITY SURVEYS (TUS) ................................ 25
Temperature Uniformity Requirements .................................................................. 25
SECTION VI – QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS ............................................... 30
SECTION VII - TABLES ............................................................................................... 31
SECTION VIII - DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................... 32
SECTION IX – FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ) ....................................... 33
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However, Pyrometry is also the core and basis of all heat treatment practice.
We have prepared this guide to improve the understanding of Pyrometry and the
performance of Pyrometric functions. It provides guidance and interpretations of
AMS2750E, as well as fundamental Pyrometry principles and tells you what a Nadcap
auditor will expect to see during an audit.
SCOPE: This guide is not intended to replace AMS2750E or waive any of its
requirements or those imposed by customers. The following are Nadcap
interpretations of the specification and these interpretations must be used only
as guidance to the specification. Customer requirements may exceed those
discussed here. It is the responsibility of the supplier to understand and comply
with all customer requirements.
OUTLINE
This guide parallels the structure of AMS2750E by direct reference to its paragraph
numbers. The Section headings are:
REMEMBER
You, the heat treaters, are ultimately responsible for the product and service you
supply. Many heat treaters rely on outside sources to perform Pyrometry. While
many of these sources are competent, the heat treater is still responsible for
properly documenting the scope of the outside source’s work including
specification references, and reviewing their work (and procedures) to determine
that customer requirements are being met.
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INTRODUCTION
If you are a heat treater, you need to know what you need to know.
A furnace
Certain heat treating work to do for your customer
As a heat treater, you have special calibration requirements and – you need to know
how to control your furnace temperature by Pyrometry.
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In addition, we will tell you what the Nadcap auditor will be looking for during the
audit. You, as the supplier, must have a detailed procedure covering your means
of compliance with customer requirements, including documentation. This is
required whether you perform these calibrations (tests) yourself or subcontract it
to an outside source.
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WHAT IS A THERMOCOUPLE?
WHAT IS A CORRECTION FACTOR?
Thermocouples
Thermocouples are the sensors that convey information about what temperature the
furnace is operating at and/or what temperature the parts are experiencing. By their
very nature, thermocouples have errors associated with them that must be corrected if
you want to know the true temperature.
Correction factors are used to adjust the readings of thermocouples, which have some
degree of error, to the actual (true) temperature. Your procedures must clearly state
when and how you determine and use correction factors.
Correction Factors
Documentation should always be set up so that you algebraically add the Correction
Factor to the indicated reading to get the actual (true) reading.
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In both cases, the assumption made is that there is a straight line (correction
factor varies linearly with temperature) between each calibration point, though
this is not always the case – particularly with base metal thermocouples such as
type K.
Alternatively, it is allowable to assume that the correction factor is that for the closest
temperature of the 250°F range. The supplier must be consistent and the procedure
must clearly define the method for choosing the correction factor. AMS2750 does not U
require interpolation of correction factors and suppliers are not required to interpolate for
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correction factors. Rounding per ASTM E29 to a whole degree is allowed to be applied
at the final result only.
Correction factors may not be extrapolated above or below calibration data listed
on the certifications. (i.e.: If the highest calibration temperature on a certification is
1800°F, correction factors for higher temperatures may not be extrapolated and the wire
may not be used at higher temperatures).
The use of correction factors on load thermocouples is optional (except where required
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If you DON’T USE correction factors, then NEVER use correction factors!
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Note: Load thermocouples are subject to System Accuracy Test (SAT) requirements
using a method defined in AMS2750E section 3.4.4.
Any prime specific requirements are known and incorporated into the P.O.
The end use is known (i.e., primary, secondary, test, furnace or load)
The desired thermocouple material type is known
The maximum range of use is known
The test point schedule is specified to the supplier.
You should be familiar with the following terms. See AMS2750E section 2.2 for
their definitions:
Calibration test points must be at temperatures and intervals determined by the end
use. The lower test point must be equal to or less than the lowest value of the range of
use. The upper test point must be equal to or greater than the highest value of the
range of use. No interval between any two test points may be greater than 250°F,
unless the thermocouples are to be only used at fixed points.
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The lowest temperature calibration test point is greater than the lowest value of the
range of use, or the highest temperature calibration test point is lower than the highest
value of the range of use, or where any interval between calibration test points is
greater than 250°F.
Remember: No Extrapolation!
closely for the detailed requirements. Some of the key areas that should be
studied include, but are not limited to:
FAQ3&4 Paragraph 3.1.1.5 - States that extension wire in new installations after
September 1, 2006 shall conform to ASTM E230 or national equivalent, and that connectors,
plugs, jacks and terminal strips are permitted if they are the compatible type.
Paragraph 3.1.2.6 - States requirements for length and calibration of roll thermocouple
wire and what to do if the roll does not meet the accuracy limits.
NOTE– This requires appropriate record keeping establishing that limits are maintained.
footnote 11).
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Paragraph 3.1.5.1 - Load sensors may be used as control sensors in accordance with
3.1.4.2. When a load sensor is used as a control sensor, no control, monitoring, or
recording sensor shall exceed the maximum allowed processing temperature.
Paragraph 3.1.5.3 - The life of nonexpendable base metal load thermocouples shall be
determined by the operating temperature(s). Records shall be maintained of the
accumulated thermocouple use (furnace load cycle).
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SECTION II - INSTRUMENTATION
HOW DOES THERMOCOUPLE DATA GET USED FOR RECORDING AND CONTROL?
The instrumentation takes the electrical impulses (millivolt, emf) supplied by the
thermocouples and converts them into a readable format.
Table 3 of AMS2750E details the requirements for Test and Furnace Instrumentation,
and their Calibration Standards, including their use, calibration interval and accuracy,
and what type of standard is required to calibrate the instrument.
Table 4 of AMS2750E lists the resolution (readability) requirements for furnace chart
recorders. (See 3.2.1 for further clarification)
Table 5 of AMS2750E gives the requirements for printing and chart speeds for furnace
recorders. (See 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 for further clarification)
Paragraph 3.2.1 - Users shall review all instrument requirements in AMS 2750E as not
all instruments approved for use in AMS 2750C will meet the requirements of
AMS2750D and this revision.
FAQ11 Paragraph 3.2.1.1 - The following requirements (3.2.1.1.1 and 3.2.1.1.2) apply
to control, monitoring, or recording instruments purchased 1 year after September 2005,
the issue date of AMS 2750D. Control, monitoring, or recording instruments purchased
prior to September 2006 may meet the requirements of AMS 2750C until 3 years after
the issue date of AMS2750E (until July 2015).
