‭16 Marker Planning Sheet‬

‭To what extent does a global culture exist?‬

‭ redit all content in line with the mark bands. Marks should be allocated according to the mark‬
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‭bands on pages 4 to 5. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant.‬

T‭ he phrase “global culture” suggests a homogenous culture shared by different countries and groups‬
‭of people living in different places worldwide. This culture comprises several shared traits such as‬
‭language, diet, fashion and music. Responses might also consider the extent to which social/political‬
‭norms – such as the valuing of equality and human rights – are universal.‬

‭ ot all traits are adopted to the same extent in different places. Global culture does not necessarily‬
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‭replace local cultures, especially in hard-to-reach, isolated areas of developing countries.‬

‭Possible applied themes (AO2) include knowledge and understanding (AO1) of:‬

‭‬
● s‭ ome countries’ leading role in cultural globalisation (4.1.1)‬
‭●‬ ‭the soft power of global superpowers and their cultural influence (4.1.2)‬
‭●‬ ‭FDI by TNCs which diffuses cultural traits globally (4.2.2)‬
‭●‬ ‭the shrinking world of telecommunications (4.3.2)‬
‭●‬ ‭cultural imperialism (5.2.2)‬
‭●‬ ‭glocalisation and branded commodities (5.2.2)‬
‭●‬ ‭cultural landscape changes (5.2.2)‬
‭●‬ ‭the role of diasporas in global culture (5.2.3)‬
‭●‬ ‭anti-immigration movements (5.3.1)‬
‭●‬ ‭correlation between increased globalisation and renewed nationalism/tribalisation (6.1.3)‬
‭●‬ ‭expect themes from the core units (1–3) to be used also.‬

‭Mark scheme:‬

‭Good answers may synthesise (AO3a) three or more of these themes in a well-structured (AO4) way.‬

‭ ood answers may additionally offer a‬‭critical evaluation‬‭(AO3b) of the extent to which a global‬
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‭culture has supplanted / replaced local cultures, or exists alongside them (‬‭processes‬‭of change).‬
‭Candidates could also evaluate the extent to which all citizens within a nation share a global culture‬
‭equally or whether some groups or locations resist change (‬‭power‬‭and‬‭scale‬‭), while others embrace‬
‭it (differing‬‭perspectives‬‭). The extent to which a‬‭global culture is truly uniform, or appears in various‬
‭local adapted / hybrid forms in different countries may also be discussed (‬‭places‬‭and‬‭interactions‬‭).‬
‭Another approach might be to evaluate the extent to which some cultural traits that are shared to a‬
‭greater degree (e.g. some spoken English, modern architecture, western clothing e.g. trainers)‬
‭compared with those that are not (e.g. religions).‬

‭5–8 marks expect:‬ ‭expect weakly-evidenced outlining‬‭of two or three relevant themes.‬

‭9–12 marks, expect:‬

‭either a structured synthesis which links together several well-evidenced themes from the Guide‬

‭ r a critical conclusion (or ongoing evaluation) informed by geographical concepts and/or‬

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‭perspectives.‬

‭13–16 marks, except:‬‭both of these traits.‬

‭16 Marker Planning Sheet‬

‭To what extent does a global culture exist?‬

‭Intro-‬

‭what‬‭culture‬‭is- Movement of people, music, food,‬‭textiles, language, technology‬

‭What is global culture - common traits between majority of the countries (can link “shrinking world”)‬

‭(There is global culture, it just depends on how we define it)‬

‭Dual perspectives - (divide into paragraphs)‬

‭1.‬ i‭t exists - “shrinking world” media → hollywood (COUNTER - bollywood) → americanisation‬
‭+ westernisation (mc donalds, american culture “taking over” through media, social media)‬
‭-‬ ‭Global culture of capitalism → trade (spread of cultural values/ resources through‬
‭trade) (shared ideas influence the ideology of a “global culture”‬
‭-‬ ‭Migration‬
‭2.‬ ‭It doesn't exist - (COUNTER link - bollywood) ( Can argue - if bollywood is spreading globally‬
‭can create contrasting global cultures)‬
‭-‬ ‭Media‬‭: CHINA: how culture is less shared; however‬‭due to migration and the vast‬
‭increase of‬‭transportation‬‭→ (LINK to EXIST) increase‬‭migration = Chinese people‬
‭learning/spreading culture. (blocked western media, banning of ‘jeans’)‬
‭-‬ ‭“Global culture” dominant in certain areas, eg.‬‭Telecommunications‬‭→‬
‭westernisation and language‬‭(english) can only impact‬‭countries that are‬
‭technologically advanced (which can actually be impacted by the digital spread of‬
‭culture) - therefore, countries with less development (CUBA), these ideals may not‬
‭be as enforced, so is it really a global culture?‬

