BA Stats Report 2024

BI-ANNUAL
ENERGY AND
PETROLEUM
STATISTICS REPORT
FINANCIAL YEAR 2023/2024
Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024 | 1

ABOUT EPRA
The Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority (EPRA) is established under
the Energy Act, 2019 as the regulatory agency responsible for economic and
technical regulation of the electricity, renewable energy, petroleum and coal
sectors.
Our Mission
To facilitate sustainability in the
energy and petroleum sectors through
regulation, for improved livelihoods. Our Rallying Call
Quality energy, quality life.
Our Vision
A leading energy and petroleum
regulator.
Our Core Values
Integrity Responsiveness Accountability Innovativeness Professionalism
2 | Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024

ABOUT THIS REPORT
This report presents key statistics on the performance of the electricity, petroleum, and renewable
energy subsectors in the first half of the Financial Year 2023/2024.
This report and the material herein are provided “as is”. All reasonable precautions have been taken by
EPRA to verify the reliability of the material in this publication. However, neither EPRA nor other third-
party content providers offer a warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, and they accept no
responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of the publication or material herein.
Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced,
printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgment is given of EPRA as the source
and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to
separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need
to be secured before any use of such material.
For further information or to provide feedback, please contact EPRA through info@epra.go.ke.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report has been compiled by the EPRA Statistics Committee, comprised of the individuals
listed below.
1. Lee Okombe
2. Hassid Okumu
3. Gladys Njoroge
4. Ruth Rono
5. Kenneth Bullut
6. Ian Bett
7. Allan Gisanga
8. Beldine Wakajummah
9. Njoki Karanja
The team expresses gratitude to the Director General, the Senior Management team, and all
staff members for their invaluable support, which made the preparation of this report possible.

IN THIS REPORT
11 ELECTRICITY
RENEWABLE
21 ENERGY
ENERGY
27 EFFICIENCY
OTHER ENERGY
28 SOURCES
EMERGING
30 TRENDS
33 PETROLEUM
CONSUMER
40 PROTECTION

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: A visualisation of the energy generation mix as of December 2023.........................................................................................12

Figure 1.2: Trend in monthly electricity generation from July to December 2023 ................................................................................12
Figure 1.3: A trend in peak demand between July 2023-December 2023....................................................................................................13
Figure 1.4: Trend in customer connections between July to December 2023...........................................................................................13
Figure 1.5: A visual representation of energy consumption by each customer category....................................................................14
Figure 1.6: Energy consumption by region between June and December 2023 .....................................................................................15
Figure 1.7: Trend in pass-through charges between July 2021 and December 2023.............................................................................17
Figure 1.8: Trend in the overall electricity retail tariff between July 2021 and December 2023......................................................17
Figure 1.9: System losses between July and December 2023.............................................................................................................................18
Figure 1.10: Trend in HHI Index between July and December 2023.................................................................................................................20
Figure 1.11: Electricity generation CO2 emissions between July and December 2023. .......................................................................20
Figure 2.1: Share of renewable energy contribution to Kenya’s energy mix between July and December 2023.................21
Figure 2.2: Geothermal energy generated between July and December 2023 ........................................................................................22
Figure 2.3: A trend of geothermal energy generated from July 2021 to Dec 2023 ................................................................................22
Figure 2.4: A trend in energy generated from hydropower plants between July and December 2023 .....................................22
Figure 2.5: Turkwel dam levels between July and December 2023..................................................................................................................23
Figure 2.6: Masinga dam levels between July 2021 and December 2023.....................................................................................................23
Figure 2.7: A trend in hydro energy generation from 2021 and 2023...............................................................................................................24
Figure 2.8: Wind energy generation between July and December 2023 .....................................................................................................24
Figure 2.9: A trend in wind energy generation between 2021 and 2023 ......................................................................................................25
Figure 2.10: Solar energy generation between July and December 2023 ..................................................................................................25
Figure 2.11: Captive solar energy generation between 2021 and 2023 ..........................................................................................................26
Figure 4.1: Electrical energy imports between July and December 2023 ....................................................................................................28
Figure 4.2: A trend in electrical energy imports between 2021 and 2023....................................................................................................28
Figure 4.3: Trend in thermal energy production between July and December 2023 ...........................................................................29
Figure 4.4: A trend in thermal energy generation between 2022 and 2023 ...............................................................................................29
Figure 5.1: A trend in energy consumption by the electric mobility category from July to December 2023...........................30
Figure 5.2: A trend in the registration of EVs from 2019 to 2023.......................................................................................................................32
Figure 6.1: A trend in petroleum imports from July 2021 to December 2023.............................................................................................33
Figure 6.2: A comparison of local and transit petroleum products from July to December 2023.................................................34
Figure 6.3: A trend in domestic petroleum consumption from July 2021 to December 2023 .........................................................34
Figure 6.4: Monthly trend in the consumption of petroleum products...........................................................................................................35
Figure 6.5: Pipeline throughput by depot by biannual period..............................................................................................................................35
Figure 6.6: A trend in pipeline throughput from July to December 2023 ....................................................................................................36
Figure 6.7: A trend in Murban Crude oil prices from September2022 to December 2023 ................................................................36
Figure 6.8: A trend of Nairobi Pump Prices from July to December 2023...................................................................................................37
Figure 6.9: A comparison of LPG imports by route....................................................................................................................................................37
Figure 6.10: A trend in the Consumption of LPG (Metric Tonnes) and
Per Capita Consumption of LPG (kg) from 2012 to 2023..............................................................................................................38
Figure 6.11: A trend in the monthly consumption of LPG (Metric tonnes) in 2023 .................................................................................38
Figure 6.12: HHI index for downstream petroleum in 2023 ...................................................................................................................................39

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Installed, Effective and Captive Power Capacity as at 31st December 2023 ........................................................................11
Table 1.2: A summary of energy generated by each technology between June and December 2023.......................................12
Table 1.3: A summary of energy curtailment between July and December 2023 .................................................................................13
Table 1.4: A summary of energy consumption by each customer category................................................................................................14
Table 1.5: Base tariff for the financial year 2023/2024............................................................................................................................................16
Table 1.6: A trend in pass-through charges between July to December 2023..........................................................................................16
Table 1.7: A summary of monthly savings by the TOU customers.....................................................................................................................18
Table 1.8: A summary of electricity system losses between July and December 2023 ......................................................................18
Table 1.9: A summary of system reliability indices from July to December 2023 ...................................................................................19
Table 1.10: A summary of the electricity market share between July and December 2023...............................................................19
Table 2.1: Installed renewable energy capacity by technology as at December 2023..........................................................................21
Table 2.2: A list of captive PPAs that were approved between July and December 2023 ................................................................26
Table 5.1: A summary of energy consumption by the electric mobility
consumer category between July and December 2023...................................................................................................................30
Table 5.2: A summary of registered vehicles as at December 2023................................................................................................................31
Table 6.1: Market share of Oil-Marketing Companies................................................................................................................................................39
Table 7.1: Summary of licenses issued between July and December 2023..................................................................................................40
Table 7.2: A list of generation and retail supply licences approved between July and December 2023...................................41
Table 7.3: Electrical worker and contractor licences issued between July and December 2023 ..................................................41
Table 7.4: A summary of solar PV firms, technicians and energy audit licenses
issued between July and December 2023 ...............................................................................................................................................41
Table 7.5: Volumes of export and local kerosene marked between July 2023 and December 2023............................................42
Table 7.6: A summary of fuel samples tested between July 2023 to December 2023..........................................................................42

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AGO Automotive Gas oil

ETIP Energy Transition Investment Plan
EPRA Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority
EV Electric Vehicle
FEC Fuel Energy Cost
FERFA Foreign Exchange Rate Fluctuation Adjustment
FDP Field Development Plan (FDP)
GWh Giga-Watt hour
HHI Herﬁdahl Hirschman Index
IK Illuminating Kerosene
IPP Independent Power Producer
LPG Liqueﬁed Petroleum Gas
LTWP Lake Turkana Wind Power
MWh Mega-Watt hour
OMCs Oil Marketing Companies
KPC Kenya Pipeline Company
PMS Premium Motor Spirit
PPA Power Purchase Agreement
VAT Value Added Tax
WHRC Waste Heat Recovery Cycle
WRA Water Resources Authority

