Medieval India Workbook - InsightsIAS

Workbook for Medieval Indian History
by
Farees Rahman
Faculty, InsightsIAS
www.insightsonindia.com
www.insightsonindia.com INSIGHTSIAS instacourses.insightsonindia.com

Unit-1: Early medieval India (900-1200 CE)
Gurjara Pratiharas (of Bhinmal) - Rashtrakutas (of Mankhed) - Palas (of Gaud/Bengal)
Tripartite struggle: These three fought for Kannuaj
Gurjara Pratiharas
Kannuaj
Rashtrakutas Palas
Causes Consequences
Political causes: the tripartite struggle lasted for about 100 years and
1. contemporary rise and imperial ambitions Gurjara Pratiharas emerged victorious - but the
2. lack of central authority (with respect to India) victory was more of a defeat
3. elements of revenge
1. Mutual attrition
2. heavy economic expenditure
Economic causes: 3. indecisive battle - it took 100 year to settle down
1. Kannuaj's geo-strategic location : Ganga Yamuna doab and hence no central authority could emerge
2. imp trade routes were passing through this region 4. gave rise to mutual animosities and inward looking
attitude. This attitude continued upto medieval era
and led to further invasion by foreign powers
Other factors: 5. series of wars and battles started with tripartite
1. Kannuaj as a seat of political significance struggle culminated with the invasion of India by the
2. Kannuaj as at geo-strategic location (central to India) Turks

Rajput states of early medieval India:
GHAHADVALAS • KANNAUJ
PARMARAS • MALWA(DHAR)
CHAUHANS • AJMER
CHANDELLAS • BUNDELKHAND(MAHOBA/KAJURAHO)
SISODIYAS • MEWAR
TOMARS • DELHI
HINDU-SHAHI • N-W

Invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni: Mahmud of Ghazni is said to have invaded India 17 times.
1. His primary focus was on accumulation of wealth and not on annexation
2. Invaded imp cultural centers like Mathura, Somnath, Kannauj etc.
3. He also wanted to spread the religion of Islam
After his death, the Ghaznavid empire got divided into 2 parts = Khwazim (west) and Ghur (east)
Conquests of Muhammad Ghori:

1st battle of Tarian - 1191 - Muhammad Ghori vs Prithviraj Chouhan (won)
2nd battle of Tarian - 1192 - Ghuri vs Chouhan - Ghuri won and Prithviraj was made vassal of Ghuri
Reasons for victory of Turks:
➢ Political factors:
1. lack of central authority
2. mutual animosity among Rajputs
3. lack of strategic defense against north west frontier - no collective responsibility to defend the region
➢ Military factors:
1. feudal armies -
which were not a cohesive unit
armies were more loyal to their respective feudal lords, not the king
2. battle strategies were defensive, not offensive
3. role of virtues
fore-warning the enemy
practice of fighting from dawn to dusk
chasing a retreating enemy or surrendered enemy was beneath their dignity
they believed in do or die but not to surrender
4. over reliance on elephants (tanks of ancient India) - no modernization of army

➢ Economic factors:
1. early medieval economy was primarily agrarian and it was difficult for the rulers to maintain a large army
with such economy
2. wealthy temples were targeted by the invaders (post Gupta period, owing to extensive temple
development, lot of wealth got accumulated in temples like land, jewelry and ornaments etc.. These
temples consumed a large part of the revenue and were also looted by the invaders)
➢ Social factors
1. early medieval society was marked with high social rigidity. Caste system and untouchability
prevailed. There was very less social integration and inward looking attitude prevailed. All these
facilitated invaders, who initially belonged to egalitarian society, to easily take break the Indian society
and get the hold of it.
2. contemporary Turkish society was marked by egalitarians and social solidarity. This made them
united.
ROLE of TECHNOLOGICAL BACKWARDNESS:

1. The stagnation of scientific development in early medieval India and the superior technologies of the
Turks such as NAVAK (Persian bow), Iron horse shoe etc. provided them a superior technological edge
India as observed by Al-Beruni Al - beruni came with Mahmud of Ghazni
➢ Book:
Kitab-ul-Hind or Tehkeek-i-Hind
➢ References made:
1.Puranas, various philosophical texts, works of Patanjali etc.
2. he was deeply impressed by Indian philosophy

➢ Political Condition and Administration:
he talks about:
1. political fragmentation of India
2. lack of unity among Indians / lack of nationalism
3. humiliation of Indian kings at the hands of the invaders
➢ Economic condition:
1. agriculture and various crops that were grown
2. various seasons
3. trade and commerce
➢ Social Condition:
1. Varna system, untouchability and Sati
2. sense of self superiority among the Indians (Indians consider themselves superior then else)
3. Indian having no sense of writing history (historiography)
4. festivals celebrated in India
5. food habits and customs
Al-beruni presents a detailed picture of early medieval India but he relied primarily on sanskritic texts and not the entire
corpus of rich Indian literatures. Moreover, elements of hearsay and mythology have been written and Al-beruni displays
an inherent bias to the Turks. Hence, it has to be studied in a critical manner.
Assignment-1:
1. Who started the Arab conquest of Sind? (Page 164 - TN History class 11th - new edition)
2. How did mutual animosity play a part in the defeat of Rajputs? (Page 164 - TN History class
11th - new edition)

Unit-2: Delhi Sultanate (1206- 1526)
(Workbook for Medieval Indian History by Farees Rahman )
SLAVE (MAMLUK)
DYNASTY
KHILJI DYNASTY
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
SAYYID DYANSTY
LODI DYNASTY
SLAVE DYANSTY:
After the death of Ghori, Aibak declared independence and took various steps
for the creation of a sultanate.
QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBAK:
➢ Capital city: Lahore
He began the construction of Qutab Minar but died in between.

Qutab Minar is named after sufi saint - Qutab-ud-din-Bakhtiyar
He also started construction of city: Adhai-din-ka-jhopra

ILLTUTMISH: considered the real founder of the sultanate
➢ Challenges:
1. Legitimacy of Iltutmish was challenged

2. Former Ghurid generals Yelduz and Qubacha were claiming rights on the throne
3. Rebellion by rajputana states
4. Loyalty of his officials
5. No administrative consolidation
6. Mongol threat was dominant as Chengiz Khan was pursuing Prince of Khwarzim Jalluddin Magbarani
➢ Measures taken:
1. He focused on soft power. He sought MANSUR (investiture) from the Caliph

2. Shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi (so as to buy the time and develop is military capacity to stand against the two
governors)
3. Created a force called as "Hashm-i-Qalb" directly under the sultan for his protection
4. Rajputana was re-conquered
5. He introduced "Iqtadari system" - administrative foundation of Delhi sultanate
6. Started an organization called as "Turkan-i-Chihalgani" or Chalisa or Corps of Forty - these were the highly efficient
people who were given the most important tasks of the sultanate
7. His political neutrality where he declined to help Maqbarni ensured forces of Chengiz khan did not enter India
8. He issued Tanka (silver coin) and Jital (copper coin) to re-monetize the economy
9. Completed the construction of Qutab Minar

Raziya Sultana:
1. only female ruler of Delhi sultanate
2. she was a ruler in name as well as spirit
3. she discarded purdah and started coming in king's attire
4. she appointed various officers including slaves to high positions in administration
5. she led wars and battles, get hands on the foreign policy
Balban: initially appointed as a Deputy / Naib
➢ Challenges:
1. to prove his legitimacy

2. there was complete breakdown of law and order. Especially the situation in Mewat was extremely dire.
3. Crops of Forty had become too powerful and they were the king makers.
4. revolts and rebellion were common, especially in Bengal by Tughril Beg
5. Mongol threat was looming large.
➢ Measures taken:
1. Issued theory of kingship:

- that the king is selected by the god and he is a representative of god on earth.
- he instituted highest order of discipline.
- highest order of racism. He does not spoke to non-turks
- he started the practice of Paibos and Sajda. Paibos: kissing the feet of monarch. Sajda: prostration in front of monarch
- he started practicing impartial justice.
- he claimed descent from Persian mythical heroes
2. turned a ruthless despot and followed the policy of blood and iron
3. Countering Mongol threat:

- created two units in the army. 1st in capital city and 2nd in northwestern region.
- in NW region is constructed a series of forts where army was stationed, weapons and food grains were kept, stationed there best generals
and commanders to counter the threat. His own son was also stationed there. Mongol invasion from northwest were checked three times
successfully.

Khalji Dynasty:
Founder: Jalal-Ud-Din-Khilji
Ala-ud-din Khalji: took the title - SIKANDAR-I-SANI

His reign was marked by highest order of despotism and a series of administrative revenue, market and military reforms.
➢ Imperial expansion:
1. first sultan of Delhi to undertake conquest of Deccan India (Warangal, Dwarsamudra etc.)
2. indirect control was maintained in Deccan India
➢ Challenges:
1. frequent revolts and rebellions - causes identified:
- lack of attention to internal affairs of the state
- inter-marriage among noble families
- concentration of wealth
- alcohol consumption
2. Mongol threat
3. lack of continuous revenue
4. powerful nobles and intermediaries
5. no standardization of land revenue collection method
➢ Administrative Reforms:
1. instituted BARIDS (spies) to report various affairs of the state
2. prior permission of sultan had to be taken before making marriage alliance between the two noble families
3. tax free lands and grants were abolished
4. made Delhi sultanate a dry city (banned alcohol). Over a period time, alcohol was allowed only in public gatherings

Market reforms were aimed at having a large army on a limited salary
➢ Market Reforms: OR Price control measures. Primarily targeted at military camps and capital city
o Food grains market:
These markets were put under an official called as

SHAHNA-I-MANDI
o Market for Clothes, Sugar etc.
o Market for cattle, horses, camels, slaves etc.
Features of market reforms:

1. all the prices of the good bought and sold in the market were fixed by the sultan himself. They had to be sold at the
prices decided by the sultan.
2. strict punishment were given for unethical practices
3. licenses were issued for trading
4. a special class of spies (MUNIHYANS) were created to oversea these market reforms
5. markets were organized at military camps and urban centers, not throughout the sultanate.
6. he took steps to ensure availability of grains by collecting tax from doab region in kind
7. nomadic traders (BANJARAS) became prominent during his market reforms
Evaluation of market reforms:

