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A COURSE IN QUANTUM
MECHANICS
Nandita Rudra
Former Faculty, Department of Physics, University of Kalyani,
Kalyani, WB, India
Levant Books
India
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2020 by Nandita Rudra and Levant Books
CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-367-34429-0 (Hardback)
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In loving memory of
Prasantakumar Rudra
October 7, 1939—May 24, 2017
Preface
This book is the outcome of the two semester course of lectures that we have been de-
livering for a number of years to the first year M.Sc. students at the University of Kaly-
ani, in West Bengal. The material contained in it is appropriate for M.Sc and advanced
under graduate (senior level) students covering the syllabi of most of the universities of
India and abroad.
Instead of following the historical development of quantum mechanics the theory has
been built up starting from a number of basic postulates as described in chapter 1.
Representation theory comes next in chapter 2. It includes changes of representa-
tion and the concept of unitary transformation which is very basic in the formulation of
the theory. After considering spatial translation and momentum we go over to the time
evolution of quantum systems which finally gives rise to the Schrodinger equation of
motion. Feynman’s Path Integral formalism then follows in chapter 5. Chapter 6 contains
the application of quantum mechanics to one dimensional problems. More realistic three
dimensional cases are dealt with in chapter 10.
Rotation and angular momentum are discussed in great detail in chapters 7, 8, and 9.
Symmetry plays and important role in quantum mechanics, perhaps more so than in
classical mechanics. This is covered in chapter 11.
Since most of the physical problems cannot be exactly solved, different approximate
methods are developed which constitute chapter 12.
Time dependent approximate methods and scattering processes are discussed
elaborately in chapters 13, 14 and 15.
Relativistic quantum mechanics is introduced in the last chapter ending at the
doorstep of quantum field theory.
I am undebted to Dr. G Speisman of the Florida State University, USA, whose lectures I
attended as a graduate student. These lecture notes have been of help to me.
I would like to thank my former colleagues Professor Ratanlal Sarkar for many
helpful discussions and Professor Siddhartha Ray for supplying me with books and other
materials. Professor Ray also managed to find time from his busy schedule to oversee the
entire process of publication of this book. I am extremely grateful to him.
This book was written when we were visiting our sons Angsuman and Archisman in
America. They took care of us and provided a perfect ambience for me to finish the book.
I am so proud of them.
Finally my husband Professor Prasantakumar Rudra motivated me to write this book
and painstakingly prepared the La Tex version of the manuscript in camera ready form.
This book would not have been possible without him.
Preface
Notations & Fundamental Constants
2 Representation Theory 11
2.1 Elements of Representation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
(i) The Energy Representation, called the E-representatrion . . . . . 11
(ii) Operators as Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Change in Representation and Unitary Transformation . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Commuting Observables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Uncertainty Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10 Applications II 117
10.1 Hydrogen Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
10.2 Charged Particle in Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
(i) The Landau Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
(ii) The Aharanov Bohm Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
A Appendix 207
A.1 Expansion in a Series of Orthonormal Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 207
A.2 Fourier Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
A.3 Fourier Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
A.4 The Dirac Delta Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Bibliography 215
Notations & Fundamental
Constants
1.1 Introduction
Newtonian
Newtonian Mechanics,
Mechanics,theory
, theory
yofof
Elasticity
Elasticity
and
y and
Fluid
Fluid
Dynamics,
Dynamics,
y together
, together
g withwith
Maxwellian
Maxwellian
Electrodynamics are basically what constitute Classical Physics. Classical Physics
was developed and successfully applied to describe the motions of macroscopic bodies
like planetary systems and other every day phenomena. It also described electro-
magnetic field and its interaction with matter. The development of classical physics
was almost complete by the early twentieth century. With the discovery of sub-
atomic particles, radioactivity and X-rays and also the accumulation of data on the
spectrum of Black Body Radiation and other spectroscopic studies, it became imper-
ative to invoke new concepts and ideas. Thus Quantum Mechanics, the fundamental
theory of the physical world was formulated.