Paragraph 3.2.2 - Test instruments shall be digital and have a minimum readability
of 1°F or 1°C.
Note: This also means that where test recordings are required such as with a
Temperature Uniformity Survey (TUS) that the recordings and printings
must also be digital and automatically recorded.
Paragraph 3.2.3.1 - At least one recording and/or controlling instrument for each zone
shall have a minimum readability of 1°F or 1°C.
Paragraph 3.2.4 - deals with Offsets. Please study this paragraph and the sub-
paragraph carefully if you are using offsets. Either manual or electronic offsets may be
used as long as the method is detailed in a documented procedure and the offsets do
not exceed the limits allowed in Tables 6 and 7, as applicable.
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Paragraph 3.2.5.5.1.1 – States to report the As-Left condition following any adjustment
and re-test.
FAQ15 Paragraphs 3.2.6.1 and 3.2.6.2 - State explicitly that A) The calibration sticker
be affixed to the furnace instruments (or in close proximity), and B) the calibration report
include the complete list of detail items included there.
Paragraph 3.2.7 - States the requirements for Electronic Records. If you utilize
computer data acquisition type or recording equipment, this is a paragraph you should
review carefully.
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should be reviewed closely for the detailed requirements. Some of the key areas
that should be studied include, but are not limited to:
FAQ17&18 Paragraph 3.3.1 – States that Furnace classes are defined in Figure 2 and
are based on the minimum requirements for temperature uniformity. Instrumentation
types are based on the level of instrumentation used to control, record, or indicate the
desired temperature. Frequencies for system accuracy tests, temperature uniformity
surveys, and controlling, monitoring, and recording instrument calibrations are based on
the furnace class and instrumentation type, and are summarized in (Table 3, 6, 7, 8, or
9).
Temperature
Temperature Uniformity
Furnace Class Uniformity Range
Range (Degrees C)
(Degrees F)
1 5 3
2 10 6
3 15 8
4 20 10
5 25 14
6 50 28
&FIGURE 2 - Furnace Classes
FAQ19 Paragraph 3.3.2 and Figure 3 describe what comprises the various
Instrumentation Types A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. The required instrumentation
is for each Control Zone in the furnace. Therefore, multi-zone furnaces will require
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It should be noted that AMS2750E does not require any particular Instrumentation Type
for any specific heat treatment application or use. These minimum requirements, if any,
are driven by the applicable heat treatment or processing specification that references
AMS2750 for Pyrometry requirements.
There are incentives for having higher Instrument Types namely longer intervals for
System Accuracy Test (SAT) and Temperature Uniformity Surveys (TUS)
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It should also be noted that all Instrumentation Types, except for Type E require each
furnace control zone to have over-temperature protection.
This is changed from AMS 2750D, as there are new requirements for instrumentation of
refrigeration equipment and quench systems.
Paragraph 3.3.3.2 – Existing quench systems installed prior to September 2005 do not
require recording instruments until July 2015.
Paragraph 3.3.6 - For vacuum furnaces with 225 cubic feet or less in working volume
that are instrumented with Types A, B, or C instrumentation per AMS 2750, it is
acceptable to treat the furnace working volume as a single work zone for the purpose of
locating high and low temperature recording thermocouples and determining the
number of load thermocouples required regardless of the number of control
thermocouples or instruments within the vacuum furnace. The minimum requirement is
summarized in Figure 4:
Notes:
1. For the purpose of this Guide, a Vacuum Furnace is defined as a furnace capable of
operating at any pressures lower than the atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg).
2. SAT tests are required on all process sensors that input temperature information for
control or recording purposes.
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Nadcap INTERPRETATION
The differentiation between “Part Heat treatment” and “Raw Material Heat Treatment” is
a very controversial subject. It is the prerogative of each prime OEM to designate
whether they consider certain material forms as either “Parts” or “Raw Material”. This
controversy is most common with, but may not be limited to, castings and forgings.
There is a difference in the SAT and TUS testing frequencies IAW AMS 2750 between
Part Furnaces and Raw Material Furnaces. It is the responsibility of the Supplier to be
knowledgeable of the Parts vs. Raw Materials policy for each of their prime customers
and be able to document this policy to the Nadcap Auditor. Some furnaces may be
designated as “Part Furnaces” and other as “Raw Material Furnaces” as long as they
are identified as such. If a Supplier wishes to designate all of its furnaces as “Raw
Material”, then it must have concurrence on this interpretation from ALL of its prime
OEM customers.
To ease the process of identifying what prime customers consider in general, the Task
Group put together the following table which is a guide and is for information only:
Does your company consider Castings and Forgings parts or raw material?
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You, the heat treater, must inform the outside Calibration source which of these
Definitions apply to the heat treating you are to perform.
From this the calibration source can determine your requirements from the
specifications invoked and the size of the furnace. You, the heat treater, will need to be
able to supply evidence that you reviewed and approved the calibration source’s
procedures, and that you also reviewed their certifications.
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Type A Instrumentation
Control
Sensor
Over-Temp Sensor
Control Instrument &
High Temp Monitor
Part or
Raw
Material
Low Temp
Sensor
Load Sensor
Instrument Chart
Recorder
Furnace
Work
High Limit Device Zone
(Required) Furnace Wall
Control Instrument Note: May be used
Control Sensor with the high temp
sensor as shown.
Temperature Display
Recording Instrument(s)
High and Low Temperature Work Zone Sensors
Minimum of One Recording Load Sensor Multipoint Chart Recorder or Separate
Channel(s) in Instrument Chart
Over Temperature Protection Recorder
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Type B Instrumentation
Control Sensor
Part or Raw
Material
Load Sensor
Instrument Chart
Recorder
Furnace
Work Zone
High Limit Device
(Required) Furnace Wall
Control Instrument
Control Sensor
Temperature Display
Recording Instrument(s)
Minimum of One Recording Load Sensor
Over Temperature Protection Multipoint Chart Recorder or Separate
Channel(s) in Instrument Chart Recorder
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Type C Instrumentation
Control Sensor
Over-Temp Sensor &
Control Instrument High Temp Monitor
Part or Raw
Material
Instrument Chart
Recorder
Furnace
Work Zone
High Limit Device
(Required) Furnace Wall
Control Instrument Note: May be used
with the high temp
Control Sensor sensor as shown.