1. market reforms were highly beneficial for the Sultan as he could keep the cost of his military expeditions low
2. the soldiers and people living in and around the military camps and urban areas benefited from these markets
3. the traders and peasants were oppressed and people living far away did not benefit much from these market reforms

➢ Revenue Reforms: are called as Mashahat system
1. land revenue was collected on the basis of survey and measurement

2. he introduced standardized units of land measurement called as Bigha and Biswa. 1 Bhiga = 20 Biswa
3. About 50% produce = land revenue
4. Ghari (housing tax) and Chari (grazing tax) were also imposed.
to address peasants grievances he took following measures:

1. curbed the right of intermediaries (those who acted as middlemen between peasants and administration). intermediaries
imposed their own tax (like hafta/ extortion)
2. intermediaries who also were wealthy land owners were exempted from tax initially. with reforms coming into picture these
land owners were to pay taxes.
3. he created Diwan-i-Mustakharj i.e. department of arrears (as a lot of intermediaries have not paid their taxes for long owing
to lack of revenue records). In order to ensure transparency, ethical conduct only honest persons were appointed in
Diwan-i-Mustakhari
➢ Military reforms: he took the title: Sikandar-i-Sani
1. introduced the practice of HULIYA (descriptive account of the soldier) - to ensure finest persons are recruited in the army and most
importantly no infiltrator is recruited in the army
2. he started the practice of DAAG i.e. branding of horses.
3. practice of paying soldiers in cash
➢ Evaluation of reforms:
1. highly despotic reforms
2. allah-ud-din was able to keep the cost of his campaigns both in the deccan as well as in the north west low.
3. these reforms were highly beneficial in generating revenue for the royal treasury
4. no major revolts and rebellions were witnessed in the later reign of allah-ud-din
5. due to highly despotic nature the reforms fissured out after the death of allah-ud-din

Tughlaq Dynasty:
Founder: GHIYAS-UD-DIN TUGHLAQ
Muhammad bin Tughluq: Muhammad Bin Tughlaq patronized Jain monk - JINAPRABHA SURI
Ascended the throne of Delhi at very young age.
He started the direct control of deccan and peninsular India/
He was very learned and a tolerant ruler who was also a despot.
The experiments:
➢ Capital Transfer: capital was shifted from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad)
1. this was a strategic decision for better administrative control

2. also to prevent capital from Mongol invasion
Only important officials, nobles, influential persons and sufi saints etc. were asked to shift from Delhi to Devagiri
Due to onset of plague, the capital transfer was reversed.
➢ Token Currency:
1. He issued copper coins having the face value of gold and silver coins
2. This practice was already prevalent in China and Persia. But the implementation was flawed as the state failed to maintain the
monopoly over the mint leading to a large number of forged coins in the market.
3. He had to replace the copper coins with the actual gold and silver coins.
➢ Khurasan Expedition: Khurasan was the region in central aisa which was going through a period of political
uncertainty and Tughlaq decided to annex it.
1. He raised the force by paying 1 year salary in advance

2. However, before the expedition a powerful ruler named Abu Said emerged in Khurasan and the chances of victory became uncertain.
Hence the expedition was called off and the advanced paid salary was not recovered.

➢ Qarachil expedition
Qarachil was a small himalayan kingdom
It was facing chinese incursions and MB Tughlaq decided to subdue it.
Troops of sultanate successfully defeated the Raja of Qarachil however on the return journey due to harsh weather
conditions many soldiers died and many more lost their wealth
However, the Raja of Qarachil continued to recognize the suzerainty of sultan and paid annual tribute to him
➢ Taxation in Doab:
1. Rate of taxation was increased by 50-100%
2. Subsequently a severe famine hit the doab region resulting in huge losses for the peasants
3. Land revenue was remitted and sondhar loans were issued to peasants to restart cultivation
➢ Model Agricultural farm:

1. a 100x100 (70x70) sq. km land was selected in order to grow superior crops to enjoy extra revenue
2. most of the land that was selected was found to be barren and does not yield the desired expectations
Impact:
Short term impact:

1. huge economic losses
2. political fragmentation of sultanate a vijaynagar empire and bahamani kingdom came into existence after breaking from the sultanate.
Long term impact:

1. paved way for invasions
2. Timur invaded during last years of weak Tughluq ruler
3. sultanate assumed the form of confederacy
Positive impact:
1. FS Tughluq after learning from MBT experiment planted 1200 gardens in and around the vicinity of Delhi. This was highly successful
2. Spread of administrative structure and culture to peninsular India due to capital transfer.

Firuz Shah Tughlaq:
He was a week and intolerant ruler who showed bigotry towards other religions and sects. He lacked the skills as a
military commander and could not restore the territory of the sultanate.
He is known for his welfare measures and cultural contributions
➢ Domestic policies:
1. political fragmentation continued during Feroz Shah and he could not do anything to reverse it
2. since he was bigot in nature, he was ulema centric and consulted the ulemas before any major policy deicison
3. Iqta system was made hereditary by Ferzo shah
4. Only sultan of Delhi to impose Jaziyah on Brahmins
➢ Welfare measures:
1. created SARAIs (rest houses) for the travelers

2. created DIWAN-I-BANDGAN to look after the welfare of slaves
3. created DIWAN-I-KHAIRAT for charitable purposes
4. created DAR-UL-SHIFA i.e. free hospitals
➢ Public works: he is known to be prominent builder
1. large number of mosques, madrasas, forts, tombs, pillars, etc.

2. Ashokan pillars from Meerut and Topra were brought to Delhi
3. he dug a series of canals to promote irrigation
4. he constructed Tas-I-Ghariyals (clock towers)
5. constructed a large number of cities and named most of the cities after himself. Ex - Firozabad, Firozpur, Feroz Shah Kotla, Hisher
Firoza and Fatehabad etc.
6. he also repaired Qutub Minar (it was destroyed due to lightening)
7. he patronized BERNI and AFIF.
Sayyid Dynasty:
Founded by Khirzar Khan
Alam Shah was the only ruler of Delhi Sultanate to voluntarily abdicate the throne
Sikander Lodhi:
Lodhi Dynasty:
Founder - Bahlul Lodhi started "GAZ-I-SIKANDARI" - new unit of land measurement
Bahlul Lodhi > Sikander Lodhi > Ibrahim Lodhi

Politico-Administrative measures:
➢ King:
Semi divine, Despotic, Imperialistic
Direct control of North and Indirect control of Peninsular India - under Khiljis
Direct control of both north and south India under Tughluqs
➢ Administrative set up:
Establishment of sultanate started the portfolio system.
PORTFOLIO DEPARTMENT
Diwan-I-Wazir Prime minister
DIWAN-I-ARZ Department of military affairs
DIWAN-I-INSHA Dept of royal correspondence
DIWAN-I-RISALAT Dept of religious affairs / foreign affairs
DIWAN-I-BANDAGAN
Dept of slave
DIWAN-I-QAZA-I-MAMALIK Dept of Justice
DIWAN-I-KOHI Head of agriculture
DIWAN-I-ISHTIAQ Head of pension
SADR-US-SUDUR Head of religious law

these were post,
headed by same
QAZI-UL-QAZAT person
Head of civil law

➢ Provincial administration:
PROVINCES(IQTAS/SUBAS)
headed by officials such as: MUKTI / WALI / NAYIM / IQTADAR
SHIQS
headed by: SHIQDAR
PARGANA
headed by: AMIL
VILLAGES headed by KHUT/ MQUADDAM/CHOUDHARY
➢ Iqta system:
Iqta system was based on an ancient arabian practice in which land was aloted to nobles and officials in return of following functions:
1. maintenance of law and order
2. maintenance of troops
3. collection of land revenue
4. administrative functions
However the central authority of sultan remained very powerful as IQTADARs were accountable to him
Feroz Shah Tughluq made the IQTA system hereditary after which it became a reason for the decline of the sultanate
➢ Military and Police state:
➢ Imperialism:

Economy of the Sultanate:
➢ Agriculture:
land revenue - most important source of revenue for the state
Measures taken:
1. diwan-i-kohi
2. construction of canals
3. land measurement units were introduced
4. model agriculture initiative were taken
➢ Taxation: quiet elaborate and evolved over a period of time
USHR land revenue on muslim peasants KHARAJ land revenue on non-muslim peasants
ZAKAT religious tax on muslims JAZIYA religious tax on non-muslims
KHAMS/KHUMS percentage of share of the state in war booty
HAQ-I-SHARB: irrigation tax

HAQ-I-KHOTI: tax imposed by intermediaries on peasants (this was abolished by Khilji)
➢ Arts and Crafts:

1. paper making and book binding
2. calligraphy
3. textiles:
- cotton carding and weaving using Persian wheel
- block and dye printing
- aspects of cotton and silk textiles flourished
4. use of gun powder (gun powder was used for pyrotechniques. It was not used for military artillery cannons)
➢ Karkahanas: royal industries and workshops in order to meet various needs and demands of the royal household
1. they were in existence during Tughluq period and became prominent during the Mughal empire
➢ Trade and commerce:

flourished.
both internal and external trade
external trade with China, Persia, Egypt and Europe
trade and commerce got impetus due to the political stability and creation of a centralized empire after the establishment of the sultanate
royal patronage provided to the craftsmen and re-monetization of the economy also promoted the growth of trade

➢ Coinage:
Iltutmish: tanka / takka (silver coins) and jital (copper coins)
Khilji: cash payments to soldiers
MBT: token currency experiment
➢ Urban centers:
Delhi
Lahore
Devagiri
Ferozabad
Fatehabad etc.
the political stability along with progress in agriculture, growth in arts and crafts and flourishing trade and commerce resulted in
3rd urbanization of India under Delhi sultanate
Society during the sultanate period:
Positives:
1. spread of Sufi and Bhakti ideals

