A Roadmap to Industry 4.

0: Smart
Production, Sharp Business and
Sustainable Development Anand
Nayyar
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/a-roadmap-to-industry-4-0-smart-production-sharp-bu
siness-and-sustainable-development-anand-nayyar/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Handbook of Industry 4.0 and SMART Systems 1st Edition

Diego Galar Pascual (Author)

https://textbookfull.com/product/handbook-of-industry-4-0-and-
smart-systems-1st-edition-diego-galar-pascual-author/

Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

https://textbookfull.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-
loucas/

Sustainable Food Systems from Agriculture to Industry

Improving Production and Processing 1st Edition Charis
Michel Galanakis

https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-food-systems-from-
agriculture-to-industry-improving-production-and-processing-1st-
edition-charis-michel-galanakis/

Shaping the Future of Small Islands: Roadmap for

Sustainable Development John Laing Roberts

https://textbookfull.com/product/shaping-the-future-of-small-
islands-roadmap-for-sustainable-development-john-laing-roberts/
Introduction to Modeling Sustainable Development in
Business Processes: Theory and Case Studies Dirk
Inghels

https://textbookfull.com/product/introduction-to-modeling-
sustainable-development-in-business-processes-theory-and-case-
studies-dirk-inghels/

From Business Strategy to Information Technology

Roadmap A Practical Guide for Executives and Board
Members Tiffany Pham

https://textbookfull.com/product/from-business-strategy-to-
information-technology-roadmap-a-practical-guide-for-executives-
and-board-members-tiffany-pham/

Advances in Mathematics for Industry 4.0 1st Edition

Deepti Aggrawal

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-mathematics-for-
industry-4-0-1st-edition-deepti-aggrawal/

Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (Encyclopedia

of the UN Sustainable Development Goals) Leal Filho

https://textbookfull.com/product/industry-innovation-and-
infrastructure-encyclopedia-of-the-un-sustainable-development-
goals-leal-filho/

Asian Transformations: An Inquiry into the Development

of Nations Deepak Nayyar (Eds.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/asian-transformations-an-
inquiry-into-the-development-of-nations-deepak-nayyar-eds/
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development

Anand Nayyar · Akshi Kumar Editors

A Roadmap to Industry 4.0:

Smart Production, Sharp
Business and Sustainable
Development
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation

IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable

Development

Editorial Board Members

Anna Laura Pisello, Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy
Dean Hawkes, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Hocine Bougdah, University for the Creative Arts, Farnham, UK
Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Hassan Abdalla, University of East London, London, UK
Sofia-Natalia Boemi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Nabil Mohareb, Faculty of Architecture - Design and Built Environment, Beirut Arab
University, Beirut, Lebanon
Saleh Mesbah Elkaffas, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, Egypt
Emmanuel Bozonnet, University of la Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
Gloria Pignatta, University of Perugia, Italy
Yasser Mahgoub, Qatar University, Qatar
Luciano De Bonis, University of Molise, Italy
Stella Kostopoulou, Regional and Tourism Development, University of Thessaloniki,
Thessaloniki, Greece
Biswajeet Pradhan, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney,
Australia
Md. Abdul Mannan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
Chaham Alalouch, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Iman O. Gawad, Helwan University, Egypt
Anand Nayyar, Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam

Series Editor
Mourad Amer, International Experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange
(IEREK), Cairo, Egypt
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (ASTI) is a series of peer-reviewed books
based on the best studies on emerging research that redefines existing disciplinary boundaries
in science, technology and innovation (STI) in order to develop integrated concepts for
sustainable development. The series is mainly based on the best research papers from various
IEREK and other international conferences, and is intended to promote the creation and
development of viable solutions for a sustainable future and a positive societal transformation
with the help of integrated and innovative science-based approaches. Offering interdisciplinary
coverage, the series presents innovative approaches and highlights how they can best support
both the economic and sustainable development for the welfare of all societies. In particular,
the series includes conceptual and empirical contributions from different interrelated fields of
science, technology and innovation that focus on providing practical solutions to ensure food,
water and energy security. It also presents new case studies offering concrete examples of how
to resolve sustainable urbanization and environmental issues. The series is addressed to
professionals in research and teaching, consultancies and industry, and government and
international organizations. Published in collaboration with IEREK, the ASTI series will
acquaint readers with essential new studies in STI for sustainable development.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15883

Anand Nayyar • Akshi Kumar
Editors

A Roadmap to Industry 4.0:

Smart Production, Sharp
Business and Sustainable
Development
Editors
Anand Nayyar Akshi Kumar
Graduate School Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Duy Tan University Delhi Technological University
Da Nang, Vietnam New Delhi, India

ISSN 2522-8714 ISSN 2522-8722 (electronic)

Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
ISBN 978-3-030-14543-9 ISBN 978-3-030-14544-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14544-6

# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to
be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,
expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword

I am delighted to write the foreword for this book on A Roadmap to Industry 4.0: Smart
Production, Sharp Business and Sustainable Development, edited by Dr. Nayyar and
Dr. Kumar. This book is a practical guide that helps you discover the technologies and use
cases for Industry 4.0 applications.
The Internet of things, big data and analytics, robotic systems, and additive manufacturing
have introduced the buzzwords “Productivity 4.0,” “Logistics 4.0,” and “Sustainability 4.0” in
coherence to this fourth generation of industrial revolution. Integrating physical flows, infor-
mation flows, and financial flows by adopting smart equipment and intelligent systems for
manufacturing and service industries is what defines this paradigm of smart manufacturing and
operational excellence with advanced decision technologies. But this industrial Internet
presents inevitable new challenges such as cybersecurity, perpetual connectivity, redundancy
of jobs, and potentially unexpected environmental derivatives in adopting this as a global
business management practice. This book examines the key technological advances that form
the pillars of Industry 4.0 and explores their potential technical and economic benefits using
examples of real-world applications. It is a comprehensive guide defining the conceptual
framework and roadmap for decision-makers for this revolutionary approach.
Moreover, the prospects of sustainable development have started to unfold through the
opportunities which Industry 4.0 is providing. For example, socially, Industry 4.0 is already
assisting in the efforts to improve human lives and health where manufacturing with big data
and analytics together with augmented reality diagnoses patients with health irregularities and
ascertain prognosis. More recently, the government reliance on Industry 4.0 technologies has
become a part of the digital economy with products and processes like smart cities, 3D printers,
market spaces, zero waste, and smart trash. Thus, the maturity and growth of instrumentation,
monitoring, and automation as technology drivers support Industry 4.0 is a key to a sharp,
viable, competent, and actionable business model. This has compelled the researchers and the
practitioners of Industry 4.0 to strive for and integrate the Sustainable Development Goals, or
SDGs, such as prosperity, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. At the same time,
to overcome the environmental, economic, and social predicament of the current and the future,
the challenges in sustainable development have to be tackled by both advancements of
technology and people. This book intends to demonstrate the synergy between the innovations
of Industry 4.0, which help making the societies better, saving lives, creating efficiencies,
interconnectivity, and ultimately, sustainable
With the changing dynamics of global production, this book will be of interest to academia,
industry practitioners, and researchers globally. It is my hope and expectation that this book will
provide an effective learning experience and referenced resource for implementation and
workforce transformation guiding toward a sustainable, intelligent, innovative, Internet of
things industry.

Al-Balqa Applied University Jafar Al-Zubi

As-Salt, Jordan

v
Preface

Business innovation and industrial intelligence pave the way to a future in which smart
factories, intelligent machines, networked processes, and big data are brought together to foster
industrial growth and shift the modalities. Industry 4.0 or the industrial Internet of things is the
latest catchphrase of technological innovation in manufacturing with the goal to increase
productivity in a flexible and efficient manner. This radical transformation which is changing
the way in which manufacturers operate is powered by various foundational technology
advances. The creation of “smart factories” using the emergent paradigm of Industry 4.0
includes a fully integrated, automated, and optimized production flow largely based on
cyber-physical interaction and its configuration to the Internet of things, big data, and cloud
computing.
This book intends to demonstrate the synergy between the innovations of Industry 4.0,
which help making societies better, saving lives, creating efficiencies, interconnectivity, and
ultimately, sustainable. It offers a primer to understand the paradigm shift of industrial revolu-
tion from Industry 1.0 to Industry 4.0, that is, the way business models, strategy formulation
and implementation, and management approaches for firms operating in the new outlined
scenario are willing to achieve sustainable development and/or foster sustainability. The
focus is to comprehend the necessary preconditions, development, and technological aspects
that conceptually describe this transformation along with the understanding of practices,
models, and real-time experiences to achieve a sustainable smart manufacturing technology.
At the same time, the vision is to understand how smart products and Industry 4.0 technologies
could generate significant economic, environmental, and social benefits.
The book is organized into 11 chapters. The topics are intelligibly explained with sufficient
illustrations, examples, and case studies to reinforce the concepts covered within the text. The
primary objective is to address significant fundamental what, how, and why within the domain
congregating sustainability to overcome the difficult environmental, economic, and social
problems of today and tomorrow, such as:
• What is Industry 4.0?
• What is the current status of the implementation of Industry 4.0?
• How to implement Industry 4.0?
• How do firms exploit Internet of things (IoT), big data, and other emerging technologies to
improve production and services, aiming at economic, ecological, and social achievements?
• How to accelerate the implementation of Industry 4.0?
• How is Industry 4.0 changing the landscape of society and workplace?
• Why this unison of the virtual and physical world is needed for smart production engineering
environments?
• Why smart production is a game-changing new way of product design and manufacturing?
• How Industry 4.0 ensures sustainable consumption and production patterns?
Chapter “si3-Industry: A Sustainable, Intelligent, Innovative, Internet-of-Things Industry”
aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to the basic concept of Industry 4.0 including its
evolution, the principles, building blocks, and the key technologies and concepts around which

vii
viii Preface

it is built and is targeted to develop. Chapter “Development of Industry 4.0” explicates allied
rudiments of Industry 4.0 such as cross-technological, functional, talent, and business
developments from the perspective of real-time scenarios. This chapter also previews detailed
knowledge about horizontal-vertical system integration and supply chain that aids in enabling
and designing smooth manufacturing process in order to gain more profit. The prospects of
sustainable development have started to unfold through the opportunities which Industry 4.0 is
providing. It is not viable to discuss about innovation and industry without reference to the three
pillars of sustainability, namely the environmental, social, and economic sustainability.
Chapter “Sustainable Development in Industry 4.0” discusses this balance between production
and the destruction by examining sustainability development in Industry 4.0. Chapter “Big Data
and Analytics in Industry 4.0” probes the significance of big data on Industry 4.0 research and
practice followed by an in-depth discussion of the new manufacturing paradigm known as
ubiquitous manufacturing in chapter “Ubiquitous Manufacturing in the Age of Industry 4.0: A
State-of-the-Art Primer.” Chapter “si3-Industry: Cloud Computing in Industry 4.0” primarily
concentrates on the contribution of cloud computing over the various industrial sectors. It
discusses the cloud infrastructure for industries and presents various independent as well as
integrated cloud models.
Chapter “Modeling and Simulation for Industry 4.0” investigates the trending proliferation
of Industry 4.0 and design goals which are greatly facilitated by model-based systems engi-
neering (MBSE). It addresses the need for modeling and simulation in Industry 4.0.
Chapter “Augmented Reality and Industry 4.0” discusses the basics of augmented reality, its
history, types, working, applications, and its emergence into the Industry 4.0. It also identifies
various technological requirements for augmented reality in Industry 4.0. Chapter “Robotics
and Industry 4.0” discusses the role, various challenges, pros and cons, and various applications
of robotics and automation in Industry 4.0. In this current time, the use of additive
manufacturing’s modern abilities in the domain of IT integration plays a major role in the
competitiveness of the industrial domain. Chapter “Additive Manufacturing: Concepts and
Technologies” provides a fundamental understanding of the contribution of key elements of
additive manufacturing to Industry 4.0. Finally, chapter “Challenges Within the Industry 4.0
Setup” presents the challenges of Industry 4.0 related to the practical aspects, infrastructure
requirements, cybersecurity, and business models.
The purpose of this book is to thus confer the preliminaries of the cutting-edge smart
technology-driven production maneuver, the Industry 4.0, mainly to determine and verify its
potential as a practice which endorses sustainability to ultimately revolutionize the competi-
tiveness of businesses and regions. The highlighting feature of the proposed book is that it will
proffer basics to the beginners and at the same time serve as a reference study to advance
learners. Also, the book is not country-specific or audience-specific. It will be of interest to
academia, industry practitioners, and researchers globally.