Temperature Display
Recording Instrument(s)
High and Low Temperature Work Zone Sensors
Over Temperature Protection Multipoint Chart Recorder or Separate
Channel(s) in Instrument Chart Recorder
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Type D Instrumentation
Control Sensor
Part or Raw
Material
Instrument Chart
Recorder
Furnace
Work Zone
Over Temp
Protection Furnace Wall
Control Instrument (Required)
Control Sensor
Temperature Display
Recording Instrument
Over Temperature Protection
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Control Instrument
Part or Raw
Material
Furnace
Work Zone
Furnace Wall
Control Instrument
Control Sensor
Temperature Display
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Error is the deviation of the indicated reading of an instrument or sensor under test from
the true value.
Example1: If the indicated temperature is 1000°F and the true temperature is 1002°F,
the error is -2°F. To correct the error, you must reverse the sign of the error to make it
the correction factor. Then you algebraically add the correction factor to the indicated
treading. To correct the indicated temperature, you must add +2°F to 1000°F to get
1002°F.
To obtain the true temperature, you must add the correction factors to the indicated
reading of the Test Instrument/Test Sensor combination in this way.
NOTE: Some may choose to also correct for the furnace instrument and furnace
sensor. This is not required and not recommended. However, if correction factors
other than test sensor data are used, these correction factors must be used when
reading all temperatures during production.
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NOTE: It is NEVER acceptable to use the same recorder for system accuracy tests as
is used to record furnace data. The only exception would be if totally separate channels
are used in the same instrument and they are independently calibrated with a field test
instrument that meets the accuracy requirement of a secondary standard instrument.
See Table 3 of AMS2750E.
Paragraph 3.4 of AMS2750E covers System Accuracy Tests (SAT) and should be
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reviewed closely for the detailed requirements. Some of the key areas that
should be studied include, but are not limited to:
FAQ21 Paragraph 3.4.1 - States that SATs are performed on the temperature control
and recording systems in each control zone of each piece of thermal processing
equipment. It further requires that SATs are performed on the additional recording
systems (furnace and/or load) that qualify the furnace for Types A, B, or C,
instrumentation.
FAQ22 Paragraph 3.4.2.1 – States that a new SAT shall be performed after any
maintenance that could affect the SAT accuracy. Examples include replacement of the
thermocouple, replacement of controlling, monitoring and recording instrument, and
recalibration of the instrument when any adjustment has been made. Quality
Assurance shall be consulted for direction on whether specific maintenance requires a
new SAT.
Paragraph 3.4.3 and Table 6 or 7, as applicable - States the conditions where SAT
frequency may be reduced within the limitations allowed.
FAQ23 Paragraphs 3.4.3.1 and 3.4.3.2 - Provisions for SAT frequency reduction:
FAQ24 Paragraph 3.4.3.2 – Weekly readings show that the relationship between the
control sensor and an additional monitoring or recording sensor in each control zone
remains within 2°F (1°C) of their relationship at the time of the last Temperature
Uniformity Survey.
Para 3.4.5.1 - The displayed temperature indication and/or recording of the sensor
being tested as used in production, with appropriate offsets or correction factors, at any
operating temperature, shall be compared with the corrected temperature indication of
the test sensor on a test instrument.
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Paragraph 3.4.5.2 – States that the tip (measuring junction) of the SAT sensor shall be
as close as practical to the tip (measuring junction) of the controlling, monitoring, or
recording sensor, but the tip to tip distance shall not exceed 3 inches (76 mm).
Subsequent SATs shall utilize test thermocouple(s) placed in the same
locations/positions/depth as the initial test. The SAT sensor may be inserted
temporarily for the test or may be a resident test sensor, subject to the limitations of
3.4.5.2.1.
FAQ26 Paragraph 3.4.5.3 – The difference calculated between the reading of the
furnace sensor system being tested (sensor, lead wire, and instrument) and the
corrected reading of the test sensor system (after test sensor and test instrument
correction factors are applied) shall be recorded as the system accuracy test
difference. Applicable correction factors shall be applied algebraically.
Examples in Paragraph 3.4.5.3.1 – Details the use of correction factors including when
and how they may be applied depending on whether any electronic offsets have been
introduced into the instruments. There are also several very good examples in Figure 6
that show how to calculate the SAT result.
Paragraph 3.4.5.4 – SAT tolerances listed in Tables 6 and 7 are requirements and
these values must be met. There is no more of the “greater than 2°F, but less than 5°F”
gray area. If the SAT does not meet the tolerance, the test is failed, corrective action
must be taken, and a new SAT must pass before processing may continue in the
furnace.
NOTE: The allowable SAT differences are now expressed as x°F or 0.x% of reading,
whichever is greater. Example: 5°F or 0.5% of reading for a Class 5 furnace; at
1700°F, the allowable SAT difference is 0.5% of 1700°F or 8.5°F.
Paragraph 3.4.6 - States an alternative method for performing an SAT for sensors used
only once (single use) or for multiple use sensors replaced at an interval shorter than
the appropriate SAT interval.
FAQ27-29 Paragraph 3.4.7 - States the conditions where the SAT may be waived.
Note that all subparagraphs of 3.4.7 must be met to exercise the SAT waiver.
Note: Some Primes (i.e. SAFRAN Group) do not allow SAT Waiver.
Paragraph 3.4.8 - States an explicit list of items to be documented for the SAT test.
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These tests are to ensure that there are no temperature variations outside acceptable
limits from place to place within the Qualified Work Zone of the furnace.
Calculation of the actual temperature uniformity is required for each test performed.
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The calculation is determined by taking the deviation of the corrected test sensor
reading from the specified test temperature. It is not necessary to re-record the data
from the digital charts data onto a table for each data point. It is sufficient to identify the
highest and lowest temperature point on the actual digital chart data and apply the
correction factors to those two data points, not the entire table. It is not necessary to re-
type all the data points from the survey charts data.
It is allowable to offset the furnace control set point to center the uniformity as long as it
does not exceed the limits of Table 6 or 7. Offset data from the uniformity survey can
be used to “center” the temperature of parts being heat treated.
Paragraph 3.5 of AMS2750E covers Temperature Uniformity Surveys (TUS) and should
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be reviewed closely for the detailed requirements. Some of the key areas that should
be studied include, but are not limited to:
Paragraph 3.5.2 - States the concept of the Multiple Qualified Operating Temperature
Ranges that may therefore have multiple, different Furnace Classes based on TUS.
