CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

General 1.1

Currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable,
that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too
environmentally damaging to retrieve. Every year human activity dumps roughly 8 billion metric
tons of carbon into the atmosphere, 6.5 billion tons from fossil fuels and 1.5 billion from
deforestation.
The huge consumption of fossil fuels has caused visible damage to the environment in various
forms.. It creates lot of environment problem and finally our ecological cycle will be affected. The
energy industry needs to get more from existing fields while continuing to search for new
resources. Due to technological advancement vehicles are made with improved fuel efficiency
and also perfect hybrid vehicle are made. Also the improvements are needed so that wind, solar
and hydrogen can be playing more valuable sources in the energy field. The many types of
renewable energy resources-such as wind and solar energy-are constantly replenished and will
never run out that is one benefit .Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from
the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other
buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of
commercial and industrial uses. The another advantage using renewable resources is that they
are distributed over a wide geographical area, ensuring that developing regions have access to
electricity generation at a stable cost for the long-term future. The sun's heat also drives the
winds, whose energy, is captured with wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause
water to evaporate. When this water vapour turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers
or streams, its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power. Along with the rain and snow,
sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as
biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use
of biomass for any of these purposes is called bio energy.
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant
element on the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other
elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once separated from another element, hydrogen
can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity. Not all renewable energy resources come
from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including
electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the
ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
 CHAPTER 2

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy uses energy sources that are continually replenished by

nature—the sun, the wind, water, the Earth’s heat, and plants. Renewable energy
technologies turn these fuels into usable forms of energy—most often electricity,
but also heat, chemicals, or mechanical power.
The use of renewable energy is not new. More than 150 years ago, wood, which is
one form of biomass, supplied up to 90 percent of our energy needs. As the use of
coal, petroleum, and natural gas expanded, the United States became less reliant
on wood as an energy source. Today, we are looking again at renewable resources
to find new ways to use them to help meet our energy needs.
New and renewable energy utilization Main new and renewable energy resources
are nuclear energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, solar energy, and wind
energy. Nuclear energy is a clean energy like hydropower, wind energy, geothermal
energy, and hydrogen energy. Renewable energy sources and their usage forms are
given in Table 1.The percentage share of each renewable energy source in 1995 is
given in Fig. 1
TABLE 1. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND THEIR USAGE FORM’S
Source Utilization
Hydropower Electric generation
Wind energy Electric generation, wind generators, windmills
Solar energy Solar home system, solar dryers, photovoltaic
cells
Geothermal energy Urban heating, electric generation, power central
Modern biomass Electric generation, bio gasoline, chemicals, urban
heating
Nuclear energy Nuclear reactor, electric generation, nuclear
central
 FIGURE 1. PERCENTAGE SHARE OF EACH RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE IN 1995

2.1. USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Today we primarily use fossil fuels to heat and power our homes and fuel our cars.
It’s convenient to use coal, oil, and natural gas for meeting our energy needs, but
we have a limited supply of these fuels on the Earth. We’re using them much more
rapidly than they are being created. Eventually, they will run out. And because of
safety concerns and waste disposal problems, the United States will retire much of
its nuclear capacity by 2020. In the meantime, the nation’s energy needs are
expected to grow by 33 percent during the next 20 years. Renewable energy can
help fill the gap.
Even if we had an unlimited supply of fossil fuels, using renewable energy is better
for the environment. We often call renew-able energy technologies “clean” or
“green” because they produce few if any pollutants. Burning fossil fuels, however,
sends greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, trapping the sun’s heat and
contributing to global warming. Climate scientists generally agree that the Earth’s
average temperature has risen in the past century. If this trend continues, sea levels
will rise, and scientists predict that floods, heat waves,droughts,and other extreme
weather conditions could occur more often.
Other pollutants are released into the air, soil, and water when fossil fuels are
burned. These pollutants take a dramatic toll on the environment—and on humans.
Air pollution contributes to diseases like asthma. Acid rain from sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides harms plants and fish. Nitrogen oxides also contribute to smog.
Renewable energy will also help us develop energy independence and security. The
United States imports more than 50 percent of its oil, up from 34 percent in 1973.
Replacing some of our petroleum with fuels made from plant matter, for example,
could save money and strengthen our energy security.
 CHAPTER 3

SOLAR ENERGY

has the greatest potential for providing Clean, safe, and reliable power. The solar energy falling
on. The Earths continents is more than 200 times the total annual Commercial energy currently
being used by humans. The Government started solar power adoption with subsidies. A
Consumer who installs a solar panel array on a house can Sell surplus energy to the local utilities.
The solar panel cost,
Reduced to 50%, which would make solar Powered Electricity cost comparable with other types
of fuel, is Possible within the next decade.