Da Nang, Vietnam Anand Nayyar

New Delhi, India Akshi Kumar
Acknowledgments

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for his showers of blessings
throughout to complete the project successfully.
I am extremely grateful to my sister, Dr. Sanchi Sharma, for her love, prayers, caring, and
continuing support to complete this book project.
Finally, my thanks go to all the authors of chapters who have supported me to complete the
edited book project successfully.
Dr. Anand Nayyar
I am most thankful to my family for constantly encouraging me and giving me time and
unconditional support while working on this book.
I am extremely grateful to MPS Bhatia, Professor, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology,
Delhi, India, for being a constant source of inspiration throughout my research and teaching
career. I will always be indebted to him for his extensive support and guidance. My heartfelt
gratitude to the research scholars of Web Research Group at Department of Computer Science
and Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India, who worked closely with me
during the evolution of the book. Lastly, thank you my sonny boy Kiaan Kumar for all the
smiles, hugs, and kisses which makes each day a happy day.
Dr. Akshi Kumar

ix
Contents

si3-Industry: A Sustainable, Intelligent, Innovative, Internet-of-Things

Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Akshi Kumar and Anand Nayyar
Development of Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Aditi Sharma and Deepak Kumar Jain
Sustainable Development in Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Saurabh Raj Sangwan and M. P. S. Bhatia
Big Data and Analytics in Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Abhilasha Sharma and Harsh Pandey
Ubiquitous Manufacturing in the Age of Industry 4.0: A State-of-the-Art
Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Pijush Kanti Dutta Pramanik, Bulbul Mukherjee, Saurabh Pal,
Bijoy Kumar Upadhyaya, and Shubhendu Dutta
si3-Industry: Cloud Computing in Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Bandana Mahapatra
Modeling and Simulation for Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi and Adarsh Kumar
Augmented Reality and Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Kruti Lavingia and Sudeep Tanwar
Robotics and Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Ruchi Goel and Pooja Gupta
Additive Manufacturing: Concepts and Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Pimal Khanpara and Sudeep Tanwar
Challenges Within the Industry 4.0 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Akshi Kumar and Divya Gupta

xi
Contributors

M. P. S. Bhatia Division of Computer Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology,

Delhi, India
Shubhendu Dutta Aujas Networks, New Delhi, India
Ruchi Goel Computer Science Department, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology,
GGSIPU University, Rohini, India
Divya Gupta School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Noida,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Pooja Gupta Computer Science Department, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology,
GGSIPU University, Rohini, India
Deepak Kumar Jain Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing,
Chongqing, China
Pimal Khanpara Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology,
Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi Department of Computer Science, Jaypee Institute of Informa-
tion Technology, Noida, India
Adarsh Kumar Department of Systemics, School of Computer Science, The University of
Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
Akshi Kumar Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Delhi Technological
University, New Delhi, India
Kruti Lavingia Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology,
Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
Bandana Mahapatra School of Data Science, Symbiosis Skills and open University, Pune,
Maharashtra, India
Bulbul Mukherjee Bengal Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India
Anand Nayyar Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
Saurabh Pal Bengal Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India
Harsh Pandey Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Netaji Subhas
Institute of Technology, Dwarka, Delhi, India
Pijush Kanti Dutta Pramanik National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Saurabh Raj Sangwan Division of Computer Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of
Technology, Delhi, India
Abhilasha Sharma Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Delhi Technological
University, Delhi, India
xiii
xiv Contributors

Aditi Sharma DIT University, Dehradun, India

Sudeep Tanwar Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology,
Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
Bijoy Kumar Upadhyaya Tripura Institute of Technology, Agartala, India
 si3-Industry: A Sustainable, Intelligent, Innovative,
Internet-of-Things Industry
Akshi Kumar and Anand Nayyar
Abstract
Industry 4.0 is a digital revolution being witnessed in the
present generation whereby the aim is to digitize the entire
manufacturing process with minimal human or manual
intervention. The aim is to encompass as many industries
as feasible and adapt and enhance the existing
technologies to better suit the needs of digital
manufacturing. Concepts like smart manufacturing,
smart factories and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
are some of the key buzzwords of industry 4.0. The
success of industry 4.0 lies to a large extent in successful
integration and adaptation of various existing and
emerging technologies with the present manufacturing
process. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive
introduction to the basic concept of industry 4.0 including
how it came up, the principles, building blocks and the key
technologies and concepts around which it is built and is
targeted to develop. To incorporate or upgrade to industry
4.0, any business or organization must undergo many
complicated and time-consuming procedures to transit
and incorporate the concepts and strategies of industry
4.0 into their current methodologies and techniques. The
aspects of maturity and feasibility with respect to the
business scenario are also discussed. Industry 4.0
incorporates technologies from a wide range of domains
and in turn demands massive changes like those in
innovation, production, logistics and service processes.
These are also discussed. The chapter concludes with the
concept of sustainability as applicable to industry 4.0.
A. Kumar
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Delhi Technological
University, New Delhi, India
e-mail: akshikumar@dce.ac.in
A. Nayyar (*)
Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
e-mail: anandnayyar@duytan.edu.vn
# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
A. Nayyar, A. Kumar (eds.), A Roadmap to Industry 4.0: Smart Production, Sharp Business and Sustainable Development,
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14544-6_1
Keywords
Industry 4.0 · IIOT · UN sustainable goals · Industrial net ·
Evolution of industrial revolution · Technology pillars of
industry 4.0 · Industry 4.0 maturity model
The twenty-first century is currently in the midst of a radical
transformation of the way products are manufactured and
services are offered. The current generation is witnessing
digitization of the manufacturing process and this compel-
ling, significant change in the industry has been labelled as
the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0. From mecha-
nization using power generated from water and steam in the
first industrial revolution to using electricity for mass produc-
tion in the second industrial revolution, this fourth phase of
the industrial revolution is missioned to take the automation
and computerization initiated in the third industrial revolution
to the next level of smart manufacturing built on the
foundations of artificial intelligence, cloud storage and big
data analytics.
Owing to the increasing complexity and demands regard-
ing manufacturing, aspects like rising competition in the
international market, rising market instability, and require-
ment for highly customised products and shortening product
life cycle are grave challenges for companies. Seemingly, the
existing methodologies of value creation are not enough for
handling the growing requirements for price, stability, suste-
nance, efficiency and adaptation. Industry 4.0, also known as
‘smart manufacturing’ or the ‘industrial internet’ can poten-
tially impact the entire manufacturing systems across various
industries by bringing about a global transformation regard-
ing the designing, manufacturing, and deliverance of goods
and services. Rapid advancements inn digitization and
technologies like the internet of things and services, cyber
physical systems, big data analytics and cloud computing
have assumed a significant relevance.
Hartmut Rauen, Deputy Executive Director Mechanical
Engineering Industry Association (VDMA), 2012 says:
1
2 A. Kumar and A. Nayyar
The implementation starts with small steps here and there, there
won’t be a big bang that is going to introduce Industry 4.0. On
the contrary, it will come step by step. But if we look back in ten
years we will see that the world has changed significantly. [1]
There is no standard definition of industry 4.0 in simplest
terms, it is the digital transformation of industrial markets.
Below are a few definitions found across literature.
It indicates the profound transformation of business models by
enabling the fusion of virtual and real words and the application
of digitization, automation, and robotics in manufacturing. (Gotz
and Jankowska [2])
It is nothing but an autonomous, knowledge and sensor based,
self-regulating production systems. (Lasi et al. [3])
1 Genesis of Industry 4.0
The term industry, simply put refers to the production of
goods and services within an economy. The various phases
of industrialization are ex-post called the various ‘industrial
revolutions’, namely the first, second and third industrial
revolutions. Unlike the first three, the fourth industrial revo-
lution is the name given to a planned phase of the industriali-
zation process in accordance with future expectations. The
ever-changing demands of the consumers worldwide today is
driving global competition. These demands call for a radical
change and adaption in the manufacturing process. Amidst all
this, Germany, being a leader in the manufacturing sector
launched the initiative of ‘Industrie 4.0’ as part of its high-
tech strategy thus bringing forth the idea of a “fully”
integrated industry [4, 5]. Ever since, industry 4.0 has gained
popularity and attention beyond the borders of Germany and
expanded into a global fourth phase of the industrial revolu-
tion and listed as key topic in the World Economic Forum’s
agenda, 2016. It is expected that the success of all industrial
nations depend on their active participation in industry 4.0
[6]. This includes participation not only in development but
also in marketing and operation of an autonomous, self-
adapting production system.
The industrial revolution has origins in the latter half of
the eighteenth century. It has come a long way from the first
to the fourth industrial revolution popularly termed as indus-
try 4.0. ‘Need is the mother of invention’ is quite befitting to
the ushering of the fourth industrial revolution. The shift and
the ever-increasing customer demands and expectations
regarding customized products, faster than ever responses
and companies’ response in fulfilling these and staying com-
petitive are the major role players behind this revolution.
Industry 4.0 is a promising emerging ray of hope to meet
this end. It combines business, manufacturing, suppliers as
well as consumers. Industry 4.0 applies the concepts of Cyber
Physical Systems (CPS) and Internet of Things (IoT) to the
production process of the industry. These are combined to
gather and transmit real-time information with the goal of
identifying, locating, tracking, monitoring and optimizing the
production processes. Manufacturing Execution Systems
(MES) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) can be
adapted to provide the required decentralized software con-
trol. An important aspect in this regard is the handling of
huge amounts of data collected from the numerous machines,
processes and products. Cloud storage is used to store the
vast amount of collected data. This data needs to be analysed
to form decisions which can further be converted into actions
(Fig. 1).
1.1 The Genesis: From Then to Now
1.1.1 The First Industrial Revolution (1765)
The pre-industrial era had people majority of people residing
in small, countryside communities with their existence and
income dependent on agriculture with scanty incomes and
prevalent malnourishment and diseases. Bulk of people’s
food and clothing requirements were produced by themselves
and the little manufacturing that was done was done at homes
or small shops with the aid of simple hand tools and
machines.
Beginning in the latter half of the eighteenth century, the
first industrial revolution started in Great Britain and marked
the transition from hand production to machines. It
introduced the mechanical production equipment driven by
water and steam power. Agriculture was replaced. The first
mechanical loom was introduced in 1784. Mass coal extrac-
tion and development of the steam engine by Thomas
Newcomen created a novel energy that empowered all indus-
trial processes. Railroads were developed and economic
development gained momentum. Blueprints for factories
and cities came into being. People learnt metal-shaping and
forging. Iron, coal, textile and steam industries came into
being.
The key reasons for Britain being the birthplace of the
industrial revolution include its paucity of wood and profu-
sion of coal deposits, business minded aristocracy class,
limited government interference, free enterprise system,
cheap cotton production by North American slaves, high
literacy rate, its prime location in the Atlantic location, its
colonies in various parts of the world which provided for
cheap land and labour and markets to sell its products. Soon
after the industrialization spread to Belgium, Switzerland,
France, Germany and the United States.
1.1.2 The Second Industrial Revolution (1870)
The second industrial revolution or the ‘Technological Rev-
olution’ came into being about a century later, in the latter
si3-Industry: A Sustainable, Intelligent, Innovative, Internet-of-Things Industry 3

Fig. 1 Phases and key •Smart manufacturing

contributions of industrial •Cloud computing
revolution
•Big data analytics
•IIoT
•Smart sensors
Fourth
Industrial •Virtualization
Revolution •Additive Manufacturing
•Machine Learning

•Production Automation
•Information and Technology
•Leveraging Electrical Mechanization
•First PLC
•Telecommunication
Third Industrial •Computer and Automation, electronic and nuclear industries
Revolution •Industrial Robotics
•Business Computers, Supercomuputers, business software
•Internet and World wide Web

•Electrical Energy, steam power and petroleum

•Skyscrapers
•Large scale iron and steel production
•Telephones and telegraphs, typewriter, phonograph, motion pictures
Second Industrial •Widespread use of machinery in manufacturing
Revolution •Automobile, airplanes, diesel engines, bicycles, railroads
•Chemical, Rubber, paper mills, fertilizers
•Applied Science
•New forms of business organizations

