NPS Form 10.946 (er 09/2022) (OMB Control No 1024-0252 US. Department of the intron epiration Dat 03/31/2026 U.S. National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, ‘APPLICATION Please use Application Instructions to complete é GENERAL INFORMATION Date Submitted: | Resubmission? (required) 10/11/2023 ves I No Element Name ‘Street Address: Southward to Mexico: Mission San Jose, 1833 6701 San Jose Drive iy: county: State Zip Code: county: San Antonio Unitedstates | Texas e214 Bexar Congressiona 28 Physical Boundaries of Site/Facility: San Antonio Missions National Historical Park ‘Address Not for Publication? is there a website forthe Resource] Web Address: i ves Cno wwrw.nps.gov/saan Is there a visitor phone number? Phone Number Tl ves No 2105348833 isthe Resource open to the public? 1 Yes No By Appointment Only BH] Dawn to Dusk Days and Hours of Operation/Schedile: Monday - Sunday 09:00AM - 05:00PM ‘Summary: Provide a summary of ne more than 200 word Mission San Jose in San Antonio, Texas is associated with an armed conflict between the Mexican Army and slave catchers in 1833 when San Antonio was a part of Mexico. At that time, five freedom seekers fr ‘om Louisiana had fled over four hundred miles to freedom in Mexico near San Antonio and Mission Sa rn Jose, Slave catchers pursuing these men were ambushed and fired upon by the Mexican Army at the Mission, upholding Mexico's anti-slavery laws, Later in 1859, following the annexation of Texas when Sa Antonio became a part ofthe United States, Mission San Jose was also identified in a run-away adver tisement as a potential stopping site of freedom seekers recently escaping nearby plantation, These d ‘ocumented stories may indicate a deeper history of Underground Railroad activity at the Mission amon 4g the mission community and associated religious orders during the antebellum era Resource Type, as Klentiied in the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Act of 1998 (Choose One):[) site Facility Program ype I suiising [J object istrict stucture [J] Landscaper [Bl] archeolosich (Neighborhood) Natural site other escibe Ownership fst: Private Private, Public ~ public i] pubiic- Non-profit Local state Federal (50163) Government Government Government Underground Railroad Association (select the one(s) that fit best [| sation [Bl] Kidnapping [] tegat Association [[] Escape Rescue Challenge with Prominent Person2 Maroon Historic Church 1B) Destination Transportatic Commemorative Communiy Dstt toe steno Neighborhood cemetery [[] miltary site [“] Archeologica|_] other site Desibe Describe the site's association and significance to the Underground Ralroad Provide cations fr sources used ‘throughout the text. Timelines are encouraged ~ “The Underground Railroad isa ran south—not back toward slove-owning states but avy from them t ‘0 Mexico, which began to restrict slavery inthe 1820s and finaly abolished tin 1829, some tirty-foury ars before Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation” -Martin Kohn “South to Freedom: The Und erground Railroad also led to Mexico.” (2013). (1) ‘Although the institution of slavery was banned in both Canada and Mexico, past scholarship and pop. Ular understanding of the Network to Freedom (otherwise known as the “Underground Railroad") has largely focused on paths to Canada. Given the proximity of San Antonio to freedom in Mexico, the cit 1y was a logical nexus for freedom seekers from Texas and Louisiana, Alice L, Baumgartner's groundbre aking research in her book, South To Freedom: Runaway Slaves to Mexico and the Road to the Civil War (2020), has brought to light the previously overlooked southem route to freedom. Baumgartner's rese arch included the creation of a database of 777 Runaway Slave notices extracted from Texas, Loulsian 2, and Arkansas newspapers. 75% of these notices mentioned routes to Mexico, while only two discus sed fleeing to Northern States, When interviewed in 1937, former enslaved person in Texas, Felix Hay ‘wood described the value of geographic proximity: “Sometimes someone would come long and try t © get us to run up North and be free, We used to laugh at that. There wasn’t no reason to run up Nort hall we had to do was to walk but walk South. And we'd be free as soon as we crossed the Rio Grand er)During the age of conquest and European colonization, much of today’s Trans-Missssippi western Un ited States (including San Antonio), Florida, and all of Mexico, Central America, and some of South A rmerica was claimed by the Spanish Crown as part of the vice royalty of New Spain. Lasting from 1521 ‘to 1821, the colony of New Spain was created to spread Spanish influence in the New World as well a s enrich the Spanish empire through extraction of the colony's resources, Within the project of coloniz, nal hubs f ation in New Spain, Catholicism and Catholic Missions played an important role as institu or spreading Spanish culture and securing frontier borderlands. They accomplished this goal through the instruction and education of local indigenous people in the Catholic faith, ‘The city that is now known as San Antonio, Texas began with the founding of Mission San Antonio de Valero on May 1, 1718, along with the Presidio San Antonio de Bexar on May 5, 1718. Mission San Jos ey San Miguel de Aguayo followed as the second mission on February 23, 1720. The Missions were p art of a Spanish effort to convert the south Texas indigenous population to Catholicism and make the 'm into Spanish citizens. (3) Indigenous hunter-gatherer groups of South Texas settled at the missions. ‘The Spanish collectively referred to these 55 different language groups as Coahuiltecans. Following enerations of intermarriage and cultural mixing, the descendants of the missions are often