The important feature of this paragraph is: “All furnace modifications shall be
documented and the responsible Quality Assurance organization shall make the
determination whether an initial TUS is required based on the modifications made
and the particular furnace configuration.”
Paragraph 3.5.5 - Requires that the initial TUS is performed at the minimum and
maximum temperatures of the Qualified Operating Temperature Range(s), and at
intervals of no more than 600°F (335°C) in between.
FAQ30 Paragraph 3.5.6 – States that periodic survey temperatures shall be any
temperature within each Qualified Temperature Operating Range(s).
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Paragraph 3.5.6.1 – NEW – For single operating ranges greater than 600°F (335°C),
TUS temperatures shall be selected so that one temperature is within 300°F (170°C) of
the maximum and another temperature is within 300°F (170°C) of the minimum qualified
operating range and there are no more than 600°F (335°C) increments in between.
Additionally, at least once within each calendar year periodic tests shall be
performed at the minimum and maximum temperatures of each Qualified
Operating Temperature Range.
Paragraph 3.5.7 –States that survey frequency shall be in accordance with Table 8 or
Table 9
Paragraph 3.5.7.1- States that extended TUS intervals are based on both instrument
type and history of the required number of successful surveys. In addition, a
documented preventive maintenance program shall be in effect.
Paragraph 3.5.8 - States that all parameters used during TUS, except as outlined in
3.5.9, 3.5.10, 3.5.11 and 3.5.12 shall reflect the normal operation of the furnace and
equipment in production.
Paragraph 3.5.10 - States that a TUS may be performed with an actual production load,
simulated production load, a rack, or empty. Once a method of surveying a furnace is
established during an initial TUS, subsequent surveys shall be conducted using
the same method. If changes are made to the established method, an initial TUS shall
be performed to validate the revised method.
Paragraph 3.5.10.1- States that if the TUS is performed empty or with a rack, and if
TUS sensors are attached to or inserted into heat sinks, the side-to-side thickness or
the diameter of the heat sink shall:
furnace. Heat sink material shall be the material with the highest room
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FAQ31 Paragraph 3.5.10.2 - When the TUS is performed with a load, and the TUS
sensors are attached to simulated product or parts, the load shall represent the
thickness of the material normally processed.
Paragraph 3.5.11 – States that the furnace atmosphere during a TUS shall be the
normal atmosphere used for production. Furnaces used for those processes whose
required atmospheres could contaminate the test sensors (i.e., carburizing, Nitriding,
endothermic, and exothermic) or atmospheres that could pose a safety hazard (i.e.
hydrogen or ammonia containing) may be tested with an atmosphere of air or inert gas.
Paragraph 3.5.12 - States that the furnace vacuum level during TUS on vacuum
furnaces shall be run at the lowest vacuum level used in production, but need not be
less than 1 micron Hg (1 × 10-3 Torr, or 1.3 × 10-3 millibar).
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Paragraph 3.5.13.3.1 - States that data collection shall begin before the first furnace or
TUS sensor reaches the lower tolerance limit of each test temperature so that any
furnace or TUS sensor exceeding the upper temperature uniformity tolerance is clearly
detected. If the furnace is prestabilized, data collection shall begin as soon as the test
load or rack is loaded in the furnace.
furnace sensors required by the applicable instrumentation type (see 3.3) shall be
recorded as follows: (Sensors whose only function is over temperature protection do
not need to be recorded).
Note: Since paragraph 3.2.2 requires Digital Test Instrumentation, this also
implies that Recording Test Instrumentation such as used for the performance of
Temperature Uniformity Surveys (TUS) must also be digital.
FAQ35 Paragraph 3.5.13.4 – Describes the alternative probing method for performing
a TUS in Salt Baths, etc.
Paragraph 3.5.14 – States the requirements for performing a TUS on Continuous and
Semi-Continuous Furnaces, by either the Volumetric Method, or the Plane Method, and
the data collection requirements associated with these methods.
Paragraph 3.5.15 – Describes the alternative test methods for performing a TUS on
Continuous, Semi-Continuous Furnaces or Furnaces with Retorts and Muffles including
the Probing Method and the use of Property Surveys in lieu of performing a TUS.
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Paragraph 3.5.18 – States that when the hottest and coldest temperature locations
change within the furnace (based on the final readings from the most recent
Temperature Uniformity Survey), the monitoring sensors locations for types A and C
instrumentation may need to be moved within the furnace to reflect the new hottest and
coldest locations within the work zone. These sensors do not require relocation if the
overall temperature uniformity does not exceed one half of the maximum temperature
uniformity tolerance for the applicable furnace class at all temperatures surveyed, or if
the difference between the measured temperature at the current recording locations and
the actual respective hottest and coldest measured areas is less than the system
accuracy test (SAT) tolerance for the applicable furnace class.
Paragraph 3.5.19.1.1 - States that for equipment tested at extended interval, failure of a
temperature uniformity survey shall cause the test frequency to revert to the initial test
frequency specified in Table 8 or 9. Interval shall not be extended until the specified
number of successful consecutive tests in Table 8 or 9 have been completed.
FAQ38 Paragraph 3.5.19.1.2 - States what must be done if the form of corrective
action for a failed survey is adjusting (offsetting) the control instrument.
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Paragraph 3.5.22 – States that surveys performed prior to the issue date of this
revision, in accordance with previous AMS 2750 revisions, may be considered
equivalent to tests performed in accordance with this revision for the purpose of
qualifying furnaces for (1) waiving initial temperature uniformity tests or (2) reducing
frequency of periodic temperature uniformity tests.
Paragraph 3.5.23.1 – Radiation test sensors(s), when performing a radiation test, shall
be added to the normal survey sensors.
Paragraph 3.6 - States unique requirements for Laboratory Furnaces used for
“response to heat treating testing” per material specifications.
Paragraph 3.7.1 – States that all calibration and test records including sensors,
standard cells and instruments, system accuracy tests, and temperature uniformity
surveys, including any test or survey failures shall be available for inspection and
maintained for not less than 5 years (or in accordance with customer requirements,
whichever is greater).
Paragraph 3.7.2 – States that calibration records of sensors, standard cells, and
instruments shall include traceability to the NIST or equivalent National Standard.
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Paragraph 4.1.1.1 - States that corrective action shall be documented including the
actions taken to bring the instrument/sensor/test into compliance.