•Mechanical Production
•New Energy Resources - Water and Steam Power
•New raw materials, chiefly iron and steel
•New machines - Spinning Jenny and the Power loom
First Industrial
Revolution •Fatory system, division of labor, specialization
•The locomotive
•Watt and Newcomen Steam Engines
•Iron, coal, textile, steam industries
•Expansion of world trade

half of the nineteenth century. It was a period of rapid
industrialization primarily in Great Britain, Germany and
the United States, but also in other countries like France,
Italy and Japan. Technological advancements and
manufacturing in factories enables farmers and
manufacturers to produce faster and more goods. Abundance
of labour, natural resources, government policies, new
emerging sources of power and immigration were some of
the key contributing factors for the second phase of the
industrial revolution. This phase made use of electrical
energy. Mass production was achieved through division of
labor. The profound inventions include telephone, telegram,
automobiles and planes. Steel industry and chemical synthe-
sis industries like those manufacturing dyes, fertilizers and
synthetic fabric came into being. Oil and gas, apart from
electricity were being used as energy resources. Steel, auto-
mobile and the plane industry were the main highlights.
Transportation, especially the expansion of railroads was a
major breakthrough of the second industrial revolution which
enabled goods to be easily sent from one place to another.
This also allowed expansion of economies which were previ-
ously localized. Development of railroads was also a boon for
4 A. Kumar and A. Nayyar
farmers and manufacturers who could now sell their product
far and wide. Incredible inventions like the airplane by
Wright Brothers, the light bulb by Thomas Edison, the tele-
phone by Alexander Graham Bell were key highlights that
surcharged the people with the hope that anything and every-
thing was now possible. The second industrial transformed
the map of the United States of America due to unforeseen
urbanization and swift territorial extension during the period
from 1820 to 1860.
On the flip side, the second industrial revolution also gave
rise to widespread poverty, unemployment with humans
being replaced by machines, deep depression and prevalent
economic insecurity. The great depression during the 1870s
and 90s made millions jobless or those who retained their
jobs were forced to work with reduced pay. Working
conditions in the industries were dangerous with stretched
working hours and no compensation for overtime and
injuries. Skilled workers, on the other hand got high pay
and economic independence. The second industrial revolu-
tion ended with the onset of World War I.
1.1.3 The Third Industrial Revolution (1969)
About a century later, the third industrial revolution paved its
way. With this revolution, ushered in electronics and
computers, the aim being production automation. Telecom-
munication was introduced. The first Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC) was introduced in 1870. PLCs were being
used by factories for production. Robots came into being.
The introduction and use of nuclear energy made this revolu-
tion exceed its two predecessor revolutions. The three pri-
mary, in focus industries being the computer and automation
industry, electronic and nuclear energy industry, paved way
for the emergence of Internet and soon after the fourth indus-
trial revolution.
1.1.4 The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Now)
The twenty-first century is presently witnessing the fourth
industrial revolution, popularly known as ‘Industry 4.0’. It is
based on the concept of smart manufacturing. The vision is to
use digitization to design, build and develop an empowered
virtual world that would steer the physical world. The aim is
to interconnect all production and enable their real-time
interaction. Cloud computing, big data analytics, Industrial
Internet of Things (IIoT) and cyber physical systems are the
key technological foundations for this industrial revolution.
Although, the first initiative for the transition to Industry
4.0 comes from Germany, similar concepts were introduced
in countries worldwide. General Electric brought the concept
of the ‘Industrial Internet’ in North America in late 2012 as a
tight incorporation of the physical and virtual worlds based
on a combination of IoT and big data analytics. This concept
covers a wide range of domains like distribution and
generation of power, the health industry, transportation
industry, the various public sectors, manufacturing and
mining [7]. The concept of ‘Industrie du futur’ was presented
in France as the foundation of the future industrial revolution
in France. It is based on five pillars namely cutting edge
technologies, support for small and middle French
companies, extensive training of workers, consolidation of
international cooperation based on industrial principles and
promotion of the French industry [8]. In 2015, the ‘Made in
China 2025’ initiative by the China Ministry of Industry and
Information Technology in cooperation with experts from the
China Academy of Engineering was introduced [9]. The
prime goal being to comprehensive upgradation of the Chi-
nese industry by inspiration from Germany’s initiative and its
adaption to Chinese needs. The long term goal being to
transit from low-cost to high-quality products and become
the industrial word superpower till 2049.
Two development directions govern this future project of
industry 4.0. The first being an application pull, triggered by
short development periods, individualization on demand,
flexibility, decentralization, and resource efficiency. The
other direction being the current technology pull owing to
increasing mechanization and automation, digitalization and
networking, and miniaturization [3].
Design Principles
There are four key Design Principles underlying Industry 4.0
shown in Fig. 2, namely interconnection, information trans-
parency, technical assistance, and decentralized
decisions [10].
• Interconnection: A foundational principle of Industry 4.0
is to interconnect and make various machines, cyber phys-
ical systems, sensors, devices and people so that they can
interact and exchange data, which is later analysed and
transformed to information that would aid decision
making and ultimately set various production processes
into action.
• Information Transparency: Transparency would provide
useful information to various operators thus enabling them
to make more efficient decisions. A large amount of data can
be made available as a result of interconnection of various
devices, people and technologies thereby enhancing func-
tionality, driving innovation and aiding improvement.
• Technical Assistance: Assistance systems can collect and
visualize the information gathered thus assisting humans
not only in making more efficient and informed decisions,
but also in solving urgent issues on short notice.
• Decentralized Decisions: Cyber physical systems have the
ability to make autonomous decisions barring exceptional
situations, wherein the decision making is delegated to the
higher levels.
si3-Industry: A Sustainable, Intelligent, Innovative, Internet-of-Things Industry 5

Real-time Flexible,
coordination customized
of value mass
Information chains production
Interconnection
Transparency
Reduction in
production,
Reduced
logistics &
complexity
qualty
costs
management
cost
Technical Decentralized
Assistance Decisions Predictive
Digital and
mapping and proactive
virtualization maintenance

Fig. 2 Design principles of Industry 4.0 Fig. 3 Advantages of Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 offers manifold opportunities, breakthroughs
and advantages like highly adaptive, flexible and customized
mass production, coordination of value chains in real-time
and their optimization, reduced complexity costs and
emerging new service and business models. Figure 3
represents the benefits of Industry 4.0. It is anticipated to
bring about reduction in production and logistic costs by
10–30% and costs in quality management by 10–20% [11],
shorter marketing time, better customer responsiveness, mass
production at lower costs, flexible and friendlier working
environment, efficient use of natural resources [12]. It will
enable to completely utilize the potential of new and
emerging technologies and concepts. It will enable digital
mapping, wide scale and real time virtualization along with
predictive and proactive maintenance that will enable to
predict and plan unplanned downtime, potential risks and
faults and failures. It will allow experts to monitor and direct
industrial processes from remote locations and usher in the
effective and efficient use of collaborative technologies.
Next section will uncover the building blocks of Industry
4.0. Then Sect. 3, will elaborate on the feasibility and matu-
rity of Industry 4.0 Net, followed by the Changing roles of
innovation, production, logistics, and the service processes
and at last the UN’s sustainable development goals will be
discussed.
3.0), just the way to utilize these technologies has been
reorganised to provide superior coordinated services. There
are two broad foundations of the industry 4.0, one based on
the technologies or the software’s and the second one based
on the physical elements or hardware. First, the hardware or
the basic four physical elements are being discussed that set
the foundation of Industry 4.0.
2.1 Smart Sensors
Smart sensors are the founding stones of the Industry 4.0, as
industry 4.0 is a revolution surrounded around IOT & CPS,
sensors are the one that perform a wide range of functions to
provide the support to these technologies. Therefore, smart
sensors are the first layer in developing stones in industry 4.0
as shown in Fig. 4. Smart sensors act as the manufacturing
assets that can virtually gather big data about the products
and their environment, e.g. it can measure temperature,
humidity and smoke in the air. Sensors can provide the
capability to communicate wirelessly and data can also be
synthesized using a cloud based interface. Sensors can also
detect anomalous activities.
2.2 Controls