DIRECTOR GENERAL’S
MESSAGE
I am delighted to extend a warm invitation to this edition Finance Act 2023. The consumption of LPG has been on
of the Energy and Petroleum Statistics report, covering the an upward trajectory with per capita consumption reaching
first half of the Financial Year 2023/2024. 7kg. Kenya aims to double per capita consumption by 2030
as part of our commitment to advancing modern and clean
Despite its brevity, the period under review has been cooking solutions.
marked by significant developments in the energy and
petroleum subsectors. In the electricity sector, renewable Fuel quality monitoring in petroleum retail facilities
energy sources continued to dominate the generation demonstrated a commendable 98.6% compliance rate.
mix, constituting an impressive 84.93% of the total energy Non-compliant stations faced appropriate penalties in
generated. Notably, the Sossian geothermal power plant, accordance with relevant legislation.
commencing full commercial operations in October 2023,
added 35MW further strengthening power supply to the This report also highlights the various trends and innovations
Central Rift region and enhancing reliability in the area. that have kept the sector vibrant. Green hydrogen is
emerging as an alternative and sustainable source of energy
Conversely, thermal energy generation has been on and Kenya has been quick to explore this source. Kenya’s
a decline since 2022. This is attributed to a reduction Green Hydrogen Strategy and Road Map was unveiled in
in thermal installed capacity and the prioritization of September 2023 at the Africa Climate Summit, with the
renewable energy generation. country’s first green hydrogen plant commissioned in
November 2023 in Morendat, Nakuru County.
The Kenya-Ethiopia 200MW HVDC link commenced full
commercial operations on 1st December 2023, boosting These highlights are a preview of the significant
Kenya’s power import and energy exchange with developments contained in this report. I encourage you
neighboring countries. to immerse yourself in the comprehensive details so as to
appreciate the sector’s advancements.
Captive power generation continued to gain popularity
among commercial and industrial consumers, with additions I would like to thank the Board for offering strategic direction,
in captive solar PV generation reaching an installed capacity and extend my gratitude to the EPRA staff for their efforts
of 196.2 MW. This pushed the captive capacity to 449.5 MW, in ensuring the Authority effectively executes its mandate.
constituting 12.18% of the country’s total installed capacity. Special thanks to the Statistics Report Committee for
compiling this report. Last but certainly not least, I want
The introduction of a special tariff category for electric to express my appreciation to our stakeholders, as their
mobility in the March 2023 tariff review led to an increase in support is integral to the growth of our industry.
energy consumed by electric vehicles reaching 0.32 GWh,
accounting to 0.01% of the overall energy consumption
during the period. To accelerate electric vehicle adoption, the
Authority released the Electric Vehicle Charging & Battery
Swapping Infrastructure Guidelines on 14th September
2023. The guidelines outline essential considerations for Daniel Kiptoo Bargoria, O.G.W, M.B.S
establishing reliable and affordable charging infrastructure. Director General
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) demand rose by 8% to
360,594 metric tonnes credited to Government initiatives,
case in point, the removal of VAT on LPG through the

THE YEAR IN NUMBERS
6,805.28 253,480 84.93%

GWh energy new customers renewable energy contribution
generated connected to the grid to the generation mix
Ksh.
947.3m 8% 98.6%
amount saved by increase in demand fuel quality compliance in
Time of Use tariff for LPG retail stations
beneficiaries
2,170.56 MW
peak demand

1 ELECTRICITY
This section presents a summary of the performance of the various segments of the electricity supply chain, including
electricity generation, transmission, distribution and retail. It also covers the evolution of tariffs, competition analysis,
reliability indices and emissions.
1.1 Electricity supply and demand

1.1.1 Installed capacity
Installed capacity encompasses the total maximum power generation capability of a country’s power plants, including
grid-connected, captive, and off-grid generation units. Table 1.1 provides an overview of the country’s cumulative installed
capacity as of December 2023.
Captive Off- grid Total Installed % Total

Technology Interconnected Capacity (MW)
Capacity (MW) Capacity Capacity Installed
Installed Effective
Hydro 839.3 810.4 33.0 0.1 872.4 25.00%
Geothermal 940.0 841.1 3.7 943.7 27.04%
Thermal 572.8 562.4 21.3 35.6 629.7 18.05%
Wind 435.5 425.5 - 0.6 436.1 12.50%
Solar 210.3 210.3 196.2 3.9 410.4 11.76%
Bioenergy 2.0 2.0 111.8 - 113.8 3.26%
Imports 200.0 200.0 - - 200.0 -
WHRC - - 83.5 - 83.5 2.39%
Total 3, 199.9 3,051.7 449.5 40.1 3,689.5 100.00%
Table 1.1: Installed, Effective and Captive Power Capacity as at 31st December 2023
Kenya experienced a decrease of 73.5 MW in its interconnected capacity, settling at 3,199.9 MW, primarily attributed to
the expiration of the power purchase agreement for the Kipevu 1 power plant. Notably, no new grid-interconnected power
generation plants were commissioned during this review period.
The captive power capacity increased to 449.5 MW, constituting 12.18% of the country’s installed capacity. Captive power
plants refer to embedded electricity generation units utilized by commercial or industrial consumers to fulfill their internal
electricity requirements.
Captive power generation has been popular among commercial and industrial consumers due to its cost competitiveness,
ease of set up and supportive government policy. The period under review observed additions in captive solar PV
generation to an installed capacity of 196.2 MW.
1.1.2 Energy generated

Generated energy refers to the electricity delivered to the national grid by various power producers, measured in GWh. In
the reviewed period, a total of 6,805.28 GWh was generated.
Renewable energy sources dominated, constituting 84.93% of the total energy generated. Geothermal held its position as
the primary source, contributing 44.6% to the overall energy generated. Hydro followed with 22.5%, while wind and solar
accounted for 14.3% and 3.5%, respectively. Electricity imports contributed 6.2% (419.13 GWh) to the total energy mix.
Table 1.2 below provides a detailed breakdown of energy generated by technology.

Technology Energy generated (GWh)
Hydro 1,534.01 22.5%
Thermal 606.09 8.9%
Wind 972.82 14.3%
Geothermal 3,032.03 44.6%
Biomass 0.21 0.0%
Imports 419.13 6.2%
Solar 240.99 3.5%
6,805.28 100%
Table 1.2: A summary of energy generated by each technology between June and December 2023
Energy generation mix

0.0% 3.5%
6.2%
22.5%
Energy Hydro Thermal Wind Geothernal

generation 8.9%
Bagasse/Biogas Imports Solar
44.6% mix
14.3%
Figure 1.1: A visualisation of the energy generation mix as of December 2023
The highest monthly energy generated was 1,158.9 GWh and 1,154.2 GWh recorded in July and August 2023 respectively.
Conversely, the lowest figures during the review period were 1,114.3 GWh in November and 1,109.5 GWh in December 2023. The
decline in November is attributed to two national blackouts on November 11th and 24th, while the lower figure in December is
linked to reduced industrial activities during the festive period. The monthly trend of energy generation is shown in figure 1.2.
Energy generated in GWh

1,170.0 1,158.9
1,160.0 1,154.2
1,148.6
1,150.0
Energy (GWh)
1,140.0
1,130.0 1,119.8
1,120.0 1,114.3
1,109.5
1,110.0
1,100.0
1,090.0
1,080.0
Jul-23 Aug-23 Sep-23 Oct-23 Nov-23 Dec-23
Months
Figure 1.2: Trend in monthly electricity generation from July to December 2023
1.1.3 Energy Curtailment

In the review period, 236.21 GWh of electrical energy was curtailed. This involves reducing the power output of a producer,
which typically occurs between 0000hrs-0430hrs when demand is at its lowest, coinciding with the peak output from
must-run sources like wind.

Curtailment of geothermal energy constituted 71.86% of the total curtailed energy. December witnessed the highest
curtailment, driven by increased hydro energy uptake due to heavy rains, displacing geothermal energy during nighttime.
Wind curtailment in December was as a result of Lake Turkana and Kipeto wind power plants reaching must-run thresholds.
Table 1.3 provides a summary of energy curtailment between July 2023 and December 2023.
Month Geothermal (MWh) Wind (MWh) Total (MWh)

Jul 2023 23,712 - 23,712
Aug 2023 27,600 - 27,600
Sep 2023 16,000 - 16,000
Oct 2023 19,900 - 19,900
Nov 2023 31,900 - 31,900
Dec 2023 50,630 66,470 117,100
Total 169,742 66,470 236,212
Table 1.3: A summary of energy curtailment between July and December 2023
Peak Demand
2,175 2,171
2,170
2,170 2,164
2,165
2,160 2,156
2,158
2,155
2,150
2,145 2,148
2,140
2,135
Figure 1.3: A trend in peak demand between July 2023-December 2023
1.1.5 Electricity access

Between July and December 2023, a total of 253,480 new customers were connected, contributing to a cumulative
grid-connected customer base of 9,456,158. This marks a significant increase in new customer connections compared
to the first half of the year, which saw a total of 161,499 new connections. Figure 1.4 presents a summary of the
cumulative connections during the reviewed period.
Trend in customer connections

120,000 9,500,000
98,743 9,456,158
9,450,000
100,000
9,412,814 9,400,000
80,000 9,371,542
9,350,000
60,000 9,300,000
9,275,262 42,045 43,344
9,259,722 9,250,000
40,000 9,231,288 30,942
21,209 9,200,000
20,000 17,197
9,150,000
- 9,100,000
Number of new Customer Connec tions per month Total Number of Customers
Figure 1.4: Trend in customer connections between July to December 2023

1.1.6 Energy consumption per customer category
In the period under review, 2,706.62 GWh of electrical energy were consumed by large commercial and industrial customers
accounting for 51.99% % of total consumption. This category consists of consumers supplied at medium and high voltage
or at low voltage with a monthly usage surpassing 15,000 kWh. These include large and medium industries and factories,
high rise buildings, warehouses and public infrastructure installations such as airports, ports and railway stations. These
are energy intensive undertakings which makes this category the largest consumer category.
Domestic consumers followed consuming 1,599.33 GWh. This accounted for 30.72% of total energy consumption edging
out small commercial enterprises which utilized 843.04 GWh, accounting for 16.19% of the overall electrical consumption.
Street lighting utilized 56.48 GWh of electrical energy, representing 1.09% of the total energy consumption. Electric
mobility is a new consumer category developed to encourage electric vehicle adoption. In the review period, 0.32 GWh
powered electric vehicles, constituting 0.01% of the total energy consumption. Table 1.4 and figure 1.5 presents a summary
of energy consumption by each customer category.
Customer category Energy consumption (GWh) Percentage

Industrial 2,706.62 51.99%
Domestic 1,599.33 30.72%
Electric Mobility 0.32 0.01%
Small commercial (SMEs) 843.04 16.19%
Street lighting 56.48 1.08%
Total 5,205.79 100.00%
Table 1.4: A summary of energy consumption by each customer category.

