LOCAL GOVERNMENT FOR COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT

John Erinorio M. Perez, PhD

Course Facilitator
 Outline
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WHAT IS CD and LGU
3. Theories on Community Development in Relation to Local
Government
4. LGUs as lead actors of CD
5. LGUs’ Local Development Programs
6. TOP LGUs in terms of GDP
7. Fastest-growing LGUs
8. LGUs as Communities of a Nation for CD
9. The ASEAN Community of Nations for CD
10. Conclusion
11. References
Introduction
Community
 Community Development

- A practice-based profession
- An academic discipline;
- Promotes participative democracy;
- Conducted through the people within their
communities.
NACDEP, 2014
 Community Development

- Processes, tasks, and visions for empowering

communities to take collective responsibility for their
own development.
Kenny (2007)
- Both an outcome and a process whereby
communities act collectively for self-improvement.

Phillips and Pittman (2014)

Community Development
 Definition of Local Government

• Local authorities perform without external involvement in the

administration of its own affairs, with the community’s participation
(Robson, 1937: 574, as cited in Haque, 2012)
• Managed and administered by the system subordinate to authority of state
but independently elected of the state’s authority control, by competent
persons in specific localities
(Gomme,1987: 1-2, as cited in Haque, 2012)
 Ideological Perspective on Local Government
Systems

• Local government should be viewed as the cornerstone

as it serves as a cardiac vehicle on specific level to ensure
able and conscientious citizenship.
(Haque, 2012)
 Community Development and Local Government

The study of comparative local government and its

relation to community development must be anchored on
the relevant ‘theoretical perspectives” and how these are
translated into practice.
 Theories on Community Development
in Relation to Local Government

• Social Darwinism
• Functionalist theory
• Liberalism
• Neo-liberal
• Social interactionists
• Marxism
• Feminism
• Social movement theory
• Post-structuralism
 Theories on Community Development
in Relation to Local Government

• Social Darwinism – only the fittest in the society will survive

because the capacity for behavior, judgement and general
success are unequally distributed.
• Functionalist theory – the family and religion, society are made
up of interrelated parts and can form a complete whole when
put together.
(Kenny, 2007)
 Theories on Community Development
in Relation to Local Government

∙ Liberalism – aspiration for maximum liberty for individuals

are valued through an open, competitive and meritocratic
society.
∙ Neo-liberal – government intervention in society interferes
with individual freedom and incentive where individuals can
compete with others in the ‘free market’.
(Kenny, 2007)
 Theories on Community Development
in Relation to Local Government

• Social interactionists – self-identity is developed through

symbolic messages in verbal and non-verbal interchanges.
• Marxism – the working class and the bourgeois are always in
antagonistic relation and the whole system must be changed to
eradicate disadvantage, poverty and oppression.
(Kenny, 2007)
 Theories on Community Development
in Relation to Local Government

• Feminism – concerns with subordination of women in society and

critically analyses the nature and origins of gender-based
inequalities, exploitation and oppression.
• Social movement theory – capacity of societies to make and
remake themselves as expressed by social movements, is the
characteristic of contemporary societies.

(Kenny, 2007)
 Theories on Community Development
in Relation to Local Government

• Post-structuralism – social sciences as forces that dominate

the societies as manifested in various mechanisms which focus
on neglected and discredited phenomena.
(Kenny, 2007)
 Characteristics of a Local Government

1. legal personality
2. localness
3. effective participation by citizens
4. extensive budgetary and employing self-sufficiency in regard to
bounded control from central authority, and
5. particular powers to execute a variety of functions.
(Olowu, 1988; 12, as cited in Haque, 2012)
 Local Government Administration and
Representation

• The administration and representation inside the structure

of local government is formulated by its representatives.
• The determination and implementation of public policy take
place at the local level.
• As an element of decentralization, local government is a
result of devolution.
(Haque, 2012)
 Evolution of Local Government Systems

• Libertarian trends among local communities in developing their own preferences

was a powerful element in the introduction of local government system in most
European countries.
• The English local government system has been a source of inspiration for most of
the English-speaking countries as well as South Asia, Africa etc.
• The pressures produced by urbanization and industrialization triggered the
evolution of the modern local government system.
(Sikander, 2015)
 Types of Local Government Systems

Four Basic Types of Local Government Systems

• The French - hierarchical, centralized, characterized by executive
domination and legislative subordination.
• The English - decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance.
• The Soviet - hierarchical but decentralized and is led by one party.
• The Traditional - powers are exercised by a headman and a council of
elders.
(Alderfer, 1964, as cited in Tapales, 2001)
 Classification of Local Government Systems