Control systems monitors the working condition of

2 Building Blocks of Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 is on the verge of changing the way we place
orders and the way manufacturing of products is being done.
This new revolution is built on the current technologies
which we are being using in current industries too (Industry
manufacturing machines and any critical events. They serve
as the brain of the manufacturing process. The control
systems implemented in a manufacturing facility is often
centralized or de-centralized. Subsystems like data acquisi-
tion systems, sensor network, actuators and control devices
are highly involved in the control system for manufacturing.
6 A. Kumar and A. Nayyar
Smart
Factories
Connectivity
Controls
Smart
Sensors
Fig. 4 Building blocks of Industry 4.0
Recently, the control systems are involved in monitoring
energy consumption in a real-time manufacturing
environment.
2.3 Connectivity
Controls oversees the working conditions and the process of
data acquisition by sensors, but this data is of no use if not
communicated to the centralized server or the decision
makers. This communication between devices is possible
through connectivity and networking, and this connectivity
is provided using the Internet and include various
technologies like routers, servers, switches, Ethernet, gate-
way devices and Linking technologies. The very foundation
of industry 4.0 is the concept of everything connected, so
when an order is received by one device, all other are shared
the information through the shared medium, every machine
or robot will start work on its part, creating a fully functional
optimized Supply Chain 4.0 (discussed in next chapter).
Mobile devices can play a pivotal role in providing connec-
tivity among devices. Communication is like the blood flow
of industry 4.0 and the telecommunication can play an impor-
tant part in it.
2.4 Smart Factory
Smart factory is the heart of industry 4.0. The whole concept
of new revolution business, product, machines, sales are
either part of or depends on the smart factory. Smart factories
have large control over themselves and provides a flexible
system enabling self-optimization of performance across
wide ranging network and self-adaptation allowing learning
from real-time conditions. They also have the potential to
autonomously run entire production processes.
In Martin’s words “The Smart Factory can be defined as a
factory where CPS communicate over the IoT and assist
people and machines in the execution of their tasks” [4]. In
simple terms a smart factory is a factory where smart
machines work to produce smart products. In future, the
smart factories will not only be able to manufacture, but
will deliver the product too. As the communication between
machine and product and the trucks or other devices which
will carry the products for delivery will be interconnected by
the CPS and will communicate through the IoT, they all are
used inside Smart Factory.
Smart sensors, controls, Connectivity and the smart
factories are the necessity to set up an manufacturing industry
to the current revolution. The technologies that are
incorporated by this revolution are known as the nine pillars
of Industry 4.0 as shown in Fig. 5. The key concepts and
technologies involved in industry 4.0 are as follows:
Cyber Physical System
Cyber physical or cyber physical production systems (CPS)
are the ones that connect with the real physical world
[12]. CPS together with the IOT is often used for merging
the physical world with the virtual world. Together, they aim
to accomplish the production of more intelligent smart
factories which could further lead to enhanced and smart
production thus enabling faster and efficient digitations.
The emergence and development of CPS technology will
promote open-ended industrial innovations [13–16] includ-
ing energy production, transport, logistics, machinery, heavy
industry, iron, steel metallurgy etc.
Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing has emerged as a computing paradigm that
imparts varied Internet services in a high cost efficient man-
ner [13, 14, 17] to the users. These are quite compatible for
dynamic memory allocation and resource sharing, enabling
users to use the cloud resources as per their needs including
hardware, software, infrastructure resources etc. It would
enable real-time data exchange thus enabling the creation of
digital collaborated and integrated environment. It would
allow better stakeholder connectivity and real-time visibility
of data enabling proactive supply chain management.
Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT)
Industrial Internet of things (IIOT) is associated with the
concept of virtual world. Blending of the physical world
with the virtual world has been made possible with the help
of technological innovations in the field of IOT [18]. IIOT is
a subset of IoT, focuses on industrial automation, device
si3-Industry: A Sustainable, Intelligent, Innovative, Internet-of-Things Industry
Cyber
Physcical
Systems
Horizontal &
Cloud
Vertical
Computing
Integration
Industrial
3D Printing Internet of
Things
Industry 4.0
Advanced Augmented
Robotics Reality
Big Data
Cyber Security Analytics
Fig. 5 Technology pillars of Industry 4.0
communication, data flow, device administration, device
integration, and predictive analytics [19–22]. It includes
laser scanners, global positioning systems, sensors etc. IIoT
will help to decrease the complexity of machine-to-machine
communications and would allow collection and analysis of
data using strategically positioned sensors.
Augmented Reality
Different variety of services including selection of parts in
warehouse, conveying instructions related to repair of the
mobile devices etc. are provided with the help of augmented
reality based systems [13, 14, 17]. They aim to furnish the
real time information that could be used by workers etc. for
effective and efficient decision making procedures. Objects
in complex projects in industry 4.0 can be easily virtualized
by augment reality technology. Moreover, the virtual models
are easily shareable and understandable in between the cycles
of development.
Big Data Analytics
Big data technology is used for gaining proper insight in
order to fetch relevant information from heterogeneous and
unstructured online available Web data. Utilizing the
advantages of big data, together with the data mining
techniques and data analytics, can serve as a boom for better
analyzing the data and eventually aid in the production pro-
cess. Proper collision of these technologies would promote
benefits to manufacturing companies including optimizing
the process, cost reduction and provides improvement in the
operational processing and would directly enhance the profits
7
of industry 4.0 [13, 14, 17]. Big data analytics will help
increase reliability and efficiency by predicting critical
situations and enabling real-time interventions.
Cyber Security
Cyber security is the branch of computation technology that
provides protection to computer systems from theft or dam-
age to hardware, software or information and from disruption
of the services provided. Integration of human machine
interfaces with the industry would not only increase effi-
ciency, but would also aid in monitoring the communication
between human and machines. If this information gets in
wrong hand, it can be used for dreadful reasons. To make
the industry 4.0 safe for everyone’s use, cyber security
protocols are enforced.
Advanced Robots
Robots can be very useful for tasks like predictive mainte-
nance. They can monitor the conditions of machines, perform
comparative analysis and diagnose and predict machine
failures. The collaborative robotics (Cobot) belongs to a
new generation of robotics [13, 14, 17] that work in a very
cooperative manner with the humans without requiring any
security restrictions etc. These are programmed for better
accessibility flexibility and ease of use.
3D Printing
3D Printing can enable mass production of highly customized
products. Inventory digitalization can lead to significant cost
savings. This often includes 3D printing etc. that are used for
production of individual components. With the augment of
Industry 4.0, this technology would gain fruitful impact and
boost the production of customized and personalized
products [13, 14, 17] by the manufacturers.
Horizontal and Vertical Integration
There are multiple factors involved in any successful busi-
ness including quality development, efficient marketing,
distributors and suppliers and most importantly customers
and the competitors. Smart factories in the new revolution
tries to interconnect the machines, materials and the products
[16]. To take the business to the up-most level, all the factors
contributing to it should have effective communication.
Industry 4.0 has therefore Horizontal and Vertical system
integration to make the manufacturing process even more
smooth.
Industry 4.0 is built on these nine pillars of technology to
provide a customizable environment to the end users. These
nine technologies with the four building blocks of industry
4.0 enables the production process to adapt to various cus-
tomer requirements in an agile development process
providing a flexible manufacturing process. These days,
8 A. Kumar and A. Nayyar
markets are customer-centric [23]. In order to stay competi-
tive and worthwhile, manufactures/companies ought to act
accordingly as per the customer’s rapidly changing needs.
All this is creating a variable and viable demand pattern in the
upcoming manufacturing technology [13, 14, 17]. The
manufactures are thus, required to manufacture the stuff as
demanded by the customer, relying together with the agility
and sequencing depending on the latest technologies.
3 Maturity and Feasibility of Industrial Net [32] performed experiments and literature studies for Indus-
Organizations that change their businesses and tasks in
regards to Industry 4.0 standards face complicated
procedures and large spending plans because of technologies
on which they are dependent that affect inputs and outputs.
Furthermore, since Industry 4.0 transformation makes an
adjustment in a business way and incentive, it turns out to
be very crucial concept that requires backing of top adminis-
tration for ventures and for speculations/investments. In this
way, it needs an expansive viewpoint on the organization’s
system, association, tasks and items. Maturity and Feasibility
are two such terms in the concept of industry 4.0 that defines
the ways to analyze the development of one’s business and
the potential that any organization has for the progress of its
development. Scientists hold distinctive feelings of the par-
ticular need of Industry 4.0 and its achievement, and thus
following up on their various applications of modern tech-
nology [24–28].
3.1 Industry 4.0: Maturity
As a rule, the word “Maturity” means a “condition of being
complete, impeccable, or prepared” [29] and infers some
advancement in the progress of a framework/system. Like-
wise, developing frameworks (for example natural, authori-
tative or mechanical) increment their abilities over time with
respect to the accomplishment of a few desirable future
states. Maturity can be caught quantitatively or on the other
hand qualitatively in a continuous or discrete way [30].
Maturity models are generally used as a tool to understand
and measure the maturity of a company/organization or a way
to analyze some particular target state [31]. Maturity models
are appropriate for organizations intending to change their
businesses and activities specifically for Industry 4.0 [28]. It
is an imperative procedure for Industry 4.0 as far as
organizations looking for surveying their procedures, items
and associations and understanding their development level.
Here, we look into some existing maturity models for Indus-
try 4.0 and they are described further.
Table 1 Levels of IMPULS model
Level Designation
0 Outsider
1 Beginner
2 Intermediate
3 Experienced
4 Expert
5 Top performer
IMPULS—Industrie 4.0 Readiness (2015) Researchers in
try 4.0 to develop a readiness model for Industry 4.0. The six
levels of readiness in the model of Industry 4.0 is given below
in Table 1.
In this work further, workshops were conducted and this
subsisting readiness or feasibility model was shaped in six
dimensions of Industry 4.0 as shown below in the Table 2.
Evaluation review contains questions, for related dimensions,
that were 24 in number also a couple of inquiries regarding
industry, size of residential workforce and yearly income. So
as to quantify and characterize status of industry 4.0, Likert
scale of 5 point is utilized.
Organization status are assembled in three categories to
abridge results in a better way [32], for example, Newcomers
with level 0 and 1, Learners with level 2 and Leaders with
level 3 and up. Newcomers comprise of organizations that
have not ever instated any activities or have contemplated a
couple of tasks. Learners comprise a gathering of
organizations that introduced first ventures identified with
Industry 4.0. Leaders is a gathering that contains level 3, 4
or 5 organizations which are path in front of different
organizations about Industry 4.0 usage.
Industry 4.0/Digital Operations Self-assessment A report
titled “Industry 4.0: Building the advanced venture” was
distributed by PwC to give organizations complete point of
view on Industrial net of 4.0 by speaking to its own models
for maturity and plan for success.
In the starting phase of “Plan for Digital Success”, A basic
maturity model was given by PwC to the organizations in
order to analyze their capacities which consisted of four
phases and seven dimensions. Stages are defined as
underneath:
• 1st Stage: Digital novice
• 2nd Stage: Vertical integrator
• 3rd Stage: Horizontal collaborator
• 4th Stage: Digital champion.
Seven dimensions were used to evaluate organizations’
maturity levels by PwC, for example, “Digital business
si3-Industry: A Sustainable, Intelligent, Innovative, Internet-of-Things Industry 9

Table 2 Industry 4.0: dimensions and associated fields • Information infrastructure

Dimensions Associated fields • Controls and devices
Strategy and organization Strategy • Networks
Innovation management • Security policies
Investments
Smart factory Digital modeling In Stage 2, Operational technologies/Informational
Equipment infrastructure
Data usage Technologies relation is being shaped in order to convey
IT systems safe, versatile network between undertaking business
Smart operations Cloud usage frameworks and plant-floor tasks after an evaluation stage.
IT security Large haul updates start and gaps and demerits of existing
Autonomous process information
tasks are distinguished. In large scale organizations, obsolete
sharing
Smart products Data analytics in usage phase
control and framework form a hurdle in path of change as
ICT add-on functionalities well as delays from administrators and architects which has a
Data driven services Share of data used mindset that present frameworks stay suitable.
Share of revenues In Stage 3 there is nothing peculiar but the enhancement
Data-driven-services developed with present information is in advancement with
Employees Skill acquisition
previous stage. This stage has a task of determining how the
Employee skill sets
gathered information will be prepared and what are the ways
so that ideal results can be obtained. Organized group
models and customer access”, “Digitization of product and guarantees that new work processes, outlines and duties are
service offerings”, “Digitization and integration of vertical set with the goal of not overpowering by the organization
and horizontal value chains”, “Data and Analytics as core information pool.
capability”, “Agile IT architecture”, “Compliance, security, From Stage 4, the utmost interest is on the idea of contin-
legal and tax”, “Organization, employees and digital culture”. uous improvement over data. Analytics using WDC (working
PwC empowers organizations to evaluate their maturity of data capital) will help in order to determine specifically the
Industry 4.0 and guide their outcomes by online self- best requirements for data of real-time and provides guaran-
assessment tools. In the last phase of evaluation, PwC gives tee for the coherence of institutionalized rules activated by
organizations an action plan to make them effectively achieve the means of information. Also, the analytics give data
better level Industry 4.0 maturity. Online self-assessment tool exchange about resource cooperation for leadership group.
as explained in [33] has 33 inquiries altogether for related Problems that occur in Stage 4 will be utilization of bunches
dimensions and a couple of inquiries regarding industry, of superfluous information and doubt of examination. Funda-
locale, nation and yearly income to characterize mental thought is to furnish cooperation among organization
organizations. Likert scale with five points is utilized for and environment with the assistance of analytics and infor-
every inquiry and radar realistic is given at the end of the mation sharing in stage 5.
evaluation.
Industry 4.0 Maturity Model (2016) 9 dimensions and
The Connected Enterprise Maturity Model (2016) 62 maturity items were utilized by Schumacher et al. in [34]
Rockwell Automation created the maturity model named so as to evaluate organizations Industry 4.0 maturity levels.
Connected Enterprise in 2014 and this model consisted of The Maturity items and dimensions are given in Table 3.
five phases and four dimensions that were innovation cen- These levels are inspected under five levels. As per the
tered. Stages in this model are given below [31]: model, for level 1, the organizations do not have much
knowledge and benefitting ideas for industry 4.0 whereas
• 1st Stage: Evaluation/Assessment every requirement can be meet by level 5 organizations.
• 2nd Stage: Upgraded and secure controls and network Here, 5 point Likert scale is used for performing evaluation
• 3rd Stage: Organized and defined working information of surveys. After performing surveys, weighted focuses are
capital determined and levels of maturity of organizations are
• 4th Stage: Analytics resolved. By understanding all the models explained
• 5th Stage: Collaboration above, we can thus summarize that maturity models are a
way to check the progress of development of the business
The Stage1 assesses all aspects of an association’s current with respect to the required industry 4.0 net. Three basic
OT/IT (Operational Technologies/Information Technologies) steps as defined below in Fig. 6 can be used to access the
network with four dimensions, and they are maturity of Industry 4.0. After this, the analysis of maturity
10 A. Kumar and A. Nayyar

Table 3 Maturity model of Industry 4.0: dimensions and maturity items [34]
Dimensions Exemplary maturity item
Strategy Implementation I40 (Industry 4.0) roadmap, available resources for realization, adaption of business models, . . .
Leadership Willingness of leaders, management competences and methods, existence of central coordination for I40, . . .
Customers Utilization of customer data, digitalization of sales/services, costumer’s digital media competence, . . .
Products Individualization of products, digitalization of products, product integration into other systems, . . .
Operations Decentralization of processes, modeling and simulation, interdisciplinary, interdepartmental collaboration, . . .
Culture Knowledge sharing, open-innovation and cross company collaboration, value of ICT in company, . . .
People ICT competences of employees, openness of employees to new technology, autonomy of employees, . . .
Governance Labor regulations for I40, suitability of technological standards, protection of intellectual property, . . .
Technology Existence of modern ICT, utilization of mobile devices, utilization of machine-to-machine communication, . . .