called Teja ro, although there is a great deal of diversity in how this community describes their heritage. The Coa huiltecans entered the missions for various reasons such as food insecurity and protection from confli ctwith other indigenous groups, They leatned Many of them retained some of their cultural tradition s, but largely adopted Catholic Spanish ifeways. (4) In theory and in law, each mission was meant to be secularized after 10 years of operation. Secularizat jon meant that all church property were handed to local secular clergy and indigenous residents of ea ch mission were to be given mission land to sustain themselves. Ths estimate was based off the exper ences of missionaries in Central America, Ukimately, the missionaries applied the same theory to the ‘missions in North America, (5) However, what functioned in missions further south did not translate n eatly to the missions along the North American borderlands. In San Antonio, missionaries operated th fe missions for roughly a century. ‘The long-awaited decree for the secularization of the Spanish missions in the Interior Provinces finally ‘came in 1794 under the order of Commandant General Pedro de Nava. (6) In his decree, Commandan ‘General Nava ordered all missions under his jurisdiction that had existed for more than ten years sin ce their founding to administer the temporal possessions to the Indigenous residents of each mission, (2) On September 13, 1813, the Spanish Cortes (Parliament) ordered all missions in the Americas in op eration for over ten years to be turned over to local clergy. Ferdinand Vil halted the decree after his re ‘urn to the Spanish throne in 1814 but resumed it under political pressure on January 20, 1821 ‘The Mexican revolution briefly stalled the secularization of the Texas missions as resources and attenti ‘on had to be allocated to the war. However, with Mexico gaining its independence during the Fall of 1 £821, many changes awaited Texas. On September 15, 1823, the Secretary of State in Mexico informed the local government in San Antonio that the Mexican government was to carry out the 1813 seculari zation decree, which required all missions in operation for over ten years to be turned over to local cl ergy. (8) Thus, Mission San José was fully secularized at the end of 1823. These communities of faith t hrived under Franciscan oversight until their departure and the 1824 secularization governed by new!yy independent Mexico. From its inception, Mission San Jose transformed from a small settlement with an adobe church to a large compound surrounded by a rock wall, with enough dwellings to house 35, DO indigenous residents, and a large stone church and convento. Upon secularization, many mission inhabitants sold their land to San Antonio families and land specul ators, New property ines were drawn as structures and lands were sold, demolished, and repurposed, and large portions of the mission fell nto a state of advanced disrepair. During this period, the comm Lnities around the mission were governed by the ayuntamiento (town council) of San Antonio. Simult neously with the alienation of Mission lands, the Mexican government permitted legal Anglo-Americ an immigration and settlement, which was somewhat concentrated in east Texas. In 1824, under a fed eral constitution for the New Republic, Texas was combined with Coahuila as a dual state. In 1828, an expedition from the Mexican government visited the site and noted that only the church and convent © remained in good condition. The primary residents of the Mission communities were farmers focuse don cultivating the surrounding labores. The Mexican government enacted the Law of April 6, 1830, ¢ © curtail Anglo-American immigration from the United States. Following the passage ofthis law, tensi tons increased between the Mexican government and Anglo-American settlers. @) ‘San Antonio was a part of Mexico from 1821 to 1835, Mexico abolished slavery in 1829, Despite this egislation, American enslavers and Anglo-American immigrants still attempted to re-enslave freedom, seekers who had sought refuge in San Antonio from 1829 through 1835. In 1830, five freedom seeker 5 escaped from the property of John Haines, Haines enslaved a total of ten people on his property on. ‘the Red River in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. (10) The five male freedom seekers escaped from Haines to ‘the Mexican-ruled city of San Antonio which was located approximately 400 miles southwest of Rapid es Parish. They were known te be living and working freely in San Antonio, (11), In the spring of 1833, Captain Henry S, Brown, was hired by Mr, John Haines to kidnap and re-enslave ‘the five free men now living and werking in San Antonio. Henry and his brother John Brown engaged in trade with Mexico from Missouri and Louisiana through offices in Brazoria, Gonzales, and San Anto ni. Brown spoke Spanish and was very familiar with San Antonio and its population Ironically, both Henry and his brother were also intimately familiar with slavery, as Captain Brown had once led an un successful 32-day military campaign to free his brother John from enslavement by the Waco Tribe. Ca plain Henry Brown also previously served in a military capacity as a company commander of 80 men, luring the Battle of Velasco in 1832. (12) Cognizant of the situation in San Antonio, where slavery had been abolished, Captain Henry S. Brown hired a posse of slave catchers to assist him, Some of these men had previously served under him in t he aforementioned miltary campaigns. His posse included Bazil Durbin, Benjamin Duncan, Andrew Se ott, George W. Hall, and English Sam Williams. (13) InJune 1833, Bazil Durbin went into San Antonio t ‘0 gather the latest information and locate the whereabouts of the five escaped men, While in San Ant onio, he discovered ane of the formerly enslaved men was located along the Medina River making shi Ingles for roofs. Consequently, Bazil Durbin, accompanied by George W. Hall and Capt. Henry S. Brow 1, went to the Medina River area to abduct this man. After a brief struggle, they kidnapped him, takin g him to their camp in the ills outside of San Antonio.