Based on the early work by Planck, Einstein, Bohr, de Broglie, Sommerfeld and
others, Quantum Mechanics was developed during 1925 - 1928 by Heisenberg, Born,
Jordan, Schrödinger, Dirac, Pauli and others. All experiments performed during the
last 80 years have indicated the correctness of Quantum Mechanics.
Quantum Mechanics has brought about profound change in our thinking about
the description of natural phnomena, particularly those of the subatomic world.
Though it is based on concepts radically different from those of classical physics,
quantum mechanics yields the laws of classical physics in the macroscopic limit.
1.2 Measurements
In classical mechanics the dynamical state of a system is determined from the knowl-
edge of the dynamical variables like the coordinates and momenta of the constituents
at every moment of time. All such variables can, in principle, be simultaneously
2 CHAPTER 1. BASIC CONCEPTS & FORMULATION
We shall use the ket and bra vector notations developed by Dirac. These elegant
notations are compact, sufficiently general and extremely powerful as will become
evident as we proceed.
The physical state of a system is denoted by a ket vector |α in a linear and
complex vector space which is a mathematical space with dimension depending on
the nature of the physical system under consideration. The vector space in infinite
dimension is known as Hilbert Space.The state index α denotes the set of values or
quantum numbers of the physical quantities which define the state of the system.
The ket |α is postulated to contain all the informations that can be known about
the system. Also
1.3. BASIC POSTULATES 3
is postulated to represent the same state |α. When c is zero the result is the Null
ket.
This postulate is one of the corner stones of quantum mechanics. According to this
postulate if there are more than one states of the system then the linear combination
will also represent another state of the system. For instance if |α and |β are two
possible states, then
cα |α + cβ |β ≡ |γ, where cα and cβ are arbitrary complex numbers, (1.2)
will represent another state of the system. Thus one can add up states to gener-
ate new states by superposition. The physical vectors in Euclidian Space have the
property that they can be added up to form new vectors. Analogously we have
designated the states |α as ket vectors in a complex and linear mathematical space.
Since from Eq. (1.1) c|α and |α are the same state when c = 0, only the ‘direction’
and not the magnitude of the ket vector is of significance.
We now introduce the bra vectors and the bra space. According to Dirac every
ket vector |α is associated with a bra vector, denoted by α|, by some conjugation
process. The association between |α and α|, we call dual correspondence. The
Bra Vectors are introduced such that the complete bracket notation β|α which is
defined as the inner product of a ket |α and a bra β| will be in general a complex
number. The inner product is postulated in analogy to the scalar product a · b,
which is a scalar quantity, of two physical vectors a and b. According to Dirac a
bra vector is completely defined when its inner product with all the kets in the ket
space is given. If this inner product of β| is zero for all the kets |α, then β| is a
Null bra vector.
Thus with every ket space there is an associated bra space spanned by bra vectors.
We write
Dual Correspondence
|α ←− · · · · · · −→ α|,
DC
|α ←→ α|, (1.5)
4 CHAPTER 1. BASIC CONCEPTS & FORMULATION
1
The norm α|α is analogous to the magnitude [a · a] 2 = |a| of the vector a.
Since |α and c|α represent the same physical state, we shall henceforth use the
normalized kets Eq. (1.14) to describe a state. The normalized ket vectors can yet
be multiplied by a phase factor eiγ , with real γ with modulus unity, before it is
completely specified.
Then
where † defined to be Hermitian Adjoint of  which acts on the bra α| from the
right. Since  has to be linear we have
Unlike the inner product β|α which is a number, it can be shown that the outer
ptoduct Eq. (1.18) is an operator. To show this we use after Dirac the associative
axiom of multiplication. Just as the multiplications between operators are asso-
ciative, Dirac postulated this property holds good for any legal multiplication (i.e.
multiplications that are allowed) among kets, bras and operators. Thus
When an operator acts on a ket |α it does not, in general, give rise to the same ket
|α times a constant. However, for an operator Â, there may exist a particular class
of kets known as eigenkets of  satisfying the following equation
Â|an = an |an , n = 1, 2, · · · , (1.27)
where {a1 , a2 , · · · } are just numbers, called the eigenvalues and Eq. (1.27) is
known as Eigenvalue Equation. The kets |a1 , |a2 , · · · , are known as Eigenkets.