Fig. 6 Industry 4.0 maturity

assessment process flow

Measurement of Input Calculation of Output Representation and

maturing items maturity level in visualization of
in enterprise via nine dimensions maturity via maturity
questionnaire software supported report and radar charts

within an organization is performed using the maturity
products by utilizing a standard enquiry/questionnaire
comprising of one closed-ended enquiry per product/
item [34].
Finally the maturity level of every dimension is deter-
mined which is done using the equation represented below.
Pn
j¼1 M dIj  wdIj
Md ¼ P n
j¼1 wdIj
where, “M” represents “Maturity”, “d” defines “Dimension”,
“I” indicates “Item”, “w” represents “Weighting Factor” and
“n” shows the “count of Maturity Item” [34, 35].
3.2 Industry 4.0: Feasibility
A feasibility study will give anyone the order and knowledge
to promise oneself that one’s thought is beneficial pursuing
[36–38]. Moreover, in the event that one has to fund his/her
business 4.0 environment, loaning establishments and
investors, normally require a feasibility study. The feasibility
study assesses the project’s potential for progress. The
dimensionality of the Feasibility analysis is shown below in
Fig. 7.
There are typically three segments to the possibility con-
template, be that as it may, contingent upon your business;
the specialized examination may not be required.
• Analysis of Market
• Analysis of Technology
• Analysis of Finance
Notwithstanding the market analysis, the financial evalua-
tion is a basic segment of the feasibility study. Without the
“financials” it will be difficult to decide how feasible the
business thought is. Incorporated into the financial evaluation
is income and expenses to decide the level of risk for your
investment/speculation. Key segments of the financial evalu-
ation include [39, 40]:
• Capital Needs
• Costs of Implementation
• Projections of revenue
• Gross Profit Margins (GPM)
The data that has been produced and evaluated by the
feasibility analysis prompts an appraisal workshop for the
decision makers [41, 42]. As per this essential data about the
advanced digital changes opportunities risks and expenses of
si3-Industry: A Sustainable, Intelligent, Innovative, Internet-of-Things Industry
Fig. 7 Industry 4.0: feasibility
analysis
Networking and
Cooperation
IoT ventures/projects can be limited. A GO or NO GO for
propelling the IoT/Industry 4.0 task and distinguishing the
most significant combination openings can be acknowledged
in a least amount of time.
4 Changing Roles of Innovation,
Production, Logistics, and the Service
Processes
Our present technological age, the fourth industrial revolu-
tion is a fusion of technologies ranging from physical, digital
to biological spheres. It is marked by diverse technological
breakthroughs that bring together the field of robotics, artifi-
cial intelligence, nanotechnology, biotechnology and a lot
others. In short, industry 4.0 describes the huge changes
brought about by the smart technologies [43]. These changes
are posing change management challenges to the companies.
The most important areas which are facing these changes are
innovation, production, logistics, and the service processes.
The changing roles of these fields are described in this
section.
4.1 Innovation
The industrial revolution’s standard timeline is shown in
Fig. 8. The first phase is known as Industry 1.0 which had
its focus on steam and water potential. The advent of electri-
cal energy in nineteenth century gave rise to Industry 2.0.
11
Innovation and
Transformation
Digitalization of
Products and
Services
Digitalization
New Business Data and
Industry and Integeration
Models and Use Analytics
4.0 of the value
cases
added chain
Flexibilization
of Industrial
Production
Future Models
of Labor
Industry 3.0 was a result of electronics and information
technology (IT) during 1970s which focused on automation,
electronics and computers. At this point of time, we are
witnessing the phase of transition from Industry 3.0 to Indus-
try 4.0.
Increased pace of innovation is a result of the revolution-
ary period of transition to Industry 4.0. Due to the unprece-
dented change, more and more radical innovations are
emerging. Earlier, the business models used to be product
centric but now they need to be focused on development of
new value sources. Therefore, the innovation has a
completely different focus now which in turn changes its
role. Connectivity is one of the most important fields of
innovation when it comes to the fourth industrial revolution,
be it the machine-machine connectivity, machine-human
connectivity or human-human connectivity [44]. For exam-
ple, closer a manufacturer is to his/her customer, more
satisfied both of them will be. In other words, an efficient
connectivity between the virtual world and the physical
world is an important aspect of innovation in Industry 4.0.
Now innovation is more technology based. Innovation is
increasing in the field of exploration of entirely new business
models. Broadly, the focus of innovation is changing in the
following five fields as shown in Fig. 9: Technological
innovation, government innovation, innovation systems,
business model innovation, innovation for social ends and
means [45]. These can be further classified as shown in
Fig. 10.
Industry 4.0 has made innovation very interconnected as
shown in Fig. 9. Earlier innovation used to be single domain
12 A. Kumar and A. Nayyar

think is being experienced in the fourth industrial revolution.

In other words, innovation is going through a radical change.

4.2 Production
Industry 2.0 Industry 4.0
Electrical Robotics, AI & Big Data
Industry 4.0 can also be defined as a movement towards
smart production. Therefore, the role of production is also
undergoing various changes. National Institute of Standards
and Technology defines smart manufacturing as fully
integrated, collaborative manufacturing systems that respond
Industry 1.0 Industry 3.0 in real time to meet changing demands and conditions in the
Water & Steam IT & Electronics
Power
factory, in the supply network and in customer needs.
Adopting Industry 4.0 requires both vertical and horizontal
integration of data across the business. Vertical digitalization
may include production, procurement, supply chain, design,
product life cycle management, quality, operations and logis-
tics. All integrated for a smooth flow of data. Horizontal
Fig. 8 Four industrial revolutions digitalization may include data integration with customers,
suppliers and key partners. Achieving integration requires
replacing or upgrading equipment’s, processes and networks
until an efficient digital ecosystem is attained. Efficient data
Innovation services and analytics is also a major requirement of produc-
System tion to convert the information being generated by the
machines, sensors and systems into insights which can pro-
vide an investment return. Connected systems increase the
risk of cyber security. IT experts play a very important role in
production when Industry 4.0 is adopted as they can check
Social Benefit Government
whether the best practices of cyber security are being
followed or not.
Innovation
In order to successfully adopt smart production, an invest-
ment in education and required technology is must. The nine
technologies which are playing important roles in
transforming production in Industry 4.0 are shown in Fig. 11.
3D printing is an example of an entity which has the
Technological Business
potential to realize Industry 4.0. In spite of being a very
simple technology, it can make huge transformations in mod-
ern production. A 3D printer enables one to take a digital
blueprint which gets into the system as an input and the
Fig. 9 Innovation focus in Industry 4.0 system transforms the same to be used by printer. Then, the
physical printer develops the item which has been detailed.
This is done using materials such as hard ABS plastic, metal,
specific. This is continuously changing due to this revolution. concrete and more. In this way the entire production industry
Instead of being focused on only the final product, now effectively transforms [46]. 3D printing also enables one to
innovation has a great role to play at every step of product use remote locations for printing from where customers can
development cycle. This has broadened the innovation can- order. It makes smart production very different from tradi-
vas to be worked upon. Industry 4.0 is making innovators to tional practices. This is just one example of such
think out of the box. They need to shift their focus on technologies. There are many others such as automation
connecting every part. Industry 4.0 has a huge potential to which have the potential to completely transform the produc-
transform the way innovation is moving forward. A dramatic tion process and provide a boost to Industry 4.0. Most of the
change in innovation management and the way innovators changes which are happening in production are focused on
si3-Industry: A Sustainable, Intelligent, Innovative, Internet-of-Things Industry
Fig. 10 Innovation fields
Advanced materials
AI & robotics
Biotechnology
Blockchain
Human enhancement
Information Technology
Digital communication
Virtual & augmented reality
Internet of things
Global governance
Future of economy
Emerging multinationals
Retail, consumer & goods
Social media
3D printing
Fig. 11 Nine technologies transforming production in Industry 4.0
customization i.e., developing more personalized products
for consumers. Consumer involvement has increased in
Industry 4.0. Earlier it was impossible due to lack of many
technologies and hardware. Now development is revolving
around the clients. To cope up with Industry 4.0,
manufacturers should invest in training, automation of pro-
cesses, devices and software. In this revolution production is
13
Legal infrastructure
Web governance
Private investment
Innovation
Systems
Skills
Ageing
Social Benefit
Behavioral science
Economy
Technological
Urbanization
People participation
Government
Entrepreneurship
Industry 4.0
Business
Medel
Agile governance
Healthcare
Sustainable development
Social innovation
agile. There is a need of customization of product develop-
ment life cycle, quick delivery and improved functionality.
4.3 Logistics
Innovation and time are the main competitive advantages.
Time, here, is understood as the frequency of the introduction
of upgraded or new versions of a service or product. Its
growth shortens the life cycle of such products in comparison
to traditional products. The different phases of the life cycle
are short in-time and rapid demand-dimension [47]. There are
several ways to define logistics but in context of Industry 4.0,
it can be seen as getting everything done from start to end
with a large number of intermediary steps and the movement
and communication across all steps must be intelligent and
autonomous. For example, smart containers, driverless
vehicles, smart ports, intelligent warehousing, smart informa-
tion sharing. Logistics in Industry 4.0 are self-managing
where objects are smart and capable enough that they can
decide their path on their own and that too in a cost effective
way. Also, these smart objects such as containers can order
required resources autonomously. One of the most common
demands of Industry 4.0 is highly personalized services. With
changing demands, logistics also need to adapt accordingly.
Increasing complexity is making it impossible to handle the
logistics with traditional practices [39]. Now logistics are
required to be more flexible and able to adjust to the changing
14
environment in order to fulfil the needs of customers. More
optimized production will lead to decrease in the cost of
storage and manufacturing. Smart logistics aim to improve
the customer service. In Industry 4.0 logistics transform with
the development of technologies. It can be said that it has a
dependency on time. Therefore, defining technology’s state
of the art becomes essential [48]. This shift in the role of
logistics is a result of advanced digitalization. I order to cope
up with Industry 4.0, logistics professionals should focus on
developing the following skills:
1. Knowledge of the latest technologies
2. Change management skill
3. Knowledge of company/organization across the value
chain
Logistics department of organizations should make their
employees ready and prepared for Industry 4.0. This might
require new collaborations and hiring. Industry 4.0 is affect-
ing how logistics used to operate. As logistics deal with the
way of doing things, therefore, when its role changes, one
needs to be very careful. A technology will be successful
only when an organization has the talent to make full use of
it. The following are the main factors which play important
role in changing logistics:
• Talent requirement is the most important pillar of
strengthening logistics.
• Implementation of technology can affect all aspects of
logistics. Workforce should be kept in a close loop while
implementing new technologies.
• Another important factor is change management which
requires efficient training programs. The aim should be
to make these strategies sustainable.
In short, the role of logistics has changed but the aim is
more or less still the same i.e. maintaining profitability. For
achieving so, it becomes extremely essential for logistics
organizations and businesses to embrace new technologies.
4.4 Service Processes
For any kind of organization, the basic role of service process
is to improve client experience. Control and management of
service process may lead to satisfied clients, more clients
through referrals or even disappointments. Basically, service
process is the way of offering services to customers. Two
companies selling the same product can experience a huge
difference in their revenues just due to the difference in the
efficiency of service processes [49, 50]. As Industry 4.0 is
more consumers centric, therefore, the role of service pro-
cesses is experiencing a great change. Now, services are
A. Kumar and A. Nayyar
decided based on user needs. In the smart services era, all
devices, machinery, remote factories are connected and
digitalized. All services are represented in a virtual way on
company platforms. In this way product, services or data can
be accessed from anywhere. Marketplaces will also be
completely automated in Industry 4.0 [40]. Factories and
marketplaces can put requests to each other on digital
platforms. For example, technologies such as big data or
cloud can contribute in the development of systems which
can combine human expertise and natural language
processing. Using that data efficiency of machines can be
improved. Also, it can provide better successor before an
asset retires. More explained and suitable error messages
can help improving overall designs. It has just begun to
work automatically in service processes. This will need
very intelligent algorithms which are able to choose the
appropriate service and deliver. Full automation of service
processes is difficult to achieve but once achieved then it has
the potential to make a substantial impact on production and
revenues.
5 Sustainability 4.0: UN’S Sustainable
Development Goals in Industry 4.0
Two noteworthy issues stand up to the present reality. The
first is about the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), set
up by the United Nations, and the second is about the evolu-
tion in technology, prompting smart machines and without
human-free industrialisation termed as Industry 4.0 or the
fourth industrial revolution by the World Economic
Forum [51].
From the global point of view, both of these are pro-
foundly essential development issues. On one hand, we are
confronting the challenge of delivering high yields from
resources which are on the verge of depletion, while trigger-
ing less pollution and harm the earth for meeting ever grow-
ing consumption. Still, the development of Industry 4.0 is
frequently causing the dread of employment issues and
inequality [52]. While the studies find that Industry 4.0 has
the potential to produce innovative ways to address global
challenges, it cautions that its limits and its risks to sustain-
able development must be better understood.
Industry 4.0 is a blend of 10 key innovations: (1) Sensors,
and Machine Intelligence Algorithms, (2) Autonomous
Robots, (3) Big Data, Analytics, and Integration, (4) Simula-
tion and Digital Twin, (5) The Industrial Internet of Things,
(6) Cybersecurity, (7) The Cloud and Edge Computing,
(8) Additive Manufacturing, (9) Augmented and Virtual
Reality, and (10) Human-Machine Cooperation. Alterna-
tively, sustainable development plan presents 17 noteworthy
objectives of development with 169 targets shown in Fig. 12.
The following subsections explore how technology portfolio
si3-Industry: A Sustainable, Intelligent, Innovative, Internet-of-Things Industry 15

