WORLD OF WONDER veezeezssees Exploring the reaims of history, sclonce, nature and techpology in Harpers Weekly on January 1,188 ‘andar fornow ae: Sf es s many ehren ( \ U * ioe e Vv bs AL ! ee. ; : . In North America, Santa Claus is usually depicted as a jovial, plump fellow with a long beard, wearing a white fur-trimmed suit of red, black boots and a pompom-topped cap. But in other times and in other places, Santa is portrayed differently. How Santa evolved ‘Tere are many simiacis be: tween the Sntrlaes trough io ‘Armorca bythe Duh inthe 17th erry ad tho modern Sante “Cia we know a ve 1085) lms Ouch foo, Saoridaas “cai asi ides ahuge wie horse anghas moving Helpers “whe ton at temneyeto ind ot “wethorcbiron are bing bad goo. Outen ensson hope Neola wt iave thom ais, an thoy leave covets anaay hor shoos or St Nicks horse. 1m 180, Wastiogton ing (ner the pseudonym Didtich Knee rocker) wolea sry descr pairbaaabane ingireamaictvedvnsom | Where in the world? 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Curry ‘olwnaL 8 snOowESnI Pizzas ctancalidtomste pee asammon ngredntin Paketan Sst LBRO Tomato pes are goneraly topped Austvalans oy ship anes vate vue wit the choose sl then other pineapple on tr les. Coconuts a nowacd sack © Ingress anc then the sauee ‘popular eppingin Casta fica hea ony LEARN ABOUT GINGO DE MAYO INTHE NEXT INSTALLMENT OF WORLD OF WONDER, {for a fel of upeorting pice, go tx utsacTechena coment,CTO Sac cn Is it OK to listen to music while studying? Authors Timothy Sbron theturerin Psychology University of Wollongong arm in year 17 and I like to listen to music when I am studying, but my dad says that my brain is spending only half of its time studying and the other half is distracted by listening. He says itis etter to leave my phone out of my room and concentrate on studying rather than listening to music. Is it OK to listen to songs when | am studying? = Robert, Year 17 student. © Its a good question! in a nutshell, ‘music puts us in a better mood, which ‘makes us better at studying — but it also distracts us, which makes. us worse at studying. So if you want to study effectively with music, you want to reduce how distracting music can be, and increase the level to which the music keeps you in a good mood. ‘Music can put us in a better mood You may have heard of the Mozart effect - the idea that listening to Mozart makes you “smarter”. This is based on research that found listening to complex classical music like Mozart improved test. scores, which the researcher argued was based on the musie’s ability to stimulate parts of our minds that play a role in mathematical ability. However, further research conclusively debunked the Mozart effect theory: it wasnt really anything, to do with maths, it was really just ‘that music puts us in a better mood. Research conducted in the 1990s found a “Blur Effect” - where kids who listened to the BritPop band Blur seemed to do better on tests. In fact, researchers, found that the Blur effect was bi than the Mozart effect, simply because kids enjoyed pop music like Blur more than classical music. Being in a better mood likely means ‘hat we try that litte bit harder and are willing to Stick with challenging tasks. Music can distract us ‘On the other hand, music can be a distraction - under certain circumstances. When you study, youre using your working memory’ - that means you are holding and manipulating several bits of information in your head at once. ‘The research is fairly clear that when there's music in the background, and especially music with vocals, our working memory gets worse, Likely as a result, reading comprehension decreases when people listen to music with lyrics. Music also appears to be more distracting for people ‘who are introverts than for people who are extroverts, perhaps because introverts are more easily overstimulated. Some clever work by an Australia-based researcher called Bill Thompson and his colleagues aimed to figure out the relative effect of these two competing factors - mood and distraction. They had participants do a fairly demanding comprehension task, and listen to classical music that was either slow or fast, and which was either soft or foud. They found the only time there was any real decrease in performance was when people were listening to music that was both fast and loud (that is, at about the speed of Shake it Off by Taylor Swift, at about the volume of a vacuum cleaner). But while that caused a decrease in performance, it wasrit actually that big a decrease. And other similar research also failed to find large differences, So... can | listen to music while studying orinot? To sum up: research suggest it's probably fine to listen to music while you're studying with some caveats. atshetter if. + It puts you in a good mood ‘+ ItS not too fast or too loud «its less wordy (and hip-hop, where the words are rapped rather than sung, is likely to be even more distracting) ‘+ you're not too introverted, Hoppy listening and good luck in your exams!