(On the same aftemaon, Brown located another one of the escaped men. He was hauling wood betwe fen the powcler house and town of San Antonio. A violent struggle ensued, during which Capt. Brown f ined his gun on the man, The man was disabled from the wound. Brown succeeded in kidnapping him. ‘Through unknown circumstances, a third freedom seeker who had been enslaved by Mr. Raines was a Iso captured. Ben Duncan and Andrew Scott took the kidnapped freedom seekers to the town of Gon. zales, Of the original five freedom seekers, oly two freedom seekers remained at large in the town of San A. ntonio, Captain Brown, who knew he would be easily identified in San Antonio and ares ions, decided to hide in their secret camp in the hills above San Antonio. George W. Hall and Bazil Dur bin were sent into San Antonio in his place to ascertain the feelings in the town and gather more infor ‘mation to facilitate the kidnapping of the remaining two freedom seekers. (14) for his act ‘The next day Colonel Jim Bowie, who lived near Mission San Jose sent a message to Bazil Durbin to h ny to Mission San Jose, because Mexican soldiers in the area were searching for Bazil Durbin and th «© posse. Bowie's intentions in sending this message are unclear in the source materia, although Bowi e's participation in the smuggling and trade of enslaved individuals has been well documented. (15) Unknown to the kidnapping posse, a group of Mexican soldiers, under the command of Captain José Maria Carbajal, (16) were waiting for Bazil Durbin at Mission San Jose. As the unsuspecting Bazil Dut n rode through the court gate at Mission San Jose, he was fired upon without warning by Carbajal's 0 der and fell from his horse. Bazil Durbin survived the gunshots but awoke in chains, incarcerated alon ‘with his companion George W. Hall at the San Antonio town jail, known as the “calaboose,” located in the Plaza de Armas on Presidio Street, Benjamin Duncan, another member of the kidnapping posse, was chased by Mexican soldiers to the town of Gonzales where he was captured, the! 1ntonio's calaboose to join Bazil Durbin and George W. Hall. They were held for many long weeks und er harsh conditions at the calaboose until eventually released to their homes. Bazil Durbin was left ine apacitated from this experience, and later applied to both the Republic of Texas and the State of Texas ‘or relief due to being left an invalid from the gunshot injuries fired by Mexican troops and subseque nt incarceration. His relief petition additionally documents his encounter with Mexican soldiers at Mis sion San Jose as well as his work hunting for freedom seekers there. (17) ken to San A, ‘After not hearing from his comrades for some time, Captain Henry S. Brown grew apprehensive and fl fed to Gonzalez. It appears the Mexican authorities were aware of Gonzales, Texas as a location popul ar with slave catchers. Shortly afterwards, Captain Henry S. Brown died. This left English Sam Willams as the only remaining member at large from the kidnapping posse. In the fall of 1633, Williams went ‘out to rancho just south of San Antonio. There, he encountered the two remaining free men. Willa, ‘ms attempted to capture both men by himself. n the struggle that followed, Wiliams became fearful of losing his own life at their hands, and so he shot and killed both men. (18) This story at Mission San Jose serves as an example of the anti-slavery sentiment in community of San Antonio and broader tension between the Mexican government and pro-slavery Anglo-American sett! 1s. It is aso an indication of the southern route of freedom towards Mexico, as refugees from slaveryin Louisiana saw San Antonio as a haven and destination for making lives in freedom. It is important ‘note that in 1832 and 1833 enslavement was illegal in San Antonio since the city was part of Mexic ©, which had abolished slavery several years ealier. When Texas obtained independence from Mexico ‘asa Republic in 1836 and later joined the United States in 1845, slavery became legal in San Antonio. Following this transition, San Antonio and its associated former mission sites changed from a destinat jon for formerly enslaved individuals looking to build a new life to a possible source of support for fre edom seekers along the route to Mexico which now required crossing the Rio Grande River. From 1836 to 1640, troops of the First Texas Infantry were quartered at the mission in response to incr easing attacks by the Comanches, In 1841, Father John Odin successfully petitioned the Congress of t he Republic of Texas to revalidate the Catholic Church’s claim to all the missions and adjoining lands ¢ hat had belonged to the Catholic church under the Spanish Government. Despite this reaffirmation of church ownership, many parcels remained in private ownership, and the mission structures, including the church, were in a state of disrepair. In 1859, the Benedictine Order acquired the San José convent ‘and began rebuilding it to establish a monastery. This work was cut short by the onset ofthe Civil War, and in 1868, following the Civil War, Bishop Claude Dubuis of Galveston was given ttle to the mi ssion and its lands, Beginning on February 23, 1720, when Franciscan Friar Antonio Margil de Jesus founded the commun ity at Mission San Jose, it had a tradition of being a devoutly religious Roman Catholic Community un der a variety of priests and orders, (19) In 1859, Benedictine monks from Latrobe, Pennsylvania came t ry. King Louis of Bavaria sent 3000 florins to support the endeavors of the Benedictines at Mission San Jose. (20) fo the mission with the pretext of making it their mon: ‘The community at San Jose was specifically described in the San Antonio Daily Herald from August 1 8, to September 24,1859 as a site of friendship and possible support for freedom seekers, (21) Other t han the Benedictines, on July 9, 1860 there were 30 people enumerated as residing in Mission San Jos as part of the community, comprising the following surnames: Seira (Sierra), Guerrero, Guezar (Huiz a1), Lopez, Herrera, and Sepata (Zapata). 