Paragraph 4.2 - States that in the event of any test failure or out-of-tolerance condition,
an evaluation of the possible effects of the non-conformance on product processed
since the last successful corresponding test shall be performed and documented. The
evaluation shall be documented per established material review procedures.
Appropriate corrective action shall be taken, documented and maintained on file. When
material processing conditions deviate from specification requirement affected
purchaser(s) shall be notified.
Para 4.2.1 - States that a conforming corresponding tests shall be required as evidence
of adequate corrective action.
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Paragraph 2.2.45 - “Raw Material Heat Treatment (e.g., sheet, plate, bar, extrusions,
forgings, castings)”: Heat treatment performed by or for the raw material producer and
product is tested as required by a material specification.
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Disclaimer note:
The following FAQs represent solely the PRI/Nadcap interpretation of AMS 2750E
until any future revision will be made available by the SAE. The actual
interpretations do not intend to override the specification’s requirements. For a
proper interpretation of the specification’s requirements, please address your
inquires to the AMEC committee who wrote the specification.
2) Paragraph 2.2.30 - Revision E does not provide any guidance (or requirements) on
the allowable methods to make the “measuring junction” (expendable thermocouples).
A number of methods are employed, i.e., twisting only, twisting and welding, twisting
and banding, etc. Are there any specific recommendations or requirements?
Response: AMS 2750E is silent on the subject of making the measuring junction. It is
incumbent upon the supplier to use a method that is suited for the application of the
thermocouple. Back
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4) Paragraph 3.1.1.5 - We use thermocouple wire as extension wire with our furnace
systems. Is it necessary to have the calibration certification for thermocouple wire used
as extension wire?
5) Paragraph 3.1.2.4 - Paragraph 3.1.2.4 states: “Users shall have supporting data
such as, but not limited to, SAT, TUS, and re-calibration data and written procedures
controlling the replacement of sensors including limits on maximum life and/or number
of uses, as applicable.” Does this declaration imply that the heat treater must have a
replacement schedule for controlling, monitoring, and recording thermocouples in a
furnace?
Response: AMS 2750E does not place any restrictions on the length of time that a
controlling, monitoring, or recording thermocouple may be used (with the exception of
applying provisions for implementing a SAT waiver as presented in Paragraph 3.4.7).
However, the heat treater is reminded that AC 7102 requires that a preventative
maintenance plan be in place for each item of heat treat processing equipment. The
primary purpose of preventative maintenance is to avoid or mitigate the consequences
of failure of equipment or equipment components. Therefore, to preclude failure
(excessive drift, etc.) of controlling, monitoring, and recording sensors, the heat treater
shall have a schedule for replacement of those sensors. The replacement frequency is
determined by the heat treater based on historical data that supports the replacement
frequency (i.e., a replacement time interval that precludes failure of the sensor). Back
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7) Paragraph 3.1.2.5.1 – What is the definition of the term “calibrated at fixed points?”
Response: That assumption is correct. The sensors referenced in 3.1.5.1 are intended
to be sensors that measure work zone temperature (with the work zone obviously inside
of the retort). Paragraph 3.5.13.3.4 provides additional clarification by stating, “When a
retort is used, the temperature of the furnace in which the retort is inserted shall be
controlled so that the specified heat treating temperature is maintained within the retort.”
AMS 2750E recognizes retort furnaces and related considerations in multiple
paragraphs.
9) Paragraph 3.1.5.2 - Paragraph 3.1.5.2 limits the life of expendable base metal load
thermocouples to a single use at temperatures above 1200°F (650°C). However, the
same nonexpendable wire types could be used up to 15 times at temperatures between
1200°F (650°C) and 1800°F (980°C) for conducting temperature uniformity surveys.
Why is there so much disparity in reuse provisions between the two applications?
Some individuals reason that the more restrictive reuse provisions should apply to TUS
thermocouples instead of load thermocouples.
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10) Paragraph 3.1.5.2 - We reuse expendable base metal load thermocouples that
have been subjected to temperatures above 1200°F by trimming off the portion exposed
to temperature and remaking the hot junction. For one example, the furnace requires a
load thermocouple with a total length of 20 feet (10 feet of wire inside the furnace and
10 feet of wire from the furnace door to the recording instrument connection. Our
approach is to cut a length of thermocouple wire 100 feet in length. After each load, the
used portion is trimmed off (10 feet) and the next 10 feet is inserted, etc. Is this cost
saving approach to load thermocouple use acceptable?
11) Paragraph 3.2.1.1.2 - The only reference to maximum intervals for temperature
U
Response: The above interpretation is correct. However, most heat treaters would
likely opt to print or record temperature data at a more frequent interval. In many
cases, collection of temperature data at the maximum allowed time interval of 10
minutes would make it difficult or impossible to determine precise start of soak times
and to demonstrate compliance with ramp-up requirements (to include verification of the
absence of overshoot). It is considered that Footnote (4) to Table 5 is applicable to both
heat-up and cooling. Back
12) Paragraph 3.2.5.3 - This paragraph reference notes that “sensitivity shall be
U
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14) Paragraph 3.2.5.5.3 - It is stated that, “Chart recorder (circular and strip) speed(s)
shall be verified annually and shall be accurate within ±3 minutes per hour.” Will I need
to use a calibrated stop watch to perform the annual verification of recorder chart
speed? Additionally, does this requirement also apply to chart recorders that print the
scale? With these types of recorders, printing of the time line is integral with printing of
the chart and is not dependent on following preprinted chart paper.
Response: Basic QA and calibration principles would require that the device used to
verify (measurement standard) the accuracy of the recorder is calibrated. Otherwise,
there is no way to demonstrate the accuracy of the measurement. The verification
process applies to all recorders, regardless of how the scale, temperature, and times
are printed. This would also apply to the device used to measure quench delay. Back
15) Paragraph 3.2.6.1 - It notes that “Any limitations or restrictions of the calibration
U
shall be indicated on the sticker.” What are some examples of limitations or restrictions
that might represent the intent of this requirement?
16) Paragraph 3.3 - Categorization of furnace equipment for Class and Instrumentation
U
Type: AMS 2750E designates a method to categorize furnaces with Class and
Instrumentation Type. Some primes utilize a different method of categorizing furnaces
(for example Boeing specification, BAC5621). What is the position of the Heat Treating
Task Group on categorization of furnaces and how should that categorization be
documented and/or displayed by the heat treater?