2. development of architecture
3. challenges to caste system
4. emergence of syncretic culture (mix of Indian, Arabian and Persian culture)
5. growth of new languages like urdu
Negative:
1. Sati and Johar became common
2. Purdah became common
3. Caste system remained firmly entrenched
4. instances of communal persecution and mass conversion under sultans
Assignment-2:
1. What were the Military Campaigns of Ala-ud-din Khalji? (Page 169 - TN History class 11th -
new edition)

2. Which ruler of Sultanate voluntarily abdicated the throne? (Page 174 - TN History class 11th
- new edition)
Previous year questions:
1. Consider the following statements:
(1) It was during the reign of Iltumish that Chengiz Khan reached the Indus in pursuit of the fugitive
Khwarezm prince.
(2) It was during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq that Taimur occupied Multan and crossed the
Indus.
(3) It was during the reign of Deva Raya II of Vijayanagara Empire that Vasco da Gama reached the
coast of Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3
2. Consider the following statements:
1. In the revenue administration of Delhi Sultanate, the in-charge of revenue collection was known
as ‘Amil’.
2. The lqta system of Sultans of Delhi was an ancient indigenous institution.
3. The office of ‘Mir Bakshi’ came into existence during the reign of Khalji Sultans of Delhi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
3. Banjaras during the medieval period of Indian history were generally

(a) agriculturists
(b) warriors
(c) weavers
(d) traders

Unit-3: The imperial Cholas, Vijayanagara and Bhamani
The imperial cholas (848-1279 C.E):
➢ Capital: Tanjore / Thanjavur
founder of Chola dynasty. He overthrew the Pallavas

VIJAYALAYA
Uttaramerur inscription which mentions information about Chola local self governing villages
PARANTAKA-I
most important ruler

great conqueror - entire south India was brought under the control of Cholas
northern Sri Lanka was annexed by him and made a part of Chola empire
Maldives was also annexed by him
RAJA RAJA-I He transformed Chola into a naval power
Great patron of art and architecture - Brihadisvara temple of Tanjore
- entire Sri Lanka was brought under the control of Chola empire
- 1st south Indian king who went for north Indian expedition (Pala empire), crossed river
Ganga and defeated Mahi Pala
- then he took the title "Gangaikonda Chola"
- he constructed new capital city known as Gangaikonda Chola Puram
- he sent an expedition to Shri Vijaya Empire (Malayan peninsula) x`and it was brought under
RAJENDRA the control of Cholas

Politico administrative features:
➢ Kings: hereditary, imperialistic

kings took various titles such as Pandita-Chola, Uttama-Chola and Ummidi Chola etc.
Images of kings were kept in the temples and worshiped indicating semi-divine origin
➢ Council and Bureaucracy:

elaborate setup and similar to Sangam age
Mandalam Provinces
districts
Valanadu
Kurram/Nadu township / villages
➢ Local administration:
Ur - areas predominantly dominated by peasants or landowners
o Urar
administrative bodies of Ur
o Sabhaiyar Sabha - group of brahmadeya villages
administrative bodies of Sabha
Nagar - areas dominated by trading class

o Nagarattar
administrative bodies of Nagar
o Nattar - group of Urs
o Taniyur - township
➢ Military administration:
Cholas had a powerful army consisting of infantry, cavalry and elephantry
They had one of the most powerful navies of early medieval India which enabled them to capture Sri Lanka, Maldives and parts of
Malayan peninsula

Chola local self-governing villages:
➢ Inscription: Uttaramerur inscription of Parantaka - 1
➢ Features:
village was divided into 30 wards. Names of candidates who wanted to nominate themselves for being the
member were written in palm leaves and put in a pot. Child was made to pick the names from pot (like lottery).
Whoever was elected was considered the representative of that ward.
Qualifications Disqualifications
1. person contesting the election: 30-70 years old 1. one cannot become part of the assembly for
2. should have their own land more than 3 times
3. knowledge of vedas 2. those who failed to submit their accounts were
4. own house also not allowed
3. criminals and their relatives were banned
4. those who have committed sins
➢ Committees:
1. General purpose committee
2. Gold committee
3. Tank committee
4. Garden committee
5. Famine committee
➢ Evaluation:
Evaluation of Chola self governing villages as proto-democracies

1. a form of election
2. qualifications and disqualification
3. eligibility criteria and term limits
4. element of accountability
Undemocratic elements:
1. knowledge of veda
2. women were not allowed to participate
3. lottery system of election - element of chance was involved and this may result in picking of an unpopular candidate as there is no formal
voting system
4. at times presence of kings officials undermined the authority of the local self governing villages

Economic features:
➢ Agriculture: land revenue - most imp source of income for the state
VATTI-VAYAKAL = irrigation mechanism to ensure canal drainage and flow of water in agricultural fields
ENKAKULAM = irrigation tanks
VETTI / AMANJI = voluntarily free labor offered by people to clean the tanks
➢ Arts and crafts: similar to early medieval India
➢ Trade and commerce: flourished
external trade with Europe, China and East Asia

Tributes were sent by East Asian kings to Chola kings as the cultural and trade ties improved
Social features:
1. setting up of hospitals
2. remission of tolls
3. issuing large number of donations
➢ Varna: highly rigid and social mobility was very low
➢ Position of women: low
Social evils like SATI, Child marriage, Devadasi system were all prevalent
➢ Education:
Gatikas, Mathas and Palichandas were important centers of learning
➢ Religions: Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Jainism and Buddhism
Trade and cultural contacts have also brought the Cholas in contact with the Christian and Islamic world

Bhamani Kingdom (1347-1527 C.E):
➢ Founder: Ala-ud-din Bahaman Shah
➢ Capital: Bidar initially - Gulbarga and Later shifted to Bidar
➢ Important rulers: Muhammad - 1 and Muhammad - 3
➢ Mahmud Gawan:
Prime minister of Bahamani kingdom who played an important role in creation of long lasting
administrative structures
He divided the empire into provinces = tarafs, headed by Tarafdars.
He centralized the power by considerably reducing the power of tarafdars
He took steps to promote agriculture
Emphasis was on impartial justice to all
Established a madrasa at Bidar which had over 2000 books in its collection
➢ Administrative features:
• Tarafs: provinces, headed by Tarafdar
• Vakil-us-saltana Prime Minister Wazir-i-kull Incharge of all other ministers
• Amir-i-jumla, Finance minister Wasir-i-ashraf Foreign minister
• Nazir Deputy Finance minister Peshwa Assistant to PM
• Kotwal Police incharge Sadr-i-jahan Chief judge
➢ Decline and disintegration:
- Bahamani disintegrated into the Deccani sultanate of - Golconda, Bidar, Bijapur, Ahemad Nagar, Berar and Khandesh
- Constant struggle with Vijayanagar empire and week & inefficient rulers were responsible for the decline of the kingdom

The Vijayanagar empire (1336-1648 C.E):
SANGAMA
SALUVA
TULUVA
ARAVIDU
➢ Founders: started with decline of Delhi Sultanate

Hari Hara -1 and Bukka-1 established the Vijaynagara empire - both of them ruled together = instance
of joint rule
➢ Capital: Vijayanagar / Hampi
➢ Important rulers: Devaraya 2 and Krishna Devaraya
Politico administrative features:
➢ Kings:
despotic, centralized, semi-divine, imperialistic
➢ Council and Bureaucracy:

bureaucracy was well evolved and king consulted his council before taking important decisions
➢ Nayak or Nayankara system:

Feudatories of Vijayanagara king
They ruled over peripheral areas, paid annual tribute to the kings
Assisted the king in wars and battles
After the decline of centralized Vijayanagara empire they emerged independent

AYAGAR System = it was similar to Chola self governing assemblies. However the administration was done by a group of elder brahmins
Vijayanagara-Bhamani conflict:
Causes Consequences
1. contemporary rise and imperialistic ambitions 1. mutual attrition and both kingdoms declined over a
2. both wanted control over the deccan region period of time
3. Economic - control over Raichur doab and mines
4. control over coastal trade
Economic features:
Vijayanagara was one of the most flourishing economy of the medieval period
Irrigation - rulers built Anicuts - these were check dams to divert water
Economy was highly monetized.
Gold coins (known as VARAH) were issued
Both internal and external trade, esp. the trade with portugese and arabs
Taxation system was quiet elaborate and almost all activities were taxed
Societal features:
Varna was rigid
Position of women was low. But royal women and women employed in royal services were given high status
Sati, Devadasi, Child marriage prevailed
Vijayanagar rulers were very tolerant in nature.

Under Krishnadeva Raya the institution of Asthadiggajas (8 nobles) existed
1. Allasani Pedanna (most important one)
2. Tenali Rama
Languages such as telegu, kannada, sanskrit and tamil flourished during Vijayanagar kingdom
Decline:
In the battle of Talikota the Vijayanagar empire decline

Various travellers and their account of India:
Travellers Political Economic Societal
Ibn Battuta
Appointed as khazi of Delhi by MBT Postal system of Delhi Slavery
Appointed as head of embassy to Various urban centers of Various fairs and festivals
Morocco Delhi sultanate. Esp. the Customs of Indians
China
He mentions about the failed city of Delhi
During reign experiments of MBT Sati
of Fruits, esp. Mangoes Habit of Indians eating
Muhammad Visited deccan region to Calicut (rule Vegetables beatleleaf and chalk
Bin Tughluq by King Zamori) Ship building industry
Abdur Razzak Flourishing economy of Talks about the glory of

First arrived at Calicut
Vijayanagar empire city of Vijayanagar
Persia
Visited Vijayanagar empire Mentions 300 ports, trade
Written in detail about the with east aisa, burma,
Ambassador of
Vijayanagar administration arabia etc.
Persian ruler
Shahrukh
Varah gold coins
Fernao Nuniz Talks about Vijayanagar Various customs and

Flourishing trade and rituals
economy
Nayaka system
Portuguese Women being employed
as royal bodygaurds,
wrestlers, astrologers,
record keepers etc. in
various royal capacities