22) i's reasonable to conclude that some, if not all, of the m embers o these families were potential allies of freedom seekers. Because freedom seekers were cons idered fugitives from the law, anyone aiding those seeking freedom from enslavement were committ rng a crime and could undoubtedly face severe repercussions, so activities and identities were clandest ine by nature. The Benedictines at Mission San Jose were viewed with suspicion by the broader pro-sl avery community because they had relocated from the North. As an eyewitness stated, “since the Ger ‘man speakers in the state (Texas) did not approve of slavery, the priests (Benedictines) who ministered ‘to them, were suspected of encouraging them (Abolitionists)* (23) (On August 16, 1859, two enslaved individuals named George and Wiley escaped from their enslaver A Ibert 6, Goodloe, Goodloe posted a notice in the local San Antonio Daily News published two days lat er on August 18, 1859, offering a $200 reward which was printed for three weeks, After September 9, 1859, Goodloe raised the reward to $300, The notice last appeared in the newspaper on September 2 4, 1859, 24)Inthe notice posted by Albert G. Goodloe, George was described as smart, well spoken, light complex ion, almost 6 feet tall witha slight scar om his forehead and missing the forefinger on his left hand, Wi ley was described as compactly set, slow of speech, dark complexion, 5% ith small feet and eyes an dia snub nose. Their ages were given as 18 and 20. George and Wiley were both described as wearing new pea coats, The freedom-seekers were also described as riding a young sorrel American horse and ‘a mouse -colored Spanish pony with both horses having a ring and cross brand on thei left shoulder 5.(25) George and Wiley’s plans as understood by Goodloe were conveyed by San Antonio Daily News, The paper printed, “they have some acquaintance with Mexicans at the San Jose Mission and also at Pana ‘maria, and said before they let, they would make friends with some of them to help them off to Mexi co." 26) In 1855, Albert G. Goodloe settled along 1500 acres near Cibolo Creek in Bexar County, Texas with his wife Susan, children and 12 enslaved people. (27) Their plantation was located no more than 20 miles, from San Antonio, In 1856, Susan Goodloe applied for a brand for horses that had a design featuring a ring and a cross. (28) The Muller family lived near the Goodloe plantation. Alex Muller, also possesse da brand with 3 ring and a cross, but in a different configuration. (29) Due to the similarity ofthe brand description and the proximity of the Muller ranch, itis possible the horses were taken from either location, ‘The town of Panna Maria was established in 1854 by Polish immigrants. Panna Maria is located southe ast of San Antonio in Karnes County, Texas. Panna Maria is not located on the most direct route to Me xico. t could have been possible that George and Wiley mentioned Panna Maria as a ruse to send any potential kidnappers/pursuers in the wrong direction in order to gain more time for their escape to fr eedom ‘The last mention of George and Wiley was published in the San Antonio Daily News newspaper on Se ptember 24, 1859. (30) By this date considerably more than enough days to ride, or even walk, to Me xico would have easily elapsed. No record of arrest or capture has been found. Albert Goodloe's tax r alls for 1859 and 1860 show a loss of two human beings held in bondage reducing his total enslaved persons from 12 to 10, The 1860 census also confirms a decrease to 10 people held in bondage by Al bert G, Goodloe. (31) Since no record of sales, capture, nor any record of the death of either George 0 + Wiley has been discovered, we are left to hope George and Wiley made their way to freedom in Mex ico successfully (82) ‘The stories highlighted in this narrative exemplify how Mission San Jose is connected to the fight and flight for freedom in San Antonio. Following the secularization of Spanish Colonial missions in 1824, t he mission sites still played an important role in the broader landscape of San Antonio as agricultural, religious, and community centers. The events described jission San Jose in 1833 and 1859 also de ‘monstrate how the shifting international control of Texas influenced the experience of freedom seekers heading south. These critical stories highlight the need for additional research to deepen our collect vve unclerstanding of Black history atthe mission sites. Provide a history ofthe site since Ws time of significance tothe Underground Palrod,induding piysieal changes changes in boundaries overtime, archeological work, or changes in ownership or use, Be sure to describe what is included inthe present application and how that compares to what the site wa Wetorcally ~ Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo (San José) was established along the eastside of the San A ntonio River, in 1720 by Friar Antonio Margi of the missionary college at Zacatecas. Sometime betwe en 1720 and 17217, San José was relocated