Electricity consumption by consumer category
Electricity consumption by consumer category
30.72%
16.19%
1.08%
1.09% 0.01%
51.99%
Industrial Domestic Small Commercial Street Lighting E-Mobility

Industrial Domestic Small Commercial Street lighting E-Mobility
Figure 1.5: A visual representation of energy consumption by each customer category
1.1.7 Energy consumption by region

During the review period, Nairobi was the highest consumer of electrical energy, utilizing 2,293.95 GWh. This constituted
44.07% of the country’s total energy consumption. Covering parts of Kajiado, Machakos, and Makueni Counties, the
region stands out with its dense concentration of large and medium industries, micro and small enterprises, making it
the commercial hub of both the country and the East African Community (EAC) region.

The Coast region ranked second in energy consumption, utilizing 930.05 GWh, which constituted 17.87% of the country’s
total energy consumption. The Rift Valley region accounted for 13.55% of the total consumption, utilizing 705.48 GWh of
electrical energy, followed by North-Eastern and Mt. Kenya regions contributing 10.78% and 6.47% to the overall consumption
respectively. West Kenya and South Nyanza regions reported the lowest consumption percentages, representing 5.35%
and 1.92% of the total consumption, respectively.
Energy consumption by region in GWh

2,500.00
2,293.95
2,000.00
1,500.00
1,000.00 930.05
705.48
561.20
500.00
336.76
278.43
99.92
-
Rift Valley Coast Mt. Kenya Nairobi North Eastern South Nyanza West Kenya
Figure 1.6: Energy consumption by region between June and December 2023
1.2 Electricity Pricing

The electricity pricing structure takes into account various factors, including the cost of generating, transmitting and
distributing electricity, pass through costs, energy losses that occur during transmission, as well as government taxes and
levies.
1.2.1 Power Purchase Agreement

A Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is a contractual arrangement between power generators and utilities or companies,
outlining the terms for the sale of electricity. These terms encompass the quantity of power to be sold and the associated
costs. PPAs play a crucial role in offering long-term price stability by establishing a fixed electricity price throughout the
contract term. This stability is beneficial to both generators and consumers, as it helps mitigate the risks associated with
fluctuating market conditions. There was no new PPA between Kenya Power and energy producers during this period.
1.2.2 Base Electricity Tariff

The Authority approved the base tariff for the tariff control period spanning from 2022/2023 to 2025/2026 in March 2023.
The base electricity tariff consists of multiple components that encompass the costs related to electricity generation,
transmission, distribution, operational expenses, and profit margins for the utility company. Table 1.5. provides details of
the applicable base tariff for various customer categories during the reviewed period.

Customer category Voltage at connection Energy Limit (kWh/month) Base Tariff (Ksh.) Demand Charge (Kshs.)
0-30 12.24 0
Domestic 240 Volts/415 Volts 31-100 16.58 0
>100 20.58 0
0-30 12.24 0
Small Commercial 240 Volts/415 Volts 31-100 16.36 0
>100 20.00 0
Electric Mobility 240 Volts/415 Volts 200-15,000 16.00 0
Commercial/Industrial 415 Volts >15,000 14.50 1,100
11,000 Volts No Limit 13.08 700
33,000 Volts No Limit 12.52 370
66,000 Volts No Limit 12.26 300
132,000 Volts No Limit 11.98 300
Street Lighting 240Volts/450 volts No Limit 9.24 0
Table 1.5: Base tariff for the financial year 2023/2024
1.2.3 Pass-through charges

Pass-through charges, approved by EPRA, are implemented to cover additional expenses incurred by electricity generating
plants, comprising Fuel Energy Cost (FEC), Foreign Exchange Rates Fluctuations Adjustments (FERFA), Water Resource
Authority (WRA) levy, Inflation Adjustments, and taxes.
The Fuel Energy Charge (FEC) demonstrated both upward and downward movements during the period under review, the
highest charge at Ksh. 5.74/kWh in November 2023 and the lowest at Ksh. 3.98/kWh in December. These fluctuations are
attributed to poor hydrology, varying wind output, and breakdowns in some geothermal power plants, leading to increased
thermal power generation fueled by imported fossil fuels.
During the review period, the WRA Levy was the highest in December at Ksh. 0.0158/kWh and lowest in November at Ksh.
0.01/kWh, reflecting the impact of heavy rains experienced in December.
The FERFA levy, designed to offset the impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on power generation expenses,
was highest in December at Ksh. 3.1687/kWh and lowest in October at Ksh. 0.8003/kWh., This may be attributed to the
weakening of the Kenya Shilling against the US Dollar.
The inflation adjustment on end-user tariffs remained at Ksh. 0.23/kWh throughout the review period. Inflation adjustment
is implemented to account for changes in the general price level of goods and services, ensuring that electricity tariffs
align with prevailing economic conditions. Table 1.6. illustrates the trend in pass-through charges.
Pass-through charges Jul-23 Aug-23 Sep-23 Oct-23 Nov-23 Dec-23

FEC (Ksh./kWh) 4.02 4.46 4.16 4.94 5.74 3.98
Forex adj. (Ksh./kWh) 1.7466 1.70756 1.3800 2.0528 0.8003 3.1687
Inflation adj. (Ksh./kWh) 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
WRA levy (Ksh./kWh) 0.0146 0.0148 0.0138 0.0136 0.0100 0.0158
Table 1.6: A trend in pass-through charges between July to December 2023
The pass-through charges for the second half of the year were lower on average compared to the first half of the year.
This is primarily attributed to lower thermal contribution resulting in lower FEC component. Figure 1.7 highlights the trend
in pass-through charges from July 2021 to December 2022.

Trend in pass through charges
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Ja 2 1
Au 2 1
Ap 3
3
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No 1
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Fe 22
M 22
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Ju 23
Ju 22
S e 21
De 21
S e 22
De 22
S e 23
De 23
Oc 1
Oc 3
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ay
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FEC (KShs/kWh) FOREX ADJ. (Sh/kWh) INFLATION ADJ. (Sh/kWh) WRA LEVY
Figure 1.7: Trend in pass-through charges between July 2021 and December 2023
1.2.4 Evolution of the overall electricity Tariff

The overall electricity tariff cover both the cost of producing energy and the pass-through charges. The volatility in the
overall tariff is attributed to the fluctuations in the pass-through charges and the review of the base tariff. Figure 1.8 gives
a summary of the trend in the overall tariff for the different customer categories.
Overall electricity retail tariff

35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
Ap 3
3
Ap 2
Ja 2
No 1
Au 3
Au 2
M 3
No 3
Fe 23
M 2
No 2
Fe 22
Ju 23
Ju 22
De 21
Ja 1
Au 2 1
S e 23
De 23
S e 22
De 22
Oc 1
Oc 3
Oc 2
M 23
Ju 3
M 22
Ju 2
S e 21
2
t-2
r-2
c-2
r-2
-2
-2
c-2
c-2
l-2
l-2
t-2
t-2
v-
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p-
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g-
v-
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v-
b-
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n-
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ar
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Ju
DC 1 (0-30 kWh) DC 2 (30-100 kWh) DC 3 (100-15000 kWh)

SC1 (0-30 kWh) SC 2 (30kWh-100kWh) SC 3 (100kWh-1500kWh)
CI 1 - 415 V (> 15,000 kWh) CI 2 - 11,000 V CI 3 - 33,000 V
CI 4 - 66,000 V CI 5 - 132,000 V Street Lighting
Figure 1.8: Trend in the overall electricity retail tariff between July 2021 and December 2023
1.2.5 Time of Use (ToU) Tariff

The ToU tariffs targets commercial and industrial consumers with the aim of incentivizing them to consume electricity
during the off-peak hours. It provides a 50% discounted tariff on the energy charge rates during the off-peak periods
(2200hrs to 0600hrs during weekdays, 1400hrs to 0800hrs Saturdays and the whole day on Sundays and during Public
Holidays) on premises that electricity consumption thresholds are met.

The TOU beneficiaries cumulatively saved Ksh. 947.3 million during the review period. The savings achieved in this period
increased by Ksh. 398.3 million compared to the first half of the year.
Description Unit of measure July August September October November December

Savings by
Ksh. (million) 204.4 99 153.3 197.00 117.70 175.90
customers
Table 1.7: A summary of monthly savings by the TOU customers

Source: Kenya Power
1.3 System Losses

In the review period, total system losses, both technical and commercial, totalled 23.2% exceeding the 18.5% benchmark
set by the Authority. Table 1.8 provides a detailed breakdown of monthly system losses as a factor of energy purchased by
Kenya Power from power producers and energy sold to consumers.
Jul -23 Aug-23 Sep-23 Oct-23 Nov-23 Dec-23 Total

Purchased (GWh) 1,159 1,154 1,120 1,149 1,114 1,110 6,805.8
Sales (GWh) 883.92 889.62 879.27 879.53 862.23 832.35 5,226.9
Losses (GWh) 23.7% 22.9% 21.5% 23.5% 22.6% 25.0% 23.2%
Table 1.8: A summary of electricity system losses between July and December 2023
System losses
1,400
24.0%
1,200
22.0%
1,000
Energy in GWh
20.0%
% losses
800
18.0%
600 16.0%
400 14.0%
200 12.0%
0 10.0%
Purchased Sales Losses
Figure 1.9: System losses between July and December 2023
System losses encompass the electrical energy lost during transmission and distribution, comprising both technical
losses inherent to the power system’s efficiency and commercial losses involving unbilled electrical energy delivered to
consumers. Technical losses are proportionate to the effectiveness of the transmission and distribution network, while
commercial losses involve issues like power supplied to illegal connections, meter tampering, and fraudulent use of
electrical energy.
1.4 Reliability Indices

Reliability indices measure how frequently interruptions occur in a power supply system, how long they last and how long
it takes to restore supply. There are three indices used to quantify how reliable a power supply system is namely: CAIDI,
SAIDI and SAIFI.

Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI)
In the period under review, it took an average of 2.280 hours to restore service after interruptions which was well within
the allowed threshold of 3.83 hours. The shortest restoration time was an average of 1.966 hours in July while the longest
was 2.616 hours in August.
System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)

In the period under review, customers experienced outages lasting an average of 8.836 hours per month, a duration longer
than the 5.0 hours benchmark set by the Authority. The shortest interruption was in the month of July at 5.525 hours per
month while the longest was in September at 11.078 hours per month.
System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)

Customers experienced an average of 3.865 interruptions per month in the period under review. This is more than the
acceptable 2.15 interruptions per month set by the Authority. The highest number of interruptions per month were
recorded in September at 4.987 while the lowest was recorded in July at 2.81 interruptions per month.
Jul-23 Aug-23 Sep-23 Oct-23 Nov-23 Dec-23 Average EPRA target (FY23/24)
CAIDI 1.966 2.616 2.222 2.235 2.387 2.255 2.280 3.53
SAIDI 5.525 8.579 11.078 8.145 10.746 8.941 8.836 5.00
SAIFI 2.811 3.279 4.987 3.644 4.503 3.965 3.865 2.15
Table 1.9: A summary of system reliability indices from July to December 2023
1.5 Competition analysis

1.5.1 Market Share
The market share is determined by energy purchased from power producers by the off taker (Kenya Power). In the period
under review, Kengen continued to dominate the energy market with a share of 62.24%. This dominance underscores
Kengen’s significant role as a major player in the energy generation landscape, attributed to its extensive infrastructure
and diverse portfolio of power generation assets. In addition, most of its plants have base load capacity (for the case of
Geothermal) therefore have a high availability factor.
Lake Turkana Wind Power (LTWP) plant held a notable market share of 10.25 %. Imports recorded a significant increase in
market share, from 4.49% as of June 2023 to 6.19%. Table 1.10 shows the market shares of the electricity sector based on
energy purchased for the period under review.
Company Market share

KenGen 62.24%
LTWP 10.25%
Orpower 6.26%
Imports 6.19%
Kipeto Energy Plc. 3.45%
Rabai Power 3.18%
Sosian Geothermal 1.90%
Thika Power 1.42%
Alten Kenya Solar Farm 0.78%
Selenkei Solar Farm 0.72%
Cedate 0.72%
Malindi Solar Group 0.71%
Gulf Power 0.67%
Garissa Solar 0.63%
Others 0.89%
Table 1.10: A summary of the electricity market share between July and December 2023

1.5.2 Competition analysis
During the period under review, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was consistently above the recommended
threshold of 0.1. This is attributed to KenGen’s dominance in energy generation. Competition in the industry has been
increasing over the years occasioned by new power plants and increase in imports. Figure 1.10 presents a trend of the HHI
for the period under review.
Trend in HHI Index

0.5 0.431 0.426
0.41 0.416 0.419
0.4 0.361
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
HHI INDEX EPRA Target
Figure 1.10: Trend in HHI Index between July and December 2023
1.6 Greenhouse gas emissions

The Green House Gas (GHG) emissions for the electricity sub-sector are estimated based on the electrical energy
generated in the period under review and the prevailing grid emission factor. The national grid emission factor for Kenya is
0.5tCO2/MWh. This factor accounts for CO2 emissions associated with electricity generation and supply. The correlation
between CO2 emissions and electricity generation is determined by the grid emission factor.
The highest emissions amounting to 579.42 thousand tonnes of CO2, were registered in July 2023, whereas the lowest
emissions of 554.76 thousand tonnes of CO2 were documented in December 2023. These figures align with the highest and
lowest electricity consumption observed during the period under review. Figure 1.11 illustrates the electricity generation
CO2 emissions between July and December 2023.
Electricity Generation CO2 Emissions

585 579.425
580 577.11
574.32
000' ton CO2 Emissions
575
570
565
560 557.14 554.76
555 559.885
550
545
540
July August September October November December
Figure 1.11: Electricity generation CO2 emissions between July and December 2023.

2 RENEWABLE ENERGY
The Government of Kenya has set a target to achieve 100% of its electrical energy generation from renewable sources
by 2030. In pursuit of this goal, Kenya launched the Kenya Energy Transition Investment Plan (ETIP) at the United
Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 28) during the period under review. This plan is designed to replace fossil fuel
electrification with low-carbon alternatives, primarily sourced from renewable energy.
As of December 2023, the installed capacity of renewable energy sources reached 2,776.3 MW, constituting 79.56% of
Kenya’s total installed capacity. This includes 2,429.2 MW of interconnected renewable energy capacity and 344.6 MW
of captive renewable energy capacity. Notably, the reviewed period witnessed additions in captive solar PV plants, to an
installed captive capacity of 196.2 MW. Table 2.1 shows the country’s installed renewable energy capacity by technology
as at December 2023.
Total Installed
Technology Interconnected Capacity (MW) Captive Capacity (MW) Off grid Capacity (MW)
Capacity (MW)
Installed Effective
Hydro 839.3 810.4 33.0 0.1 872.4
Geothermal 940.0 841.1 3.7 - 943.7
Wind 435.5 425.5 - 0.6 436.1
Solar 210.3 210.3 196.2 3.9 410.4
Bioenergy 2.0 2.0 111.8 - 113.8
Total 2,427.1 2,289.3 344.6 4.6 2,776.3
Table 2.1: Installed renewable energy capacity by technology as at December 2023
In the period under review, 84.93% of the energy supplied to Kenya’s national grid was obtained from renewable energy
sources. Thermal plants contributed 8.91%, while 6.16% was imported. Within the realm of renewable sources, geothermal
energy maintained its dominance, meeting 44.55% of Kenya’s total energy generation. Hydro and wind generation accounted
for 22.54% and 14.30%, respectively. Additionally, utility-scale solar generation contributed 3.54% to the country’s overall
energy needs. Figure 2.1 visually represents the renewable energy contribution to the generation mix during this period.
Renewable energy mix

9%
6%
85%
Renewable Energy Imports Thermals
Figure 2.1: Share of renewable energy contribution to Kenya’s energy mix between July and December 2023
2.1 Geothermal power generation

Kenya’s installed geothermal capacity as at December 2023 was 943.7 MW. During the review period, geothermal energy
resources contributed significantly, generating a total of 3,032.03 GWh, representing 44.55% of the energy supplied to
the interconnected grid. The monthly energy generation is depicted in Figure 2.2. Notably, the highest geothermal energy
generation occurred in August 2023, reaching 529.915 GWh, while the lowest was recorded in July 2023 at 494.812 GWh.

Geothermal energy generated (GWH)
530.000
525.000 522.915
Energy Generated (GWh)
520.000
515.000 511.882
509.543
510.000
505.000
500.000 497.690
494.812 495.190
495.000
490.000
485.000
480.000
Jul-2 3 Aug-23 Sep-23 Oct-2 3 Nov-23 De c-2 3
Figure 2.2: Geothermal energy generated between July and December 2023
Geothermal energy generation in the period under review decreased by 0.10% from 3,034.95 GWh in a similar period in
2022. The slight decrease is attributed to increased generation from hydro resources and energy imports. The trend in
geothermal energy generated between 2021 and 2023 is illustrated in figure 2.3.
Geothermal energy generated (GWh)

3500.00
Energy Gemerated (GWh)
3034.95 3000.05 3032.03

3000.00
2470.55 2482.60
2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
1000.00
500.00
0.00
H2 2021 H1 2022 H2 2022 H1 2023 H2 2023
Figure 2.3: A trend of geothermal energy generated from July 2021 to Dec 2023
2.2 Hydro power generation

As of December 2023, the installed capacity of Kenya’s hydro plants was 872.4 MW, comprising 839.3 MW of interconnected
capacity and 33MW of captive capacity.
During the period under review, interconnected hydropower plants generated 1,534.01 GWh, constituting 22.54% of the total
energy generated. Figure 2.4 provides a visual representation of the monthly energy generation from hydropower plants
throughout the review period. The energy generated from hydro resources is comparable to rainfall patterns. July had the
highest hydro energy generated at 279.484 GWh while October had the lowest hydro energy generated at 205.281 GWh.
Hydro energy generated (Gwh)

300.000 279.484 269.689 273.642
258.715 247.199
250.000
205.281
200.000
150.000
100.000
50.000
0.000
Figure 2.4: A trend in energy generated from hydropower plants between July and December 2023

The hydropower generation positively correlates with inflows into Sondu Miriu and dam levels for Turkwel and Masinga
Dams. During the period under review Turkwel had an average dam end month level of 1,133.56 meters above sea level (m.
a. s. l). The Minimum Operation Level (MOL) of Turkwel Dam is 1105 m. a. s. l. and the Full Supply Level (FSL) is 1150 m. a.
s. l. The dam levels for Turkwel for the period under review are illustrated in figure 2.5.
Turkwel Dam End Month Level (m.a.s.l)

1160
1150
1140
1130
1120
1110
1100
1090
1080
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2021/22 2022/2023 2023/2024 MOL FSL
Figure 2.5: Turkwel dam levels between July and December 2023
Masinga dam had an average dam level of 1,043.66 m. a. s. l. against an MOL of 1,035 m. a. s. l. and an FSL of 1,056.5 m. a. s.
l. The lowest dam levels for the review period were recorded in September and October 2023 at 1037.27 and 1036.85 m. a.
s. l. respectively. There was however a significant improvement in November and December to dam levels of 1,050.58 and
1,054.10 m. a. s. l. following heavy rainfall in the two months. This led to an increase in the hydro energy generated in the
last two months of the review period. The monthly dam end month levels are illustrated in figure 2.6.
Masinga Dam End Month Level

