Title of the Project

“Study of Green energy”

Introduction

Green energy is at the heart of all ecological strategies because it affects companies in three vital
areas: environmental, economic, and social. Conventional energy sources based on oil, coal, and
natural gas have proven to be highly effective drivers of economic progress, but at the same time
damaging to the environment and to human health. The potential of renewable energy sources is
enormous as they can in principle meet many times the world’s energy demand. Renewable
energy sources such as biomass, wind, solar, hydropower, and geothermal can provide
sustainable energy services, based on the use of routinely available, indigenous resources.
Renewable energy sources currently supply somewhere between 15 percent and 20 percent of
world’s total energy demand. The supply is dominated by traditional biomass, mostly fuel wood
used for cooking and heating, especially in developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
A major contribution is also obtained from the use of large hydropower; with nearly 20 percent of
the global electricity supply being provided by this source. New renewable energy sources (solar
energy, wind energy, modern bio-energy, geothermal energy, and small hydropower) are
currently contributing about two percent. A number of scenario studies have investigated the
potential contribution of renewables to global energy supplies, indicating that in the second half
of the 21st century their contribution might range from the present figure of nearly 20 percent to
more than 50 percent with the right policies in place.

Renewable Energy RE is any form of energy from solar, geophysical or biological sources that is
replenished by natural processes at a rate that equals or exceeds its rate of use. RE is obtained
from the continuing or repetitive flows of energy occurring in the natural environment and
includes resources such as biomass, solar energy, geothermal heat, hydropower, tide and waves,
ocean thermal energy and wind energy. However, it is possible to utilize biomass at a greater rate
than it can grow or to draw heat from a geothermal field at a faster rate than heat flows can
replenish it. On the other hand, the rate of utilization of direct solar energy has no bearing on the
rate at which it reaches the Earth. Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) do not fall under this
definition, as they are not replenished within a time frame that is short relative to their rate of
utilization. Renewable energy sources are often considered alternative sources because, in
general, most industrialized countries do not rely on them as their main energy source. Instead,
they tend to rely on non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels or nuclear power. Because the
energy crisis in the United States during the 1970s, dwindling supplies of fossil fuels and hazards
associated with nuclear power, usage of renewable energy sources such as solar energy,
hydroelectric, wind, biomass, and geothermal has grown. Renewable energy comes from the sun
(considered an “unlimited” supply) or other sources that can theoretically be renewed at least as
quickly as they are consumed. If used at a sustainable rate, these sources will be available for
consumption for thousands of years or longer. Unfortunately, some potentially renewable energy
sources, such as biomass and geothermal, are actually being depleted in some areas because the
usage rate exceeds the renewal rate. Fig. 1, shows paths of energy from source to service[1-4]. 2.
WHY RENEWABLE ENERGY? Today we primarily use fossil fuels to heat and power our homes and
fuel our cars. It’s convenient to use coal, oil, and natural gas for meeting our energy needs, but
we have a limited supply of these fuels on the Earth. We’re using them much more rapidly than
they are being created. Eventually, they will run out. And because of safety concerns and waste
disposal problems, the United States will retire much of its nuclear capacity by 2020. In the
meantime, the nation’s energy needs are expected to grow by 33 percent during the next 20
years. Renewable energy can help fill the gap. Even if we had an unlimited supply of fossil fuels,
using renewable energy is better for the environment. We often call renewable energy
technologies clean or green because they produce few if any pollutants.

*WHY RENEWABLE ENERGY?

Today we primarily use fossil fuels to heat and power our homes and fuel our cars. It’s convenient
to use coal, oil, and natural gas for meeting our energy needs, but we have a limited supply of
these fuels on the Earth. We’re using them much more rapidly than they are being created.
Eventually, they will run out. And because of safety concerns and waste disposal problems, the
United States will retire much of its nuclear capacity by 2020. In the meantime, the nation’s
energy needs are expected to grow by 33 percent during the next 20 years. Renewable energy
can help fill the gap. Even if we had an unlimited supply of fossil fuels, using renewable energy is
better for the environment. We often call renewable energy technologies clean or green because
they produce few if any pollutants.

