Table-1, Closifeaton of rimaydienesinthedieenis dearest! | hemp. inary ‘ras sae ones endieass bontath denon, endobront omar lfc preumen gases tubers ng see ‘sce puma enbelim ateoreous aerators cobomicts Conese ert ale mia ar dase Subace abuses eresTable 3—4. Causes, characteristics, and evaluation of hemoptysis (continued) ‘Specific diag nostic texts, ‘Systemictupus Diffuse acinal filling Glomerutar nephritis, Bositive ANA Goodpasture’s Diffuse densities Positive serum nro fineaetge in glomeruli Wegener's Nodutarcavitary _ Boritive cANCA, ‘Granulomatosis parenchymal lezion necrotizing ‘Slomerutar Rephritis, involvement. Nonspecific Small-vessel arteritis and Nonspecific ANCA variable, Wasculies copillantis Recreting ‘Slomerular Rephries Idiopathic Alveolar hemorrhage Diffuse alveotar Neoative toG ‘pulmonary with interstitial fibrosis deposits, Remorhage and hemoziderin-laden Giognosis of mscrophages exdusion (ote: ASMA, anubazement membrane antibody; ANA, antinuclear antibody: AVMs, Srteriovenous malformations; CANCA, cytoplasmic anuneutrophile eytoplasrnic antibody: Ercomputed tomography: FOB, fiber optic bronchoscopy: HRCT, high-resolution computed tomography, IgG, immunoglobulin G; PANCA, perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic Shtibady: PFs, pulmonary function tests. [erie Batuk dimulai dengan serial ‘manuver pernapasan yang mencetuskan ekspulsi udara mendadak dan menyebabkan suara batuk yang khas ro 2 ane ‘pany paneGoekeenemekerr + The majority of bronchopulmonary vagal afferent nerves are unmyelinated C-fibers + Cfiber nociceptors have thelr terminals in and around the mucosa surface ofthe airways Gitenetinnecerr ny il i Fiber stimulated by afferent via 13) The exogenous pathway > triggered predominantly by physical and chemical stimuli riginating external othe lung 2) The endogenous pathway > wiggered by ATP originating from ‘within the lung sel (possibly in response to inflammation or other causes of tissue stress) Vagalatferet fibers eter the brainstem via the nucleus Tacs Soltarus (15) 4 Projections fam the nS induce coughing by modfying atu oF ‘he respatory CPG, acollecton of neurone that genertes espiratory ythm inthe VRG of the brainstem. 4 MWe provides the dave to respiratory mules needed to lic the coughmetorpatem, The eal pte enerater CPG orespratonslcatein he ‘strand praises sap ne oretonsare ontalingrespatary muscles RG severe cum af espatry tens that ines the cs rbot ris etiam athe pe Sage Se tang cole TheVRG conan bth expat one ipratoryneurneTable 2-4, Conditions with cough and a normal or nonspecific chest xray ‘Acute upper respiratory ines UUACS/postnasal drip/hintisisinusitis Tracheobronchitis/pertussis ‘Asthma or eosinophilic bronchitis Early or mild bronchiectasis Eatly or mild interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, ‘GERD/esophagealdisease/microaspiration Tracheobronchial neoplasm or upper airway lesions Psychogenic causes Note: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; UACS, upper airway cough syndrome.Mixed cardiac or Noncardlae or ‘nonpulmenary COPD: Asthma Restrictive ling digorder Hereditary hing disorders Preamothorax ‘COPD with pulmonary hypertension and Cor pulmonale Dezeniioning Chronic pulmonary emboli Trauma Metabolic condivons (eg. acidess) Pain Neuromuscular dsardere terhinolryngeal disorders Fonctional oa “Pore diorders “Hypervenilation|