Solar Energy can be Classified as two types 1. Passive solar and 2. Active solar. Passive solar
energy is making direct and indirect use of Thermal energies from the sun. Indirect use of Energy
is Possible only in building (or) structures (as shown in Fig. 2).
A southern exposure of a building guarantees the maximum Exposure of the sun’s rays. Special
metal leaf covering over Windows and roofs can block out the sun during the summer Months.
Special thermal solar collectors can circulate water Through the collection unit that collect the
sun’s thermal Energy for the purpose of heating the water for use.

Active Solar Energy is the use of the sun’s Electro magnetic Radiation in generating Electrical
Energy. Generally semi-Conductor silicon Boron solar chips are used for this. The Problem of
these chips one that they have low Efficiency Ratio and can only be used in supplying Energy
needs of Small devices (i.e. calculators, watches, radio etc.)as shown InFıg.3 .

FIG. 2. SOLAR ENERGY MECHANISM FIG. 3. SOLAR ENERGY AT SMALL UNIT

3.1 BASIC STEPS IN SOLAR GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION

1. Sunlight hits the solar panels, and creates an electric field.

2. The electricity generated flows to the edge of the panel, and into a
conductive wire.
3. The conductive wire brings the electricity to the inverter, where it is
transformed from DC electricity to AC, which is used to power buildings.
4. Another wire transports the AC electricity from the inverter to the electric
panel on the property (also called a breaker box), which distributes the
electricity throughout the building as needed.
5. Any electricity not needed upon generation flows through the utility meter
and into the utility electrical grid. As the electricity flows through the meter,
it causes the meter to run backwards, crediting your property for excess
generation.

Solar PV panels are comprised of many small photovoltaic cells –

photovoltaic meaning they can convert sunlight into electricity. These cells
are made of semi-conductive materials, most often silicon, a material that
can conduct electricity while maintaining the electrical imbalance needed to
create an electric field.
 CHAPTER 4

WIND ENERGY

Wind, ultimately driven by atmospheric air, is just Another way of collecting Energy. Sun also
heats the Atmosphere, which produces wind. It works on cloudy days And Rainy season also. The
location of wind turbines is a Very important factor, which influences the performance of The
machine. The windmills are generally located at the top Of a tower to heights approximately 30
m. To avoid Turbulence from one turbine affecting the wind flow at Others it is located at 5-15
times blades diameter.

Windmills Are working both in horizontal axis and vertical axis. The basic mechanics of the two
systems are similar. Wind passing over the blades is converted in to mechanical Power, which is
fed through transmission to an electrical Generator. Wind turbines will not work in winds below
13 Km an hour. They work best where the wind speed averages 22 km an hour.
The majority of wind turbines produced at The present time are horizontal axis turbine with three
blades, 15-30 m diameter, producing 50-350 Kw of Electricity. Wind energy produces no air or
water pollution, involves no Toxic or hazardous substances, and poses no threat to public

FIG 4. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES

Wind energy has been the fastest growing source of energy in the world since 1990, increasing
at an average rate of over 25 percent per year. It’s a trend driven largely by dramatic
improvements in wind technology. Currently, wind energy capacity amounts to about 2500 MW
in the United States. Good wind areas, which cover 6 percent of the contiguous U.S. land area,
could supply more than one and a half times the 1993 electricity consumption of the entire
country.