1060
1055
Dam Level (m.a.s.l)
1050
1045
1040
1035
1030
2021/22 2022/2023 2023/2024 MOL FSL
Figure 2.6: Masinga dam levels between July 2021 and December 2023

During the period under review, there was a notable increase of 5.19% in hydro energy generation, from 1,454.4 GWh in
a similar period in 2022. This can be attributed to improved hydrology in November and December 2023. The increase
in hydro generation played a pivotal role in decreasing the dependence on thermal generation. Figure 2.7 shows a visual
representation of the trend in hydro energy generation from 2021 to 2023.
Hydro energy generated (GWh)

2000.00
1763.23
1800.00
1585.48 1534.01
1600.00 1454.40
1400.00
1200.00 1114.78
1000.00
800.00
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00
H2 2021 H1 2022 H2 2022 H1 2023 H2 2023
Figure 2.7: A trend in hydro energy generation from 2021 and 2023
2.3 Wind power generation

As at December 2023, Kenya’s installed wind energy capacity was 436.1 MW. Figure 2.8 illustrates the monthly wind energy
generation throughout the review period. The highest wind energy generation occurred in July 2023, reaching 198.461
GWh, while the lowest was recorded in December 2023 at 85.504 GWh. The reduced wind energy generation in December
2023 is attributed to wind curtailment, favoring geothermal generation and electricity imports.
Wind energy generated (GWh)

250.000
200.000 198.461
186.661 183.360
177.530
150.000 141.301
100.000
85.504
50.000
0.000
Figure 2.8: Wind energy generation between July and December 2023
Wind energy contributed a total of 972.82 GWh to the interconnected grid during the review period, constituting 14.30%
of the country’s total electricity mix.
The wind energy generated decreased by 18.07% from 1,148.63 GWh in the second half of 2022. The wind energy generation
trend between 2021and 2023 is provided in figure 2.9.

Wind energy generated (GWh)
1200.00
1148.63
1150.00
1100.00
1057.86 1053.09
1050.00
994.40
1000.00 972.82
950.00
900.00
850.00
H2 2021 H1 2022 H2 2022 H1 2023 H2 2023
Figure 2.9: A trend in wind energy generation between 2021 and 2023
2.4 Solar power generation

As of December 2023, Kenya’s solar installed capacity was 410.4 MW comprising 210.3 MW of grid-interconnected capacity,
3.9 MW of off-grid capacity and 196.2 MW of captive capacity. Figure 2.10 showcases the monthly energy generation from
interconnected solar photovoltaic plants. The peak solar energy generation was observed in December 2023, totaling
44.443 GWh, while the lowest was recorded in November 2023 at 35.691 GWh. These variations in energy generation are
attributed to fluctuations in solar insolation.
Utility scale solar energy generated (GWh)

50.000
45.000 42.866 44.443
40.847
40.000 37.896 39.250

35.691
35.000
30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
Figure 2.10: Solar energy generation between July and December 2023
Solar photovoltaic systems play a prominent role in the country’s captive generation capacity, contributing 196.2 MW,
which constitutes 43.77% of the total captive capacity. This preference for solar PV technology can be attributed to various
factors, including its ease of setup, favorable solar insolation levels across many regions of Kenya, cost-effectiveness in
energy production, and supportive government policies.
Figure 2.11 shows energy generation from 167 captive solar PV installations with a combined capacity of 48.356 MW
between 2021 and 2023. The submitted data indicates that 27.579 GWh of energy was generated in the 2021-2022 financial
year, which increased to 46.722 GWh in the 2022-2023 financial year, reflecting an annual growth rate of 69.41%. This
increase is attributed to the addition of extra captive generation capacity.

Captive solar energy generated (GWh)
6.000
Energy Genrated (GWh)
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.000
No 1
Au 2
M 3
M 2
Fe 2
No 2
Fe 3
Ju 3
Ju 2
De 1
Ja 1
Au 1
Ap 3
Ap 2
De 2
Ja 2
21
22
M 2
22
M 3
23
Se 1
Se 2
2
t-2
2
c-2
r-2
2
r-2
2
-2
-2
l-2
2
2
2
l-2
t-2
2
-2
c-2
-2
v-
p-
g-
n-
n-
v-
b-
n-
p-
b-
n-
g-
ay
ay
ar
ar
Oc
Ju
Ju
Oc
Figure 2.11: Captive solar energy generation between 2021 and 2023
In the period under review, the Authority approved 11 applications for PPAs for captive projects with a combined capacity
of 6.502 MW. This is outlined in table 2.2.
No Applicant Technology Capacity Location

1. Equator Energy Kenya Limited Solar PV 1,400 kWp Saj Ceramics Limited
2. Equator Energy Kenya Limited Solar PV 2,200 kWp Milly Glass Works Limited
3. Ecoligo Limited Solar PV 100 kWp DL Koisagat Tea Estates
4. Ecoligo Limited Solar PV 450 kWp Mogogosiek Tea Factory
5. Ecoligo Limited Solar PV 82 kWp Summit Fibers limited
6. Ariya Finergy Ltd Solar PV 550 kWp Isuzu East Africa Ltd
7. Crossboundary Energy Kenya Ltd Solar PV 680 kWp Maisha Packaging Company Ltd
8. Ecoligo Limited Solar PV 300 kWp Quality Meat Packers Ltd
9. Farmdo Energy Kenya Ltd Solar PV 220 kWp PJ Dave Flora Ltd
10. Gridx Africa Development Ltd Solar PV 320 kWp Muthu Keekorok Management Ltd
11. Ofgen Ltd Solar PV 200 kWp Tropikal Brands Ltd
Table 2.2: A list of captive PPAs that were approved between July and December 2023
2.5 Bioenergy
Bioenergy refers to sustainable energy derived from organic matter and can take various forms such as firewood, biochar,
briquettes, bagasse, biogas, syngas, bioethanol and biodiesel. In Kenya, these diverse forms of bioenergy find applications
in open-fire cooking, improved cook stoves, industrial biomass boilers, furnaces, internal combustion engines, lighting
lamps and electricity generation. Notably, bioenergy constitutes the most substantial portion of final energy consumption
in Kenya.
As of December 2023, the installed capacity for bioenergy was 113.8 MW, comprising 111.8 MW of captive capacity and
2MW of grid-interconnected capacity. In the period under review, the grid interconnected biogas plant generated 0.215
GWh of energy representing 0.00316% of the country’s generation mix.

3 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
The Authority has instituted two key regulations to foster energy efficiency: the Energy (Energy Management) Regulations,
2012 and the Energy (Appliances’ Energy Performance and Labelling) Regulations, 2016.
The Energy (Energy Management) Regulations primarily target commercial and industrial facilities with an energy
consumption threshold of at least 180,000 kWh of thermal and electrical energy. These regulations mandate designated
facilities to conduct energy audits and implement the recommended measures arising from these audits. In the period
under review, 154 facilities conducted energy audits, comprising 48 small, 85 medium, and 21 large energy consumers.
These audits projected substantial energy savings amounting to 272.878 GWh from the implementation of recommended
energy conservation measures.

4 OTHER ENERGY SOURCES
4.1 Imports
Kenya imports electricity from Ethiopia Electricity Power Company (EEP) under a PPA and has energy exchange contracts
with Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL). In the period under review, Kenya imported 419.131 GWh
of electricity accounting for 6.16 % of the country’s energy mix. Figure 4.1 shows the monthly energy imports for the period
under review. The increase in December 2023 is attributed to the attainment of full commercial operation of the power
purchase agreement between Kenya Power and EEP on 1st December 2023.
Electrical energy imports (GWh)

160.000
138.698
140.000
Energy Imports (GWh)
120.000
100.000
80.000 67.018 68.135
55.476
60.000 49.933
39.871
40.000
20.000
0.000
Figure 4.1: Electrical energy imports between July and December 2023
The trend of energy imports between 2021 and 2023 is provided in figure 4.2. In the period under review, electricity
imports increased by 65.79 %, from 143.40 GWh in the second half of 2022 to 419.13 GWh.
Electrical energy imports (GWh)

600.00
500.67
500.00
Energy Imports (GWh)
419.13
400.00
300.00
200.00 164.90 172.60

143.40
100.00
0.00
H2 2021 H1 2022 H2 2022 H1 2023 H2 2023
Figure 4.2: A trend in electrical energy imports between 2021 and 2023
4.2 Thermal energy

Kenya has an installed thermal interconnected capacity of 572.8 MW, consisting of 512.8 MW from Medium Speed Diesel
and 60 MW from gas turbines. Thermal energy resources are usually employed to meet peak demand, provide voltage
support, and counter the intermittence of variable renewable energy resources.