to the west side ofthe river to its present location 1 While no descriptions of Mission San José between 1721 and 1740 have yet been discovered, contem. porary documents from the 1740s to the late 1750s help map the layout and use of the mission durin, gts initial period of development. Indian quarters were arranged along streets around a centrally loc ated plaza, with a church, convento, cemetery, carpenter shop, granary, a workshop for weavers, and other buildings arranged along the northern edge of the plaza. Lime kilns and a slaking pit were locat led north of the mission's central hub. The acequia ran along the north side of the mission and supplie cdwater to the mission's residents and fields growing maize, beans, sugar cane, cotton, and numerous other crops. These fields were established outside of the mission's central area, likely spread out alon g the road and acequia as best suited the crop types. Two large enclosures, a fenced or walled orchar d, and a corral for cattle were located near the mission2 In response to increased Apache raids, fom 1759 to 1763 a stone wall was constaucted to enclose the ‘mission, converting San José to a walled compound surrounded by irigated fields, gardens, orchards, and ranch lands, Iti likely that during this period the fields were developed in closer proximity to the protective walls.3 The Indian quarters were reconstructed at this time, connected in a contiguous man ner with the exterior fortified walls to form the quadrangle of the enclosure, Gates were built into the walls to lose off the main road crossing the north side of the plaza, severely restricting access betwe tn the bulk of the mission buildings and the surrounding landscape. In 1772, Mission San José beca ime the administrative seat forall the San Antonio Missions. The mission’s new church, begun in 1767, was completed in 1782. During this period before secularization, the mission lands were used to supp ort the mission community's day to day life, including housing forall residents. As such, land was use d to house workshops and raw material processing facilities, support activities like ranching and farmi rng, and served as the central space for religious activities In 1794, San José was the first mission in San Antonio to be converted to a doctrina, or partially secula rized, The town council of the pueblo of San José became the governing body for the settlement, and administration of the church passed to the pastor of San Fernando church in San Antonio.S Through @ lottery system, the mission quarters and lands were divided up among its inhabitants to farm, ranch, cor otherwise utilize as they saw fit. This usage pattern continued until 1824, when, three years after M exican independence, the San Antonio Missions were completely secularized. Upon secularization, ma ry mission inhabitants sold their land to San Antonio families and land speculators. New property line s were drawn as structures and lands were sold, demolished, and repurposed, and large portions of th ce mission fll into a state of advanced aisrepair. Mexican rule lasted only 15 years before the Republic of Texas declared independ ence in 1836.6 From 1836 to 1840, troops ofthe First Texas Infantry were quartered at the mission in response to incr easing attacks by the Comanches, In 1841, Father John Odin successfully petitioned the Congress of t he Republic of Texas to revalidate the Catholic Church's claim to all the missions and adjoining lands t hat had belonged to the Catholic church under the Spanish Government, Despite this reaffirmation of church ownership, many parcels remained in private ownership, and the mission structures, includingthe church, were in a state of disrepair. In 1859 the Benedictines acquired the San José convento and began rebuilding it. This work was cut short by the onset ofthe Civil War, and in 1868, following the C ivil War, Bishop Claude Dubuis of Galveston was given title to the mission and its lands. In 1873 he de teded San José and 600 associated acres to the Holy Cross Fathers of Notre Dame University.7 During this period of mission ownership, Jesuits from Mexico were briefly assigned to San José. In 1885 title was given to the local church, where it remained until 1923, During this period chutch services were © ccasionally held, but there were also periods of inhabitation in the crumbling sacristy. A school was b Lilt and utilized in the plaza for a short period but had disappeared by 1915.8 Some farming and ranc hing occurred on individual parcels according to the desires of the owners, and small-frame structure 's were built and inhabited intermittently along the edges of the now crumbling walls of the mission ¢ ‘ompound, Despite these changes in ownership and management, and the continued decline of the m ission structures due to lack of funding, ability or interest, the land use patterns of the mission appear ‘to have changed litle during this tumultuous period in Texas and US history, Thelude a bibliography or list of citations for sources used through the document, Discuss the reliably of historical sources of information and briefly discuss how you used them. . Endnotes 1) “South to Freedom: The Underground Railroad also led to Mexico.” Martin Kohn. Humanities, (Mare hvapril4, 2013) Vol 3 No. 2. 2) Baumgartner, Alice L. South To Freedom: Runaway Slaves to Mexico and the Road to the Civil War. N lew York, NY: Basic Books, 2020. 1-10, 168. ‘Aadain, Mekala. "Design His Course to Mexico: The Fugitive Slave Experience in the Texas-Mexico Bor derlands, 1850-1853." In Fugitive Slaves and Spaces of Freedom in North America, 175-1860, edited b y Damian Alan Pargas. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 2018, 232-250, 3) Celiz OFM, Francisco, Diary ofthe Alarcon Expedition into Texas 1718-1719. Translated by Fritz Leo Hoffman. Los Angeles, CA: The Quivira Society, 1935, 24, 48-9. ‘The Missions as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-American Colonies," Herbert E Bolton, The Amer ‘can Historical Review (October 1917) Vol. 23, No. 1, 46. 4) Campbell, T.N. and Campbell, TJ. Indian Groups Associated with the Spanish Missions of the San Ant conio Missions National Historical Park, Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at S an Antonio. Special Report, No 16. 1985. 5-77. Garcia, Jr, Robert, Cardenas, Hector J. and Baker, Amy Jo. Trcentennial Chronology And The Founding Events in The History of San Antonio And Bexar County. San Antonio, TX: Paso de la Conquista, 2018. 7 34, 5) The Interior Provinces of New Spain included Texas, Coahuila, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Ba) 1 and Alta California. Texas State Historical Association. https//Wwww:tshaonline.org/handbook/entrie s/provincias-internas. Accessed January 11, 20246) Decree of Commandant General Pedro de Nava, April 10, 1794, San José Papers Part 2, 1791-1809, SAMINHPL, 94 7) ey, James E. Of Various Magnificence: The Architectural History of the San Antonio Missions in the C olonial Period and the Nineteenth Century. Santa Fe, NM: National Park Service, 1990. 433, 8) Fr, Diaz de Leon to Political Chief José Antonio Saucedo, November 3, 1823, San José Papers Part 3, 1810-1824, SAMNHPL, 121 9) Celiz OFM, Francisco. Diary ofthe Alarcon Expedition into Texas 1718-1719. Translated by Fritz Leo Hoffman. Los Angeles, CA: The Quivira Society, 1935, 24, 48-9. Campbell, IN. and Campbell, TJ. Indian Groups Associated with the Spanish Missions of the San Antoni © Missions National Historical Park. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, Special Report, No 16. 1985. 5-77. Environmental and Cultural Services, In. Historic and Cultural Landscape Study for the San Antonio Mis sions. San Antonio, TX: Environmental and Cultural Services, Inc. 1982. 1-3 Garcia, Je, Robert, Cardenas, Hector J. and Baker, Amy Jo. Trcentennial Chronology And The Founding Events in The History of San Antonio And Bexar County. San Antonio, TX: Paso de la Conquista, 2018. 7 34, Habig OFM, Marion A. The Alamo Chain of Missions: A History of San Antonio’ Five Old Missions. Chi cago IL: Franciscan Herald Press, 2004. 80-86, 266, Leutenegger, Benedict. “Report on the San Antonio Missions in 1792" The Southwestern Historical Qu arterty, April 1974, Vol 77, No 4. 487=498. Margil de Jesus, Antonio. Nothingness itself: The Selected Writings of Venerable Fray Antonio Margil de Jesus 1690-1724. Translated by Benedict leutenegger and Edited by Marion Habig, Chicago, I: Franci scan Herald Press, 1976. San Antonio Bicentennial Heritage Committee, San Antonio in the Eighteenth Century. San Antonio, T X Clarke Printing Co. 1976 10)1830 US Population Schedule: Louisiana/Rapides/Not Stated/Page 5. Abolition Movements in Texas: Adventures Among Runaways in San Antonio, 1833. Reminiscen ces of Western Texas, No. 12° Indianola Bulletin (Indianola, TX) April 26, 1854, pg.1,cols.1-2 hutpsi//aigital sfasu.edu/digital/collection/RSP/id/6368/rec/1 Accessed June 29, 2023, 11) Baumgartner, Alice L. South To Freedom: Runaway Slaves to Mexico and the Road to the Civil War. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2020. 5-6. First Abolition Movements in Texas: Adventures Among Runaways in San Antonio, 1833"12) "Brown, Henry Stevenson” John Q. Anderson, Handbook of Texas Online https://mww.tshaonline.or d/handbook/entries/brown-henry-stevenson. Published by the Texas Historical Association. Accessed December 19, 2023, ‘Captain Henny S. Brown, Pioneer” C.A. Westbrook, The Frontier Times (June, 1925) Vol. 2, No 9 Durbin, Basil Petition to The Republic of Texas. page 1, (undated) Texas Memorials and Petitions, 1834- 1929, Austin, TX: Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Durbin, Basil Petition to The State of Texas. page 1, (18587) Texas Memorials and Petitions, 1834-1929, Austin, TX: Texas State Library and Archives Commission, “First Abolition Movements in Texas" Velasco, Battle of" Handbook of Texas Online, {tshaonline.org) Published by the Texas Historical Asso lation, Accessed December 19, 2023. 13) 181D 14) (81D 15) Hopewell, Clifford. James Bowie Texas Fighting Man: A Biography. Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 1994. 69- nR. “First Abolition Movements’ 16} Chance, Joseph E. Jose Maria de Jesus Carvajal The Life and Times of @ Mexican Revolutionary. San Antonio, TX: Winity University Press, 2006, 13, Durbin, Basil, Petition to The Republic of Texas. page 1, (undated) Texas Memorials and Petitions, 1834- 11929, Austin, TX: Texas State Libraty and Archives Commission, Durbin, Basil Petition to The State of Texas. page 1, (18587) Texas Memorials and Petitions, 1834-1929, ‘Austin, TK Texas State Library and Archives Commission First Abolition Movements 17) San Antonio Bicentennial Heritage Committee, San Antonio in the Eighteenth Century. San Antoni 0, TX: Clarke Printing Co. 1976. 130. Durbin, Basil Petition to The Republic of Texas. page 1, (undated) Texas Memorials and Petitions, 1834- 1929, Austin, TX: Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Durbin, Basil Petition to The State of Texas. page 1, (18587) Texas Memorials and Petitions, 1834-1929, ‘Austin, TX Texas State Library and Archives Commission“First Abolition Movements " 18) 1610 19) Habig, Marion A. The Alamo Chain of Missions: A History of San Antonio’ Five Old Missions. Chica go IL: Franciscan Herald Press, 2004. 80-86, 266. Torres, Luis San Antonio Missions, Tucson, AZ: Western National Parks Assoc. 