A REPORT ON SCHIZOPRENIA AND ITS VARIOUS FORMS OBJECTIVE:

To get a detail picture of schizophrenia and its various forms with proper and plausible evidences.

INTRODUCTION:
Diseases are discovered every day and only those diseases which have a physical effect are considered significant among them. Mental disorders are of much more disastrous and may result in mass destruction if left careless. One such disease which is less cared is schizophrenia, a disease that populates the virtual/illusion world. People come and go in this fascinating dangerous world. In this report we will have a detailed research on this peculiar disorder in the following order: What is schizophrenia?

Various forms of it Research articles and journals Real life evidences Research on movies based on schizophrenia Summary

SCHIZOPHRENIA:
It is a mental disorder characterized by disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It

most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social or occupational dysfunction. A bizarre and a hereditary disorder.

An Introduction to the Types of Schizophrenia

The different types of schizophrenia are based on the specific symptoms a person is experiencing. Since the symptoms of schizophrenia can change over time, it is possible for a person to have more than one type during his or her lifetime. Schizophrenia types include:

Paranoid schizophrenia Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia Catatonic schizophrenia Residual schizophrenia Undifferentiated disorder.

RESEARCH ARTICES AND JOURNALS SAY ABOUT SCHIZOPHRENIA:

In MEDICAL NEWS TODAY JOURNAL:
Schizophrenia - a type of psychosis, characterized by abnormalities in perception, content of thought, and thought processes (hallucinations and delusions) and with extensive withdrawal of interest from other people and the outside world. In MEDLINE PLUS JOURNAL

Schizophrenia is a severe, lifelong brain disorder. People who have it may hear voices, see things that aren't there or believe that others are reading or controlling their minds. In men, symptoms usually start in the late teens and early 20s. They include hallucinations, or seeing things, and delusions such as hearing voices. For women, they start in the mid-20s to early 30s. Other symptoms include

Unusual thoughts or perceptions Disorders of movement Difficulty speaking and expressing emotion Problems with attention, memory and organization

In eMEDTV JOURNAL:
Schizophrenia is one of the most confusing and disabling mental illnesses. Its symptoms fall into three broad categories, including positive symptoms (psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations), negative symptoms (such as apathy and social withdrawal), and cognitive symptoms (such as memory problems). People who have this condition often require medication to control the most troubling symptoms.

In schizophrenia.com, Schizophrenia Research Journal Articles :

A new story discusses the connection between schizophrenia and tick-borne encephalitis or TBE. Researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm responsible for the discovery of this connection believe that it--the link between TBE and schizophrenia--is a substance known as kynurenic acid.

TBE
Tick-borne encephalitis, as its name implies, is a virus spread by ticks and is known to cause inflammation of the brain. In areas like Sweden, where ticks are quite prevalent, TBE is more common than in other parts of the world.

Kynurenic Acid
In the past, scientists believed kynurenic acid to be of little importance to the brain, but more recently, they've recognized it as a possible cause of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Specifically, kynurenic acid causes confusion in the brain, a symptom many people suffering from schizophrenia exhibit .

Schizophrenia and Viruses

Recently, discussed the increased risk of schizophrenia associated with contracting certain viruses during pregnancy (such as the flu). Though the research that demonstrates this is highly important and something to be aware of, it's important to stress that despite the biological components of schizophrenia, the illness, as we've covered and research demonstrates, certainly has controllable psychological aspects too, and is not biologically inevitable. Still, viruses are something to be informed about in general and in the context of schizophrenia. This new research supports past research demonstrating the increased risk of developing schizophrenia because of the contraction of certain viruses and the way these affect the brain both during pregnancy and after.

REAL LIFE VICTIM:

John Forbes Nash, Jr. (born June 13, 1928) is an American mathematician who did works in game theory, differential geometry, and partial differential equations. His theories are used in market economics, computing, evolutionary biology, artificial intelligence, accounting, politics and military theory. He served as a senior research mathematician in Princeton University before becoming victim of schizophrenia. Nash is the subject of the Hollywood movie A Beautiful Mind. The film, loosely based on the biography of the same name, focuses on Nash's mathematical genius and apparent struggle with paranoid schizophrenia.

Early life
Nash was born on June 13, 1928, in Bluefield, West Virginia. His father, after whom he was named, worked as an electrical engg. And his mother, Margaret was a teacher. Nash's parents pursued opportunities to supplement their son's education with encyclopaedias and even allowed him to take advanced mathematics courses at a local college while still in high school. Nash graduated with a Master's Degree in only three years. Post-graduate life Nash's advisor and former Carnegie Tech professor, R.J. Duffin, wrote a letter of recommendation consisting of a single sentence: "This man is a GENIUS." Nash was accepted by Harvard University; but the chairman of the mathematics department of Princeton,, offered him the John S. Kennedy fellowship. So, he went to Princeton where he worked on his equilibrium theory.