During the period under review, 606.093 GWh of energy was sourced from thermal energy sources. The highest thermal
energy generation occurred in October 2023, totaling 140.568 GWh, primarily influenced by a poor hydro regime. Conversely,
the lowest thermal energy generation was observed in the months of November and December 2023, attributed to an
improved hydro regime and increased energy imports. Figure 4.3 shows a trend in thermal energy generated between July
and December 2023.
Thermal energy generated (GWh)

160.000
140.568
140.000 130.179
120.000
108.289
100.000
89.581
80.000 67.929 69.547
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
Figure 4.3: Trend in thermal energy production between July and December 2023
The thermal energy generated has been on a decline since 2022 as shown in figure 4.4. The decline is attributed to a
decrease in the thermal installed capacity and prioritization of renewable energy generation.
Thermal energy generated (GWh)

1000.00
888.87
900.00
758.88
800.00
695.93 699.56
700.00 606.09
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
0.00
H2 2021 H1 2022 H2 2022 H1 2023 H2 2023
Figure 4.4: A trend in thermal energy generation between 2022 and 2023

5 EMERGING TRENDS
5.1 Electric Mobility

The drive to decarbonize the transport sector has sparked a growing interest in electric mobility (e-mobility) in Kenya. The
country’s energy mix is highly conducive to supporting e-mobility, with almost 85% of energy generation sourced from
renewable channels. The adoption of e-mobility is anticipated to elevate the country’s energy demand, particularly during
off-peak periods historically characterized by low demand.
In a move to encourage the embrace of electric transportation, the Authority implemented a special tariff for e-mobility
effective from 1st April 2023. Notably, during the reviewed period, energy consumption by the electric mobility consumer
category surged by 160%, escalating from 29,097 kWh in July 2023 to 75,729 kWh in December 2023, as highlighted in
Table 5.1.
Month Energy Consumption (kWh)

July 29,097.00
August 58,169.00
September 48,118.00
October 50,399.10
November 54,153.00
December 75,729.00
Total 315,665.10
Table 5.1: A summary of energy consumption by the electric mobility consumer category between July and
December 2023
A visual representation of the energy consumption by the electric mobility category is provided in figure 5.1.
Energy consumption for Electric Mobility (kWh)

80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
Figure 5.1: A trend in energy consumption by the electric mobility category from July to December 2023
In order to accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles and guarantee the establishment of safe, reliable, accessible, and
affordable charging infrastructure, the Authority released the Electric Vehicle Charging & Battery Swapping Infrastructure
Guidelines on 14th September 2023. These guidelines provide a concise summary of essential considerations for setting,
designing, installing, and operating electric vehicle charging points and stations.

Energy & Petroleum Cabinet Secretary Davis Chirchir (R) and EPRA Director General Daniel Kiptoo during the launch of
the Electric Vehicle Charging & Battery Swapping Infrastructure Guidelines
During the review period 2,694 electric vehicles (EVs) were registered, bringing the cumulative number of registered
EVs to 3,753. The increase in registered EVs may be attributed to government initiatives such as the introduction of the
e-mobility tariff, reduction of excise duty on EVs from 20% to 10% and exemption of fully electric cars from Value Added
Tax (VAT).
As of December 2023, EVs constituted 1.62% of vehicles registered that year, with the country aiming to reach 5% by 2025,
as outlined in the Kenya National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy, 2020.
Year Total No. of registered vehicles No. of registered EVs Cumulative No. of registered EVs % Share of EVs
2019 328,551 129 194 0.04
2020 339,813 106 300 0.03
2021 407,462 284 584 0.07
2022 285,009 475 1,059 0.17
2023 165,913 2,694 3,753 1.62
Table 5.2: A summary of registered vehicles as at December 2023

Source: NTSA

A trend in the registration of EVs is provided in figure 5.2.
Registered Electric Vehicles

3,000 4,000
3,500
2,500
3,000
2,000
Registered Evs
2,500
Cumulative
1,500 2,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
500
500
0 0
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Registered EVs Cumulative
Figure 5.2: A trend in the registration of EVs from 2019 to 2023
5.2 Green Hydrogen

Green hydrogen is recognized as a promising alternative for decarbonizing the transport, agricultural, and energy sectors.
In September 2023, Kenya unveiled its Green Hydrogen Strategy and Road Map during the Africa Climate Summit. This
strategic initiative aims to capitalize on the country’s abundant renewable energy resources to create demand for diverse
applications of green hydrogen.
In November 2023, Kenya commissioned its first green hydrogen plant in Morendat, Nakuru County. The facility comprises
a 2.1 MWp solar PV installation with 780 kWh Lithium ion storage supplying a 1 MW alkaline electrolyzer. The facility
produces one ton of green ammonia per day.
Kenya’s renewable energy installed capacity is set to increase to meet the demand generated by green hydrogen projects.

6 PETROLEUM
The petroleum sector comprises upstream, midstream and downstream petroleum segments.
Exploration Transportation Refining

UPSTREAM Drilling MIDSTREAM Storage DOWNSTREAM Distribution
Production Gas processing Marketing
6.1 Upstream subsector

The Government is currently reviewing of the Final Field Development Plan (FDP) submitted by Kenya Joint Venture (KJV)
partners in March 2023. The Authority is playing an advisory role that will inform its approval and progression to Final
Investment Decision (FID) and ultimately full field development. The plan anticipates the attainment of First Oil in 2028.
6.2 Midstream and Downstream subsectors

This section presents a summary of the performance of the mid and downstream subsector entailing supply, transportation,
consumption, pricing and competition.
6.2.1 Petroleum supply and demand

6.2.1.1 Petroleum imports
During the period under review, 4,262,747.58 m3 were imported into the country for local consumption and export to
neighboring countries; Uganda, South Sudan, DRC, Rwanda and Burundi. Figure 6.1 shows the biannual imports trend from
2021 to 2023.
2,500,000.00 4,496,488.67 4,700,000.00

4,308,896.84 4,262,747.58
4,200,000.00
2,000,000.00
3,700,000.00
Quantity (m3)
1,500,000.00 3,200,000.00
2,700,000.00
1,000,000.00
2,200,000.00
500,000.00
1,700,000.00
0.00 1,200,000.00
July to Dec 2021 July to Dec 2022 July to Dec 2023
AGO (m3) 2,086,598.04 2,097,791.85 2,024,370.65
PMS (m3) 1,698,211.82 1,758,004.25 1,636,457.85
JET A1 (m3) 524,086.97 640,692.57 601,919.08
Total (m3) 4,308,896.84 4,496,488.67 4,262,747.58
AGO (m3) PMS (m3) JET A1 (m3) Total (m3)
Figure 6.1: A trend in petroleum imports from July 2021 to December 2023

Overall, the share of volumes designated for the local market accounted for 57.40% of the total import volume. Figure 6.2
shows a comparison of local and transit volumes during the review period.
700,000.00 1,330,294.45 1,400,000.00
6 00,000.00 1,116,680.74 1,200,000.00
500,000.00 926,776.17 1,000,000.00

888,996.22
Quantity (m3)
400,000.00 800,000.00
300,000.00 6 00,000.00
200,000.00 400,000.00
100,000.00 200,000.00
0.00 0.00
Local Transit Local Transit
Q3 2023 Q4 2023
AGO PMS JET A1 Total
Figure 6.2: A comparison of local and transit petroleum products from July to December 2023
6.2.1.2 Domestic petroleum consumption

The overall domestic demand for petroleum products declined by 3.01% to 2,717,699.16 m3 compared to a corresponding
period in 2022. This reduction in consumption could be attributed to suppressed demand. Figure 6.3 illustrates the trend
in demand over biannual periods.
1,600,000.00 3,000,000.00
2,876,280.46
1,400,000.00 2,900,000.00
2,802,129.80
2,717,699.16 2,800,000.00
1,200,000.00
2,700,000.00
1,000,000.00
Quantity (m3)
2,600,000.00
800,000.00 2,500,000.00
600,000.00 2,400,000.00
2,300,000.00
400,000.00
2,200,000.00
200,000.00
2,100,000.00
0.00 2,000,000.00
July to Dec 2021 July to Dec 2022 July to Dec 2023
AGO (m3) 1,356,214.75 1,328,737.03 1,263,047.06
PMS (m3) 1,108,642.39 1,033,978.99 991,805.61
JET A1 (m3) 345,273.54 384,778.45 436,913.27
IK (m3) 66,149.78 54,635.33 25,933.22
Total 2,876,280.46 2,802,129.80 2,717,699.16
AGO (m3) PMS (m3) JET A1 (m3) IK (m3) Total
Figure 6.3: A trend in domestic petroleum consumption from July 2021 to December 2023

The demand for petroleum products through the period under review was steady with the highest consumption level
being recorded in August 2023. This notably coincides with the highest demand for AGO. The highest demand for PMS
was recorded in December 2023 and can be attributed to increased travel during the festive season. Figure 6.4 shows the
trend in consumption of petroleum products across the six months.
250,000.00 600,000.00
497,588.76
200,000.00 461,263.99 453,633.13
438,638.87 444,341.04
422,233.38 450,000.00
150,000.00
300,000.00
100,000.00
150,000.00
50,000.00
0.00 0.00
AGO (m3) PMS (m3) JET A1 (m3) IK (m3) Total (m3)
Figure 6.4: Monthly trend in the consumption of petroleum products
6.1.2.3 Pipeline throughput

The Kenya Pipeline Company (KPC) primarily handles petroleum products imported into the country. This represents
about 95% of petroleum products imported during the period under review.
4,500,000 4,065,611
4,000,000
3,797,024 44,243
4,000,000 3,743,705
20,868 261,114
32,626
140,040 97,000
3,500,000 333,332 451,249 3,500,000
382,887
3,000,000 461,961 470,691 535,668

3,000,000
Quantity (m3)
2,500,000 657,832
665,140 725,881
2,500,000
2,000,000
937,020
937,157 967,741
1,500,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
1,245,972 1,158,203
500,000 1,079,715
- 1,000,000
2021 2022 2023
Nairobi (PS 10) Eldoret (PS 27) Kisumu (PS 28) Nakuru (PS 25)
JKIA (PS 9) KONZA MIA (PS 12) Total
Figure 6.5: Pipeline throughput by depot by biannual period