* SOLAR ENERGY:-
Solar energy is the ultimate energy source driving the earth. Though only one billionth of the
energy that leaves the sun actually reaches the earth’s surface, this is more than enough to meet
the world’s energy requirements. In fact, all other sources of energy, renewable and non-
renewable, are actually stored forms of solar energy. The process of directly converting solar
energy to heat or electricity is considered a renewable energy source. Solar energy represents an
essentially unlimited supply of energy as the sun will long outlast human civilization on earth. The
difficulties lie in harnessing the energy. Solar energy has been used for centuries to heat homes
and water, and modern technology (photovoltaic cells) has provided a way to produce electricity
from sunlight. There are two basic forms of radiant solar energy use: passive and active. Passive
solar energy systems are static, and do not require the input of energy in the form of moving
parts or pumping fluids to utilize the sun’s energy. Buildings can be designed to capture and
collect the sun’s energy directly. Materials are selected for their special characteristics: glass
allows the sun to enter the building to provide light and heat; water and stone materials have
high heat capacities. They can absorb large amounts of solar energy during the day, which can
then be used during the night. A southern exposure greenhouse with glass windows and a
concrete floor is an example of a passive solar heating system. Active solar energy systems
require the input of some energy to drive mechanical devices (e.g., solar panels), which collect
the energy and pump fluids used to store and distribute the energy. Solar panels are generally
mounted on a south or west-facing roof. A solar panel usually consists of a glass-faced, sealed,
insulated box with a black matte interior finish. are coils full of a heat collecting liquid medium
(usually water, sometimes augmented by antifreeze). The sun heats the water in the coils, which
is pumped to coils in a heat transfer tank containing water. The water in the tank is heated and
then either stored or pumped through the building to heat rooms or supply hot water to taps in
the building. Photovoltaic cells generate electricity from sunlight. Hundreds of cells are linked
together to provide the required flow of current. The electricity can be used directly or stored in
storage batteries. Because photovoltaic cells have no moving parts, they are clean, quiet, and
durable. Early photovoltaic cells were extremely expensive, making the cost of solar electric
panels prohibitive. The recent development of inexpensive semiconductor materials has helped
greatly lower the cost to the point where solar electric panels can compete much better cost wise
with traditionally-produced electricity. Though solar energy itself is free, large costs can be
associated with the equipment. The building costs for a house heated by passive solar energy
may initially be more expensive. The glass, stone materials, and excellent insulation necessary for
the system to work properly tend to be more costly than conventional building materials. A long-
term comparison of utility bills, though, generally reveals noticeable savings. The solar panels
used in active solar energy can be expensive to purchase, install and maintain. Leaks can occur in
the extensive network of pipes required, thereby causing additional expense. The biggest
drawback of any solar energy system is that it requires a consistent supply of sunlight to work.
Most parts of the world have less than ideal conditions for a solar-only home because of their
latitude or climate. Therefore, it is usually necessary for solar houses to have conventional
backup systems (e.g. a gas furnace or hot-water heater). This double-system requirement further
adds to its cost.