The totality of the numbers {a1 , a2 , · · · , } is called the Spectrum of Eigenvalues.
1.3. BASIC POSTULATES 7
and thus
Thus
The equation in Eq. (1.31) corresponds to non-degerate case. If the solutions are
degenerate, i.e. when there are more than one distinct eigenkets for a particular
eigenvalue, then orthogonality can be achieved by taking a suitable linear combina-
tion of the degenerate kets, that we leave as an exercise. So in all cases we can write
Eq. (1.31) as follows
We now postulate that the the eigenkets {|a1 , |a2 , · · · } of the Hermitian operator
 corresponding to the observable A form a complete set spanning the whole of the
ket space, such that an arbitrary ket |α of the system can be uniquely expanded
in terms of this complete set. In other words the eigenkets {|a1 , |a2 . · · · } form a
basis of the ket space. Then we can write for any arbitrary ket |α
|α = cαn |an , where cαn = an |α (1.33)
n
are the expansion parameters and are in general complex numbers.
Also since
|α = |an an |α (1.34)
n
is true for any arbitrary ket |α, we have
|an an | = Iˆ (1.35)
n
{|a11,,|a|a
an unit operator. Eq. (1.35) gives the completeness criterion for the set {|a 2 ,· · ·· ·} · }
2 ,
1
and is also known as the closure property.
PROJECTION OPERATOR
Comparing Eq. (1.33) and Eq. (1.35) we see that the operator |an an | projects
|α along |an and is thus called the projection operator, defined as:
Λ̂n = |an an |, (1.36)
Λ̂2 = Λ̂n ,
n
Λ̂n = |an an | = Iˆ (1.37)
n n
= Totality of all projections
The unit operator so defined is extremely important as it can be inserted anywhere
in a chain of multiplication of kets, bras and operators to derive useful results. For
example
α|α = α| |an an | |α (1.38)
n
= α|an an |α = cαn c∗αn = |cαn |2
n n n
= 1, (1.39)
for a normalized ket |α.
1
See Appendix A.1 for discussion on completeness condition.
1.3. BASIC POSTULATES 9
MEASUREMENT OF OBSERVABLE A
WHAT IS AN OBSERVABLE ?
According to Dirac not all dynamical variables are observables. If any variable
is such that the corresponding operator does not possess a complete set of eigenkets
and a system ket is not expressible in terms of them then such a variable cannot be
called an observable in quantum mechanics.
This is defined as
which is the weighted average of the eigenvalues an , hence this value will be repro-
duced on repeated measurement of A when the system is in a state |α.
Problem 1.1 An observable A has only two normalized eigenstates |α1 and |α2
such that
(i). Prove that |α1 and |α2 are orthogonal to each other.
1 2
|φ = |α1 + |α2 .
3 3
Problem 1.3 For any state |ψ obtain the eigenvalue and eigenvector of the oper-
ator |ψψ| .
|α = C1 | 1 + C2 | 2 ,
where | 1 and | 2 are the energy eigenstates with energy eigenvalues 1 and 2,
C1 and C2 being constants.