Fig. 12 Sustainable development Goal 1

goals in Industry 4.0
Goal 2

End
Poverty
End
Goal 3 Hunger

Goal 4
Ensure Healthy
Lives
Inclusive and
Life Long
Goal 5

Goal 6
Achieve Gender
Equality
Water and
Sanitation for All
Goal 7

Goal 8

Modern
Energy
UN’s Sustained Economic Growth
Sustainable Goal 9 and Productive Employment
Development
Goal 10
Goals
In sustainable
Industry Industrialization,
Reduce
4.0
Goal 11 Inequality

Goal 12

Sustainable Cities and

Human Settlements
Sustainable Consumption
Goal 13 and Production

Goal 14

Combat Climate
Change
Conserve and Sustain
Oceans, Seas, And Marine
Goal 15

Goal 16

Increase sustainability of
Ecosystem and
Build Peaceful
and Inclusive
Goal 17

foster global partnerships

for sustainable

of Industry 4.0 could enable us to accomplish the 17 SDG Goal 1—End Poverty As indicated by the latest reviews, in
and how the fourth industrial evolution addresses the 2015, 10% of the total population of the world lived on below
problems of SDGs. US$1.90 per day. In order to end poverty, increase in the
16
income level of certain group is required which can be
achieved through the sensors fitted in dairy and farming
practices. In Asia and Africa, the dairy cows are tied with
sensor fitted neck bands which include accelerometer with
internet connectivity which is able to increase the frequency
of recognizing when a cow is on heat and to guarantee it is
provided with quality semen during Artificial Insemination
(AI) [53]. Additionally, to expand the pay level of people
associated in farming practices numerous beneficial
applications could be developed around smartphone in
order to educate them.
Goal 2—End Hunger As per The State of Food Security
and Nutrition reports in World 2018, hunger has been on the
ascent in the course of recent years, achieving 821 million in
2017 or one in each nine individuals. In one hand, arable land
is diminishing, moreover, fertility of land, fresh water short-
age, pesticide use, and other environmental concerns are
growing. Technologies associated with the Industry 4.0 like
drones, sensors, micro robotics, software, and data analytics
could help farmers in producing more food utilizing the same
farming area and making less wastage of raw materials and
water. As per the pertinent studies yield could increment as
high as 25% of increment in yield could be achieved simul-
taneously with the less wastage of inputs [54].
Goal 3—Ensure Healthy Lives Industry 4.0 technologies
could be of huge help for the monitoring of health issues. The
development of different wearable health monitoring
machineries, smartphones and internet-connectivity-based
devices could prompt huge improvement in varied areas
whether it be maternal mortality or widespread access to
health education and related information [55].
Goal 4—Lifelong Learning Rapid change in technologies
leads to a rising issue of life-long learning. The rise of
Virtual, and Augmented Reality (VR, AR) combined with
internet-connectivity, smartphones, cloud computing, and
distributed computing are opening chances to revolutionize
in order to address this red-hot issue [56]. AR and VR could
be of great help for improving industrial skills in developing
countries further expanding production capacity. UNIDO has
also found AR and VR based knowledge transfer solutions as
inexpensive and operative devices to reduce poverty [57].
Goal 5—Achieve Gender Equality The issue of gender
equality can be addressed by empowering girls and women
with skills, education, and employment. Industry 4.0 opens
the doors for facilitating skill development and furthermore
contributing to remote employment. For instance, with the
help of VR and AR gears, young ladies in remote villages of
Bangladesh or India can offer supervision and help to
A. Kumar and A. Nayyar
individuals suffering from disabilities such as blindness. For
instance, some business applications as of now give clients a
couple of Google Glasses to blind individuals [58–
60]. Connected over cellular network, Aira enables a remote
operator to find continuously what the visually impaired
client would see, and guide them in like manner.
Goal 6—Sanitation and Water for All The Industry 4.0
technology portfolio is pursuing smart water policy to open
the chance to develop productive methods for decreasing
water contamination and wastage. The term “smart water”
represents water and wastewater infrastructure that
guarantees this valuable asset is overseen viably [61]. A
smart water framework is intended to accumulate exact, real
time data about the stream, pressure, flow, and circulation of
a city’s water.
Goal 7—Modern Energy Beginning from energy effi-
ciency improvement to creation of energy from wind and
sun powered devices, and associating them to smart grid
along with storage, various opportunities are there for the
modern energy agenda to benefit from Industry 4.0 technol-
ogy portfolio [62]. The maximum use of energy is observed
by the industrial sector which accounts for 54% of the global
delivered electricity. Naturally, factories and plants are con-
suming and wasting tons of energy so managing output and
usage could have remarkable cost returns. This is where
industrial IoT, or the Internet of Things, can have a major
impact on the modern energy agenda. IoT sensors and
IoT-empowered equipment can have the greatest effect if
intended for savings [63, 64]. Moreover, Industry 4.0 offers
the opportunity of profitable connectivity of renewable
resources and intermittence management with storage.
Goal 8—Sustained Economic Growth and Productive
Employment Industry 4.0 could be utilized by all nations,
regardless of the development stage, to drive economic
growth. For instance, with the systems like sensors, software,
AI and 3D printing, wastage could be reduced, and emission
could be brought down hence increasing the quality and
reducing the expense [65]. Industry 4.0 additionally offers
innovation center to drive businesses.
Goal 9—Sustainable Industrialization, Infrastructure
and Innovation This is a complicated issue. Industry 4.0
is accused to be early industrialization in many developing
countries. Research shows that over 50% industrial employ-
ment globally are vulnerable with the rising rushes of Indus-
try 4.0. Developing countries are on the peak of risk
[66]. Effectively growing number of jobs is being taken
over by mechanical technology and automation. But the
same technology portfolio additionally offers the chance of
si3-Industry: A Sustainable, Intelligent, Innovative, Internet-of-Things Industry
making new employments. The reconciliation of intelligence
in production hardware and over the supply and distribution
chain can possibly diminish wastage, pollution, and emis-
sion—making commitment to sustainable and reasonable
industrialization through innovation [67].
Goal 10—Reduce Inequality So, far technology has been
accused for growing inequality. Nevertheless, innovation has
opened the door for many semi-skilled individuals to partake
in industrial economy. During the most recent 50 years,
technology has been the key reason for expansion of
globalisation creating export-oriented manufacturing jobs in
developing countries [68, 69]. Numerous advancements
driving industry 4.0, for example, additive manufacturing,
sensors, AI and software can possibly empower developing
nations to foster innovation making their economies increas-
ingly profitable [70]. It seems that Industry 4.0 has decreased
the hindrance for developing nations to participate in devel-
opment economy—allowing each nation to benefit by
advanced technologies increasing the quality of life—in this
manner diminishing disparity.
Goal 11—Make Cities and Human Settlement Sustaina-
ble Industrial age in the course of the last 300 years has
made human settlements unsustainable, often unacceptable.
Centralized production has urged individuals to join in little
territories in making towns and urban communities, while
disserting rural communities. Air, soil, and water pollution
brought about by trade economy has made the environment
of our cities toxic [71, 72]. The industry 4.0 offers is the
opportunity to turn around the circumstance. It offers the
chances to make urban areas liveable, and make gainful
opportunities in rural communities. Rather than leaving
rural areas, individuals will be able to certainly partake in
beneficial events anyplace in the world in operating semiau-
tonomous productive machinery by submerging in aug-
mented reality environment.
Goal 12—Sustainable Consumption
and Production Around 33% of the food produced in the
for human utilization consistently (roughly 1.3 billion
tonnes) gets lost or squandered as per the report of Food
and Agricultural Origination of the UN. Food losses and
waste adds up to approximately US$680 billion in
industrialized nations and US$310 billion in developing
nations. Food loss and waste likewise sum to a noteworthy
wasting of assets, including energy, land, water, capital and
labour and unnecessarily produce greenhouse gas emissions,
adding to a dangerous atmospheric deviation such as global
warming and climate change [73, 74]. The utilization of
smart technologies in food harvesting, preservation,
processing, and distribution can possibly lessen this wastage.
17
Creating the market of innovation around sensors, smart
vehicles, data analytics, and advanced robotics for
reinforcing the production network, improving the prediction
of demand in restaurants and hotels, grocery stores, and
expanding food packaging industry could lessen the measure
of food loss and waste.
Goal 13—Combat Climate Change Greenhouse gas emis-
sion from our productive activities is a noteworthy reason for
an unnatural environment change and global warming.
Ozone depleting substances trap warmth and make the planet
hotter. Human exercises oversee the expansion in greenhouse
gases in the air during the last 150 years. The biggest well-
spring of ozone depleting substance outflows from human
exercises is from consuming petroleum derivatives for
power, heat, and transportation [75]. Technologies behind
Industry 4.0 is opening the chance to power cars, trucks,
ships, and trains with electric battery and hydrogen, signifi-
cantly decreasing the emission from transportation.
Advances are being made in making wind and solar as the
fundamental sources of electrical energy. So also, when we
succeed in making power created from sun and wind less
expensive than fossil fuels, heating and every other type of
demand will be met with clean energy. It gives the idea that
rather than regulation, Industry 4.0 technology portfolio is
opening the chance to strengthen completion in adopting
clean production strategies to diminish emission and incre-
ment benefit at the same time.
Goal 14—Conserve and Sustain Oceans, Seas,
and Marine Resources Decrease of contamination,
dropping by- catch and controlling unapproved fishing
activities can possibly save and sustain sea. In addition,
innovation bolstered aquaculture has likewise the possibility
to lessen the demand of fishing on vast ocean. Technologies
like sensors, data analytics and augmented reality can possi-
bly rise the accuracy of fishing further dropping bycatch
[60]. Industry 4.0 innovation development additionally
opens the way to lessen contamination and control unap-
proved fishing exercises.
Goal 15—Increase Sustainability of Ecosystem,
and Biodiversity Data analytics and simulation devices
are going to play a vital role to comprehend the possible
consequences of change of biodiversity and ecosystem. On
one side, such examination will give better insights to
researchers to propose appropriate policy intervention. Then
again, such instruments could be utilized to increment social
attention to support the protection restoration and advance-
ment of maintainable utilization of environment, land, and
forests [57]. Additionally, innovation such as drones-based
surveillance will likewise give real-time information to help
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
with an old grandam, deaf and quite blind, who could do nothing for
her own support, but sat all day in a wicker chair by the lattice or the
stove, according as the season was hot or cold, and mumbled a little
inarticulately over her worn wooden beads.
Her employers allowed Lili to bring these boxes to decorate at home,
and she painted at them almost from dawn to night. She swept, she
washed, she stewed, she fried, she dusted; she did all the
housework of her two little rooms; she tended the old woman in all
ways; and she did all these things with such cleanliness and
deftness that the attics were wholesome as a palace; and though her
pay was very small, she yet found means and time to have her linen
spotless and make her pots and pans shine like silver and gold, and
to give a grace to all the place, with the song of a happy bird and the
fragrance of flowers that blossomed their best and their sweetest for
her sake, when they would fain have withered to the root and died in
their vain longing for the pure breath of the fields and the cool of a
green woodland world.
It was a little, simple, hard life, no doubt,—a life one would have said
scarce worth all the trouble it took to get bread enough to keep it
going,—a hard life, coloring always the same eternal little prints all
day long, no matter how sweet the summer day might be, or how hot
the tired eyes.
A hard life, with all the wondrous, glorious, wasteful, splendid life of
the beautiful city around it in so terrible a contrast; with the roll of the
carriages day and night on the stones beneath, and the pattering of
the innumerable feet below, all hurrying to some pleasure, and every
moment some burst of music or some chime of bells or some ripple
of laughter on the air. A hard life, sitting one’s self in a little dusky
garret in the roof, and straining one’s sight for two sous an hour, and
listening to an old woman’s childish mutterings and reproaches, and
having always to shake the head in refusal of the neighbors’
invitations to a day in the woods or a sail on the river. A hard life, no
doubt, when one is young and a woman, and has soft, shining eyes
and a red, curling mouth.
And yet Lili was content.
Content, because she was a French girl; because she had always
been poor, and thought two sous an hour riches; because she loved
the helpless old creature whose senses had all died while her body
lived on; because she was an artist at heart, and saw beautiful things
round her even when she scoured her brasses and washed down
her bare floor.
Content, because with it all she managed to gather a certain
“sweetness and light” into her youth of toil; and when she could give
herself a few hours’ holiday, and could go beyond the barriers, and
roam a little in the wooded places, and come home with a knot of
primroses or a plume of lilac in her hands, she was glad and grateful
as though she had been given gold and gems.
Ah! In the lives of you who have wealth and leisure we, the flowers,
are but one thing among many: we have a thousand rivals in your
porcelains, your jewels, your luxuries, your intaglios, your mosaics,
all your treasures of art, all your baubles of fancy. But in the lives of
the poor we are alone: we are all the art, all the treasure, all the
grace, all the beauty of outline, all the purity of hue, that they
possess: often we are all their innocence and all their religion too.
Why do you not set yourselves to make us more abundant in those
joyless homes, in those sunless windows?
Now this street of hers was very narrow: it was full of old houses,
that nodded their heads close together as they talked, like your old
crones over their fireside gossip.
I could, from my place in the window, see right into the opposite
garret window. It had nothing of my nation in it, save a poor colorless
stone-wort, who got a dismal living in the gutter of the roof, yet who
too, in his humble way, did good and had his friends, and paid the
sun and the dew for calling him into being. For on that rainpipe the
little dusty, thirsty sparrows would rest and bathe and plume
themselves, and bury their beaks in the pale stone-crop, and twitter
with one another joyfully, and make believe that they were in some
green and amber meadow in the country in the cowslip time.
I did not care much for the stone-crop or the sparrows; but in the
third summer of my captivity there with Lili the garret casement
opposite stood always open, as ours did, and I could watch its tenant
night and day as I chose.
He had an interest for me.
He was handsome, and about thirty years old; with a sad and noble
face, and dark eyes full of dreams, and cheeks terribly hollow, and
clothes terribly threadbare.
He thought no eyes were on him when my lattice looked dark, for his
garret, like ours, was so high that no glance from the street ever
went to it. Indeed, when does a crowd ever pause to look at a garret,
unless by chance a man have hanged himself out of its window?
That in thousands of garrets men may be dying by inches for lack of
bread, lack of hope, lack of justice, is not enough to draw any eyes
upward to them from the pavement.
He thought himself unseen, and I watched him many a long hour of
the summer night when I sighed at my square open pane in the hot,
sulphurous mists of the street, and tried to see the stars and could
not. For, between me and the one small breadth of sky which alone
the innumerable roofs left visible, a vintner had hung out a huge
gilded imperial crown as a sign on his roof-tree; and the crown, with
its sham gold turning black in the shadow, hung between me and the
planets.
I knew that there must be many human souls in a like plight with
myself, with the light of heaven blocked from them by a gilded
tyranny; and yet I sighed and sighed and sighed, thinking of the
white, pure stars of Provence throbbing in her violet skies.
A rose is hardly wiser than a poet, you see; neither rose nor poet will
be comforted, and be content to dwell in darkness because a crown
of tinsel swings on high.
Well, not seeing the stars as I strove to do, I took refuge in sorrow for
my neighbor. It is well for your poet when he turns to a like resource.
Too often I hear he takes, instead, to the wine-cellar which yawns
under the crown that he curses.
My neighbor, I soon saw, was poorer even than we were. He was a
painter, and he painted beautiful things. But his canvases and the
necessaries of his art were nearly all that his empty attic had in it;
and when, after working many hours with a wretched glimmer of oil,
he would come to his lattice and lean out, and try, as I had tried, to
see the stars, and fail, as I had failed, I saw that he was haggard,
pallid, and weary unto death with two dire diseases,—hunger and
ambition.
He could not see the stars because of the crown, but in time, in
those long midsummer nights, he came to see a little glow-worm
amongst my blossoms, which in a manner, perhaps, did nearly as
well.
He came to notice Lili at her work. Often she had to sit up half the
night to get enough coloring done to make up the due amount of
labor; and she sat at her little deal table, with her little feeble lamp,
with her beautiful hair coiled up in a great knot and her pretty head