Classification of Local Government Systems

• Anglo-Saxon group (United Kingdom, Australia, Union of South Africa,
Canada, and the United States)
• Central and Norwest Europe group (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the
Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg)
• East Europe group (Soviet Union, Polan, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia)
• South Europe group (France, Italy, Greece, Spain Aand Portugal)

(Humes & Martin, 1969, as cited in Tapales, 2001)

 Forms and Structures of Local Government
Systems

• Local government’s operation is in a restricted geographical area

within a nation or state; local election or selection
(Marshall, 1965: 1, as cited in Haque, 2012)
• Local democratic governing units within the unitary democratic
system of this country, which are subordinate members of the
government vested with prescribed, controlled governmental
powers and sources of income to render specific local services and
to develop, control and regulate the geographic, social and economic
environment of defined local area.
(Meyer,1978: 10, as cited in Haque, 2012)
 Forms and Structures of Local Government
Systems

• West Asia and North Africa group (all Islamic countries, mostly
Arab or Arab-influenced)
• South Asia and East Africa group (India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and
Burma, Sudan and Ethiopia which, except for Ethiopia, were former
British Colonies); and
• East Asia group (Thailand, Philippines, and Japan) which have had
different factors affecting the development of their local
governments.
(Humes & Martin, 1969, as cited in Tapales, 2001)
Historical Relationship of Philippine Community
Development & Local Government
 Local Government in the Philippines

• Pre-Spanish period - community governments were headed by the Datu who

exercised executive, legislative and judicial powers, often upon consultation with a
Council of Elders. Arcellana (1954) stated that the barangays were not local
governments, but rather had the status of citystates.
• Spanish period - The barangays were reduced into barrios, and the Datus were
demoted into Cabezas de Barangay, whose only function was to assist the higher
levels of government in collecting tribute (De Guzman and Tapales, 1973).
• American period - continued the system of centralization. Provincias were renamed
provinces, cabildos cities, and pueblos municipalities, keeping the hierarchical chain of
command from Manila undisturbed.
(Tapales, 2001)
 Local Government In the Philippines

• The 1935 Constitution - local government was mentioned in Art. VII Sec. 10 :
“the President shall exercise general supervision over local governments as may
be provided by law.”
• The 1972 Martial Law - President’s power over local government was
strengthened, by virtue of Presidential Decree No.1
• The 1987 Constitution - provided for special forms of local government in
response to ethnic peculiarities in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and the
Cordilleras (CAR)
• The Local Government Code of 1991 -provided for devolutions of powers and
services which has far-reaching effects in national-local relation.
 Local Government in the Philippines

1987 Philippine Constitution : Development of Local Government in the

Philippines
• Charter and Component cities (Section 12)
• Local Government Units (Section 13)
• Regional Development Councils (Section 14)
• Autonomous Regions (Section 15) and its general supervision (Section 16)
 Local Government in the Philippines

Local government Code of 1991 (Tapales et al. , 2002)

• Provinces
- Intermediate levels of local government over clusters of municipalities and “component”
cities.
- It exercises some degree of supervision over municipalities and component cities under it.
• Components cities and municipalities
- The second level or the basic units of local governance.
- They perform services for people who live together in communities.
• Barangay
- At the lowest level are the barangays,which are sub-municipal forms of governance.
- People are able to have face-to-face contacts with each other and with their local officials
Department of Interior and Local Government
CD is being implemented by the different agencies:

DENR – Community-Based Forest Management Program (CBFMP), CBCRMP

DAR – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
DSWD – Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social
Services (Kalahi-CIDSS) Program; Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
DA – Mindanao Rural Development Program (MRDP)
DOH – Community-Based Health Programs
NGOs – IIRR, PRRM, etc.
 General Structure of a Local Government

National Government

Province Highly Urbanized City

Municipality Component City

Barangay Barangay Barangay

 Structure of Special Forms of Local Government and
Regional Administration
(Sub-National Level)

National Government

Autonomous Region of Metro Manila

Muslim Mindanao Development Authority

Province

City Municipality
Municipality

Barangay Barangay Barangay

 Local Autonomy

Local Autonomy and Related Concepts

• Local autonomy is the degree of self-determination exercised by a local government
unit vis-à-vis the central government.
• To attain local autonomy, a necessary pre-requisite is decentralization
• Decentralization comes in two forms – deconcentration and devolution
- Deconcentration is administrative in nature; it involves the transfer of functions from
the national office to the regional and local offices.
- Devolution connotes political decentralization, or the transfer of powers from the
central government to local government units.
(Tapales, 2001)
Pre-requisite to Local Autonomy

Decentralization

Deconcentration
Local Autonomy

Devolution
 Deconcentration

• Deconcentration - redistribution of administrative responsibilities is

only within the central government “agency,”
⮚Deconcentration of Tax Collection Function (Local Government
Code of 1991)
⮚Tax collection functions are deconcentrated to branches of Bureau
of Internal Revenue and the local treasury offices
 Devolution

• Devolution - “strengthening or creation of independent levels and units of government.”