Domingo conflicts of Viajaynagara empire with Great festival of
Mahanavmi which was
Paes the deccani sultanates
celebrated for 9 days
Portuguese nature of Krishna Deva Raya's rule
During - Krishna
Deva Raya
Afanasy visited Bahamani kingdom and major crops food habits of Indians
Nikitin mentions about Bahamani -
Vijayanagar conflict import of horses dresses and attires
Russian merchant
mentions about the administrative breeding of cattle weapons carried by Indians
reforms of Mahmud Gawan
Niccolò de' city of Vijayanagar richness of Vijayanagar sati

Conti empire mahanavmi festival
fertile lands and gardens

Italian (Vanasia) valuable crops - rice and
sugarcane
Duarte Tolerant nature of Vijayanagar kings Large army of Dresses and attires of
Barbosa Fortification in the city of Vijayanagar
vijayanagar empire men and women
Portuguese Diamond mine of the Customs and rituals

"RAYA" being used as titles for king empire
Exports such as spices,

sandalwood, rosewood
etc
Marco Visited malabar region India's trade with west customs and rituals
Polo
High standard of justice by indian kings various practices of Jain
Italy / monks
Vanasian
traveler temples and monasteries
habit of eating Beatle leaf

Assignment-3:
1. With reference to the Chola army, the following divisions are associated with:
kudirai sevagar
anaiyatkal
villaligal
valilar
konduvar
(Page 188 - TN History class 11th - new edition)
2. What are title of ‘viceroys’ appointed by RajaRaja-I? (Page 187 - TN History class 11th - new
edition)
3. What observations have been made by Marco Polo? Which kingdom did he visit? (Page 198 -
TN History class 11th - new edition)
4. With reference to the Vijayanagar army, the following officials are associated with:
Dalavay
Vassal
Rayasam
Adaippam
Kariya-karta
(Page 10 - TN History class 11th - new edition – Part 2)
5. With reference to the Vijayanagar army, the following terms are associated with:
pattadaior and kasaya vargam
(Page 12 - TN History class 11th - new edition – Part 2)

The Mughals are the descendants of Timur (father side) and Mongols (mother side)
Unit-4: The Mughal Empire (1526-1857)

and
The Sur Interregnum (1540-1555)
Babur (1526-1530): Babur came from Samarqand (modern Uzbekistan)
➢ First battle of Panipat: Babur vs Ibrahim Lodhi - 1526
➢ Reasons for victory:

1. use of gun powder for artillery purpose
2. adopted battle strategy called as Tulughma (a part of his force is to secretly stationed somewhere for surprise attack)
3. superior leadership of Babur
4. lack of unity and unpopularity of Ibrahim Lodhi

➢ Later campaigns:
1. Battle of Khanva against Rana Sanga of Mewar
2. Battle of Chanderi against Medini Rai
➢ Autobiography:
Humayun:
➢ Challenges:
1. Lack of consolidation
2. Civil war with other brothers of Humayun
3. New regional powers emerged - Bahadur Shah (GJ), Sher Khan (BH)
1. Battle of Chousa - Humayun was defeated

2. Battle of Kannauj - Sher Shah won and Humayun was defeated
Sher Shah Suri from humble origins carved out an empire for himself and his various
administrative, economic revenue and military reforms (which are similar to Akbar) makes
Sher Shah Suri as the fore-runner of Akbar
Sher Shah Suri (1537 – 1545):
➢ Administration:
Provinces Subas - headed by Subedars
Districts Shiqs
Shiqdar - i - Shiqdarin: responsible for police functions, Munsif-i-Munsifan: did judicial functions such as
maintenance of law and order, land revenue collection settlement of disputes
Sub-division: Parganas
Police functions by Shiqdar Judicial functions by Munsifs
Villages basic unit of administration. Headed by Khut / Muqaddam / Choudhary

➢ Revenue administration and reforms:
o Land quality: average of all three quality was taken and 1/3rd of produce was the land revenue
Medium quality land Bad quality land

Good quality land
o Measurement units: Bigha, Biswa and Gax-i-Sikandari
o Choice: To either pay land revenue in cash or kind
o Conversion charts:
known as "RAY" were created in order to have prices and the corresponding value for various food grains.
These were prepared based on prices prevailing in urban centers
o Deeds:
Patka - title dee - contains information about land ownership, crops sowed, revenue generated
Qubuliyat - acceptance deed - peasant agrees to pay for this much after the harvest
o Additional taxes:
Jaribana - survey charge
Muhasilana - collection charge
o Assistance and welfare:

Takkavi loans were provided for peasants
Land revenue was remitted in case of natural disasters
Officials were instructed not to harass peasants during revenue collection
➢ Law and order:

a strict emphasis on law and order throughout the kingdom
high degree of law and order was maintained through local accountability of officials
➢ Justice:
impartial justice was provided to everyone irrespective of religion, caste or economic status
Qazi's were appointed at various places to dispense justice

➢ Postal reforms:
Dak Chaukis based on relay and runner method were setup (a form of this system also existed during
the sultanate period)
➢ Economic measures:
o Taxation and sources of revenue:

2 point taxation was created at which taxation was at only entry and exit level
war bouty (khums)
land revenue
tributes by other small rajas
o Trade routes:
Grand trunk route - Peshawar to Sonargaon (WB)
No. of other trade routes
o Coinage:
Issued silver coin known as RUPIYA and copper coin as DAAM
1. created a network of Sarais (rest houses for welfare of travelers)

2. free kitchens
3. large number of donations
4. he was patron of art and architecture
5. man of religion and learning
Because of the above measures Sher Shah is termed as "benevolent despot" and Akbar further elaborated and enhanced various
reforms and measures introduced by Sher Shah
He constructed his own tomb at Sasaram in Bihar

Akbar (1556-1605):
➢ Regent: Bairam Khan
➢ Second battle of Panipat: Akbar (under regency of Bairam Khan) vs Hemu Chandra
➢ Capital/s: Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Fatehpur Sikri
➢ Military conquests:
1. Rajput states - were given two options - carrot and stick - carrot: accept suzerainty of Akbar (treated as ally of Akbar) and if refused
then states will be annexed
2. Region till Malwa was annexed
3. GUJARAT campaign (from this point the relations between Akbar and Rajput states became friendly) - after victory over Gujarat he
constructed 2nd capital city at Fatehpur Sikri
4. Bengal was added
5. Deccan - Khandesh and Ahmadnagar

Mansabdari System:
➢ Mansab: lit. meaning - rank
➢ Ranks: Ranks were divided into 2 categories

1. Zat rank = fixed the salary and fixed the personal status of the Mansabdar
2. Sawar = nos. of troops to be maintained by mansabdar
Zat rank > Sawar rank
➢ Categories:
Zat rank:
below 250 rank = Mansabdar
250-2500 rank = Amir
> 2500 rank = Amir-i-Umda
Generally speaking, under Akbar 5000 zat was the maximum rank
Raja Maan Singh & Mirza Aziz Koka = only two nobles with 7000 zat rank under Akbar
Jahangir gave zat rank of 10,000 which was later increased to 12,000
➢ Allotted to:
1. royal princes and members of royal family
2. loyal allies like Raja Maan Singh
3. Military commanders, important officials and nobles
➢ Features:
1. based on Mongol practice of decimal system of organization of army
2. dual ranking = zat and sawar
3. based on merit (promotion and demotion)
4. non-hereditary in nature - law of escheat applies after the death of the mansabdar.
5. regular transfers of mansabdar
6. checks and balances in appointment as well as in administration
7. centralized appointment

➢ Mode of payments:
1. cash (NAQGI)
2. allotment of JAGIRs
➢ Evolution: of mansabdari under various Mughal rulers
o Under Akbar:
introduced mansabdari
introduced dual ranking system
introduced "DAAG" and "CHEHRA"
introduced system of "DAH-BISTI" = every 10 cavalry men has to maintain 20 horses
o Under Jahangir:
introduced "DUASPA-SIASPA" = every 2 cavalry men has to maintain 3 horses
o Under Shahjahan:
introduced MONTH SCALE = mansabdars will be appointed for certain months like 8,10,12,14 etc.
introduced PARTIAL SCALE = savar responsibility was reduced by 1/3, 1/4, 1//2 etc.
o Under Aurangzeb:
new Mansabdars from Deccan were added and good JAGIRs were few and thus all mansabdars started
lobbying for these good and few JAGIRs. This resulted in Jagirdari crisis. This became one of the reasons
for decline of Mughal empire
➢ Evaluation:
Merits Demerits
1. based on merit 1. impractical ranks after Akbar's reign

2. checks and balances 2. unscientific allotment of Jagirs
3. never made hereditary
4. dual ranking
5. frequent transfers
6. law of escheat

Comparison with Iqtadari system:
IQTA MANSAB
Origin Arabian practice Mongol practice
Hierarchy/Ranking - Dual ranking
Who Were Allotted? only selected officials

royal princess
loyal allies
members of royal families
military commanders
important officials
nobles
Hereditary Initially NO
NO
but FS Tughluq made it hereditary
Transfers
Rarely Regular transfers
Organization Poorly organized Very well organized
➢ Revenue administration:
o Classification of Lands:
Land classification on the basis of fertility into 4 categories:
1. POLAJ - cultivated every year
2. PARAUTI - land not cultivated for 1 year to recover its fertility
3. CHACHAR - land not cultivated for 1-3/1-4 years
4. BANJAR - unfertile land, not cultivated for >5 years

➢ Dahsala system or Ain-i-Dahsala or Zabti system:
o Finance minister: Raja Todar Mal
o Measurement changes:
earlier TENAB (standard rope provided by empire) was used - rope was subjected to wear and tear. Hence there exists lack in
standardization of measurement
Akbar shifted from TENAB to JARID BAMBOO, GAZ-I-AKBARI was also introduced
o Land Revenue: based on soil fertility (4 categories of land)
past 10 years average yield was taken into consideration

finally, 1/3rd-1/4th was taken as land revenue
o Choice:
given to peasants to pay in cash or kind
conversion charts were localized
o Deeds:
PATKA and KUBULIYAT
➢ Nasaq:
land revenue estimation by rough guessing
➢ Galla bakshi:
1. khet batai = standing crop between the peasants and the state is shared before harvest
2. batai = harvested crops were shared
3. lang batai = grains after they are removed and shared between state and peasants
➢ Kankut
part measurement and part estimation
➢ Karori experiment:
empire was divided into circles which yielded revenue of 1 crore each = karori experiment for constant source of revenue