4.1 WORKIN OF WIND TURBINES

The core component of a wind turbine is the generator which converts mechanical energy into
electricity. We’ve known since the early 19th century that if you turn a conductor in a magnetic

FIG 5. WORKING OF WIND TURBINES

Field it creates electricity, according to Faraday’s Law. So the wind provides the movement and
torque and the generator does the rest
For an industrial scale turbine, like the ones you see on wind farms, there will normally be an
anemometer that is attached to a control panel. The turbine is activated at wind speeds of over
8 miles per hour but the machine is shut off with speeds in excess of 55 mph to prevent damage.
The gear box is used to change the slow motion we see from the blades turning to the faster
motion of the axis which actually drives the generator. This is one of the most costly parts of the
wind turbine, changing speeds of 30 to 60 revolutions per minute into a thousand rpm. It’s one
of the areas that researchers and developers are looking to make more efficient so that a greater
current of electricity can be produced at slower speeds.

To cope with varying wind directions, a yaw drive is often used to move the blade array into the
oncoming wind. The generator produces an AC current that is fed into the grid and used to power
the surrounding homes.
 CHAPTER 5

BIOMASS ENERGY

Biomass is the most important source for energy productions supplied by agriculture. Effective
harnessing of bio-energy can energize entire rural milieu in a country like India where nature
offers various types of biomass. This energy is also available in the form of biodegradable waste,
which is the rejected component of available biomass .

Biomass energy refers to fuels made from plants and animal wastes. The Biomass resource is,
organic matter in which 6the energy of sunlight is stored in chemical bonds. When the bonds
between carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules are broken by digestion, combustion (or)
decomposition these substances release stored energy. Biomass energy is generated when
organic matter is converted to Energy. In alcohol fermentation, the starch in organic matter is
converted to sugar by heating. This sugar is then fermented and finally ethanol is distiller and
then blended with another fuel. An aerobic digestion converts biomass, especially waste product
such as municipal solid waste and market waste. In this process, the facultative bacteria
breakdown the organic material in the absence of oxygen and produce methane and carbon
dioxide.

FIG 6. BIOMASS RESOURCES

5.1. BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
5.1.1. BIO FUELS
Biofuels are transportation fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, created by converting biomass
into liquid f0uels to meet transportation needs.

5.1.2.BIO POWER
Bio power technologies convert renewable biomass fuels into heat and electricity using one of
three processes: burning, bacterial decay, and conversion to gas/liquid fuel.

5.1.3 BIO PRODUCTS

In addition to electricity and fuels, biomass can also be converted into chemicals for making
plastics and other products that typically are made from petroleum.

5.2 GENERATION Of Biomass ENERGY

There are three ways of using biomass to generate electricity. Biomass is either:

1. burned;
2. broken down by bacteria;
3. or converted to a gas or liquid fuel.

Burning biomass is the most used method. This is also called combustion. It is like burning
fossil fuels. The term for burning matter to generate electricity is thermal generation.

Electricity isn’t produced directly from this combustion. Burning solid biomass materials
heats giant boilers filled with water. This transforms liquid water into steam. The steam
creates pressure in the boiler. The force of the steam rotates a turbine . The turbine then
moves a wire coil in a generator.

Some biomass plants generate electricity by burning methane . Methane is a gas that can be
collected from landfills. These plants use a slightly different process than plants that burn
solid biomass. The products of burning methane, instead of steam, cause the turbine to spin.
As with solid biomass, the rotation of the turbine drives a generator.

Generator are the devices that generate electricity. Generators convert mechanical energy
into electrical energy. First a force from the water vapour or gas makes the rotor turn. The
rotor has a coil of wire that spins inside a fixed magnet around it, called the stator. The
rotation creates a magnetic field which forces electrons to move along the wire. This
generates electric current. We call this electromagnetic induction. The metal wire constantly
moves inside the magnet. This creates a continuous flow of electrons, generating electricity.
 FIG 7. WORKING OF GENERATOR

5.3. ADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Unlike other types of renewable energy resources, biomass plants can generate power all the
time. They don’t rely on intermittent things such as wind or sun. This makes electricity from
biomass reliable.

But biomass is different from other types of renewable energy sources. Unlike the wind and the
sun, biomass is consumed when electricity is generated. To make biomass renewable, the
consumed plant material needs to be replaced as quickly as it is used. This may be through
growing new crops or planting trees. If this were to happen, then burning biomass would not
increase greenhouse gas levels. But if it does not, then burning biomass would increase
greenhouse gas levels.