Representation Theory
with cαn = an |α forming the ‘coordinates’ of the state |α in the basis |an . This
set of numbers is called the wavefunction in Â-representation. For example if we
use eigenkets of position operator as basis, we shall get coordinate representation.
in coordinate representation by
φEn (ξ) ≡ ξ|En , (2.2)
φEn (ξ)∗ = En |ξ,
We consider any general operator X̂ and introduce the Unit Operator Eq. (1.35):
X̂ = Iˆ · X̂ · Iˆ = |an an | X̂ |am am | (2.4)
n m
= |an an |X̂|am am | (2.5)
n,m
The quantities an |X̂|am are numbers forming a square array, an | are rows and
|am the columns. We also know from Eq. (1.25) that
an |X̂|am = am |X̂ † |an ∗ , and thus (2.6)
an |X̂|am ∗ = am |X̂ † |an , (2.7)
in conformity with the definition of Hermitian Adjoint matrix elements as the com-
plex conjugate of the transposed matrix elements.
We also have
am |Â|an = an an |am = an δn,m . (2.8)
which shows that the product of the square matrix X̂ = am |X̂|an with the column
matrix an |α reproduces the column matrix am |γ.
Similarly
In Eq. (2.12) the right hand side is the product of the row matrix α|am with the
square matrix am |X̂|an giving the row matrix γ|an .
Thus we have the column matrix
⎛ ⎞
a1 |γ
⎜ ⎟
am |γ =⇒ ⎝ a2 |γ ⎠ , (2.13)
..
.
where the expansion coefficients bn |α form the wavefunctions in B−representation.
The transformation in representation can be achieved by a unitary operator connect-
ing the old set of basis {|a1 , |a2 , · · · } with the new set {|b1 , |b2 , · · · } as follows
Û = |bn an | and Û † = |ak bk |. (2.17)
n k
which is the inner product of the old bra and the new ket.
2.2. CHANGE IN REPRESENTATION AND UNITARY TRANSFORMATION15
Also
Û |al = |bk ak |al = |bl , and (2.20)
k
†
Û |bl = |ak bk |bl = |al . (2.21)
k
We can now find out how the expansion coefficients an |α of an arbitrary ket
|α transform from one basis to another,
|α = |an an |α, (2.22)
n
bk |α = bk |an an |α. (2.23)
n
The left hand sides are the expansion coefficients in new basis and Eq. (2.25) shows
the transformation from old coefficient an |α to the new bk |α. Since the expansion
coefficients are the wavefunctions, Eq. (2.25) shows the transformation of wavefunc-
tion under change of basis.
TRANSFORMATION OF OPERATOR
Since  and B̂ are Hermitian operators, they have complete sets of eigenkets {|an }
and {|bn } respectively. If  and B̂ commute with each other, then they have
simultaneous eigenkets.
Proof:
am | Â, B̂ |an = am | ÂB̂ − B̂ Â |an
= am |ÂB̂|an − am |B̂ Â|an
= a∗m am |B̂|an − an am |B̂|an
= (a∗m − an ) am |B̂|an
= (am − an ) am |B̂|an = 0. (2.29)
Problem 2.2 Show that the operators  and B̂ will commute if they have
common eigenkets.
Since the common eigenket has the eigenvalue an for  and the eigenvalue bn for B̂
we express this fact by the notation
The operators  and B̂ are called compatible if they have simultaneous eigenkets.
We also note that the measurement of  and B̂ when the system is in one of the
common eigenkets will precisely yield the respective eigenvalues an and bn .
2.4. UNCERTAINTY RELATION 17
Since the expectation value of ΔÂ, Δ = 0, we define the dispersion of  by the
quantity
2 2
ΔÂ = Â − Â
Taking the expectation value of Eq. (2.41) in the state |γ we finally get
⎡ ⎤2
2 ⎢ 2
F̂ ⎥ F̂ 2
ΔÂ ⎢ c + ⎥ + Δ B̂ − 2 ≥ 0. (2.42)
⎣ 2 ⎦
2 ΔÂ 4 ΔÂ
F̂
This is true for any value of c, in particular, for c = − 2 .
2(ΔÂ)
Then from Eq. (2.42), we get
2 F̂ 2
ΔB̂ − 2 ≥ 0, or
4 ΔÂ
2 2 F̂ 2 1 2
ΔÂ ΔB̂ ≥ = Â, B̂ . (2.43)
4 4
This is the famous Uncertainty Relation between two non-commuting observables.