Akbar’s religious policy:
➢ Abolition of taxes:
Jaziyah (religious tax on non-muslims) and Pilgrimage tax was abolished
➢ Rajput policy:
1. Cordial relations with Rajput and treating them as loyal allies
2. Matrimonial alliances with Rajput states and queens were given complete freedom of religion
➢ Ibadat Khana discussions:

1. series of discussions and debates undertaken by Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri in which Akbar interacted with various religious scholars and
saints belonging to different religions including atheists
o Ministers:
involved in Ibadat Khana discussions - Abul Fazal, Abdul Rahim, Faizi and Beerbal
o Hindu saints Pusushottam and Devi
o Christian representatives: Father Rudolf Aquaviva
o Zoroastrian Representatives: Maharji Rana
o Jain representatives: Hiravijaya Suri
➢ SULH-I-KUL:
policy of universal peace and tolerance in which Akbar propounded that there should be no discrimination based on
religious lines
➢ Mahzarnama: decree of infallibility
he declared himself as supreme priest and interpreter of Islam

➢ Din-i-ilahi/ Tauhid-i-ilahi/ Divine Faith: Pantheistic sect based on syncretic practices of various religions
Some historians attribute it to be a new religion started by Akbar
o Features:
1. Monotheism
2. Salutation
3. Ahimsa and non-violence
4. Importance of fire
5. Treat on birthday
o Members:
initially only 18-20 members were there
Birbal, Abul Fazal, Abdus Samad
Akbar did not actively promote Din-i-lahi and due to this it did not survive his death
➢ Akbar’s Navaratnas:
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak Grand wazir and biographer
Raja Todar Mal Finance minister
Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana Commander
Raja Birbal
Advisor and best friends' forever
Mulla Do-Piyaza
Advisor
Faizi Religious teacher of Akbar's son
Fakir Aziao-Din Mystic saint
Tansen Musician
Raja Man Singh Important commander and noble

Jahangir (1605-1627):
➢ Visitors:
Two Englishmen visited during his reign:
1. Captain William Hawkins
2. Sir Thomas Roe
➢ Dastur-ul-Amal: 12 ordinances dealing with various administrative issues
➢ Chain of justice:
chain of justice was created in order to ensure that common man could seek justice (anybody could ring a bell and
seek justice)
➢ Military expeditions:
1. north western frontier
2. Ahmadnagar
both were partial success
➢ Rebellion:
by his son Khusrou and sikh guru Arjun Dev was executed for blessing his son Khusrou
➢ Nur Jahan: de-factor power behind the throne

- daughter of Ittamad-Daulah, wazir and PM of empire
- issued her own coins
- had her own seals
- took active part in administration
- after Shah Jahan assumed the throne she was pensioned off
➢ Cultural contributions:
1. Jahagir's period marks the zenith of Mughal paintings
2. Nurjahan constructed the tomb of Ittamad-Daulah (her father)

Shahjahan (1628-1658):
➢ Conquests:
he was initially appointed as the governor of deccan
after becoming the emperor he made Golconda and Bijapur accept the suzerainty of Mughals
➢ Cultural contributions:
1. peak period of Mughal architecture
Aurangzeb (1658-1707):
Aurangzeb was the last great Mughal ruler who despite his simple and pious lifestyle was a intolerant and bigoted tyrant
His disdain for other faiths and ruthless despotism displayed right since the wars of succession in which he killed the crown prince Dara Sikoh
and imprisoned Shah Jahan
➢ Conquests:
1. annexed Golconda and Bijapur
2. ruled over an extensive empire
➢ Rebellions:
due to the mal-administration and insufficient attention to the various affairs of the state leading to Jagirdari crisis led to the following
revolts and conquests:
1. Jat revolts
2. Ahom revolt
3. Satnami revolt
4. Maratha revolt
His execution of sikh guru TEJBAHADUR alienated the sikhs and resulted in their rebellion
He reimposed jaziyah and undertook various intolerant activities such as destruction of temples, forced conversion etc.
➢ Impact of his policies:
1. Aurangzeb's intolerant and despotic rule alienated the loyal rajputs, antagonized the sikhs and marathas
2. The jagirdari crisis along with economic weaknesses marked the beginning of decline of mughal empire after the death of Aurangzeb in
1707 when weak ruler sat on the throne

Mughal Administration:
➢ King:
despotic, semi-divine, imperialistic etc.
kings took various titles such as Padshah (persian) - Badshah
theories of kingship: according to Akbar the emperor's heart contains a divine light known as "Farr-i-izad". This helps him to
distinguish between right and wrong
Akbar took the title: Zill-i-illahi (shadow of god on earth)
➢ Officials:
Wazir/Wakil prime minister Qanungo local revenue official
Diwan/Diwan-I-Ala revenue head at provincial level Khazandar treasury
Mir Bakshi head of military Patwari accountant
Waqia-Navis news reporters Chaudhary village headman
Mir Saman in-charge of royal warehouses Muqaddam village headman
Bitikshi record keeper Fotadar lower level treasury officer
Mughals had one of the mightiest army consisting of infantry, cavalry and navy with a highly developed artillery system
this large army played an important part in the Mughal imperialism
Ahadis gentlemen troopers Walashahis royal bodyguards

(normal time - function as civilian officials)
(war time - function as trooper)
Tir Andaz bowmen Piyadgan foot soldiers
Baraq Andaz musketeers Banduqchi match lock carriers

PROVINCES(SUBAS)
headed by subedar - incharge of law and order diwan - head of revenue functions
SARKAR
faujdar - head of law and order alam guzar - head of revenue functions
PARGANA
shiqdar - law and order
amil - revenue functions
VILLAGES Khut / Muqaddam / Choudhary
➢ Jagirdars and Zamindars:
Jagirdars Zamindars
Both existed during the sultanate period and Mughal empire
1. revenue collection as their exclusive function 1. hereditary land owners who apart from revenue collection
also had police functions
2. kept small number of troops

2. non-hereditary
3. regularly transferred, promoted and demoted
4. did not have to maintain troops

Mughal Economy:
➢ Agriculture:
Major cash crops along with other crops:
1. Indigo
2. Opium
3. Sugarcane
4. Tobacco
➢ Crafts:
Major prominent craft works: Steel metallurgy was also prominent
1. Ship building
2. Miniature paintings
3. Literary works - library
4. Textiles - Muslin (from Dhaka), Pashmina (Kashmir), Chints, Carpet weaving and other silk textiles
➢ Trade and commerce:
Trade and commerce of Mughal period was one of the most flourishing chapters of medieval economy as highly profitable internal and
external trade was undertaken due to monetization of economy, creation of trade routes and active support of the rulers
Akbar also implemented the 2 point taxation system of Shershah Suri
It is estimated that in early 18th century the share of trade from India in global trade was about 24.5%
Baniya traders common across north India Sarrafs money changers or Bankers
in Multan region
Khatris trading communities from Punjab Nahmardis
both of these are nomadic trading communities
Bohra/Modi from Gujarat Bhotiyas

in Himalayan region
Kling/Klingalese from Odisha region Nagar Seth leader of traders
Komatis from Andhra region Gumasthas agents of east India company
Chetti from south India Dalal general commission agents
Marakkayar Deshmukh/Patil/Nayak land owners who are also at times

from Malabar region
heads of villages

➢ Karkhanas:
royal workshops or industries in order to meet demands of royal family and nobles
these also served as centers of innovation
artisans and craftsmen were employed by the state and were provided with raw material and tools &
implement
the senior artists were known as "ustads" and junior apprentices as "shagird"
➢ Coinage:
Babur - silver coin - Shahrukhi
Akbar - rupiya - daam, gold coin was know as Asharfi
➢ Hundi system: like modern day hawal system
the hundi was a bill of exchange created by a network of sarafs, bankers and money lenders which facilitated transfer of money over long
distances thereby improving various aspects of trade
➢ Urban centres:
1. Delhi
2. Agra
3. Lahore
4. Ajmer
5. Fatehpur Sikri
6. Dhaka
7. Bijapur
8. Golconda
9.

Mughal society:
1. rulers were largely tolerant and inclusive (except Aurangzeb)

2. emergence of new syncretic cultures with the mix of Mughals, Rajputs and Indian culture
3. position of women: during Akbar reign:
abolished sati unless undertaken voluntarily
legalized widow remarriage
increased the age of marriage for both men and women
sufi and bhakti moment became widespread
4. Sati, Caste system, Purdah, untouchability were very common
5. poly gamy was prevalent in royal circle and generally not appreciated if done by common people
Travellers:
Antonio Monserrate - geography, astronomy, various wars and expedition of Akbar

part of Christian missionaries
from Portugal
François Bernier - Mughal camps, cities, land ownership etc.