5.4. DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Burning biomass produces similar greenhouse gases to burning fossil fuels. These greenhouse
gases contribute to rising global temperatures. Burning biomass also releases other
pollutants into the air. These pollutants include particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulphur
and dioxide. Air pollution can cause respiratory issues, heart disease, cancer, and other
health issues.

Biomass-generated electricity can also impact the environment in other ways. For example,
cutting down trees can lead to deforestation. Growing plants to use as biomass can
impact soil quality and water usage. These plants take up space where wild plants could have
grown.

We could solve some of these problems with technology. For example, more careful land-
use, filters or cleaner sources of biomass could help. Other sources of biomass, like methane
gas from food waste, may be more common in the future. These technologies may make
producing electricity from biomass better for the environment.
 CHAPTER 6

TIDAL POWER

Oceans cover Two Thirds of the Earth’s surface. This water is vast reservoir of renewable energy.
India is Naturally located in seashore side and covered 3 sides by sea. The movement of the water
at the coastal front in kinetic energy that can be converted into Electrical energy. The energy
spread out along the thousand of km of coasts, in favourable location, the energy density can
average 65 MW/mile of coastline an amount which can lead to economical wave generated
Electricity. The cheapest method to draw tidal power is that the oscillating water columns use
the force of waves entering a fixed device to generate Electricity. The waves entering the
anchored compress air in a vertical pipe. This compressed air can be used to simply derive a
turbine generator producing Electricity. The main problem of wave power plants is cyclone and
severe storms. During this period the plant is not working.

6.1 TIDAL ENERGY

One type of tidal energy system uses a structure similar to a dam called a barrage. The barrage is
installed across an inlet of an ocean bay or lagoon that forms a tidal basin. Sluice gates on the
barrage control water levels and flow rates to allow the tidal basin to fill on the incoming high
tides and to empty through an electricity turbine system on the outgoing ebb tide. A two-way
tidal power system generates electricity from both the incoming and outgoing tides.

FIG 8 BARRAGE OF THE TIDAL POWER PLANT ON THE ESTUARY OF THE RANCE RIVER
6.2.TIDAL TURBINE

Tidal turbines are similar to wind turbines in that they have blades that turn a rotor to power a
generator. They can be placed on the sea floor where there is strong tidal flow. Because water is
about 800 times denser than air, tidal turbines have to be much sturdier and heavier than wind
turbines. Tidal turbines are more expensive to build than wind turbines but can capture more
energy with the same size blades.

FIG 9. TIDAL TURBINES

6.3 TIDAL FENCES

A tidal fence is a type of tidal power system that has vertical axis turbines mounted in a fence
or row placed on the sea bed, similar to tidal turbines. Water passing through the turbines
generates electricity.

FIG 10. TIDAL FENCES

 CHAPTER 7

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources of
geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles
beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of
molten rock called magma.
Almost everywhere, the shallow ground or upper 10 feet of the Earth's surface maintains a nearly
constant temperature between 50° and 60°F (10° and 16°C). Geothermal heat pumps can tap
into this resource to heat and cool buildings. A geothermal heat pump system consists of a heat
pump, an air delivery system (ductwork), and a heat exchanger-a system of pipes buried in the
shallow ground near the building. In the winter, the heat pump removes heat from the heat
exchanger and pumps it into the indoor air delivery system. In the summer, the process is
reversed, and the heat pump moves heat from the indoor air into the heat exchanger. The heat
removed from the indoor air during the summer can also be used to provide a free source of hot
water.

7.1 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY WORKING

7.1.1. WELLS ARE DRILLED

A production well is drilled into a known geothermal reservoir. Typically, an injection well is also
drilled to return used geothermal fluids to the geothermal reservoir. Hot geothermal fluids flow
through pipes to a power plant for use in generating electricity.

7.1.2. STEAM TURNS THE TURBINE

Hot, pressurized geothermal fluid, or a secondary working fluid, is allowed to expand rapidly and
provide rotational or mechanical energy to turn the turbine blades on a shaft
7.1.3.THE TURBINE DRIVES THE ELECTRIC GENERATOR
Rotational energy from the turning turbine shaft is used directly to spin magnets inside a large
coil and create electrical current. The turbine and generator are the primary pieces of equipment
used to convert geothermal energy to electrical energy.