(‭ LINK TO EXIST) HOWEVER (CUBA’s relations deteriorated BECAUSE they deferred‬

‭from the global culture present, therefore THERE IS a global culture enforced by the‬
‭US. (positive: their own culture is further conserved and left rich)‬

‭-‬ ‭ nti immigration movements‬‭: (Eg. in middle income‬‭countries) creation of new jobs through‬
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‭increased TNC’s being brought into a country.‬

‭Eg. ‘The Wall’ - Donald Trump‬

‭3.‬ I‭s global culture - people of different, contrasting beliefs sharing their cultures and tolerating‬
‭each other in order to grow as a world.‬

S‭ ome countries’ leading role in cultural globalisation (4.1.1) + The soft power of global‬
‭superpowers and their cultural influence (4.1.2)‬

★
‭ ‬ U‭ S - brief: Often cited as a primary driver of cultural globalisation due to its dominant‬
‭position in the global entertainment industry (Hollywood), music, technology (with‬
‭companies like Apple, Google, Facebook), and fashion.‬
★
‭ ‬ ‭CHINA - brief: growing economic power and investment in soft power initiatives like‬
‭Confucius Institutes and cultural diplomacy → increasingly shaping global cultural trends.‬
★
‭ ‬ ‭JAPAN - SOUTH KOREA - brief: Known for their influential cultural exports, including anime,‬
‭manga, K-pop, and K-dramas, respectively, which have gained immense popularity‬
‭worldwide.‬
‭16 Marker Planning Sheet‬

★
‭ ‬ ‭INDIA - brief: Film, music, and cuisine + contribution to global cultural flows.‬

★
‭ ‬ C‭ ULTURAL DIPLOMACY - Countries like the United States, China, and others invest in‬
‭cultural diplomacy to enhance their soft power. This involves promoting cultural exchange‬
‭programs, supporting international festivals, and establishing cultural centres abroad.‬
★
‭ ‬ ‭MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT - The dominance of American films, TV shows, and music in‬
‭global markets has a significant impact on shaping perceptions and values worldwide.‬
‭Similarly, the popularity of K-pop, anime, and Bollywood movies contributes to the soft‬
‭power of South Korea, Japan, and India, respectively.‬
★
‭ ‬ ‭LANGUAGE - The spread of English as a global language → amplifies the soft power of‬
‭English-speaking countries like the US and the UK, as it facilitates the spreading of their‬
‭cultural products and values.‬

‭FDI by TNCs which diffuses cultural traits globally (4.2.2)‬

t‭ he shrinking world of telecommunications (4.3.2)‬

‭the shrinking world of telecommunications (4.3.2)‬
‭●‬ ‭Increased access to the Internet - social media networks and emails.‬
‭●‬ ‭Greater ecommerce platforms allow for the spread of items from a certain culture to‬
‭create a global culture‬
‭●‬ ‭Spread of music and languages through global interactions‬
‭●‬ ‭However, some countries have distinct laws in order to prevent the loss of their culture or‬
‭to prevent increased exposure to other countries’ ideals‬
‭○‬ ‭E.g. censorship laws in China prevent legal access to certain Western websites and‬
‭social media‬
‭●‬ ‭Global culture may be dominated by developed and western countries as they have more‬
‭access to technology‬
‭●‬ ‭Increasing access - shrinking even more due to dev of African and Asian countries‬
‭cultural imperialism (5.2.2)‬

‭glocalisation and branded commodities (5.2.2)‬‭(ARGUMENT‬‭AGAINST)‬

‭ localization refers to the adaptation of global products, ideas, and cultural phenomena to suit‬
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‭local contexts. It involves the fusion of global and local influences, resulting in unique expressions‬
‭of culture.‬

‭ ather than erasing local cultures, it often reinforces and preserves them by incorporating local‬
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‭elements into globalised forms. This process maintains the diversity of cultural expressions and‬
‭prevents the homogenization that might occur if globalisation were purely uniform.‬

‭ localization leads to the creation of hybrid cultural forms, blending global and local influences.‬
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‭This hybridity challenges the notion of a singular global culture‬‭by emphasising the dynamic‬
‭interplay between different cultural traditions.‬

‭ y accommodating local specificities and preferences, glocalization fosters cultural diversity within‬
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‭the global cultural landscape. Instead of imposing a uniform set of cultural norms and practices,‬‭it‬
‭encourages the coexistence of multiple cultural identities and worldviews.‬
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‭ localization facilitates cultural exchange and dialogue between different regions and‬
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‭communities. It encourages the sharing of ideas, practices, and perspectives across cultural‬
‭boundaries while acknowledging and respecting the uniqueness of each local context. This‬
‭reciprocal exchange contributes to the mutual enrichment of global culture, fostering‬
‭cross-cultural understanding and collaboration.‬