We note that in this derivation ΔÂ and ΔB̂ are operators not numbers. When
 and B̂ are coordinate and canonical momentum, the corresponding uncertainty
relation is Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
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8. Resolved, That the separation of the moneys of the government
from banking institutions is indispensable for the safety of the funds
of the government and the rights of the people.
9. Resolved, That the liberal principles embodied by Jefferson in
the Declaration of Independence, and sanctioned in the constitution,
which makes ours the land of liberty and the asylum of the oppressed
of every nation, have ever been cardinal principles in the democratic
faith; and every attempt to abridge the present privilege of becoming
citizens, and the owners of soil among us, ought to be resisted with
the same spirit which swept the alien and sedition laws from our
statute book.
Whereas, Several of the states which have nominated Martin Van
Buren as a candidate for the presidency, have put in nomination
different individuals as candidates for Vice-President, thus
indicating a diversity of opinion as to the person best entitled to the
nomination; and whereas, some of the said states are not
represented in this convention; therefore,
Resolved, That the convention deem it expedient at the present
time not to choose between the individuals in nomination, but to
leave the decision to their republican fellow-citizens in the several
states, trusting that before the election shall take place, their
opinions will become so concentrated as to secure the choice of a
Vice-President by the electoral college.
1843.—Liberty Platform.
1844.—Whig Platform.
Baltimore, May 1.
1. Resolved, That these principles may be summed as comprising a
well regulated national currency: a tariff for revenue to defray the
necessary expenses of the government, and discriminating with
special reference to the protection of the domestic labor of the
country; the distribution of the proceeds from the sales of the public
lands; a single term for the presidency; a reform of executive
usurpations; and generally such an administration of the affairs of
the country as shall impart to every branch of the public service the
greatest practical efficiency, controlled by a well regulated and wise
economy.
1844.—Democratic Platform.
1848.—Democratic Platform.
Philadelphia, June 9.
1. Resolved, That the Whigs of the United States, here assembled
by their representatives, heartily ratify the nominations of General
Zachary Taylor as President, and Millard Fillmore as Vice-President,
of the United States, and pledge themselves to their support.
2. Resolved, That in the choice of General Taylor as the Whig
candidate for President, we are glad to discover sympathy with a
great popular sentiment throughout the nation—a sentiment which
having its origin in admiration of great military success, has been
strengthened by the development, in every action and every word, of
sound conservative opinions, and of true fidelity to the great example
of former days, and to the principles of the constitution as
administered by its founders.
3. Resolved, That General Taylor, in saying that, had he voted in
1844, he would have voted the Whig ticket, gives us the assurance—
and no better is needed from a consistent and truth-speaking man—
that his heart was with us at the crisis of our political destiny, when
Henry Clay was our candidate, and when not only Whig principles
were well defined and clearly asserted, but Whig measures depended
on success. The heart that was with us then is with us now, and, we
have a soldier’s word of honor, and a life of public and private virtue,
as the security.
4. Resolved, That we look on General Taylor’s administration of
the government as one conducive of peace, prosperity and union; of
peace, because no one better knows, or has greater reason to deplore,
what he has seen sadly on the field of victory, the horrors of war, and
especially of a foreign and aggressive war; of prosperity, now more
than ever needed to relieve the nation from a burden of debt, and
restore industry—agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial—to
its accustomed and peaceful functions and influences; of union,
because we have a candidate whose very position as a southwestern
man, reared on the banks of the great stream whose tributaries,
natural and artificial, embrace the whole Union, renders the
protection of the interests of the whole country his first trust, and
whose various duties in past life have been rendered, not on the soil,
or under the flag of any state or section, but over the wide frontier,
and under the broad banner of the nation.