1993, 8, 46-7, Catholic Archives of Austin, Texas, Papers of Father Francis Bouchu, Timeline, Father Bernard Doyon, ® ‘everend Francis Bouchu: Record in Texas taken from Catholic Directories. (19507) 20) Habig OFM, Marion A. The Alamo Chain of Missions. 110-1, Felner 0. B, Felix Benedictine Pioneers ot San Jose Mision and South Texas Germon Churches 1859-1 £868: Extracts from St.Vincent Archabbey Archives and Abbot Boniface and his Monks Latrobe, PA: St Vi ncent Archabbey Publishing, 1956. 6-11 21) San Antonio Daily Herold (San Antonio, Texas) August 18, 1859 to Sept 24, 1859. 22) 1860 U.S. Population Schedule: Texas/Bexar County/San Antonio/Page 266, 23) Fellner 0.5.8, Felix Benedictine Pioneers at San Jose Mission and South Texas German Churches 18 59-1868: Extracts from St. Vincent Archabbey Archives and Abbot Boniface and his Monks. 6 & 11 and F eb 23, 1866 Letter from Fredericksburg, TX found in same source, “Recognizing the image of God in each person and honoring each ane in their giftedness and limitati cons." Benedictine Core Value #4 bttps//benedictinerule weebly.com/benedictine-core-values html Accessed January 3, 2024 Respect for Persons “Honor everyone and never do to another what you do not want done to yourself." (Rule of Benedict 4) https//online.umary.edu/about/values ‘Accessed January 4, 202424) San Antonio Daily Herald (San Antonio, TX) August 18,1859 Vol 3, No 105. page 2, col, Septemb er 3, 1859, Vol 3, No 127. page 2, cal 6, and September 24, 1859, page 3, col 4. East Texas Digital Arch ives, Stephen F. AustinUniversty https,//digital sfasu edu/digital/collection/RSP/id/9604/rec/S ‘Accessed June 23, 2023 25) 1810 26) 1810 27) Bexar County Tax Rolls, (1856,1859-60), Bexar County, Texas, FHL Film Number 2282097: 1856 pag € 7, 1859 page 19, 1860 page 20. 18 60 U.S. Population Schedule: Texas/Bexar County/Valley/Page 463. No 3 0. 1860 US. Slave Schedule: Texas/Bexar County/Page 14, Nos 26-37 11860 U.S. Non-Population Schedule: Texas/Bexar County/Selma/Page 2, No. 22. 28) Registration Date: Oct 16, 1856, Book: Bexar / Page: 213 / Enty: A. Susan Goodloe Brand. httpsi// osttexasroads com/brands/lbexar-county-brands/goodloe-susan/ Accessed Oct 25, 2023, 29) Registration Date: Oct 15, 1857 Book: Bexar / Page: 321 / Entry: A. Alex Muller brand. httpsy/lostte xasroads.com/brands/bexar-county-brands/muller-alex/ Accessed Oct 25, 202 3. 1860 US. Population Schedule: Texa s/Bexar County/Valley/ 30) San Antonio Daily Herald (San Antonio, TX) September 24, 1859 Vol 3, page 3, col 4. East Texas Di ital Archives, Stephen F. Austin University. httpsi//digitalsfasu.edu/digital/collection/RSP/id/9604/re /5 Accessed June 23, 2023, 31) Bexar County Tax Rolls, (1859-60), Bexar County, Texas, FHL Film Number 2282097; 1859 page 19, 1860 page 20 1860 US. Slave Schedule: Texas/Bexar County/Page 14, Nos 26-37 (82) United States National Park Service Mission Statement What We Do (U.S. National Park Service) (nps.gov) Accessed Januaty 5, 2024, National Park Service 1995. Mission San Jose Cultural Resource Report Describe current educational programs, tours, markers, signs, Brochure, site bulletins, or plaques atthe site Ince text and photographs of markers.Mission San Jose isa part of San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. There are numerous waysi dde exhibits, a visitor center with museum and movie theater, ete, Currently there are tours given at 10, am and 11am daily with a ranger's choice program at 2:30pm. During February for black history mont h, tours are offered weekly which highlight the history Freedom Seeking at Mission San Jose. Describe any local, tate, or Federal historic designation, records, signage, or plaques at the ste ~ Mission San Jose became a Texas state park in 1951 and then later became a National Historic Landm ark in 1970, It was designated a National Historical Park in 1978 along with three other former Spanis h Missions . Collectively San Antonio National Historical Park was also designated a UNESCO World H. eritage Site in 2015. If the site is open to the public, describe accessibility conditions under the Americans with Disabilities Act. There are two parking lots wheelchair ramps, handicap accessible tails, and all facilities are close. Describe the nature and objectives of any partnerships that Rave contvibuted to the decumentaion, preservation, ‘commemoration, oF interpretation of the site Mission San Jose has been the subject extensive tourism and preservation efforts since the 1890s. By t hhe 1890s San José, then ina state of advancing disrepair, and in some cases deterioration, was becom ing more accessible to visitors. With the increasing public attention, both the Archdiocese of San Anto. nia and private organizations tock a renewed interest in the missions and undertook several preserva ‘tion projects in the early twentieth century aimed at stabilizing San José. This period was spurred on b ¥y growing recognition of the mission's tourism potential, the expression of local sentiment about the city’s heritage, and as a result of the general national patriotic sprit which saw movements to protect rational landmarks growing across the country. The Landmarks’ Club, a subsidiary of the De Zavala C hapter of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas stabilized the main doorway of the church at San Jos 6, among other stabilization efforts at the mission.1 Under the direction of San Antonio Bishop John William Shaw, major stabilization and restoration efforts were made in 1913 and 1917. Bishop Shaw w as followed in his efforts by his predecessor, Bishop Arthur Jerome Drossaerts, who became San Anto no's frst Archbishop in 1926, From 1922 to 1931, Drossaerts placed the Redemptionist Fathers in cha ge of San José and they continued restoration efforts at the mission, restoring the sacristy, and lands caping the