*Photovoltaic Systems:-

A photovoltaic system is composed of the PV module, as well as the balance of system (BOS)
components, which include an inverter, storage devices, charge controller, system structure, and
the energy network. The system must be reliable, cost effective, attractive and match with the
electric grid in the future. At the component level, BOS components for grid-connected
applications are not yet sufficiently developed to match the lifetime of PV modules. Additionally,
BOS component and installation costs need to be reduced. Moreover, devices for storing large
amounts of electricity (over 1 MWh or 3,600 MJ) will be adapted to large PV systems in the new
energy network. As new module technologies emerge in the future, some of the ideas relating to
BOS may need to be revised. Furthermore, the quality of the systemneeds to be assured and
adequately maintained according to defined standards, guidelines and procedures. To ensure
system quality, assessing performance is important, including on-line analysis (e.g., early fault
detection) and off-line analysis of PV systems. The knowledge gathered can help to validate
software for predicting the energy yield of future module and system technology designs.
HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY:-
Hydroelectric power is generated by using the energy of flowing water to power generating
turbines for producing electricity. Most hydroelectric power is generated by dams across large-
flow rivers. A dam built across river creates a reservoir behind it. The height of the water behind
the dam is greater than that below the dam, representing stored potential energy. When water
flows down through the penstock of the dam, driving the turbines, some of this potential energy
is converted into electricity. Hydroelectric power, like other alternative sources, is clean and
relatively cheap over the long term even with initial construction costs and upkeep.

The total worldwide technical potential for hydropower generation is 14,576 TWh/yr (52.47
EJ/yr) with a corresponding installed capacity of 3,721 GW, roughly four times the current
installed capacity. Worldwide total installed hydropower capacity in 2009 was 926 GW, producing
annual generation of 3,551 TWh/y (12.8 EJ/y), and representing a global average capacity factor
of 44%. Of the total technical potential for hydropower, undeveloped capacity ranges from about
47% in Europe and North America to 92% in Africa, which indicates large opportunities for
continued hydropower development worldwide, with the largest growth potential in Africa, Asia
and Latin America. Additionally, possible renovation, modernization and upgrading of old power
stations are often less costly than developing a new power plant, have relatively smaller
environment and social impacts, and require less time for implementation. Significant potential
also exists to rework existing infrastructure that currently lacks generating units (e.g., existing
barrages, weirs, dams, canal fall structures, water supply schemes) by adding new hydropower
facilities

*Technology and Applications:-

Modern, commercial grid-connected wind turbines have evolved from small, simple machines to
large, highly sophisticated devices. Scientific and engineering expertise and advances, as well as
improved computational tools, design standards, manufacturing methods, and O&M procedures,
have all supported these technology developments. As a result, typical wind turbine nameplate
capacity ratings have increased dramatically since the 1980s (from roughly 75 kW to 1.5 MW and
larger), while the cost of wind energy has substantially declined. Onshore wind energy technology
is already being manufactured and deployed on a commercial basis. Nonetheless, additional R&D
advances are anticipated, and are expected to further reduce the cost of wind energy while
enhancing system and component performance and reliability. Offshore wind energy technology
is still developing, with greater opportunities for additional advancement.
Specifically, modern large wind turbines typically employ rotors that start extracting
energy from the wind at speeds of roughly 3 to 4 m/s. A wind turbine increases power production
with wind speed until it reaches its rated power level, often corresponding to a wind speed of 11
to 15 m/s. At still-higher wind speeds, control systems limit power output to prevent overloading
the wind turbine, either through stall control, pitching the blades, or a combination of both. Most
turbines then stop producing energy at wind speeds of approximately 20 to 25 m/s to limit loads
on the rotor and prevent damage to the turbine’s structural components.
It is important to appreciate the many difficulties facing wave power developments:-

1. Wave patterns are irregular in amplitude, phase and direction. It is difficult to design
devices to extract power efficiently over the wide range of variables.

2. There is always some probability of extreme gales or hurricanes producing waves of freak
intensity. The structure of the power devices must be able to withstand this. Commonly
the 50 year peak wave is 10 times the height of the average wave. Thus the structures
have to withstand ~100 times the power intensity to which they are normally matched.
Allowing for this is expensive and will probably reduce normal efficiency of power
extraction.

3. Peak power is generally available in deep water waves from opensea swells produced
from long fetches of prevailing wind, e.g., beyond the Western Islands of Scotland (in one
of the most tempestuous areas of the North Atlantic) and in regions of the Pacific Ocean.
The difficulties of constructing power devices for these types of wave regimes, of
maintaining and fixing or mooring them in position, and of transmitting power to land, are
fearsome. Therefore more protected and accessible areas near to shore are most
commonly used.