He earned a doctorate in 1950 with a 28-page dissertation on non-cooperative games. The thesis, which was written under the supervision of Albert W. Tucker, contained the definition and properties of what would later be called the "Nash equilibrium". These studies led to articles: Nash, JF (1950), "Equilibrium Points in N-person Games", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 36 (36): 489, doi:10.1073/pnas.36.1.48, PMC 1063129, PMID 16588946,MR0031701. "The Bargaining Problem", Econometrica (18): 15562, 1950. MR0035977. Nash did ground-breaking work in the area of real algebraic geometry: "Real algebraic manifolds", Annals of Mathematics (56): 40521, 1952, MR0050928. See Proc. Internat. Congr. Math, AMS, 1952, pp. 51617.

Personal life
. In 1951, Nash went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a C. L. E. Moore Instructor in the mathematics faculty. There, he met Alicia LopezHarrison de Lard (born January 1, 1933), a physics student from El Salvador, whom he married in February 1957. She admitted Nash to a mental hospital in 1959 for schizophrenia; their son, John Charles Martin Nash, was born soon afterward.

Nash and de Lard divorced in 1963, though after his final hospital discharge in 1970 Nash lived in de Lard's house. They were remarried in 2011. Schizophrenia Nash began to show signs of extreme paranoia(is a thought process believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion.) and his wife later described his behaviour as erratic, as he began speaking of characters like Charles Herman and William Parcher who were putting him in danger. Nash seemed to believe that all men who wore red ties were part of a communist conspiracy against him. Nash mailed letters to embassies in Washington, D.C., declaring that they were establishing a government. He was admitted to the McLean Hospital, AprilMay 1959, where he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. The clinical picture is dominated by relatively stable, often paranoid, fixed beliefs that are either false, over-imaginative or unrealistic, usually accompanied by experiences of seemingly real perception of something not actually present particularly auditory and perceptional disturbances, a lack of motivation for life, and mild clinical depression.[11] Upon his release, Nash resigned from MIT, withdrew his pension, and went to Europe, unsuccessfully seeking political asylum in France and East Germany. He tried to renounce his U.S. citizenship. After a problematic stay in Paris and Geneva, he was arrested by the French police and deported back to the United States at the request of the U.S. government. In 1961, Nash was committed to the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton. Over the next nine

years, he spent periods in psychiatric hospitals, where, aside from receiving antipsychotic medications, he was administered insulin shock therapy. Although he took prescribed medication, Nash wrote later that he only took it under pressure. After 1970, he was never committed to the hospital again and refused any medication.. According to Sylvia Nasar, author of the book A Beautiful Mind, on which the movie was based, Nash recovered gradually with the passage of time. Encouraged by his then former wife, de Lard, Nash worked in a communitarian setting where his eccentricities were accepted. De Lard said of Nash, "it's just a question of living a quiet life" Nash dates the start of what he terms "mental disturbances" to the early months of 1959 when his wife was pregnant. He has described a process of change "from scientific rationality of thinking into the delusional thinking characteristic of persons who are psychiatrically diagnosed as 'schizophrenic' or 'paranoid schizophrenic' including seeing himself as a messenger or having a special function in some way, and with supporters and opponents and hidden schemers, and a feeling of being persecuted, and looking for signs representing divine revelation Nash has suggested his delusional thinking was related to his unhappiness, and his striving to feel important and be recognized, and to his characteristic way of thinking such that "I wouldn't have had good scientific ideas if I had thought more normally." He has said, "If I felt completely pressure less I don't think I would have gone in this pattern" He does not see a categorical distinction between terms such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder Nash reports that he did not hear voices until around 1964, later engaging in a

process of rejecting them Nash reports that he was always taken to hospitals against his will, and only temporarily renounced his "dream-like delusional hypotheses" after being in a hospital long enough to decide to superficially conform, behave normally or experience "enforced rationality". Only gradually on his own did he "intellectually reject" some of the "delusionally influenced" and "politically-oriented" thinking as a waste of effort.