7.1.4. TRANSMISSION – POWER LINES DELIVER ELECTRICITY

Electrical current from the generator is sent to a step-up transformer outside the power plant.
Voltage is increased in the transformer and electrical current is transmitted over power lines to
homes, buildings, and businesses.

FIG 11. GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

 CHAPTER 8

ECONOMICAL BENEFITS

Problems with renewable energy sources are no availability at a reasonable cost, limited supplies
and lack of cost Effective means for capturing and concentrating the renewable Energy. By
Effective steps to eliminate these importing of fossil fuel (oil and Natural gases) can be minimized
the country’s economy will increase . The production cost of renewable source is reduced by
subsidies. For some years, the World Bank has been sold Electricity in developing countries at an
average only 40% of the cost of its production. The government by introducing subsidies in the
form of relaxing duties, taxes and installation charges, the prices can be drastically reduced and
it will came equal to fossil fuel rate.
As renewable energy becomes more widely adopted throughout the, it is worth pausing to take
stock of the economic benefits associated with increased levels of solar, wind and other
renewable energy resources. From providing lower cost electricity to generating reliable, local
jobs and to avoiding costly externalities associated with emissions from burning fossil fuels,
renewable energy is an economic boon.

Perhaps the biggest economic benefit of renewable energy technologies is in the cost of the
electricity that they generate. Once built, wind turbines, solar farms and other types of renewable
energy produce electricity at low cost. This is a significant difference from electricity generated
from fossil-fired power plants: in order to run a natural gas or coal power plant, utility companies
need to purchase the natural gas and coal that will ultimately be burned by the power plants.
These fuel costs vary from season-to-season, year-to-year and region-to-region.
Investment in renewable energy resources leads directly to jobs, and plenty of them. In fact, on
a per-megawatt basis, installing renewable energy resources results in more jobs than installing
traditional sources of generation. Nor are these jobs only available for short terms of time: annual
residential solar installations have remained stable over the last few years while utility-scale
installations have continued to increase, meaning that solar jobs are likely to remain steady for
the foreseeable future.
8.1. WORLD ENERGY CONSERVATION

FIG 12. WORLD ENERGY CONSERVATION

Predicted estimation about the rate of utilization of energy resources shows that the coal
deposits will deplete within the next 200 to 300 years and petroleum deposits will deplete in next
few decades. Now, the world is looking for alternate energy resources. Hence, it is necessary to
encourage and emphasize the research and development activities covering abroad spectrum of
possible renewable resources, as their contributions are substantial. Renewable Energy sources
are not depleted. These resources are quickly renewed through natural process. It won’t create
any environmental pollution problems. The main advantage of using renewable resource is it is
available throughout the year. By a one time investment we can drew energy for many decades
without affecting the environment. Successful implementation of renewable energy sources our
country economy is increased.
8.2. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA

With a population of 1.3 billion, India has a massive demand for energy to fuel its rapidly growing
economy. From a power deficit nation at the time of Independence, the efforts to make India
energy-independent have continued for over seven decades. Today, we are a power surplus
nation with a total installed electricity capacity of over Four lakh MW.

Keeping in mind the sustainable development goals, India's power generation mix is rapidly
shifting towards a more significant share of renewable energy.
 CHAPTER 9

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

Energy and Environment The usage of energy resources in industry leads to environmental
damages by polluting the atmosphere. Few of examples of air pollution are sulphur dioxide (SO2),
nitrous oxide (NOX) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from boilers and furnaces,
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions from refrigerants use, etc. In chemical and fertilizers
industries, toxic gases are released. Cement plants and power plants spew out particulate matter.
Typical inputs, outputs, and emissions for a typical industrial process are shown in Figure
.

9.1 AIR POLLUTION

A variety of air pollutants have known or suspected harmful effects on human health and the
environment. These air pollutants are basically the products of combustion from fossil fuel use.
Air pollutants from these sources may not only create problems near to these sources but also
can cause problems far away. Air pollutants can travel long distances, chemically react in the
atmosphere to reduce secondary pollutants such as acid rain or ozone.

EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN POLLUTION PROBLEMS

both developed and rapidly industrializing countries, the major historic air pollution problem has
typically been high levels of smoke and SO2 arising from the combustion of sulphur-containing
fossil fuels such as coal for domestic and industrial purposes. Smog’s resulting from the combined
effects of black smoke, sulphate / acid aerosol and fog have been seen in European cities until
few decades ago and still occur in many cities in developing world.

In developed countries, this problem has significantly reduced over recent decades as a result of
changing fuel-use patterns; the increasing use of cleaner fuels such as natural gas, and the
implementation of effective smoke and emission control policies. In both developed and
developing countries, the major threat to clean air is now posed by traffic emissions.

Petrol- and diesel engine motor vehicles emit a wide variety of pollutants, principally carbon
monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulates,
which have an increasing impact on urban air quality
 CHAPTER 10

ENERGY SYSTEM, STORAGE AND TRANSMISSION

Energy is useful only if available when and where it is wanted. Carrying energy to where it is
wanted is called distribution or transmission; keeping it available until when it is wanted is called
storage. Within natural ecology, biomass is an energy store for animals and parasites, with seeds
becoming a form of distribution. Within society and technology, energy storage, local distribution
and long-distance transmission are not new concepts. Fossil and nuclear fuels are effectively
energy stores, whose energy density is large, and high-voltage cables allow transmission of
electricity. However, as renewable supplies increase, there is a need to develop other storage
methods, including secondary fuels, and to sustain and improve distribution and transmission,
especially for electricity. As renewable energy supplies have different requirements for storage
and distribution than do fossil and nuclear energy supplies. Usually the low intensity and
widespread location of most renewable sources favour decentralised end-use, and the variable
time dependence favours integration of several supplies with storage in a common system.
Nevertheless, some renewable sources are of relatively large scale, e.g. large hydroelectric,
geothermal and offshore windfarms, and so suitable for relatively intensive use (e.g. aluminium
smelting and high-voltage power transmission).

10.1 BIOLOGICAL STORAGE

The growth of plants by photosynthesis, and the consequent storage of the solar energy. This
energy is released in the combustion of biological and, from prehistory, of fossil fuel material.
Some of the biofuels are liquids and gases that may be used in internal combustion engines, and
are therefore important to replace and augment conventional petroleum fuels, especially for
vehicles. The generation of electricity by such fuels in diesel and spark-ignition engines and in gas
turbines is also important.

10.2 CHEMICAL STORAGE2

Energy can be held in the bonds of many chemical compounds and released by exothermic
reactions, notably combustion. Sometimes it is necessary to apply heat or other catalysts, e.g.
enzymes, to promote the desired reaction. Biochemical compounds are a special case. Here we
discuss the most important inorganic compounds which have been suggested as practical energy
stores.

FIG 13. RENEWABLE ENERGY STORAGE

 CHAPTER 11

CONCLUSION

The renewable sources are cost effective, user-friendly, so that they can easily beat the fossil
fuels. By promoting renewable energy sources we can avoid, Air pollution, soil pollution and
water pollution. Country’s Economy will increase. Throughout the year these sources are
available without affecting the Environment
The demand for energy is increasing at an exponential rate due to the exponential growth of
world population. Advanced energy-efficiency technologies reduce the energy needed to provide
energy services, thereby reducing environmental and national security costs of using energy and
potentially increasing its reliability. Energy conservation is needed improved energy efficiency,
improved insulation and heat recovery, effective energy usage, process change and
improvement, and good maintenance of machinery and equipment’s. Alternative energy
technologies are being disseminated in many countries with an objective to reduce the uses of
traditional and commercial energy sources. These technologies convert local resources to usable
energy forms. For each country, the choice between the various available options is strongly
dependent on the local conditions. In the past, the chief mobilizable energy sources were human
energy, animal energy, wind energy, low energy hydropower and biomass energy.

Renewable energies have been the primary energy source in the history of the human race.
Wood was used for cooking, water and space heating. The first renewable energy technologies
were primarily simple mechanical applications and did not reach high energetic efficiencies.
Industrialization changed the primary energy use from renewable resources to sources with a
much higher energetic value such as coal and oil. The share of renewable energy sources is
expected to increase very significantly. Hydropower and traditional biomass are already
important factors in the world’s energy mix, contributing about 18% of the total world energy
requirements, whereas the renewables contribute only about 2% of the present world primary
energy.
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