- he was witness to wars of succession
French - mentions about SATI
started as physician of Dara Sikoh and later to Aurangzeb
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier - initially arrived at Golconda and then to Mughal empire during the
reign of Shah Jahan
French
- talks about diamond mines
Peter Mundy - tells about the early days of construction of TAJ MAHEL
- about Mughal garden and cities
Englishmen - banjaras
Seydi Ali Reis - initially landed in Gujarat

naval commander of Ottoman forces in Indian ocean - talks about cyclone and bad weather conditions
- visited Humayun

Major Translations During Akbar:
Singhasan Battisi, Atharva Veda, Bible, Mahabharat, Leelavati and Ramayana
Important literary works of Sultanate and Mughal period:
Taj-Ul-Maasir Hasan Nizami

Tabaqat-I-Nasiri Minhaj Siraj
Tarikh-I-Firuzshahi Ziauddin Barani
Fatwah-I-Jahandari
Futuh-Us-Salatin Isami
Tarikh-I-Mubarak Shahi Yahya Sirhindi

Akbar Nama/ Abul Fazal
Ain-I-Akbari
Tabaqat-I-Akbari Nizammudin Ahmad
Muntakhab-Al-Tawarikh Badauni
Badshahnama/Padshahnama Abdul Hamid Lahori
Muntakhab-Ul Lubab Khafi Khan
Mirat-I-Ahmadi Ali Muhammad Khan
Padmavat Malik Mohammad Jaisi
Tughluq Nama Amir Khusro

Tarik-I-Alai
Nuh Sipihr
Ashiqa
Kitba-Ul-Rehla Ibn Batuta
Tuzuk-I-Jahangiri Jehangir
Tarikh-I-Shershahi Abbas Sarwani
Tuzuk-I-Baburi/ Baburnama Babur
Shahjahannama Inayat Khan

1. With reference to medieval India, which one of the following is the correct sequence in
ascending order in terms of size?
(a) Paragana – Sarkar – Suba

(b) Sarkar – Paragana – Suba
(c) Suba – Sarkar – Paragana
(d) Paragana – Suba – Sarkar
2. With reference to Mughal India, what is/are the difference/differences between Jagirdar and
Zamindar?
(1) Jagirdars were holders of land assignments in lieu of judicial and police duties, whereas
Zamindars were holders of revenue rights without obligation to perform any duty other than
revenue collection.
(2) Land assignments to Jagirdars were hereditary and revenue rights of Zamindars were not
hereditary.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
3. The arrival of Babur into India led to the
(1) introduction of gunpowder in the subcontinent
(2) introduction of the arch and dome in the region’s architecture
(3) establishment of Timurid dynasty in the region
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
4. Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri was:
(a) the mosque for the use of Royal Family

(b) Akbar’s private chamber prayer
(c) the hall in which Akbar held discussions with scholars of various religions.
(d) the room in which the nobles belonging to different religions gathered to discuss religious affairs

Unit-5: The Bhakti and Sufi movement
lit meaning - devotion

➢ Bhakti:
Bhakti movement refers to personal devotion to god without any emphasis on rituals and customs devoid of any barriers of caste, class and
gender in order to achieve salvation or moksha
➢ Causes for the rise of Bhakti movement:

1. social rigidity of highest order
2. caste and gender discrimination
3. over emphasis on rituals and sacrifices
4. priestly domination
5. role of bhakti saints
6. challenges posed by Christianity and Islam
7. influence of Sufism
➢ Features:
1. monotheism
2. no importance to idol worship
3. unity in being
4. no emphasis on rituals and sacrifices
5. no discrimination on caste and gender
6. use of vernacular languages to spread the message of bhakti
7. preaching love and tolerance

1. Nana marga (path of knowledge)
➢ Paths to Salvation:
Moksha / Salvation
2. Karma marga (path of action) 3. Bhakti marga (path of devotion)
➢ Types: 2 types
Nirguana Bhakti Saguna Bhakti
- worship of formless god without any attributes - definite form of god

- extreme form of bhakti in which consciousness of - god is seen as external to the individual
an individual merges with that of god
(god and individual becomes one and it becomes
difficult to identify any one of them)
➢ Origins: Alvars and Nayanars
Bhakti movement emerged during the period of Pallavas
ALVARS
COMPARISION NAYANARS
(SAMAYACHARYAS)
DEVOTED TO Vishnu Shiva
12 63
NUMBER OF SAINTS
Tirumari / Tevaram
Nalayira Divya Prabandham
COMPILATION
Appar
Nammalwar
Sambandar
IMPORTANT SAINTS Periyalwar
Sundarar
Madhurakavi
FEMALE SAINT Andal Karaikal Ammaiyar
The bhakti movement was carry forwarded by 4 aacharyas:

1. Shankaracharya
2. Ramanujacharya
3. Vallabhacharya
4. Madhvaacharya
Who acted as a bridge between north Indian bhakti and south Indian bhakti

Saint Important facts
Ramananada Ramananada born in upper caste family but he did not distinguish / discriminate on the basis of caste
His teachings are compiled together in school of though called as Ramanandi Sampradaya
His disciples -
➢ Kabir: weaver
➢ Raidasa/Ravidas: cobler
➢ Sena: barber
➢ Dhanna jat farmer
➢ Narahari: gold smith
➢ Bhagat Pipa: rajput prince
➢ Females: Padyawati and Sursuri
Kabir Vaishnav saint of bhakti movement who was revered both by Hindus and Muslims.
Famous for his couplets known as "dohe" - devotional poems
➢ Followers: known as Kabirpanthis
➢ Languages: braj bhasah and awadhi

also in bhojpuri
➢ Works: known as kabir beejak, kabir parchhai and kabir granthawali
sayings of kabir have been included in "aadi-granth"
Guru Nanak he was a proponent of equality and rationality, hindu muslim unity and social service
born in Talawandi he is considered to be founder of sikhism
➢ Founded: Sikhism
➢ Scripture: Adi Grantha, later becam Guru Granth Sahib
langer - free kitchens

➢ Practises: seva - service of mankind
He established a spiritual center called Dera-Baba Nanak at Kartarpur

Chaitanya Bhakti saint from WB. Worshiper of Krishna
Mahaprabhu
➢ Methods:
Sankirtan / Kirtan which was the expression of devotion through ecstatic music and dance
➢ Vedantic philosophy Achinta Bheda Abheda
➢ Sampradaya: Gaudiya
➢ Composition: Shikshashtakam
➢ Disciples: 6 gosai or goswami of vrindawan
ISCON movement has its roots traced back to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu gaudiya sampradaya
Basavanna
bhakti saint
➢ Poetry: known as Vachanas
karnataka
shaivite saint ➢ Ishtalinga: to be worn around the neck signifying personal devotion
➢ Discussions: with various scholars at anubhav mandapa (1st religious parliament of the world)
➢ Associates: Allama prabhu and Akka mahadevi
He emphasized on equality of women

His movement is known as "Virashaiva" or "Lingayat movement"
SHARNA's are the saints of virashaiva or lingayat movement
Bhakti saints from Maharashtra commentary on bhagvat gita = Jnaneshwari
Jnanadeva
Eknath
all these followed

VARKARI devotional poem written by bhakti
sampradaya which saints of MH are known as Abhangas
Namadeva dealt with worship of
lord Vithoba (avatar of
Vishnu)
Tukaram disciple of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

Dadu Dayal He was the disciple of Kabir and Ramananda
Follower of Dadu Dayal = Dadu Panthis
Prominent in gujarat and rajasthan region
His followers, over a time, got established as a "Akhara"
Nanthpanthi/ these saints used meditation, yoga, breathing exercises as a form of bhakti
Yogis/
they used simple and logical arguments to spread their messages
Siddhas
they were very famous amongst the lower castes
Sankaradeva from Assam
he started dance form = Sattriya

he started his form of music = boregeet
he started theatres = Ankianaat and Bhaona
his movement = ek sharna dharma
Tulsidas
considered to be reincarnation of valmiki
he wrote ramcharitmanas, started traditional Indian theatre - RAM LEELA
Surdas wrote - SUR SAGAR
Narsinh Mehta Bhakti saint from GJ.

Composed "Vaishnav Jan To", most favorite bhajan of Gandhi
Sripadaraya
founder of Haridasa movement
Vyasathirtha
during Vijayanagar empire
Bhakti saints from
Karnataka
Vadirajatirtha
Belongs to "HARI
DASA" school
Purandaradasa Based on DVAITA

philosophy of
Madhavacharya father of Carnatic music
Kanakadasa
contributed to Carnatic music
Jayadeva
saint from Bengal - worshiped Krishna Radha cult - wrote book on krishna and radha bhakti known as Gita
Govinda
Chandidas
saint from Bengal
worshiped Krishna

Mirabai
- was a royal woman who discarded royal duties and other worldly pleasures in search of the god
- composition = BHAJANS
Rajasthan region
Akkamahadevi - tittle of AKKA was bestowed up on her by BASAVANNA
Lal Ded/ - from kashmir

lalleshwari - also known as Mother lala or Lala Arifa
- revered equally by Hindus and Muslims
- devotional poetries = VAKHS
Janabai - shudra woman from Maharashtra

- follower of Nanadeva
Both of these two have composed Abhangas
Bahinabai/ - follower of Tukaram

Bahina
➢ Role played by women saints in Bhakti Movement:
1. breaking of gender roles and stereotypes of ancient and medieval period in order to profess bhakti
2. they gave the true meaning of equality and egalitatrain aspect of bhakti movement
3. contributed to the development of vachanas, abhangas, wakhs and bhajans etc. which forms the only few instance where women
have contributed to the development of literature during medieval period
Limitations:
1. very few women bhakti saints
2. even the bhakti saints faced the oppressions of various social construct
However, female saints of bhakti movement served as an inspiration to the religious reforms and continued to serve as inspiration to
modern day Indian feminists' movement as well as across the world

Sufi movement:
Sufism:
SUF = lit meaning = one who wears wool
Sufism is the liberal and progressive form of Islam based on spirituality and devotion to god with the guidance of a spiritual leader or a
teacher along with following the basic tenets of Islam
Bashara - sufi saints who followed basic tenets of islam
Beshara - sufi saints who did not followed basic tenets of islam
Major Sufi orders: known as SILSILAHS = 16 nos.
Order Founders:
Chisti Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti
Suhrawardi Sheikh Bahauddin Zakariya
Qadri Abdul Qadir Jeelani
Naqshbandi Baqi Billah
all sufi orders believed in simple and austere life without accepting any official positions. Only the suhrawardi order accepted official positions
Terms:
Tasawwuf Khanqah place of residence
synonym to sufi movement - represent extreme piety and devotion tomb of sufi saint was constructed over the khanqah
Sheikh/Pir/Murshid Sama Musical gathering and origins of Qawwai music could be

teacher / sufi saint traced to samas
Murid Raqs ecstatic dance

disciple
Khalifah Fana point of self anhelation
spiritual successor of sufi saint