5. Resolved, That standing, as the Whig party does, on the broad
and firm platform of the constitution, braced up by all its inviolable
and sacred guarantees and compromises, and cherished in the
affections, because protective of the interests of the people, we are
proud to have as the exponent of our opinions, one who is pledged to
construe it by the wise and generous rules which Washington applied
to it, and who has said—and no Whig desires any other assurance—
that he will make Washington’s administration his model.
6. Resolved, That as Whigs and Americans, we are proud to
acknowledge our gratitude for the great military services which,
beginning at Palo Alto, and ending at Buena Vista, first awakened the
American people to a just estimate of him who is now our Whig
candidate. In the discharge of a painful duty—for his march into the
enemy’s country was a reluctant one; in the command of regulars at
one time, and volunteers at another, and of both combined; in the
decisive though punctual discipline of his camp, where all respected
and loved him; in the negotiation of terms for a dejected and
desperate enemy; in the exigency of actual conflict when the balance
was perilously doubtful—we have found him the same—brave,
distinguished, and considerate, no heartless spectator of bloodshed,
no trifler with human life or human happiness; and we do not know
which to admire most, his heroism in withstanding the assaults of
the enemy in the most hopeless fields of Buena Vista—mourning in
generous sorrow over the graves of Ringgold, of Clay, of Hardin—or
in giving, in the heat of battle, terms of merciful capitulation to a
vanquished foe at Monterey, and not being ashamed to avow that he
did it to spare women and children, helpless infancy and more
helpless age, against whom no American soldier ever wars. Such a
military man, whose triumphs are neither remote nor doubtful,
whose virtues these trials have tested, we are proud to make our
candidate.
7. Resolved, That in support of this nomination, we ask our Whig
friends throughout the nation to unite, to co-operate zealously,
resolutely, with earnestness, in behalf of our candidate, whom
calumny can not reach, and with respectful demeanor to our
adversaries, whose candidates have yet to prove their claims on the
gratitude of the nation.
1848.—Buffalo Platform.
Utica, June 22.
Whereas, We have assembled in convention as a union of freemen,
for the sake of freedom, forgetting all past political difference, in a
common resolve to maintain the rights of free labor against the
aggression of the slave power, and to secure free soil to a free people;
and,
Whereas, The political conventions recently assembled at
Baltimore and Philadelphia—the one stifling the voice of a great
constituency, entitled to be heard in its deliberations, and the other
abandoning its distinctive principles for mere availability—have
dissolved the national party organization heretofore existing, by
nominating for the chief magistracy of the United States, under the
slaveholding dictation, candidates, neither of whom can be
supported by the opponents of slavery extension, without a sacrifice
of consistency, duty, and self-respect; and,
Whereas, These nominations so made, furnish the occasion, and
demonstrate the necessity of the union of the people under the
banner of free democracy, in a solemn and formal declaration of
their independence of the slave power, and of their fixed
determination to rescue the Federal government from its control,
1. Resolved, therefore, That we, the people here assembled,
remembering the example of our fathers in the days of the first
Declaration of Independence, putting our trust in God for the
triumph of our cause, and invoking His guidance in our endeavors to
advance it, do now plant ourselves upon the national platform of
freedom, in opposition to the sectional platform of slavery.
2. Resolved, That slavery in the several states of this Union which
recognize its existence, depends upon the state laws alone, which can
not be repealed or modified by the Federal government, and for
which laws that government is not responsible. We therefore propose
no interference by Congress with slavery within the limits of any
state.
3. Resolved, That the proviso of Jefferson, to prohibit the existence
of slavery, after 1800, in all the territories of the United States,
southern and northern; the votes of six states and sixteen delegates
in Congress of 1784, for the proviso, to three states and seven
delegates against it; the actual exclusion of slavery from the
Northwestern Territory, by the Ordinance of 1787, unanimously
adopted by the states in Congress; and the entire history of that
period, clearly show that it was the settled policy of the nation not to
extend, nationalize or encourage, but to limit, localize and
discourage, slavery; and to this policy, which should never have been
departed from, the government ought to return.