Response: The basic consideration is to ensure that the furnace meets the customer
specification requirements for the type of processing performed. Internal procedure
must identify the furnace categorization in accordance with applicable customer
specifications. This may require multiple methods of categorization to comply with the
requirements of multiple customers. It is desirable, but not mandatory, that the
categorization (i.e., AMS 2750E, Class 2, Instrumentation Type D; and/or BAC5621,
Class 2, Instrumentation Type B) be displayed on the furnace or the furnace instrument
panel.
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17) Paragraph 3.3.1 - Paragraph 3.3.1 indicates that the furnace class used for a heat
treatment shall be as designated by the customer or as specified in the controlling heat
treat specification. What do I use for a furnace class (or temperature tolerance range) if
that requirement is not stated in the heat treat specification?
Response: The heat treater would contact the customer or prime as applicable for
clarification. It is required that confirmation of all process parameters associated with a
job be identified prior to performing the job. This should be an integral part of the
contract review process and a basic quality system concept. Back
18) Paragraphs 3.3.1 and Figure 3 - Requires that for Instrumentation Types A, B, C,
U
and D, the temperature indicated by the control sensor in each control zone shall be
recorded by a recording instrument. Is it permissible to use a video camera to record
the display temperature on the control instrument as a means to accomplish this
requirement?
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What method is to be used in identifying locations for the high and low temperature
sensors in furnace equipment with multiple controlling zones and a smaller size work
zone volume?
Example: Consider a furnace with less than 225 cubic feet of work zone volume and
three control zones. A TUS for a furnace of this work zone size would
require nine test sensors. To qualify the furnace for Instrumentation Type C,
it is required that each control zone be equipped with a temperature
monitoring sensor installed at the high and low temperature locations in each
of the three control zones as determined by the results of the most recent
TUS. In this example, the center control zone would contain only one TUS
sensor (at the center of the overall work zone).
Response: The method of determining locations for high and low temperature
monitoring sensors relative to Instrumentation Type A and Instrumentation Type C is not
specifically addressed in AMS 2750E. The above example would require six
temperature monitoring sensors - one high temperature and one low temperature
sensor in each of the three control zones within the overall qualified work zone of less
than 225 cubic feet. Some might consider this requirement to be “overkill” in order to
configure a furnace for Type A or Type C Instrumentation. However, except the
vacuum furnaces, at this time that is the requirement. If a heat treater chooses to
configure a furnace for Type A or C instrumentation in order to take advantage of SAT
and/or TUS frequency reductions, it is suggested that an “initial” TUS be performed with
sufficient additional test sensors to adequately evaluate the temperature extremes of
each control zone. The heat treater is reminded that currently there are no consensus
specifications that require configuration of a furnace with Instrumentation Type A or
Instrumentation Type C.
Note: This issue is addressed in Revision E, Paragraph 3.3.6, for vacuum furnaces
where the question is most relevant. Back
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20) Paragraph 3.3.4 - Additional sensor in a furnace work zone: Is it acceptable for a
U
heat treater to configure a furnace with additional sensors for internal use only? For
example, internal procedure might require the use of a load sensor with each load. Per
AMS 2750E, the furnace configuration could be Instrumentation Type B. However, the
supplier chooses to classify and maintain the furnace as Instrumentation Type D.
Internal procedure would state that the load sensor was for internal use only and would
state that the furnace was Instrumentation Type D. Therefore, AMS 2750D
requirements for the additional load sensor (SAT, usage limitations, etc.) would not be
applicable.
Response: The heat treating Task Group considers this to be acceptable practice
providing internal procedure is written to adequately address the purpose of the
additional sensor. Internal procedure must clearly identify that the additional sensor is
for “information only” and the readings are not used for start of soak, process
acceptance, or any other metallurgical decisions.
21) Paragraph 3.4.1 - Paragraph 3.4.1 states that “SATs shall be performed on the
temperature control and recording systems in each control zone of each piece of
thermal processing equipment . . . .” In a furnace with multiple sensors, the increased
number of control and/or recording systems that require SATs may be offset by a
reduction in SAT frequency. But, the procedure is more complicated and time
consuming than inserting one test sensor in one position. Is it acceptable for the
supplier to designate a furnace with multiple sensors as Instrumentation Type D and
carry out a weekly SAT only on the main control and recording systems?
Response: It has always been the requirement to perform system accuracy testing on
all control and recording systems in the furnace that are used for temperature control or
product acceptance. It is acceptable for the supplier to categorize a furnace as
Instrumentation Type D while having additional sensors in each control zone. However,
internal procedure must specify the additional sensors are for reference only and are
not used for temperature control or product acceptance purposes. Paragraph 3.4.1
clearly implies that any additional control and/or recording sensors in each control zone
that are used for temperature control or product acceptance shall have system accuracy
testing performed at the designated frequency. Back
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22) Paragraph 3.4.2 - We have a furnace that is used only on an infrequent basis. Is it
necessary to start the furnace and perform system accuracy testing at the required
frequency, or is it acceptable to wait until the furnace is put back in use and perform
testing prior to production heat treatment?
Response: It is acceptable to remove the furnace from service (red tag, etc.) at the
expiration of the SAT calibration period. Then, prior to use for aerospace applications
the SAT (and any other due calibration testing) must be performed. Back
23) Paragraph 3.4.3.1 – Paragraph 3.4.3.1 states that SAT frequency may be reduced
one step if “Two sensors in each control zone are Type B, N, R, or S.” If the over-
temperature sensor is B, N, R, or S, is an SAT required for qualification of the over-
temperature sensor as the additional B, N, R, or S sensor for this purpose?
Response: Yes, if the sensors are to be used for the basis of frequency reduction, then
an SAT will be require on both sensors at the specified frequency. Back
Response: Wording of referenced Paragraph 3.4.3.2 provides the heat treater with
some flexibility in compliance with the noted provision. Within that flexibility afforded,
the heat treater that chooses to employ this option should determine the specific
method to demonstrate compliance with Paragraph 3.4.3.2, and then implement that
method through internal procedure. Note that some furnaces may not be capable of
compliance without special consideration for the monitoring sensor relationship and
sensor location relative to the control thermocouple. It would be required that the
established procedure be appropriately documented and that monitoring results be
recorded and maintained (form, log, etc.) to verify compliance. The over-temperature
sensor could be a likely candidate for the additional sensor in many applications. Back
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Response: Replacement and/or recalibration requirements for resident SAT sensors are
the same as for nonresident SAT sensors.