Recognition and later career

At Princeton, campus legend Nash became "The Phantom of Fine Hall" (Princeton's mathematics centre), a shadowy figure who would scribble arcane equations on blackboards in the middle of the night. The legend appears in a work of fiction based on Princeton life, The Mind-Body Problem, by Rebecca Goldstein. In 1978, Nash was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize for his discovery of noncooperative equilibria, now called Nash equilibria. He won the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 1999. In 1994, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (along with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten) as a result of his game theory work as a Princeton graduate student. As of 2011 Nash's recent work involves ventures in advanced game theory, including partial agency, that show that, as in his early career, he prefers to select his own path and problems. Between 1945 and 1996, he published 23 scientific studies. Nash has suggested hypotheses on mental illness. He has advanced evolutionary psychology views about the value of human diversity and the potential benefits of apparently nonstandard behaviours or roles.

Nash received an honorary degree, Doctor of Science and Technology from Carnegie Mellon University in 1999; an honorary doctorate in economics from the University of Antwerp in April 2007, and was keynote speaker at a conference on Game Theory. He has also been a prolific guest speaker at a number of worldclass events, such as the Warwick Economics Summit in 2005 held at the University of Warwick.

ANALYSIS OF MOVIES BASED ON SCHIZOPHRENIA: Machinist:

If you're like me and you compulsively read the health columns on the web, you may have noted recent statements that we human beings are hardwired to need eight hours of sleep. These reports also indicate that thanks to late-night TVLeno, Letterman and companya large number of our fellow Americans do not get nearly enough sleep. Those who are seriously deprived, who try to live on four hours a night or fewer, are likely to have psychotic breaks in the form of hallucinationssomething like daydreaming but more graphic. Such is the situation in extremis of one Trevor (Christian Bale), who works at a metal foundry of some sort and looks not only tired by gaunt. He is positively skeletal, just possibly the result of a Christian Bale starvation diet that resulted in the guy's loss of sixty-three pounds for the role. Who can blame them? Christian Bale's performance is mesmerizing. He's magnetic. He's Oscar caliber in his visceral portrayal of a

fellow who is "losing it" rapidly because he refuses to see a doctor or to take Seconal or some other miracle of modern pharmacy that could alleviate the condition. As Trevor Reznick, Bale inhabits the role of a blue-collar worker in a machine shop with a demanding foreman who could drive even a well-rested parole to madness. In a freak accident in which Trevor is distracted by a strange, bald fellow worker who makes a threatening gesture to him, he pushes a button that leads an associate, Miller (Michael Iron side) to lose his left arm. From that point he is ostracized by the entire work force, yet continues to plug away at perhaps the only job he knows. He is comforted by two women, however. One is Stevie (Jennifer Jason Leigh), a hooker who has a soft spot in her heart for him, and by Marie (Altana Sanchez-Gijon), whose airport coffee shop he visits regularly at 1:30 a.m. for a pie and coffee. He is well-liked, as well, by his landlady, Mrs. Shike (Anna Massey) as he pays his rent on time. The horror of Trevor's descent into paranoid schizophrenia is punched up by Roque Banos's eerie original score, but while Scott Kosar's story is given Hitchcockian undertone by director Brad Anderson, the real hero is Mr Bale, who is in virtually every frame, his bulging eyes and near invisibility at just 119 pounds give him the look of a man who has just been freed from Auschwitz .

SECRET WINDOW:
Mort Rainey (Depp) is a writer living in a cabin outside of a town called Tashmore Lake. He moved there after he caught his wife, Amy (Maria Bello), cheating on him with another man named Ted Milner (Timothy Hutton) at

Irvs Lakeside Motel. Six months later, he is a mess. He has writers block because he cant get his approaching divorce out of his mind. He wastes away his days and nights drinking, eating junk food, and sleeping all the time in his bathrobe on the couch. One day, a stranger from Mississippi named John Shooter (John Turturro) shows up at his cabin accusing Mort of stealing one of his stories. He claims that Morts short story, Secret Window, is a direct rip-off of his story, Sowing Season. Mort says he didnt rip it off, and his proof is that he wrote it in 1994 and had it published in Ellery Queen Magazine in 1995, which is two years before the year that Shooter claimed that he wrote his story. Shooter doesnt believe that the magazine publication exists, so he gives Mort three days to show him a copy, or fulfill his request to change the ending of the story and get it republished. The problem is that it is still in his old house in Riverdale that he shared with Amy. While still considering talking to his soon-to-be ex-wife (he hasnt signed the divorce papers yet), Shooter starts doing things to prove how serious he is about his request. He kills Morts dog Chico with a screwdriver and burns down his old house. Since Shooter has gotten dangerous, Mort tries to get help from local Sheriff Dave Newsome (Len Cariou), but he isnt much help. Mort instead hires New York detective Ken Karsch (Charles S. Dutton) to protect him, with his rate being $500 a day. Mort had hired him before with a past stalker, and needs his help again. Despite Kens involvement, Shooter keeps showing up, making Mort more and more paranoid. If he would just get off his butt and get the story, he could get Shooter out of his life, but laziness or ego keeps stopping him.