The trend in figure 6.5 shows an overall increase in pipeline throughput compared to similar periods in previous years. This
can be attributed to increased volumes to the transit market. There was however reduced throughput to the local market
serving as evidence of suppressed demand. Figure 6.6 shows a comparison of the local and transit throughput during the
period under review.
730,568
450,000 704,779
678,544 675,756 700,000
400,000
412,360 639,151 636,813
350,000 377,117 373,356 376,946 379,872
368,230
600,000
300,000 327,662 318,208
305,188
Quantity (m3)
295,884
250,000 270,921 500,000
259,867
200,000
400,000
150,000
100,000
300,000
50,000
- 200,000
Local Volume (m3) Export Volume (m3) Total (m3)
Figure 6.6: A trend in pipeline throughput from July to December 2023
6.2.2 Petroleum Prices

6.2.2.1 Evolution of International Crude Oil prices
During the period under review, Murban Crude Oil recorded a peak price of 93.92$/bbl in December 2023 and a minimum
price of 75.59$/bbl in September 2023. There was a general downward progression in international crude oil prices during
the review period. The decrease in crude prices was occasioned by overproduction of crude oil coupled with overall world
oil demand reduction.
140.00
100.00 117.53 93.05
120.00
105.96
85.44
80.00 98.06 92.45 75.64 74.69 72.55 72.86 70.74 69.45
88.64
67.50
76.43 77.88 93.92 100.00
80.40 70.85
Crude ($/BBL)
76.40 93.53 87.28

72.22 80.8 80.00
60.00
Crude (Ksh/L)
90.90 80.11 82.63 83.36 75.61

79.55 84.11
75.59 60.00
40.00
40.00
20.00
20.00
0.00 0.00
2
3
3
23
2
23
23
3
3
22
23
23
22
23
-2
-2
c-2
-2
c-2
l-2
t-2
t-2
n-
b-
n-
v-
g-
v-
p-
p-
ar
ay
r
Ju
Oc
Oc
Ap
No
No
Se
De
Se
De
Ju
Fe
Ja
Au
M
Crude (Ksh/L) Crude ($/BBl)
Figure 6.7: A trend in Murban Crude oil prices from September2022 to December 2023
Figure 6.7 shows the effect of the exchange rate on the cost of petroleum products. Significant depreciation of the Kenya
Shilling against the dollar resulted in an increase in fuel prices despite reduction in international crude oil prices.

6.2.2 Local Retail Petroleum Prices
Fuel prices in Kenya are determined by landed costs, distribution costs, taxes and levies, demurrage costs and margins
accrued by Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs). The Authority computes these costs and publishes monthly prices for PMS,
AGO and IK on the 14th day of every month. Figure 6.8 shows the trend of the Nairobi pump prices for the period July 2023
to December 2023.
Local pump prices in Ksh./Litre

KES 250
KES 200
KES 150
KES 100
KES 50
KES 0
Jul-23 Aug-23 Sep-23 Oct-23 Nov-23 Dec-23 Jan-24
Super Petrol - Pump price (KShs/litre) Diesel - Pump price (KShs/litre) Kerosene- Pump price (KS hs/litre)
Figure 6.8: A trend of Nairobi Pump Prices from July to December 2023
6.2.3 LPG supply and demand

6.2.3.1 LPG import infrastructure
There are two main routes for importation of LPG into the country, Namanga and Mombasa port. Other entry points include
Oiloitok and Lunga Lunga. Figure 6.9 shows the share of imports by each route.
7.44%
25.92%
66.65%
Mombasa port( AGOL, SOT and KPRL) Namanga Others (Oloitok and Lungalunga)
Figure 6.9: A comparison of LPG imports by route
6.2.3.2 Consumption of LPG

Demand for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) increased by 8% to 360,594 metric tonnes in 2023. This increase is attributed
to Government initiatives such as the removal of VAT on LPG through the Finance Act 2023 and the implementation of the
LPG growth strategy that aims to increase per capita consumption of LPG to 15kg per capita by 2030.

The trend in per capita consumption of LPG is summarized in the figure 6.10.
LPG Per Capita Consumption

400,000 7.5 8.0
7.0
350,000 6.6 6.6 7.0
6.4
300,000 6.0
5.2
250,000 5.0
4.4
200,000 3.5 3.4 3.4 4.0

373,865 360,594
320,909 333,830
150,000 304,408 3.0
2.3 2.2
240,482
100,000 198,482 2.0
149,700 148,600 151,700
50,000 93,600 92,900 1.0
0 0.0
Yr 2012 Yr 2013 Yr 2014 Yr 2015 Yr 2016 Yr 2017 Yr 2018 Yr 2019 Yr 2020 Yr 2021 Yr 2022 Yr 2023
Consumption (Mt) Per Capita Consumption (kgs)
Figure 6.10: A trend in the Consumption of LPG (Metric Tonnes) and Per Capita Consumption of LPG (kg) from 2012
to 2023
Figure 6.11 shows the trend in LPG consumption in 2023.
LPG Consumption by Month

34,615.92
35,000 33,024.25
31,904.66 31,886.98 31,859.84
31,059.78
30,224.15
30,000 28,458.54 28,096.39 27,988.68
25,754.05 25,720.42
Quantity (Mt)
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
Jan-23 Feb-23 Mar-23 Apr-23 May-23 Jun-23 Jul-23 Aug-23 Sep-23 Oct-23 Nov-23 Dec-23
Figure 6.11: A trend in the monthly consumption of LPG (Metric tonnes) in 2023
6.3 Competition in the Petroleum Sector

6.3.1 Market Share
There were 136 registered Oil-Marketing Companies (OMCs) as at December 2023. These companies market petroleum
products; AGO, IK, PMS, JET oil, lubricants, and LPG. Table 6.1 presents the market shares of the OMCs during the review
period.

Company Total Sales - PMS, AGO, IK and JET (m3) % Share
Vivo Energy Kenya Limited 1,213,241.81 22.07%
TotalEnergies Marketing Kenya Plc 817,901.68 14.88%
Rubis Energy Kenya Plc 772,317.06 14.05%
Ola Energy Kenya Limited 388,018.00 7.06%
Be Energy Limited 228,081.69 4.15%
Oryx Energies Kenya Limited 178,696.44 3.25%
Stabex International Ltd 150,367.00 2.74%
Galana Energies Limited 143,899.39 2.62%
Tosha Petroleum (Kenya) Limited 126,378.89 2.30%
Lake Oil Limited 122,640.84 2.23%
Petro Oil Kenya Limited 118,754.00 2.16%
Hass Petroleum Kenya Limited 98,700.00 1.80%
Gapco Kenya Limited 84,177.20 1.53%
Gulf Energy Holdings Limited 69,640.20 1.27%
Fossil Supplies Limited 66,019.00 1.20%
Lexo Energy Kenya Limited 53,993.65 0.98%
Dalbit Petroleum Limited 53,580.14 0.97%
Astrol Petroleum Company Limited 48,271.94 0.88%
Towba Petroleum Company Limited 46,774.42 0.85%
Sahara Energy Limited 43,521.35 0.79%
Others 671,712.11 12.22%
Table 6.1: Market share of Oil-Marketing Companies
6.3.2 Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI)

The Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) for the downstream petroleum subsector in 2023 was 0.1040 against the
Authority’s benchmark of 0.1. This is an indicator of healthy competition in the sector.
Progression of HHI index for the Year 2023

Cummulative market share for top three players HHI Target
56.00% 0.1200
54.00% 0.1000
MARKET SHARE (%)
52.00%
0.0800
50.00%
0.0600
48.00%
0.0400
46.00%
44.00% 0.0200
42.00% 0.0000
23
3
3
23
23
3
23
23
3
23
3
-2
t-2
-2
-2
r-2
l-2
c-
b-
n-
g-
v-
p-
ay
ar
n
Ju
Oc
Ap
De
Au
No
Ju
Se
Fe
Ja
Figure 6.12: HHI index for downstream petroleum in 2023

7 CONSUMER PROTECTION
The Authority plays a crucial role in safeguarding consumer interests within the energy and petroleum sector. This pivotal
role encompasses licensing, economic regulation, monitoring the quality of energy and petroleum products, handling
complaints and disputes, and investigating accidents and incidents. This section, in particular, delves into aspects related
to licensing, fuel quality, and LPG compliance.
7.1 Licencing
7.1.1 Petroleum and LPG operations
The Authority grants licenses, permits or certificates to any persons intending to undertake the importation, exportation,
bulk storage or transportation of petroleum products. Table 7.1 summarizes the licenses issued during the period under
review.
Type of licence Licences issued

Driver Certification 3,997
Export and Wholesale of Petroleum Products(Except LPG) 532
Retail of LPG in Cylinders 459
Retail of Petroleum Products (except LPG) 452
Transport of petroleum products(Except LPG) by Road 435
Storage & Wholesale of LPG in cylinders 113
Transport of LPG in Cylinders 89
Import, Export and Wholesale of Petroleum Products (Except LPG) 71
Storage & Filling of LPG in Cylinders 53
Transport of LPG in bulk by Road 43
Storage of petroleum products(Except LPG) 24
Transport of Jet-A1 21
Export & wholesale of Jet-A1 17
Export and Wholesale of LPG in bulk 13
Import, Export and Wholesale of LPG in bulk 13
Bunkering of Petroleum Products (Except LPG) 7
Import, Export and Wholesale of Fuel Oil 6
Import, Export and Wholesale of Bitumen 6
Import of Lubricants 3
Storage of LPG in Bulk 2
Storage & Filling of LPG in Bulk 1
Reticulation of LPG 1
Retail of LPG in Cylinders Via Smart Meters 1
Total 6,359
Table 7.1: Summary of licenses issued between July and December 2023