Note: See Figure E, Figure A, and Table 1. Back
Response: Most field test instruments in use today will read to the nearest tenth of a
degree. Additionally, most certificates of calibration for sensors and sensor wire provide
correction factors (or error/deviation) to the nearest tenth of a degree. An approach that
is widely used and considered acceptable is to conduct the SAT and TUS with
calculations to the tenth of a degree (when possible with consideration to the calibration
certificate on the sensor and the field test instrument). For the final test result value(s),
it is acceptable to round off in accordance with ASTM E29 to the nearest whole number.
The method employed should be included in internal procedure and should be
consistent in the manner applied. Back
27) Paragraph 3.4.7.1 - To qualify for waiver from system accuracy testing with
Instrumentation Types A, B, C, and D furnaces, Paragraph 3.4.7.1 requires that “there
are always at least two recording load sensors in each control zone, one monitoring and
one controlling.” It is further stated that “the controlling load sensor, in this context,
does not need to be physically connected to the furnace controller.” Many times load
thermocouples are used to trigger the start of soak (but do not control the temperature).
Do these counts as controlling thermocouples? How are these requirements interpreted
by the heat treat task group?
Response: Within the context of this paragraph, the “controlling” load sensor does not
need to be physically connected to the furnace control instrument. Paragraph 3.4.7.1.2
states that: “Manual adjustments to the controller set point, based on observed load
sensor readings provide acceptable control.” It may be that the observed load sensor
readings do not require manual adjustment of the controller; however, the load sensor is
serving the same purpose (monitoring of the load temperature to determine if manual
adjustment of the set-point temperature is required). As noted in the question, the
controlling load sensor, in this context, does not need to be physically connected to the
furnace controller. Back
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28) Paragraph 3.4.7.6 - Our facility is not clear on the interpretation of: “Weekly
readings must also show that the relationship between the control sensor and an
additional monitoring sensor in each control zone remains within 2°F (1°C) of their
relationship at the time of the last Temperature Uniformity Survey.” Would the task
group provide an example of how the 2°F (1°C) relationship might be applied?
Response: As an example, let us say that the additional monitoring sensor to be used
for this purpose is the over temperature sensor connected to the over temperature
instrument. Note that when used for this purpose, the over temperature instrument
must be calibrated. During the most recent temperature uniformity survey the control
maintained a temperature of 1000°F (542°C) and the over temperature instrument
displayed a temperature of 1004°F (544°C). Therefore, the difference between the two
readings is 4°F (2°C). Subsequently, during the weekly (seven day period)
observations and recordings of the difference between the compared temperature
values must not exceed 2°F (1°C) of their relationship at the time of the last temperature
uniformity survey. In this example, if the controller read 1000°F (542°C) during weekly
readings, acceptable readings for the monitoring sensor would be 1002°F (543°C) to
1006°F (544°C). Back
29) Paragraph 3.4.7.6 - A requirement for compliance with provisions for an SAT
waiver states, “The load sensors are recalibrated or replaced anytime that observations,
made and recorded at least weekly, reveal any unexplainable difference between their
readings and the readings of other control, monitoring and recording sensors.” I use
expendable load sensors and replace the sensors after each load. Is this requirement
applicable when expendable load sensors are used?
Response: Yes. Wording of referenced Paragraph 3.4.7.6 provides the heat treater
with some flexibility in compliance with the noted provision. Within that flexibility
afforded, the heat treater that chooses to employ provisions for SAT waiver should
determine the specific method(s) to demonstrate compliance with Paragraph 3.4.7.6,
and then implement that method through internal procedure. Remember that the
purpose of applying SAT waiver provisions is to provide for monitoring the instrument
systems for conditions that might be indicative of changes that could affect compliant
operation of the furnace. Back
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30) Paragraph 3.5.6.2 - It is stated that “For multiple qualified operating ranges, TUS
shall be performed within each operating range during each test period and at the
maximum and minimum of each operating range at least once each year.” What are the
TUS test temperature requirements for a furnace that has multiple qualified temperature
ranges to different furnace class requirements, with one intermediate range that
exceeds 600°F (335°C)? Is the requirement in Paragraph 3.5.6.1 applicable to that
intermediate range because the range exceeds 600°F (335°C)? Or, is just one
temperature within that operating range acceptable?
Response: The 600°F (335°C) rule applies to both a furnace with only a single qualified
operating temperature range and a furnace with multiple qualified operating temperature
ranges. Any intermediate range of a furnace that exceeds 600°F (335°C) requires
testing within that range at temperatures that comply with the 600°F (335°C) maximum
test temperature interval and the requirement in 3.5.6.1 that test temperatures be within
300°F (170°C) of the minimum and maximum of the range. Back
31) Paragraph 3.5.10.2 - “When the TUS is performed with a load, and the TUS
sensors are attached to simulated product or parts, the load shall represent the
thickness of the material normally processed.”
Example: Where a producer of aluminum coiled sheet uses actual 6000 pound coils of
sheet material to perform temperature uniformity surveys on a large Class 2,
Instrumentation Type D, furnace that functions only for aging of coiled sheet
to the final temper. Aluminum sheet coils are dedicated to conducting the
TUS and include holes drilled for insertion of the TUS sensors (some at mid
radius of a 48 inch diameter coil). In this example, “load sensors” are used
for the TUS, but the load “represents the thickness of the material normally
processed.” It appears that this method of performing a TUS would be
acceptable iaw Revision E, providing that the stipulations of Paragraph
3.5.13.3.3 “At no time shall any test, control or recording sensor exceed the
upper temperature uniformity tolerance,” and other applicable requirements
are in compliance.
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32) Paragraph 3.5.13.3 - Computer controlled TUS data collection. When using
computer controlled data collection during a TUS, is it acceptable practice to run lead
wire from the control instrument to the data collection device if the control instrument
already has a connection between it and the furnace recording instrument?
Response: There is no restriction against the described procedure, but the intent is that
the data documented on the furnace recorder be representative of the data documented
on the TUS instrument. The above would not meet that requirement; therefore, it would
be in addition to and not in place of the requirement specified in 3.5.13.3.2. Back
33) Paragraph 3.5.13.3.2 – It states: “Once data collection begins, temperature data
shall be recorded from all TUS sensors at a frequency of at least one set of all readings
every two minutes for the duration of the survey. Data from furnace sensors required by
the applicable instrumentation type (see 3.3) shall be recorded as follows:” Does this
imply that for Instrumentation Type A and Instrumentation Type B furnaces, some type
of representative load is always required for a TUS in order to provide load sensor
temperature data?