4. Resolved, That our fathers ordained the constitution of the
United States, in order, among other great national objects, to
establish justice, promote the general welfare, and secure the
blessings of liberty; but expressly denied to the Federal government,
which they created, all constitutional power to deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, without due legal process.
5. Resolved, That in the judgment of this convention, Congress has
no more power to make a slave than to make a king; no more power
to institute or establish slavery than to institute or establish a
monarchy; no such power can be found among those specifically
conferred by the constitution, or derived by just implication from
them.
6. Resolved, That it is the duty of the Federal government to
relieve itself from all responsibility for the existence or continuance
of slavery wherever the government possesses constitutional power
to legislate on that subject, and it is thus responsible for its existence.
7. Resolved, That the true, and, in the judgment of this convention,
the only safe means of preventing the extension of slavery into
territory now free, is to prohibit its extension in all such territory by
an act of Congress.
8. Resolved, That we accept the issue which the slave power has
forced upon us; and to their demand for more slave states, and more
slave territory, our calm but final answer is, no more slave states and
no more slave territory. Let the soil of our extensive domains be kept
free for the hardy pioneers of our own land, and the oppressed and
banished of other lands, seeking homes of comfort and fields of
enterprise in the new world.
9. Resolved, That the bill lately reported by the committee of eight
in the Senate of the United States, was no compromise, but an
absolute surrender of the rights of the non-slaveholders of all the
states; and while we rejoice to know that a measure which, while
opening the door for the introduction of slavery into the territories
now free, would also have opened the door to litigation and strife
among the future inhabitants thereof, to the ruin of their peace and
prosperity, was defeated in the House of Representatives, its
passage, in hot haste, by a majority, embracing several senators who
voted in open violation of the known will of their constituents,
should warn the people to see to it that their representatives be not
suffered to betray them. There must be no more compromises with
slavery; if made, they must be repealed.
10. Resolved, That we demand freedom and established
institutions for our brethren in Oregon, now exposed to hardships,
peril, and massacre, by the reckless hostility of the slave power to the
establishment of free government and free territories; and not only
for them, but for our brethren in California and New Mexico.
11. Resolved, It is due not only to this occasion, but to the whole
people of the United States, that we should also declare ourselves on
certain other questions of national policy; therefore,
12. Resolved, That we demand cheap postage for the people; a
retrenchment of the expenses and patronage of the Federal
government; the abolition of all unnecessary offices and salaries; and
the election by the people of all civil officers in the service of the
government, so far as the same may be practicable.
13. Resolved, that river and harbor improvements, when
demanded by the safety and convenience of commerce with foreign
nations, or among the several states, are objects of national concern,
and that it is the duty of Congress, in the exercise of its constitutional
power, to provide therefor.
14. Resolved, That the free grant to actual settlers, in consideration
of the expenses they incur in making settlements in the wilderness,
which are usually fully equal to their actual cost, and of the public
benefits resulting therefrom, of reasonable portions of the public
lands, under suitable limitations, is a wise and just measure of public
policy, which will promote in various ways the interests of all the
states of this Union; and we, therefore, recommend it to the
favorable consideration of the American People.
15. Resolved, That the obligations of honor and patriotism require
the earliest practical payment of the national debt, and we are,
therefore, in favor of such a tariff of duties as will raise revenue
adequate to defray the expenses of the Federal government, and to
pay annual installments of our debt and the interest thereon.
16. Resolved, That we inscribe on our banner, “Free Soil, Free
Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men,” and under it we will fight on,
and fight ever, until a triumphant victory shall reward our exertions.
1852.—Democratic Platform.
Baltimore, June 1.
Resolutions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, of the platform of 1848, were
reaffirmed, to which were added the following:
8. Resolved, That it is the duty of every branch of the government
to enforce and practice the most rigid economy in conducting our
public affairs, and that no more revenue ought to be raised than is
required to defray the necessary expenses of the government, and for
the gradual but certain extinction of the public debt.