Local governments are “perceived to be separate levels over which central authorities
exercises less or no direct control”
(Siedentopf, 1987:16, as cited in Tapales, 2001)

• Devolution of Basic Services (Local Government Code of 1991)

⮚Health
⮚Agriculture
⮚Maintenance of public works and highways
⮚Social welfare and
⮚Environmental protection
 Roles and Functions of Local Government in
Local/ Community Development

• Role of the Barangay – it serves as the community’s primary planning and

implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects, and
activities and a forum where the people’s views are considered, and disputes
may be settled.
• Role of the Municipality - consists of a group of Barangays, that serves as a
general purpose government for the coordination and delivery of services
and governance of the people living within its territorial jurisdiction.
(Local Government Code of 1991)
 Roles and Functions of Local Government in
Local/ Community Development

• Role of the Province. – it is composed of a cluster of municipalities and

component cities and serves as a mechanism for developmental
processes and governance of local government units within its
territorial jurisdiction.
• Role of the City. – it consists of urbanized and developed Barangays
and serves as a general-purpose government for the coordination and
delivery of services and governance of the people living within its
territorial jurisdiction.
(Local Government Code of 1991)
 Local Development Programs

1. 1. Health Services - medical care and health education

2. 2. Education Initiatives - support to local schools and the youth

3. 3. Infrastructure Development - building and maintaining public facilities

4. 4. Social Welfare - support to the vulnerable and marginalized sectors

5. 5. Economic Development - promotion of industries, agriculture and tourism

Source: https://assistance.ph/lgu-local-government-unit/GeneralPrograms
Figure 1. GDP by Industry, Growth Rates, 2022-2023
At Constant 2018 Prices, (in Percent
Table 1. Top 10 Provinces in Terms of
Share to National Gross Domestic Product at Constant 2018 Prices, 2022

Share to 2022 National

2022 GDP
Rank Province/HUC Region GDP
(in Billion PhP)
(in Percent)
Philippines 19,943.63
All Provinces 11,187.85 56.1
Region IV-A
1 Laguna 990.69 5.0
(CALABARZON)
Region IV-A
2 Cavite 731.39 3.7
(CALABARZON)
Region IV-A
3 Batangas 615.81 3.1
(CALABARZON)
4 Bulacan Region III (Central Luzon) 604.71 3.0

5 Pampanga Region III (Central Luzon) 525.65 2.6

Region VII (Central
6 Cebu 388.11 1.9
Visayas)
7 Pangasinan Region I (Ilocos Region) 352.93 1.8
Region IV-A
8 Rizal 340.63 1.7
(CALABARZON)
9 Nueva Ecija Region III (Central Luzon) 298.57 1.5

10 Bataan Region III (Central Luzon) 256.89 1.3

Figure 2. Top 10 Fastest-Growing Provinces in Terms of
GDP Annual Growth Rates, at Constant 2018 Prices, 2022 (Source: PSA, 2024)
Table 2. Top 10 Economies in Terms of Share to the GVA of AFF at National Level at
Constant 2018 Prices, 2022

2022
GVA in Share to 2022
Rank Province/HUC Region AFF National GVA in
(Billion AFF (Percent)
PhP)
1,783.5
Philippines
0
1 Bukidnon Region X (Northern Mindanao) 125.39 7.0
2 Nueva Ecija Region III (Central Luzon) 79.74 4.5
3 Pangasinan Region I (Ilocos Region) 66.93 3.8
4 Pampanga Region III (Central Luzon) 62.71 3.5
5 Isabela Region II (Cagayan Valley) 58.78 3.3
6 Negros Occidental Region VI (Western Visayas) 54.11 3.0
7 Iloilo Region VI (Western Visayas) 53.78 3.0
8 Davao del Norte Region XI (Davao Region) 50.99 2.9
9 Batangas Region IV-A (CALABARZON) 47.81 2.7
10 Quezon Region IV-A (CALABARZON) 47.10 2.6
Figure 3. Top 10 Economies with Fastest-Growing GVA of AFF in Terms of
Annual Growth Rates at Constant 2018 Prices, 2022
Figure 4. Performance of Regional Economies, Growth Rates, 2022-2023
At Constant 2018 Prices (in Percent)
 Governance

- “the process of decision-making and the process by

which decisions are implemented (or not
implemented).
- It can be used in several contexts such as corporate
governance, international governance, national
governance and local governance.”