INFERENCES FROM RESEARCH ON MOVIES:

In both the movies analysed the schizophrenia victims come from a different background and projects different symptoms. In the machinist trevor was affected with insomnia which results in schizophrenia and main reason was guilt which lead to stress which in turn lead to insomnia and the mind tries to punish itself for the guilty feeling and it creates an imaginary character which directs him to hell in many ways. In secret window Mort Rainey doesnt want his wife to move away and he gets uncontrollable anger which turns into a character called john shooter which satisfies his urge to kill his wife.

PSYCHLOGISTS VIEW ON SCHIZOPHRENIA:

According to psychiatrists, from 1 to 1.5% of the worlds population has a mental disease called schizophrenia. (Presidents Commission, 1979). In contrast to other mental disorders, this disease appeared in human beings about 100 years ago. Virtually unknown for thousands of years, it suddenly appeared all over the planet and is said to be increasing rapidly.

Research and clinical experience reveal the following:

The majority of all cases of schizophrenia occur in young adults (ages 16 to 25) who are not physically ill and who generally have a life history of being bright, healthy, capable youngsters. Schizophrenia rarely occurs after age 40 Who will get it is unpredictable. It occurs spontaneously with no identifiable cause Heredity has been found to play a weak role in some cases, but most cases of schizophrenia come from normal parents. Increased stress does not precipitate schizophrenia in healthy individuals. Experts in the field disagree on what schizophrenia is. Some physicians believe schizophrenia is a brain disease. A foremost neurobiological researcher says that there are no known biological markers for any mental illnesses except for dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. Each issue of The Schizophrenia Bulletin carries several essays by experts invited to answer the question "What is Schizophrenia?" Each experts' response is different from all the others. Schizophrenia is a diagnostic enigma. The diagnosis of schizophrenia or non-diagnosis can be more strongly influenced by the expectations and mental set of the diagnose than by the mental and emotional state of the person diagnosed. No single symptom or pattern of symptoms is characteristic of schizophrenia because it appears to be a group of disorders. Anyone diagnosed as having schizophrenia may, over a period of time, demonstrate different sets of symptoms.

Ten different people diagnosed as having schizophrenia can each have a different set of symptoms. No psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, psychiatric nurse, or other mental health worker has ever caught or developed schizophrenia from contact with a schizophrenic person. Schizophrenia as such has no adverse effect on physical health; no one dies from it and it does not shorten life although life expectancy is shortened by institutionalization, medications, and other factors. People diagnosed as having schizophrenia frequently disagree that they are mentally ill and must be forced to submit involuntarily to treatment efforts. There is no known cure for schizophrenia.

The symptoms of schizophrenia can sometimes be reduced with antipsychotic medications in a supportive environment, but antipsychotic medications make some people with schizophrenia worse. Psychotherapy has no measurable positive effects on schizophrenia. Psychotherapy makes some people with schizophrenia worse.

A person with schizophrenia left at home instead of being hospitalized usually does better than persons hospitalized and discharged

Regaining effective functioning is negatively related to number of days of hospitalization

Chronicity of symptoms and deterioration of mental functions of persons hospitalized with schizophrenia are not a consequence of psychopathology but, rather, are attributable to the effects of institutionalization and other psychosocial factors. Any alternative to hospitalization is usually more effective. One-third of all persons developing schizophrenia get well spontaneously no matter what is done. Schizophrenia does not generally progress for more than five years from onset but, rather, improves. When left alone, people with schizophrenia can recover on their own. Persons with schizophrenia may be unusually perceptive, insightful, and have rich inner lives. Schizophrenia can have a beneficial effect, leading to favorable changes in personality and improvements in psychological strengths.

SUMMARY:
The mental disorder schizophrenia is found to be harmless to the health by itself. But the major causes for the disease are stress and guilt and uncontrollable anger which explodes in the form of schizophrenia. Looking into these factors , we find that our youngsters and working population are always stressed and have uncontrollable feelings so the age group of 20 to 30 are more exposed to this harmful disorder. The best

prevention is to stay happy and always have a beautiful hobby which will help us to remain calm and cool. Good variety of dresses too can bring us happiness. Schizophrenia is not an incurable disease and keeping your mind calm matters much.

References: Wikipedia a page based on schizophrenia Sciencedirect.com-research journals Schizophrenia.org Harvard university research papers Massachusetts Institute of Technology