‭cultural landscape changes (5.2.2)‬

‭The role of diasporas in global culture (5.2.3):‬

•‭ Diasporas: The forced or voluntary dispersal of any population sharing a common racial, ethnic‬
‭or cultural identity, after leaving their settled territory and migrating to new areas. It is the‬
‭dispersal of a population formerly concentrated in one place. Over time, each diaspora's cultural‬
‭traits are preserved and connections are maintained between groups of people with common‬
‭ancestry living in distant territories.‬
‭Examples include:‬

‭➔‬ P ‭ rofessional and business diasporas, such as the movement of Indians and Japanese‬
‭overseas today‬
‭➔‬ ‭Cultural diasporas, such as the movement of migrants of African descent from the‬
‭Caribbean.‬

•‭ Irish diaspora: The Irish diaspora consists of Irish migrants and their descendants in countries‬
‭such as the USA, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and those of continental Europe. The‬
‭USA was the most popular destination for the Irish in the 19th century, but with improvements in‬
‭Ireland's economic situation and a fall in Irish birth rates, emigration rates have declined. The‬
‭economic and social prosperity of Ireland has been affected positively, through monies sent home‬
‭from abroad, and negatively, through the loss of so many talented young Irish people. Irish‬
‭emigrants have also had an enormous impact on the development of the countries in which they‬
‭settled. Various aspects of Irish culture, such as sport, traditional Irish music and dance, food, and‬
‭drink, are commonplace throughout many of the areas where the Irish have settled.‬

•‭ Syrian diasporas: There are believed to be between 8 million and 15 million Syrian diaspora.‬
‭Increasingly, more of them are refugees whereas earlier diaspora were economic migrants. There‬
‭have been three main waves of Syrian migration. In 2002 the Syrian government established the‬
‭Ministry of Expatriate Affairs, to encourage the diaspora to return and to invest in the country.‬
‭Tourism and remittances are the main source of foreign exchange for Syria. Some younger‬
‭diaspora populations are reluctant to return, fearing conscription to National Service. Conflict and‬
‭civil war in Syria has had a negative impact on the number of diaspora returning for a holiday.‬

•‭ Chinese diaspora: Huáqiáo refers to people of Chinese origin residing outside of China. At the‬
‭end of the 19th century, the Chinese government realised that the overseas Chinese could be an‬
‭asset, a source of foreign investment, and a bridge to overseas knowledge. Approximately 40‬
‭million people of Chinese origin live in sizable numbers in at least 20 countries. The Chinese‬
‭diaspora has significant economic power, through remittances, as well as financial power invested‬
‭in the host countries. Chinese emigrants are estimated to control US$ 2 trillion in liquid assets and‬
‭have considerable amounts of wealth to stimulate economic power in China. The Chinese business‬
‭community of Southeast Asia, known as the bamboo network, has a prominent role in the region's‬
‭private sectors. Chinese diaspora vary widely as to their degree of assimilation, their interactions‬
‭with the surrounding communities, and their relationship with China.‬
‭Overseas Chinese have often experienced hostility and discrimination. In countries with small‬
‭ethnic Chinese minorities, the economic disparity can be remarkable.‬
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•‭ The growth and development of Chinatowns throughout the world illustrate the assimilation of‬
‭the Chinese into the societies in which they exist. Chinatowns are an important symbol of Chinese‬
‭culture and identity.‬

‭anti-immigration movements (5.3.1)‬

‭-‬ ‭ oncerns about Culture and Identity‬‭: Many anti-immigration‬‭movements express‬

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‭concerns about the preservation of national or cultural identity. They may argue that‬
‭large-scale immigration threatens to dilute or erode the cultural values and traditions of‬
‭the host society.‬

-‭ ‬‭Security and Crime‬‭: Anti-immigration movements may‬‭also raise concerns about security‬
‭and crime, particularly in relation to undocumented or illegal immigration. They may argue‬
‭that immigrants pose a threat to public safety or national security.‬

-‭ ‬‭Xenophobia and Racism:‬‭It's important to note that‬‭some anti-immigration movements‬

‭are motivated by xenophobia or racism. They may target specific immigrant groups based‬
‭on ethnicity, religion, or nationality, and advocate for policies that discriminate against‬
‭these groups.‬

‭Examples‬

‭ rexit and UKIP‬‭: The United Kingdom Independence Party‬‭(UKIP) played a significant role in‬
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‭advocating for the UK to leave the European Union (EU) during the Brexit referendum in 2016. One‬
‭of the key issues in the Brexit debate was immigration, with concerns raised about freedom of‬
‭movement within the EU and its impact on jobs and public services in the UK.‬

‭correlation between increased globalisation and renewed nationalism/tribalisation (6.1.3)‬

‭themes from the core units (1–3) to be used also‬