9. Resolved, That Congress has no power to charter a National
Bank; that we believe such an institution one of deadly hostility to
the best interests of the country, dangerous to our republican
institutions and the liberties of the people, and calculated to place
the business of the country within the control of a concentrated
money power, and that above the laws and will of the people; and
that the results of Democratic legislation, in this and all other
financial measures, upon which issues have been made between the
two political parties of the country, have demonstrated to candid and
practical men of all parties, their soundness, safety, and utility, in all
business pursuits.
10. Resolved, That the separation of the moneys of the government
from banking institutions is indispensable for the safety of the funds
of the government and the rights of the people.
11. Resolved, That the liberal principles embodied by Jefferson in
the Declaration of Independence, and sanctioned in the constitution,
which makes ours the land of liberty and the asylum of the oppressed
of every nation, have ever been cardinal principles in the Democratic
faith; and every attempt to abridge the privilege of becoming citizens
and the owners of the soil among us, ought to be resisted with the
same spirit that swept the alien and sedition laws from our statute
books.
12. Resolved, That Congress has no power under the constitution
to interfere with, or control, the domestic institutions of the several
states, and that such states are the sole and proper judges of
everything appertaining to their own affairs, not prohibited by the
constitution; that all efforts of the Abolitionists or others, made to
induce Congress to interfere with questions of slavery, or to take
incipient steps in relation thereto, are calculated to lead to the most
alarming and dangerous consequences; and that all such efforts have
an inevitable tendency to diminish the happiness of the people, and
endanger the stability and permanency of the Union, and ought not
to be countenanced by any friend of our political institutions.
13. Resolved, That the foregoing proposition covers, and is
intended to embrace, the whole subject of slavery agitation in
Congress; and therefore the Democratic party of the Union, standing
on this national platform, will abide by, and adhere to, a faithful
execution of the acts known as the Compromise measures settled by
last Congress, “the act for reclaiming fugitives from service labor”
included; which act, being designed to carry out an express provision
of the constitution, can not, with fidelity thereto, be repealed, nor so
changed as to destroy or impair its efficiency.
14. Resolved, That the Democratic party will resist all attempts at
renewing in Congress, or out of it, the agitation of the slavery
question, under whatever shape or color the attempt may be made.
[Here resolutions 13 and 14, of the platform of 1848, were
inserted.]
17. Resolved, That the Democratic party will faithfully abide by
and uphold the principles laid down in the Kentucky and Virginia
resolutions of 1792 and 1798, and in the report of Mr. Madison to the
Virginia Legislature in 1799; that it adopts those principles as
constituting one of the main foundations of its political creed, and is
resolved to carry them out in their obvious meaning and import.
18. Resolved, That the war with Mexico, upon all the principles of
patriotism and the law of nations, was a just and necessary war on
our part, in which no American citizen should have shown himself
opposed to his country, and neither morally nor physically, by word
or deed, given aid and comfort to the enemy.
19. Resolved, That we rejoice at the restoration of friendly
relations with our sister Republic of Mexico, and earnestly desire for
her all the blessings and prosperity which we enjoy under republican
institutions, and we congratulate the American people on the results
of that war which have so manifestly justified the policy and conduct
of the Democratic party, and insured to the United States indemnity
for the past and security for the future.
20. Resolved, That, in view of the condition of popular institutions
in the old world, a high and sacred duty is devolved with increased
responsibility upon the Democracy of this country, as the party of the
people, to uphold and maintain the rights of every state, and thereby
the union of states, and to sustain and advance among them
constitutional liberty, by continuing to resist all monopolies and
exclusive legislation for the benefit of the few at the expense of the
many, and by a vigilant and constant adherence to those principles
and compromises of the constitution which are broad enough and
strong enough to embrace and uphold the Union as it is, and the
Union as it should be, in the full expansion of the energies and
capacity of this great and progressive people.
1852.—Whig Platform.
1852.—Free-soil Platform.