drooping so wearily—as we do in the long days of drought—but
never once looking off, nor giving way to rebellion or fatigue, though
from the whole city without there came one ceaseless sound, like the
sound of an endless sea; which truly it was—the sea of pleasure.
Not for want of coaxings, not for want of tempters, various and
subtle, and dangers often and perilously sweet, did Lili sit there in
her solitude earning two sous an hour with straining sight and aching
nerves that the old paralytic creature within might have bed and
board without alms. Lili had been sore beset in a thousand ways, for
she was very fair to see; but she was proud and she was innocent,
and she kept her courage and her honor; yea, though you smile—
though she dwelt under an attic roof, and that roof a roof of Paris.
My neighbor, in the old gabled window over the way, leaning above
his stone-wort, saw her one night thus at work by her lamp, with the
silver ear-rings, that were her sole heirloom and her sole wealth,
drooped against the soft hues and curves of her graceful throat.
And when he had looked once, he looked every night, and found her
there; and I, who could see straight into his chamber, saw that he
went and made a picture of it all—of me, and the bird in the cage,
and the little old dusky lamp, and Lili with her silver ear-rings and her
pretty, drooping head.
Every day he worked at the picture, and every night he put his light
out and came and sat in the dark square of his lattice, and gazed
across the street through my leaves and my blossoms at my
mistress. Lili knew nothing of this watch which he kept on her; she
had put up a little blind of white network, and she fancied that it kept
out every eye when it was up; and often she took even that away,
because she had not the heart to deprive me of the few faint breezes
which the sultry weather gave us.
She never saw him in his dark hole in the old gable there, and I
never betrayed him—not I. Roses have been the flowers of silence
ever since the world began. Are we not the flowers of love?
“Who is he?” I asked of my gossip the vine. The vine had lived fifty
years in the street, and knew the stories and sorrows of all the
human bees in the hive.
“He is called René Claude,” said the vine. “He is a man of genius. He
is very poor.”
“You use synonyms,” murmured the old balsam, who heard.
“He is an artist,” the vine continued. “He is young. He comes from
the south. His people are guides in the Pyrenees. He is a dreamer of
dreams. He has taught himself many things. He has eloquence too.
There is a little club at the back of the house which I climb over. I
throw a tendril or two in at the crevices and listen. The shutters are
closed. It is forbidden by law for men to meet so. There René speaks
by the hour, superbly. Such a rush of words, such a glance, such a
voice, like the roll of musketry in anger, like the sigh of music in
sadness! Though I am old, it makes the little sap there is left in me
thrill and grow warm. He paints beautiful things too; so the two
swallows say who build under his eaves; but I suppose it is not of
much use: no one believes in him, and he almost starves. He is
young yet, and feels the strength in him, and still strives to do great
things for the world that does not care a jot whether he lives or dies.
He will go on so a little longer. Then he will end like me. I used to try
and bring forth the best grapes I could, though they had shut me
away from any sun to ripen them and any dews to cleanse the dust
from them. But no one cared. No one gave me a drop of water to still
my thirst, nor pushed away a brick to give me a ray more of light. So
I ceased to try and produce for their good; and I only took just so
much trouble as would keep life in me myself. It will be the same with
this man.”
I, being young and a rose, the flower loved of the poets, thought the
vine was a cynic, as many of you human creatures grow to be in the
years of your age when the leaves of your life fall sere. I watched
René long and often. He was handsome, he suffered much; and
when the night was far spent he would come to his hole in the gable
and gaze with tender, dreaming eyes past my pale foliage to the face
of Lili. I grew to care for him, and I disbelieved the prophecy of the
vine; and I promised myself that one summer or another, near or far,
the swallows, when they came from the tawny African world to build
in the eaves of the city, would find their old friend flown and living no
more in a garret, but in some art-palace where men knew his fame.
So I dreamed—I, a little white rose, exiled in the passage of a city,
seeing the pale moonlight reflected on the gray walls and the dark
windows, and trying to cheat myself by a thousand fancies into the
faith that I once more blossomed in the old, sweet, leafy garden-
ways in Provence.
One night—the hottest night of the year—Lili came to my side by the
open lattice. It was very late; her work was done for the night. She
stood a moment, with her lips rested softly on me, looking down on
the pavement that glistened like silver in the sleeping rays of the
moon.
For the first time she saw the painter René watching her from his
niche in the gable, with eyes that glowed and yet were dim.
I think women foresee with certain prescience when they will be
loved. She drew the lattice quickly to, and blew the lamp out: she
kissed me in the darkness. Because her heart was glad or sorry?
Both, perhaps.
Love makes one selfish. For the first time she left my lattice closed
all through the oppressive hours until daybreak.
“Whenever a woman sees anything out of her window that makes
her eager to look again, she always shuts the shutter. Why, I
wonder?” said the balsam to me.
“That she may peep unsuspected through a chink,” said the vine
round the corner, who could overhear.
It was profane of the vine, and in regard to Lili untrue. She did not
know very well, I dare say, why she withdrew herself on that sudden
impulse, as the pimpernel shuts itself up at the touch of a raindrop.
But she did not stay to look through a crevice; she went straight to
her little narrow bed, and told her beads and prayed, and slept till the
cock crew in a stable near and the summer daybreak came.
She might have been in a chamber all mirror and velvet and azure
and gold in any one of the ten thousand places of pleasure, and
been leaning over gilded balconies under the lime leaves, tossing up
little paper balloons in the air for gay wagers of love and wine and
jewels. Pleasure had asked her more than once to come down from
her attic and go with its crowds; for she was fair of feature and lithe
of limb, though only a work-girl of Paris. And she would not, but slept
here under the eaves, as the swallows did.
“We have not seen enough, little rose, you and I,” she would say to
me with a smile and a sigh. “But it is better to be a little pale, and live
a little in the dark, and be a little cramped in a garret window, than to
live grand in the sun for a moment, and the next to be tossed away
in a gutter. And one can be so happy anyhow—almost anyhow!—
when one is young. If I could only see a very little piece more of the
sky, and get every Sunday out to the dear woods, and live one floor
lower, so that the winters were not quite so cold and the summers
not quite so hot, and find a little more time to go to mass in the
cathedral, and be able to buy a pretty blue-and-white home of
porcelain for you, I should ask nothing more of the blessed Mary—
nothing more upon earth.”
She had had the same simple bead-roll of innocent wishes ever
since the first hour that she had raised me from the dust of the
street; and it would, I doubt not, have remained her only one all the
years of her life, till she should have glided down into a serene and
cheerful old age of poverty and labor under that very same roof,
without the blessed Mary ever deigning to harken or answer. Would
have done so if the painter René could have seen the stars, and so
had not been driven to look instead at the glow-worm through my
leaves.
But after that night on which she shut to the lattice so suddenly, I
think the bead-roll lengthened—lengthened, though for some time
the addition to it was written on her heart in a mystical language
which she did not try to translate even to herself—I suppose fearing
its meaning.
René made approaches to his neighbor’s friendship soon after that
night. He was but an art student, the son of a poor mountaineer, and
with scarce a thing he could call his own except an easel of deal, a
few plaster casts, and a bed of straw. She was but a working-girl,
born of Breton peasants, and owning as her sole treasures two silver
ear-rings and a white rose.
But for all that, no courtship could have been more reverential on the
one side or fuller of modest grace on the other if the scene of it had
been a palace of princes or a château of the nobles.
He spoke very little.
The vine had said that at the club round the corner he was very
eloquent, with all the impassioned and fierce eloquence common to
men of the south. But with Lili he was almost mute. The vine, who
knew human nature well—as vines always do, since their juices
unlock the secret thoughts of men and bring to daylight their darkest
passions—the vine said that such silence in one by nature eloquent
showed the force of his love and its delicacy.
This may be so: I hardly know. My lover the wind, when he is
amorous, is loud; but then it is true his loves are not often very
constant.
René chiefly wooed her by gentle service. He brought her little lovely
wild flowers, for which he ransacked the woods of St. Germains and
Meudon. He carried the billets of her firewood up the seven long,
twisting, dirty flights of stairs. He fought for her with the wicked old
porteress at the door downstairs. He played to her in the gray of the
evening on a quaint, simple flute, a relic of his boyhood, the sad,
wild, touching airs of his own southern mountains—played at his
open window while the lamps burned through the dusk, till the
people listened at their doors and casements and gathered in groups
in the passage below, and said to one another, “How clever he is!—
and he starves.”
He did starve very often, or at least he had to teach himself to keep
down hunger with a morsel of black chaff-bread and a stray roll of
tobacco. And yet I could see that he had become happy.
Lili never asked him within her door. All the words they exchanged
were from their open lattices, with the space of the roadway between
them.
I heard every syllable they spoke, and they were on the one side
most innocent and on the other most reverential. Ay, though you may
not believe it—you who know the people of Paris from the travesties
of theatres and the slanders of salons.
And all this time secretly he worked on at her portrait. He worked out
of my sight and hers, in the inner part of his garret, but the swallows
saw and told me. There are never any secrets between birds and
flowers.
We used to live in Paradise together, and we love one another as
exiles do; and we hold in our cups the raindrops to slake the thirst of
the birds, and the birds in return bring to us from many lands and
over many waters tidings of those lost ones who have been torn from
us to strike the roots of our race in far-off soils and under distant
suns.
Late in the summer of the year, one wonderful fête-day, Lili did for
once get out to the woods, the old kindly green woods of Vincennes.
A neighbor on a lower floor, a woman who made poor, scentless,
senseless, miserable imitations of all my race in paper, sat with the
old bedridden grandmother while Lili took her holiday—so rare in her
life, though she was one of the motes in the bright champagne of the
dancing air of Paris. I missed her sorely on each of those few sparse
days of her absence, but for her I rejoiced.
“Je reste: tu ’t’en vas,” says the rose to the butterfly in the poem; and
I said so in my thoughts to her.
She went to the broad level grass, to the golden fields of the
sunshine, to the sound of the bees murmuring over the wild purple
thyme, to the sight of the great snowy clouds slowly sailing over the
sweet blue freedom of heaven—to all the things of my birthright and
my deathless remembrance—all that no woman can love as a rose
can love them.
But I was not jealous; nay, not though she had cramped me in a little
earth-bound cell of clay. I envied wistfully indeed, as I envied the
swallows their wings which cleft the air, asking no man’s leave for
their liberty. But I would not have maimed a swallow’s pinion had I
had the power, and I would not have abridged an hour of Lili’s
freedom. Flowers are like your poets: they give ungrudgingly, and,
like all lavish givers, are seldom recompensed in kind.
We cast all our world of blossom, all our treasury of fragrance, at the
feet of the one we love; and then, having spent ourselves in that too
abundant sacrifice, you cry, “A yellow, faded thing!—to the dust-hole
with it!” and root us up violently and fling us to rot with the refuse and
offal; not remembering the days when our burden of beauty made
sunlight in your darkest places, and brought the odors of a lost
paradise to breathe over your bed of fever.
Well, there is one consolation. Just so likewise do you deal with your
human wonder-flower of genius.
Lili went for her day in the green midsummer world—she and a little
blithe, happy-hearted group of young work-people—and I stayed in
the garret window, hot and thirsty, and drooping and pale, choked by
the dust that drifted up from the pavement, and hearing little all day
long save the quarrels of the sparrows and the whir of the engine
wheels in a baking-house close at hand.
For it was some great day or other, when all Paris was out en fête,
and every one was away from his or her home, except such people
as the old bedridden woman and the cripple who watched her. So, at
least, the white roof-pigeons told me, who flew where they listed, and
saw the whole splendid city beneath them—saw all its glistening of
arms and its sheen of palace roofs, all its gilded domes and its white,
wide squares, all its crowds, many-hued as a field of tulips, and its
flashing eagles golden as the sun.
When I had been alone two hours, and whilst the old building was
silent and empty, there came across the street from his own
dwelling-place the artist René, with a parcel beneath his arm.
He came up the stairs with a light, noiseless step, and pushed open
the door of our attic. He paused on the threshold a moment, with the
sort of reverent, hushed look on his face that I had seen on the faces
of one or two swarthy, bearded, scarred soldiers as they paused
before the picinas at the door of the little chapel which stood in my
sight on the other side of our street.
Then he entered, placed that which he carried on a wooden chair
fronting the light, uncovered it, and went quietly out again, without
the women in the inner closet hearing him.
What he had brought was the canvas I had seen grow under his
hand, the painting of me and the lamp and Lili. I do not doubt how he
had done it; it was surely the little attic window, homely and true in
likeness, and yet he had glorified us all, and so framed in my leaves
and my white flowers, the low oil flame and the fair head of my
mistress, that there was that in the little picture which made me
tremble and yet be glad. On a slender slip of paper attached to it
there was written, “Il n’y a pas de nuit sans étoile.”
Of him I saw no more. The picture kept me silent company all the
day.
At evening Lili came. It was late. She brought with her a sweet, cool
perfume of dewy mosses and fresh leaves and strawberry plants—
sweet as honey. She came in with a dark, dreamy brilliance in her
eyes and long coils of foliage in her hands.
She brought to the canary chickweed and a leaf of lettuce. She
kissed me and laid wet mosses on my parching roots, and fanned
me with the breath of her fresh lips. She took to the old women
within a huge cabbage leaf full of cherries, having, I doubt not, gone
herself without in order to bring the ruddy fruit to them.
She had been happy, but she was very quiet. To those who love the
country as she and I did, and, thus loving it, have to dwell in cities,
there is as much of pain, perhaps, as of pleasure in a fleeting
glimpse of the lost heaven.
She was tired, and sat for a while, and did not see the painting, for it
was dusk. She only saw it when she rose and turned to light the
lamp; then, with a little shrill cry, she fell on her knees before it in her
wonder and her awe, and laughed and sobbed a little, and then was
still again, looking at this likeness of herself.
The written words took her long to spell out, for she could scarcely
read, but when she had mastered them, her head sank on her breast
with a flush and a smile, like the glow of the dawn over Provence, I
thought.
She knew whence it came, no doubt, though there were many artists
and students of art in that street.
But then there was only one who had watched her night after night
as men watched the stars of old to read their fates in the heavens.
Lili was only a young ouvrière, she was only a girl of the people: she
had quick emotions and innocent impulses; she had led her life
straightly because it was her nature, as it is of the lilies—her
namesakes, my cousins—to grow straight to the light, pure and
spotless. But she was of the populace; she was frank, fearless, and
strong, despite all her dreams. She was glad, and she sought not to
hide it. With a gracious impulse of gratitude she turned to the lattice
and leaned past me, and looked for my neighbor.
He was there in the gloom; he strove not to be seen, but a stray ray
from a lamp at the vintner’s gleamed on his handsome dark face,
lean and pallid and yearning and sad, but full of force and of soul like
a head of Rembrandt’s. Lili stretched her hands to him with a noble,
candid gesture and a sweet, tremulous laugh: “What you have given
me!—it is you?—it is you?”
“Mademoiselle forgives?” he murmured, leaning as far out as the
gable would permit. The street was still deserted, and very quiet. The
theatres were all open to the people that night free, and bursts of
music from many quarters rolled in through the sultry darkness.
Lili colored over all her fair, pale face, even as I have seen my
sisters’ white breasts glow to a wondrous, wavering warmth as the
sun of the west kissed them. She drew her breath with a quick sigh.
She did not answer him in words, but with a sudden movement of
exquisite eloquence she broke from me my fairest and my last-born
blossom and threw it from her lattice into his.
Then, as he caught it, she closed the lattice with a swift, trembling
hand, and left the chamber dark, and fled to the little sleeping-closet
where her crucifix and her mother’s rosary hung together above her
bed.
As for me, I was left bereaved and bleeding. The dew which waters
the growth of your human love is usually the tears or blood of some
martyred life.
I loved Lili.
I prayed, as my torn stem quivered and my fairest begotten sank to
her death in the night and the silence, that I might be the first and the
last to suffer from the human love born that night.
I, a rose—Love’s flower.
 PART SECOND.