34) Paragraph 3.5.13.3.2 - The reference states that “If the normal frequency of
temperature data recording in production is 2 minutes or less, or is continuous as in the
case of analog recorders, the data shall be documented in the normal production
format. If the normal frequency of temperature data recording in production is greater
than 2 minutes, the recording frequency interval during the TUS shall not exceed 6
minutes”. Some Pyrometry technicians are wrapping a second sensor around the
furnace system sensor (i.e., control sensor) to obtain a record on their survey report. Is
this acceptable?
Response: This approach does not meet requirements for recording of furnace sensor
data. The requirement is to obtain data from the recording instrument used with the
furnace system. Including a copy of the furnace process temperature record (as
recorded on the production process recorder) for the TUS period is the acceptable
method to comply with the requirements of Paragraph 3.5.13.3.2 for recording of “data
from furnace sensors.” It is required that the furnace chart recording be in the same
format as a production load, and meet the readability and resolution requirements of
Figure 4. An analog trace (trend line) is acceptable if used in production. All furnace
sensors used in production for the designated instrumentation type shall be included
(i.e., control, high/low monitoring, load, etc.). Back
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35) Paragraph 3.5.13.3.4 - Our facility utilizes a large retort furnace with multiple
control zones. Internal procedure designates a recording load sensor for each control
zone. The noted paragraph states: “When a retort is used, the temperature of the
furnace in which the retort is inserted shall be controlled so that the specified heat
treating temperature is maintained within the retort. TUS sensors shall be within the
retort; at least one TUS sensor shall align within 2 inches (50 mm) of the sensor used to
record temperature within the retort during operation.” Is the interpretation such that
during a TUS it is required that a TUS sensor be located within 2 inches (50 mm) of
each of the multiple control zone sensors used to record temperature within the retort
during operation?
Response: It is the interpretation of the heat treat task group that during a retort furnace
TUS, sensors be located within 2 inches (50 mm) of each recording sensor inside of the
retort. In some cases furnace configuration and/or work zone geometry may require
that additional sensors be included with the TUS to ensure coverage of the work zone.
Back
36) Paragraph 3.5.16 - It states: “No TUS sensor failures at the corner locations of the
work zone are permitted.” To some, the use of the word “corners” implies a square or
rectangular work zone. Does the restriction on sensor “corner” failures also apply to
failures in the end planes of a cylindrical work zone?
Response: It is interpreted that the word “corners” applies to the three sensors around
the circumference of each end plane with a cylindrical work zone. Back
37) Paragraph 3.5.19 - Failure of a TUS at one temperature, but pass at another
temperature: Consider an example of a temperature uniformity survey that fails (out of
the temperature tolerance range) at one temperature, but passes at another
temperature. Is it permissible to use the furnace for processing product at the
temperature that passed the survey?
38) Paragraph 3.5.19.1.2 - If I run a TUS at intervals that do not exceed 300°F
(165°C), and my TUS can be corrected in one of those ranges that do not exceed 300°F
(165°C) by using an appropriate offset only in that range, does that satisfy the
requirement of 3.5.19.1.2 and not require a new TUS?
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Response: No, you must divide the operating range into separate qualified operating
ranges, even if all have the same tolerance requirements, and then can correct any one
of those ranges by using the appropriate offset. Back
39) TABLE 3, Note 7 - This question concerns calibration of test instruments. Note 7
states: “Field Test instruments meeting accuracy requirements of secondary standards
may be used to calibrate SAT and TUS test instruments in the field.” What are the
requirements for calibration of a field test instrument meeting accuracy requirements of
a secondary standard?
41) TABLE 5 - We use a circle chart recorder for aluminum aging cycles that
encompass a total time of 24 to 25 hours. With ramp-up and ramp-down, the total cycle
time exceeds 24 hours. It is not always feasible to change the chart paper due to shift
schedules. Is it permissible to have more than 24 hours’ worth of data on a circle chart
recorder by programming the recorder to change scale so that the trend line does not
cover the previous line?
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42) TABLE 5 - Note 2 for Table 5 requires that the “recorder shall be operating during
the entire time that product is in the furnace.” Our facility operates a day shift only. If
we have a load end soak and begin furnace cool down on Friday after the end of first
shift, it would be required for the recorder to continue in operation until the beginning of
first shift on Monday morning. The circle chart recorder would be recording over
previously recorded temperature data which is not allowed. Are there provisions to
accommodate for this type of situation?
Response: The referenced Note 2 clearly states that “recorder shall be operated during
the entire time that product is in the furnace.” The Heat Treat Task Group requires
compliance with Note 2. Back
Response: It is the interpretation of the heat treat task group that a ±5°C uniformity
equates to a Class 2 furnace. Frequency of instrument calibration for a ±5°C furnace
would be in accordance with Table 3. Frequency of system accuracy testing and
temperature uniformity testing would be in accordance with Table 6 and Table 8 for the
applicable instrumentation type. Back
44) TABLE 6 and TABLE 7 - SAT frequency for furnaces with multiple classifications -
When a furnace is qualified for multiple operating ranges, is the SAT frequency
applicable to the furnace class with the most stringent SAT frequency requirement even
if the furnace is not routinely used in that temperature range? For example, consider a
vacuum furnace that is configured as Class 2, Instrumentation Type D, at 1000–1400°F;
and Class 5, Instrumentation Type D, at 1400–2000°F. Is a weekly SAT (vs. biweekly)
required even though use of the furnace at temperatures below 1400°F is infrequent?
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45) TABLE 6 and TABLE 7 - Maximum SAT and TUS offset that may be applied to
furnace instruments is listed in Tables 6 and 7. Manufacturer’s instructions for some
furnace instruments state that calibration is accomplished by applying offset to the
instrument. Is there a limit on offset that may be applied to furnace instruments as bias
for the purpose of instrument calibration?
Response: AMS 2750 does not include restrictions on the amount of offset that may be
applied to furnace control, monitoring, or recording instruments for the purpose of
calibrating the instrument. Back
Response: Yes. Table 10 refers to test interval extension allowed for any calibration or
test interval listed in AMS 2750E. Back
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REVISION RECORD
REV DATE Description of Changes
A 3-Apr-06 Complete revision including update to AMS2750D requirements
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