convento.2 I 1924 the San Antonio Conservation Society was formed, and made one of its main objectives the p reservation of San Antonio's Missions, particularly San José. By 1931, the group had purchased the gr nary building from its various owners, and the same year, the Fransiscan Order assumed administrati on of the mission once more and constructed 2 monastery outside of the east wall3 Public works pro ‘grams supported mission projects throughout the 1930s, with the Civil Works Administration (CWA), F ederal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), Works Progress Administration (WPA), and other orga nizations contributing Federal funds to the preservation effort. By 1938, an outdoor amphitheater cal ed the Huisache Bow! was construct near the Grist Mill along with supporting theatre complex stru ctures, and low-density development began occurring around the mission on lands once used as labo res and ranchos.4 Ina 1935 report, National Park Service (NPS) historian Ronald F. Lee first proposed the concept of ac ‘operative agreement for management of San José. Six years late, in 1941, a three-way agreement a ‘mong the Catholic Church, the Department of the Interior, National Park Service and the State of Texa 5! State Parks Board (to which the Conservation society and Bexar County properties would be deede was reachedS According to the agreement, the church continued to belong to the Archdiocese, an dithe compound, excepting the Mission Road right-of-way and all its appurtenances, was transferred to state supervision, On May 8, 1941, San José became a national historic site.6 Throughout this periodof management as a Texas State Park preservation efforts continued, though a lack of funding due ¢ fo the onset of World War Il hampered more ambitious efforts fora time. This period saw new uses for ‘the mission lands, Asa state park, the mission San José compound became an established tourist attr action as well asa functioning church camplex, and access to the grounds required a fee admission. P lays and other musical events were held in the Huisache Bowl, and in 1956, a house for long-time mis. sion caretaker Ethel Harris was completed northwest of the compound's Granary. During Ethel's tenur © as a contracted concessioner with the park, parts of the Indian quarters were leased to artists, and a pottery making operation was established.7 Despite aggressive and largely successful land purchasin g campaigns spearheaded by Archbishop Robert E. Lucey during this period, development of the land s traditionally associated with the missions continued at an accelerating pace, with city streets encircl ing the mission compound and commercial construction occurring near its fringe, In 1966 the City of S {an Antonio allocated funding to the construction of a parkway linking the five San Antonio Missions a ind acquiting green space lands once part of the missions 8 In November 1978 Congress passed PL 95-625, creating the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, which included all the San Antonio Missions, except Mission Valero, which continues to be mana ged by the state. This continued the planned preservation and management of San José that had exis ‘ted since 1941 under the supervision of the Texas State Parks and Wildlife department. In 1983 the NP S assumed full management responsibilities. Under the management of the NPS the mission lands ha vve been preserved and managed as a public historic asset, with ongoing preservation efforts and edu cational programming held daily. A visitor center was built southeast of the walled compound, and vis itors access the site freely. ‘While the broader interpretation and preservation of the site has been the collaboration of numerous federal, state, local, non-profit and religious organizations over more than 2 century, highlighting tory at the site is relatively recent, In collaboration with the Network to Free Underground Railroad hi dom program, San Antonio Missions has been collaborating with the San Antonio African American C ‘ommunity Archive and Museum and other local partners to better highlight the history of freedom se king the San Antonio area NPS Form 10-946 (er 09/2022) (OMB Control No 1024-0252 US. Department of the intron epiration Dat 03/31/2026 1. Owner or Manager /Application Preparer contac wfomation (1) onnerntanagelll) Applicaton for Preparer share contact} ves Information? Name Willan Bone ina Prone x Willam.Bozis@npsgov| 8320100913 aaron 6701 San Tose Dive ez. SanAntonio [aunty [State Teas Unted States zip: 78214 2, Additional Owner/Manager (OK to Share Contact Information?) Contact nformation (@) owner Manage) Applicaton for PreparerShare Contact. ves Mlno Information? ‘Name: Allison Young Email Phone: Fax Allison_Young@nps.gov Address city country: state United States zie: '3. Additional Owner/Manager (OK to Share Contact Information?) Contact omation (Hi) ownerntanget Appliaon for mreparer srareconat = ve no Information? Name: _ Christine Jacobs Email: gacobs@nps gov] Phone: Fax Adciress iy country: state United States zip ADDITIONAL DATA OR COMMENTS. Documents Creation ie Name Action Date osyis/2024 SAANNTFNarrative.docx os:na04 03320 SAANIZ2 00 09:04:04 03 NTF= Mission San Jose Landscape Use = Mission San Jos 09:0403 Historydock ql 03/13/202 Network to Freedom-SAAN Permission Network to ‘reeciom-SAAN Petmisio 0803 ter SIGNED C) 2-18-2024 pdf 03/13/2024 i" o9:0403 vosemap ps jeimages doce ris COMMUNICATONS.COMMITTEE ‘ADMIN DATE PROGRAM REVIEW USERNAME REVIEW cOMMENT syaye02s NAME CHRISTINA 22331 PM CHANG CARGIL 2726/7074 THE SYSTEM IS NOT DAN OTT 120230 ALLOWING US TO UPDATE PM HE SUBVISSION, WE ARE MESSING AROUND WITH IT SEE IF WE CAN MAKE P WORK FOR US, NO ACTION 1 NECESSARY AT THIS POINT ROM SAAN,