Now, before that summer was gone, these two were betrothed to
one another, and my little fair dead daughter, all faded and scentless
though her half-opened leaves were, remained always on René’s
heart as a tender and treasured relic.
They were betrothed, I say—not wedded, for they were so terribly
poor.
Many a day he, I think, had not so much as a crust to eat; and there
passed many weeks when the works on his canvas stood unfinished
because he had not wherewithal to buy the oils and the colors to
finish them.
René was frightfully poor, indeed; but then, being an artist and a
poet, and the lover of a fair and noble woman, and a dreamer of
dreams, and a man God-gifted, he was no longer wretched. For the
life of a painter is beautiful when he is still young, and loves truly,
and has a genius in him stronger than all calamity, and hears a voice
in which he believes say always in his ear: “Fear nothing. Men must
believe as I do in thee, one day. And meanwhile we can wait!” And a
painter in Paris, even though he starve on a few sous a day, can
have so much that is lovely and full of picturesque charm in his daily
pursuits: the long, wondrous galleries full of the arts he adores; the
“réalité de l’idéal” around him in that perfect world; the slow, sweet,
studious hours in the calm wherein all that is great in humanity alone
survives; the trance—half adoration, half aspiration, at once desire
and despair—before the face of the Mona Lisa; then, without, the
streets so glad and so gay in the sweet, living sunshine; the quiver of
green leaves among gilded balconies; the groups at every turn about
the doors; the glow of color in market-place and peopled square; the
quaint gray piles in old historic ways; the stones, from every one of
which some voice from the imperishable Past cries out; the green,
silent woods, the little leafy villages, the winding waters garden-girt;
the forest heights, with the city gleaming and golden in the plain;—all
these are his. With these—and youth—who shall dare say he is not
rich—ay, though his board be empty and his cup be dry?
I had not loved Paris—I, a little imprisoned rose, caged in a clay pot,
and seeing nothing but the sky-line of the roofs. But I grew to love it,
hearing from René and from Lili of all the poetry and gladness that
Paris made possible in their young and burdened lives, and which
could have been thus possible in no other city of the earth.
City of Pleasure you have called her, and with truth; but why not also
City of the Poor? for that city, like herself, has remembered the poor
in her pleasure, and given to them, no less than to the richest, the
treasure of her laughing sunlight, of her melodious music, of her
gracious hues, of her million flowers, of her shady leaves, of her
divine ideals.
O world! when you let Paris die you will let your last youth die with
her! Your rich will mourn a paradise deserted, but your poor will have
need to weep with tears of blood for the ruin of the sole Eden whose
sunlight sought them in their shadow, whose music found them in
their loneliness, whose glad green ways were open to their tired feet,
whose radiance smiled the sorrow from their aching eyes, and in
whose wildest errors and whose vainest dreams their woes and
needs were unforgotten.
Well, this little, humble love-idyl, which grew into being in an attic,
had a tender grace of its own; and I watched it with tenderness, and
it seemed to me fresh as the dews of the morning in the midst of the
hot, stifling world.
They could not marry: he had nothing but famine for his wedding-gift,
and all the little that she made was taken for the food and wine of the
bedridden old grandam in that religious execution of a filial duty
which is so habitual in the French family-life that no one dreams
counting it as a virtue.