Impact of Bhakti and the Sufi movement:
Political impact:
1. the contact of various kings such as Akbar, Iltutmish and MB Tughluq etc. made them adopt liberal and inclusive
administrative policies
Socio-cultural impact:
1. unity in being
2. promotion and development of vernacular language and literature
3. equality of gender and caste
4. reduction in social rigidity and promotion of egalitarian values
5. promotion of various art forms such as theatre, music and dance
6. promotion of tolerance and love for mankind
7. preaching of a simple and austere life free from complex rituals and sacrifices
8. improvement of social solidarity
Limitations:
1. caste, gender and other social barriers remained firmly entrenched
2. social evils continued unabated
3. most of the sufi and bhakti saints failed to organize their teachings into a long lasting movement and it fizzled out over a period of
time
The sufi & bhakti movement played a very imp part in creating religious harmony, uniting societies, promoting various arts and
spreading the message of love and kindness. Hence they form a very important part of medieval and cultural history

Unit-6: The Marathas (1674-1818 C.E)
Reasons for the rise of Marathas:

1. Maharashtra dharma or Maratha nationalism that emerged in the backdrop of the teachings of bhakti saints from Maharashtra
2. Role of Chhatrapati Shivaji
3. Role of deccani sultanates
4. Role of Maharashtra's geography (lack of resources)
Shivaji (1627–1680):
initially appointed as mansabdar of Adil Shah's sultanate of Bijapur
1665 - treaty of purandar - 5000 mansab (zat rank) was given to Sambhaji, Shivaji surrendered number of forts and both party agreed to
help each other against common enemies
1671 - he coronated himself at Raigarh as Chhatrapati Shivaji and 1st independent king of Marathas
Titles:
Chhatrapati, Haidana Dharmodharak, Gau Brahmana Pratipalak
Administration:
➢ Ashtapardhan: 8 nobles
MINISTER IN CHARGE
Peshwa (Mukhya/Pant Pradhan) prime minister
Sar-I-Naubat(Senapati) commander in chief
Majumdar/Amatya accountant
Wakenavis/Wakqia-Navis
news reporter (intelligence)
Suruvanis/Chitnis
foreign correspondence
Dabir/Sumant foreign minister OR master of ceremonies
Nyayadisha chief justice
Pandit Rao/ Danadhyaksha religious head and head of charity

➢ Revenue administration:
Shivaji undertook a survey under the leadership of Annaji Datto.
Incentives were provided to bring new land under cultivation
Chauth: 25% of revenue was paid to the marathas in lieu of non-aggression

Sardeshmukhi: 10% surcharge on chauth
Maratha army consisted of infantry, cavalry and navy and developed into a large army over a period of time
They used gruella warfare to their great advantage in many wars and battles
Shivaji was a very tolerant and liberal ruler who did not discriminate among religious lines
➢ Officials:
Saranjam Patel village headmen

hereditary land grants
Paga/Bargirs regular army Kulkarni accountant
Silahdars irregular army Deshmukh village headmen
Mirasidars hereditary land owners Deshpande

Assignment-6:
1. What was the provincial administration set up of the Marathas? (Page 12 - TN History class
11th - new edition – Part 2)
1. With reference to the history of India, consider the following pairs:
Aurang :: In-charge of treasury of the State
Banian :: Indian agent of the East India Company
Mirasidar :: Designated revenue payer to the State
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

Value addition
(Workbook for Ancient and Medieval Indian History by Farees Rahman)
Personalities: Ancient Indian Kings
1. Sudas Rig Vedic King. Dasarajana battle

2. Parikshit Kuru King
3. Janamejaya Kuru King
4. Pravahana Jaivali Philosopher-King
5. Avakinnayo Jain King of Kalinga
Karakandu
6. Bimbisara or Shrenika Built Rajagriha. Contemporary and follower of Buddha.
and Seniya
7. Ajatashatru contemporary of both Mahavira and Buddha.
8. Udayin son and successor of Ajatashatru. Udayin laid the foundation of the city of
Pataliputra and shifted his capital from Rajgriha to Patliputra.
9. Nagadasaka was the last ruler of Haryanka dynasty. The people deposed him and made
Shishunaga king in his place.
10. Shishunaga was the founder of the Shishunaga dynasty

11. Kalashoka or was the son and successor of Shishunaga. He divided his kingdom between his
Kakavarna ten sons, who ruled simultaneously.
12. Mahapadma Nanda was the first Emperor of the Nanda Empire of ancient India. Ekrat (Solo
monarch)
13. Dhana Nanda last ruler of the Nanda dynasty of ancient India.
14. Ambhi of Taxila Surrendered to Alexander.
15. Porus Territory spanned the region between the Hydaspes (Jhelum River) and
Acesines (Chenab River). Fought unsuccessfully against Alexander but was
reinstated for his bravery.
16. Abhisara or Abisares. Indian king contemporary of Alexander.
17. Pushyamitra Shunga founder of the Shunga Empire which he established after killing Brihadratha
Maurya.
18. Agnimitra Son of Pushyamitra. Titular Character in Kalidasa’s Malvikagnimitra.

19. Bhagabhadra Shunga dynasty. Heliodorus pillar.
20. Devabhuti last king of the Shunga Empire.assassinated by his minister Vasudeva Kanva.
21. Menander I Soter greatest of the Indo-Greek kings. Milinda Panha.
22. Vasudeva Kanva founder of the Kanva dynasty

23. Kharavela king of Kalinga and info from Hathigumpha inscription. Prakrit language &
Brahmi script.
Personalities: Ancient Indian Philosophers
1. Ajita Kesakambali first known proponent of Indian materialism

2. Sanjaya Ajnana school of thought. contemporary of Mahavira, Makkhali
Belatthiputra Gosala and Buddha.
3. Makkhali Gosala Founder of Ajivika. Contemporary of Mahavira and Buddha.
4. Purana Kassapa theory of non-action. Contemporary of Mahavira and Buddha.
5. Kaṇada. ancient Indian natural scientist and philosopher who founded the
Vaisheshika school of Indian philosophy that also represents the
earliest Indian physics.
6. Pakudha Kaccayana believed in atomism which believed that everything is made of
seven eternal elements – earth, water, fire, air, happiness, pain
and soul. Contemporary of Mahavira and Buddha.
7. Sariputra considered the first of the Buddha's two chief male disciples.
8. Dandamis/Dandi- was a philosopher, swami and a gymnosophist, whom Alexander
Svami. encountered in the woods near Taxila
9. Nagarjuna Mahayana Buddhist. founder of the madhyamaka
10. Jaimini founded the Mimamsa school
11. Asanga most important spiritual figures of Mahayana Buddhism and as
the founder of the Yogachara school.
12. Vasubandhu one of the main founders of the Yogachara school.
13. Dignaga Buddhist founders of Indian logic
14. Bhaviveka madhyamaka Buddhist philosopher
15. Bhavivikta Indian commentator and logician
16. Bodhiruci Buddhist monk from North India in China.
17. Dharmapala of main teachers of the Yogacara school
Nalanda
18. Gaudapada Inspired Adi Shankara
19. Paramartha Indian monk
20. Prabhakara Indian philosopher-grammarian in the Mimamsa.
21. Udyotakara a philosopher of the Nyaya school
22. Chandragomin Buddhist lay scholar and poet
23. Dharmakirti Buddhist philosopher
24. Acharya Vamana Indian Rhetorician
25. Akalanka Jain logician
26. Hastamalakacharya disciple of Adi Shankara
27. Kumarila Bhatta Hindu philosopher and a scholar of Mimamsa school
28. Mandana Mishra Hindu philosopher and a scholar of Mimamsa and Advaita school.
Student of Kumarila.
29. Salikanatha Mimamsa school
30. Padmapadacharya follower of Adi Shankara.
31. Shantideva Buddhist monk, poet, and scholar at the mahavihara of Nalanda.
32. Anandavardhana author of Dhvanyaloka
33. Jayanta Bhatta Kashmiri poet, teacher, logician and Nyaya scholar.
34. Jayarasi Bhaṭṭa radical scepticism
35. Sridhara Indian mathematician, Sanskrit pandit and philosopher

36. Suresvara studied under Sankara.
37. Vachaspati Mishra philosopher of the Advaita Vedanta
38. Udayana Nyaya school
39. Utpaladeva theologian from Kashmir.
40. Abhinavagupta mystic and aesthetician from Kashmir
41. Kanchipurna Vaishnavite acharya and one of the early teachers of Ramanuja
Personalities: Ancient Indian Literary Writers
1. Abhinavagupta Tantraloka,
2. Adi Shankara Vivekachudamani, Aparoksanubhuti, Atma Shatakam, Manisha
Panchakam etc
3. Agattiyar Agattiyam
4. Amara Simha Amarakosha
5. Andal Tiruppavai, Nachir Tirumozhi
6. Akṣapada Gautama Nyaya Sutras
7. Anandavardhana Dhvanyaloka
8. Ashtavakra Ashtavakra Gita
9. Aśvaghoṣa Buddhacarita
10. Avvaiyar Purananuru
11. Badarayana Brahma Sutras
12. Baṇabhaṭṭa Harshacharita, Kadambari
13. Bharata Muni Natya Shastra
14. Bharavi Kiratarjunīya
15. Bhartṛhari Vākyapadīya, Śatakatraya
16. Bhavabhuti Mahaviracharita, Malatimadhava, Uttararamacharita
17. Bhasa Svapnavasavadatta, Urubhanga, Pratima-nataka, Abhisheka-
natka, Pancharatra, Madhyamavyayoga, Duta-Ghattotkacha,
Duta-Vakya, Karna-bhara, Harivamsa (Bala-charita), Pratijna
Yaugandharayaanam
18. Bilhana Vikramankadevacharita, Caurapâñcâśikâ
19. Chanakya Arthashastra, Neetishastra
20. Daṇḍin Daśakumāracarita, Kavyadarsha
21. Dhanayala Bhavisayatta Kaha
22. Gunadhya Bṛhat-Katha
23. Hala Gaha Sattasai
24. Harsha Vardhana Ratnavali, Nagananda, Priyadarsika
25. Ilango Adigal Silappatikaram
26. Jaimini Purva Mimamsa Sutras, Jaimini Bharata, Jaimini Sutras
27. Jayadeva Gita Govinda
28. Kalhana Rajatarangini
29. Kalidasa Abhijnanasakuntalam, Meghaduta, Raghuvaṃsa,
Kumarasambhava, Vikramorvasiyam, Malavikagnimitram,
Ṛitusaṃhara
30. Kambar Kambaramayanam, Erezhupathu, Silaiezhupathu, Kangai
Puranam, Sarasvati Anthati
31. Kshemendra Brihat-Katha-Manjari, Ramayana-manjari
32. Kundakunda Samayasara, Niyamasara, Pancastikayasara, Pravacanasara,
Atthapahuda, Barasanuvekkha
33. Nagakuthanaar Kundalakesi