7.1.2. Electricity and Renewable Energy Sector
During the period under review, the Authority approved the following licences in the electricity sub-sector:
a) Generation and retail supply licenses
No. Licensee Technology Capacity Location County

1. DPA Kenya Limited Solar PV 4MW Ruiru Kiambu
Crossboundary Energy Kenya Solar PV 1.17MW Maisha Mabati Mills factory in Lukenya Machakos
2.
Limited
3. Equator Energy Kenya Limited Solar PV 2.2MW Mombasa Mombasa
4. Equator Energy Kenya Limited Solar PV 1.4MW Athi River Machakos
5. Gusii Tea Solar Company Limited Solar PV 0.69MW Sanganyi Nyamira
6. Gusii Tea Solar Company Limited Solar PV 0.52MW Kebirigo Nyamira
Crossboundary Energy Kenya Solar PV 2.3MW Salgaa Nakuru
7.
Limited
Crossboundary Energy Kenya Solar PV 1.3MW Maisha Packaging Company Limited Machakos
8.
Limited
Ariya Finergy Limited Solar PV 550kW Isuzu East Africa Limited vehicle assembly Nairobi
9.
plant off Enterprise Road in Nairobi
Crossboundary Energy Kenya Solar PV 680kW Maisha Packaging Company Limited Nakuru
10.
Limited factory in Salgaa, Nakuru County
Ecoligo Ltd Solar PV 100kW DL Koisagat Tea Estates Limited factory Nandi
11.
in Nandi County
Ecoligo Ltd Solar PV 450kW Mogogosiek Tea Factory Company Bomet
12.
Limited factory
13. Ecoligo Ltd Solar PV 82kW Shimanzi, Mombasa Mombasa
14. Rentco Renewable Energy Limited Solar PV 650kW Keritor Tea Factory, Nyamira Nyamira
Table 7.2: A list of generation and retail supply licences approved between July and December 2023
b) Electrical Workers and Contractors

The Authority licenses electrical workers and contractors who undertake electrical installation works. In the period under
review, 183 electrical workers and 185 electrical contractors were licensed. Table 7.3 presents the number of electrical
worker certificates and electrical contractor licences issued in the period under review.
Number of Issued Certificates/Licences

C2 C1 B A2 A1 Total
Electrical Workers 103 41 22 0 17 183
Electrical Contractors 71 50 28 0 36 185
Table 7.3: Electrical worker and contractor licences issued between July and December 2023
c) Solar PV and Energy Audit Licensing

Throughout the review period, licenses were issued to 147 solar PV firms, 87 solar PV technicians, and one energy audit
firm as outlined in Table 7.4.
Category Class Number of licences issued

C1 36
Solar PV Contractor/
V1 46
Vendor/ Manufacturer
V2 65
Solar PV Technicians T3 24
T2 63
Energy Audit Firm A 1
Table 7.4: A summary of solar PV firms, technicians and energy audit licenses issued between July and December 2023

7.1.3. Electrical Appliance Registration Certificates
The Energy (Appliances’ Energy Performance and Labelling) Regulations, 2016 have a primary focus on improving the
energy efficiency of electrical appliances. These regulations mandate that both imported and locally manufactured
refrigerators, non-ducted air conditioners, fluorescent lamps, and motors undergo testing to verify compliance with the
relevant Kenya Standard.
Importers or manufacturers of these regulated appliances are eligible to receive a registration certificate upon
demonstrating their compliance with these regulations.
During the period under review, the Authority issued registration certificates for 66 refrigerator models and 27 Air
conditioner models.
7.2 Fuel Quality Monitoring

This process involves adding small amounts of a distinct identifier, commonly a bio-chemical liquid referred to as the
marker, to fuel products. This helps identify the presence of fuel adulterants or fuels intended for export. During the review
period, the Authority marked 1,813,443,113 litres of Export Volume and 28,402,954 litres of Local Kerosene volumes. A
summary of volumes marked per month is provided in table 7.5.
Month Export Volume Local Kerosene Volume

Marked (Litres) Marked (Litres)
July 274,153,414 5,137,748
August 331,008,265 6,087,218
September 309,754,972 4,026,971
October 275,149,408 5,036,343
November 283,716,765 4,324,301
December 339,660,289 3,790,373
Total 1,813,443,113 28,402,954
Table 7.5: Volumes of export and local kerosene marked between July 2023 and December 2023.
Once marking is done, the Authority monitors the petroleum products at retail stations across the county to ascertain fuel
quality. When selecting sample sites, the Authority takes into account various factors, including the need for nationwide
coverage, intelligence gathered through surveillance efforts, and feedback from the public.
During the period under review, the Authority conducted 14,552 sample tests at 3,150 petroleum outlets across the country.
Month Fuel tests

July 2,510
August 2,406
September 2,522
October 2,504
November 2,452
December 2,158
Total 14,552
Table 7.6: A summary of fuel samples tested between July 2023 to December 2023.
Out of the tests carried out, 3,106 stations equivalent to 98.6% were found to be compliant. However, 44 stations were
non-compliant, and appropriate penalties were imposed as per the relevant legislation.

7.3 LPG Monitoring
The Authority undertakes routine compliance inspections on LPG facilities to assess their adherence to regulatory
requirements, operational safety standards, maintenance of plant and equipment, emergency preparedness, and risk
management practices.
During the period under review, the Authority undertook 840 inspections on wholesale and retail sites which recorded
a compliance level of 51.96%, 54 bulk LPG road tankers with a compliance level of 82.07% and 18 LPG storage and filling
plants with a compliance level of 65.3%.
The Authority is keen on improving compliance in the LPG sector through public education, awareness forums and
enforcement measures.

8
6
3
1 2
Head Office Coast Region - Mombasa

Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority 3rd floor, Kilindini Plaza Building,
Eagle Africa Centre, Longonot Rd, Upperhill Moi Avenue
P.O Box 42681-00100 GPO, Nairobi P.O. Box 83315-80100
Telephone: +254 709 336 000 2 Mombasa.
Email: info@epra.go.ke Tel: 066 2322946
Website: www.epra.go.ke
3 4
Nyanza & Western Region - Kisumu South Rift Region - Nakuru

2nd floor, Lake Basin Mall Jennifer Riria Hub, Kipchoge Road
P.O Box 7540-40100
Kisumu.
CONTACT US Opposite Bontana Hotel Nakuru
P. O Box 785-20100, Nakuru
Tel: +254 709 336 601 Tel: +254 709 336 000
Email: info@epra.go.ke
5 6
Central Region - Nyeri North Rift Region – Eldoret
4th Floor, KDS Centre, Kimathi Way 7th Floor, Eldoret Daima Towers
P.O Box 1670-10100 P.O Box 6950-30100
Nyeri Eldoret.
Tel: 066 2321859 Tel: 020 7859465
7 8
North Eastern Region – Isiolo North Rift Region – Lodwar
BarsalingaTowers, 2nd Floor Along Isiolo Former WFP Office,
Moyale Road. Along Lodwar Airport Road,
P.O Box 55 – 60300, P.O Box 447 – 30500,
Isiolo. Lodwar.
Tel: 020 7859356 Tel: 020 7859356
44 | Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report FinancialBi-Annual

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ENERGY AND
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BI-ANNUAL

Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024 | 1

Our Core Values

Integrity Responsiveness Accountability Innovativeness Professionalism

2 | Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024

Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024 | 3

4 | Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024

Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024 | 5

Figure 1.1: A visualisation of the energy generation mix as of December 2023.........................................................................................12

6 | Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024

Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024 | 7

AGO Automotive Gas oil

8 | Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024

Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024 | 9

6,805.28 253,480 84.93%

10 | Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024

1.1 Electricity supply and demand

Captive Off- grid Total Installed % Total

1.1.2 Energy generated

Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024 | 11

Energy generation mix

Energy Hydro Thermal Wind Geothernal

Figure 1.1: A visualisation of the energy generation mix as of December 2023

Energy generated in GWh

1.1.3 Energy Curtailment

12 | Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024

Month Geothermal (MWh) Wind (MWh) Total (MWh)

Figure 1.3: A trend in peak demand between July 2023-December 2023

1.1.5 Electricity access

Trend in customer connections

Figure 1.4: Trend in customer connections between July to December 2023

Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024 | 13

Customer category Energy consumption (GWh) Percentage

Table 1.4: A summary of energy consumption by each customer category.

Industrial Domestic Small Commercial Street Lighting E-Mobility

1.1.7 Energy consumption by region

14 | Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024

Energy consumption by region in GWh

1.2 Electricity Pricing

1.2.1 Power Purchase Agreement

1.2.2 Base Electricity Tariff

Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024 | 15

Table 1.5: Base tariff for the financial year 2023/2024

1.2.3 Pass-through charges

Pass-through charges Jul-23 Aug-23 Sep-23 Oct-23 Nov-23 Dec-23

Table 1.6: A trend in pass-through charges between July to December 2023

16 | Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024

1.2.4 Evolution of the overall electricity Tariff

Overall electricity retail tariff

DC 1 (0-30 kWh) DC 2 (30-100 kWh) DC 3 (100-15000 kWh)

1.2.5 Time of Use (ToU) Tariff

Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024 | 17

Description Unit of measure July August September October November December

Table 1.7: A summary of monthly savings by the TOU customers

1.3 System Losses

Jul -23 Aug-23 Sep-23 Oct-23 Nov-23 Dec-23 Total

Purchased Sales Losses

Figure 1.9: System losses between July and December 2023

1.4 Reliability Indices

18 | Bi-Annual Energy & Petroleum Statistics Report Financial Year 2023/2024

System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)

System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)

1.5 Competition analysis