(UNESCAP, n.d.)
 Concept of Governance

• “The use of political authority and exercise of control over a society

and the management of resources for social and economic
development”.
• “The efficient execution of public concerns by means of the age group
of a command (set of rules) acknowledged as lawful, for the rationale
of encouraging and increasing communal standards required by
persons and groups”.
(as cited in Haque, 2012)
 Good Governance

• Legitimacy of the acceptance of the authority by masses as

accepting those in power;
• The continuation of an authorized set of regulations methods,
and procedures.
• Accountability is linked to legality in which the possessors of
control will be apparent as lawful if they are answerable to the
public.

(Haque, 2012)
 Good Governance

• Management effectiveness is mainly a technical aspect, efficiency to expertly

and professionally convert public reserves into services and infrastructure.
• Prevalence of all connections between public and government. It allows the
civic to observe and analyze the efficacy of those in command and their
official procedures.
• The ability of people to take part and to clutch those in rule responsible
depends on the accessibility of information about rules, actions, and
consequences.
(Haque, 2012)
 Good Governance

- - Participatory;
- - Consensus oriented;
- - Accountable;
- - Transparent;
- - Responsive;
- - Effective and efficient;
- - Equitable and inclusive and
- - Follows the rule of law. (UNESCAP, n.d.)
(UNESCAP, n.d.)
Good Governance for Community
Development

Fundamentals of Development
LGUs as
Communities of
Nation

Source: https://www.philembassy.org.au/the-philippines/map
ASEAN as a Community of Nations
 Conclusion
- Local governments are the prime movers of community
development in their respective jurisdictions;
- The success of community development undertakings can be
attained through active participation of community members;
- Local governments should be inclusive, to ensure representation
of different sectors in the community;
- Good governance is the driver of a nation’s development
- Local government units are the building blocks consisting the
communities of a nation, which serves as an integral part of a
community of nations.
 References
Dizon, J.T. (n.d.). Lectures in CED 250. IGRD, CPAF.

Holdcfroft, L. E. 1982. The Rise and Fall of Community development in Developing Countries, 1950-1965: A Critical Analysis and Implications In
Progress in Rural extension and Community Development Vol. 1 (Edited by G. E. Jones and M. J. Rolls)

Haque, A. U. 2012. Theoretical Perspective of LocalGovernment - Literature Review. Research Institute of Behavioural Psychology. Retrieved
from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277142175

Kenny, S. 2007. Developing Communities for the Future. Third Edition. Nelson Australia Pty. Limited

Philippine Constitution of 1987. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Philippines_1987.pdf?lang=en

Sikander, T. 2015. A Theoretical Framework of Local Government. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 6(1);
June 2015 171. Retrieved from http://ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_6_1_June_2015/19.pdf

Tapales, P.D. & Brillantes, A.B Jr. Eds. 2002. Local Government in the Philippines: A Book of Readings: Volume III Concepts and Practices in
Decentralization. CLR-NCPAG, University of the Philippines, Diliman.

Tapales, P.D., Cuaresma, J.C., & Cabo, W.L. Eds. 2001. Local Government in the Philippines: A Book of Readings, Volume I Local
Government Administration. Center for Local and Regional Governance, National College of Public Administration and Governance. University
of the Philippines, Diliman.

The Local Government Code of 1991. Retrieved from https://dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-

2016120_fce005a61a.pdf

UPLB Education and Training Center. 1973. Handbook on Community Development

 References

https://asean.org/member-states/

https://region1.dilg.gov.ph/index.php/2016-04-28-14-43-07/brief-
history#:~:text=The%20present%20Department%20of%20the,Interior%20at%20the%20Tejeros%20Convention.

https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/2022-economic-performance-provinces-philippines

https://www.dbm.gov.ph/images/pdffiles/2019-People's-Budget-Quick-Glance_English-Version.pdf

https://asean2023.id/en/news/leading-resources-of-asean-member-countries

https://www.aseanstats.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ASH-2023-v1.pdf

https://asean.org/our-communities/asean-socio-cultural-community/rural-development-and-poverty-eradiction/

https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/good-governance.pdf
https://www.nacdep.net/what-is-community-development-
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1217258
Thank you!