34. Kuntaka Vakroktijivita
35. Lagadha Vedanga Jyotisha
36. Magha Shishupala Vadha
37. Mahendravarman I Mattavilasa Prahasana, Bhagavadajjuka
38. Mahidasa Aitareya Aitareya Brahmana
39. Mammata Bhatta Kavyaprakasha
40. Matanga Muni Brihaddeshi
41. Nagarjuna Mulamadhyamakakarika, Sunyatasaptati, Vigrahavyavartani,
Vaidalyaprakaraṇa etc
42. Nandikeshvara Abhinaya Darpana, Bharatarnava
43. Padmagupta Navasahasānkacharitam
44. Rajasekhara Viddhasalabhanjika, Balabharata, Karpuramanjari etc
45. Rati Ram Sahib Bhagvad Gita
46. Siddhasena Divakara Nyayavatara, Sanmatisutra
47. Sithalai Sattanar Manimekalai
48. Somadeva Kathasaritsagara
49. Sphujidhvaja Yavanajataka
50. Sriharsha Naishadhiya-charitam
51. Śudraka Mricchakatika
52. Thiruvalluvar Thirukkural
53. Tirutakkatevar Civaka Cintamani
54. Umaswati Tattvartha Sutra
55. Valmiki Ramayana, Yoga Vasistha
56. Vallabhacharyajee Shree Subodhiniji, Shodash Granth, Anubhashya, Gayatri
Bhashya etc
57. Vatsyayana Nyāya Sutra Bhāshya, Kama Sutra
58. Vijnanesvara Mitakṣara
59. Vilambi Naganaar Nanmanikadigai
60. Vishakhadatta Mudrarakshasa, Devichandraguptam
Personalities: Ancient Indian Grammar Writers
1. Apastamba Dharmasutra
2. Kātyāyana Varttika
3. Pānini Ashtadhyayi
4. Patañjali Mahabhasya, Yoga Sūtras
5. Pingala Chandaḥśāstra
6. Śākaṭāyana Lakṣaṇa Śāstra
7. Shaunaka Ṛgveda-Prātiśākhya, Bṛhaddevatā, Caraṇa-vyūha, six Anukramaṇīs (indices)
to the Rigveda
8. Vararuchi Prākṛt Prakāśa
9. Yāska Nirukta
Personalities: Ancient Indian Astrologers

1. Kalyāṇavarman Sārāvalī
2. Parashara Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra
Personalities: Ancient Indian Writers - Medicine
1. Charaka Charaka Samhita

2. Kashyap Kashyap Samhita
3. Madhav Nidāna
4. Sushruta Sushruta Samhita
5. Vagbhata Ashtanga Sangraha, Ashtanga
Hridaya Samhita
Personalities: Ancient Indian Mathematicians
1. Aryabhata Āryabhaṭīya, Arya-siddhanta

2. Baudhayana Shulba Sutras, Shrauta Sutra, Dharmasūtra
3. Bhāskara I Āryabhaṭīyabhāṣya, Mahābhāskarīya, Laghubhāskarīya
4. Bhāskara II Siddhānta Shiromani (four volumes: Lilāvati, Bijaganita,
Grahaganita and Golādhyāya)
5. Brahmagupta Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta
6. Halayudha Mṛtasañjīvanī
7. Mahāvīra (mathematician) Ganit Saar Sangraha
8. Parameshvara Bhatadipika, Karmadipika, Paramesvari, Sidhantadipika,
Vivarana, Drgganita, Goladipika, Grahanamandana,
Grahanavyakhyadipika, Vakyakarana
9. Varāhamihira Pancha-Siddhantika, Brihat-Samhita, Brihat Jataka,
Daivaigya Vallabha, Laghu Jataka, Yoga Yatra, Vivaha
Patal
10. Virasena Dhavala
11. Baudhayana Rishi Baudhayana Sutras,
Miscellaneous Terms: Officials
1. Nomenclature State Office
2. Chorarajju Catcher of Thieves
3. Ganika Head of prostitutes
4. Hastipaka Mahout
5. Karanika Account Officer
6. Karmic Works Officer
7. Nadipala River Guard
8. Nagavanapala Elephant forest ranger
9. Nibandhaka Ledger Keeper

10. Nidhayaka (Nivigraha) Store Keeper
11. Padapasika Tetherer
12. Panyadhishtatharah Retail Outlet Manager
13. Parikarmika Attendant
14. Rupadarshaka Examiner of coins
15. Saimika Border guard
16. Samkhyayaka Accountant
17. Tajjata Experts in Valuation (values)

18. Tatpurusha (Lekhaka) Clerk
19. Vanacharika Tracker
20. Vanapala Forest Guard (Ranger)
Miscellaneous Terms: Professions:
SL Nomenclature Profession
1. Ayaskara Potter
2. Charmakara Leather worker
3. Karmara Smith/ Blacksmith
4. Kuttaka Carpenter
Medaka
a. Basket Maker
Napita
b. Barber
5. Rajaka Washerman
6. Rajjuvartaka Rope maker
7. Shilpi Artist / Sculptor
8. Suvarnakara Goldsmith
9. Tantuvaya Weaver
10. Tunnavaya Tailor
11. Vardhaki Engineers
12. Varmakara Makers of straps and bindings
13. Charana Wandering minstrel
14. Ganika Prostitute / courtesan
15. Gayana Singer

16. Kuhaka Juggler / clown
17. Nartaka Dancer
18. Nata Actor / actress
19. Pauranika Reciter of Puranas
20. Plavaka Acrobat
21. Sutamagadha Bard / Praise Singer
22. Turyakara Trumpeter
23. Vadaka Musician
24. Vagjivana (Kathavaka) Story teller
25. Debaka Milker
26. Gopalaka Cowherd
27. Kershaka Farmer
28. Lubdhaka Hunter Guard
29. Manthaka Churner
30. Matryabandhaka Fisherman
31. Muksagrahinah Pearl fisherman
32. Pindaraka Buffalo herdsman
33. Shandapala Garden Watchman
34. Varapala Orchard Watchman
35. Kartantika Soothsayer
36. Lekhaka Clerk
37. Lubhaka Hunter
38. Marjaka Sweeper
39. Mayakalmapala Measurers
40. Nagavanapala Elephant forest guard
41. Naimittika Reader of omens
42. Paricharaka Cook
43. Prasathaka Valet
44. Rathika Charioteer

45. Sankhyayaka Accountant
46. Sarpagraha Snake catcher
47. Soundika Wine Seller
48. Sudaralika Waiter
49. Sutika Midwife
50. Udakaparicharaka Water bearer
51. Yantrika Technician
52. Dhamayaka Blowers
53. Kanchanakaru Gemsetters
54. Prishtakaru Beadmakers
55. Tapaniyakaru Enamellers
56. Tvashtrakara Gilders, Platers
57. Ashvabandhaka Saddler
58. Ashvavaha Stable superintendent
59. Audanika Rice Vendor
60. Charaka Cleaner
61. Chikitsaka Physician
62. Dharaka Weighman
63. Hastipaka Mahout
64. Kalpaka Barber

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Workbook for Medieval Indian History

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Tripartite struggle: These three fought for Kannuaj

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Conquests of Muhammad Ghori:

Reasons for victory of Turks:

2. battle strategies were defensive, not offensive

4. over reliance on elephants (tanks of ancient India) - no modernization of army

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ROLE of TECHNOLOGICAL BACKWARDNESS:

India as observed by Al-Beruni Al - beruni came with Mahmud of Ghazni

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➢ Capital city: Lahore

He began the construction of Qutab Minar but died in between.

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1. Legitimacy of Iltutmish was challenged

1. He focused on soft power. He sought MANSUR (investiture) from the Caliph

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Balban: initially appointed as a Deputy / Naib

1. to prove his legitimacy

1. Issued theory of kingship:

3. Countering Mongol threat:

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Ala-ud-din Khalji: took the title - SIKANDAR-I-SANI

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o Food grains market:

These markets were put under an official called as

o Market for cattle, horses, camels, slaves etc.

Features of market reforms:

Evaluation of market reforms:

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1. land revenue was collected on the basis of survey and measurement

to address peasants grievances he took following measures:

➢ Military reforms: he took the title: Sikandar-i-Sani

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Founder: GHIYAS-UD-DIN TUGHLAQ

➢ Capital Transfer: capital was shifted from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad)

1. this was a strategic decision for better administrative control

Due to onset of plague, the capital transfer was reversed.

1. He raised the force by paying 1 year salary in advance

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➢ Model Agricultural farm:

Short term impact:

Long term impact:

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1. created SARAIs (rest houses) for the travelers

➢ Public works: he is known to be prominent builder

1. large number of mosques, madrasas, forts, tombs, pillars, etc.

Bahlul Lodhi > Sikander Lodhi > Ibrahim Lodhi

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➢ Administrative set up:

Establishment of sultanate started the portfolio system.

Diwan-I-Wazir Prime minister

DIWAN-I-ARZ Department of military affairs

DIWAN-I-INSHA Dept of royal correspondence

DIWAN-I-RISALAT Dept of religious affairs / foreign affairs

DIWAN-I-QAZA-I-MAMALIK Dept of Justice

DIWAN-I-KOHI Head of agriculture

DIWAN-I-ISHTIAQ Head of pension

SADR-US-SUDUR Head of religious law

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