4. . Wave periods are commonly ~5–10 s (frequency ~0.1 Hz). It is extremely difficult to
couple this irregular slow motion to electrical generators requiring ~500 times greater
frequency.
5. So many types of device may be suggested for wave power extraction that the task of
selecting a particular method is made complicated and somewhat arbitrary.

6. The large power requirement of industrial areas makes it tempting to seek for equivalent
wave energy supplies. Consequently plans may be scaled up so only large schemes are
contemplated in the most demanding wave regimes. Smaller sites of far less power
potential, but more reasonable economics and security, may be ignored.

7. The development and application of wave power has occurred with spasmodic and
changing government interest, largely without the benefit of market incentives. Wave
power needs the same learning curve of steadily enlarging application from small
beginnings that has occurred with wind power

8. Recent progress in Renewable Energy System Cost and Performance as previously

described there has been significant progress in cost reduction made by wind and PV
systems, while biomass, geothermal, and solar thermal technologies are also experiencing
cost reductions, and these are forecast to continue. Fig. 6 presents forecasts made by the
U.S. DOE for the capital costs of these technologies, from 1997 to 2030.
ADVANTAGES OF GREEN ENERGY:-

1. SOLAR ENERGY-
· It is a clean source of energy which does not produce harmful gases as a co-product so
have no effect on environment and human health.

· Many everyday items such as calculator and other low power consuming devices can be
powered by solar energy effectively

· It is a better source of energy for future generation as it last long forever (infinite).

2. HYDRO ENERGY-
· It is one of the clean source of energy because does not create any by-product during
conversion

· Hydroelectric power is a domestic source of energy, allowing each state to produce their
own energy without being reliant on international fuel sources

· It is reliable, affordable and vast source of energy

3. WIND ENERGY-

· It is a clean fuel source does not pollute air. Wind turbines do not produce atmospheric
emissions that cause acid rain or green house gases.

· It is renewable source of energy require less cost

· Land around wind turbines can be used for other users e.g. farming.

4. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:-

· It is a cheaper and affordable source of energy used for bath, heating homes and offices,
preparing food, etc.

· By using geothermal sources of energy present generations of human will not endanger
the capability of future generation to use their old resources to the same amount

· This is also cost effective, reliable, sustainable and environment friendly.

5. VIBRATION ENERGY-

1. Vibration energy harvesting replaces the batteries in medical implants which is beneficial
for the environment as these batteries contain toxic heavy metals.

2. We can use vibration energy to reduce the noise in environment which is mainly
happening in industries or due to air craft’s etc by vibration damping and vibration
isolation.
 Research Methodology

*OBJECTIVES OF STUDY-

 To encourage the preferential use of renewable energy in Orkney

 To debate the best technical and sustainable options for increasing renewable energy and energy
efficiency in Orkney
 Facilitate Research and Development in renewable energy and energy efficiency
 Disseminate information on renewable energy and energy efficiency
 To lobby on the strategic issues affecting the development of a renewable energy sector in Orkney
 To act as a consultative body on issues related to connecting Orkney to renewable energy markets

Mission Statement
Promote all forms of renewable energy, and energy efficiency, and encourage such activities to be of

benefit to the Orkney community and sustainability lies at the heart of this. The combined goal of

reducing energy consumption and increasing the proportion of Orkney’s energy supply that comes from

renewable sources makes a contribution to global efforts to mitigate global warming, but additionally

offers local economic and social benefits:

*Scope of Study:-

he scope for improvement in India’s energy system is vast. Renewable energy currently
makes up a negligible share (0.36%) of total primary commercial energy supply while
96.9% of such supplies come from fossil fuels and 2.76% from hydro and nuclear
resources.
 CONCLUSION

Through this paper we are trying to focus on need for energy which is eco- friendly and can be
renewed which requires technological development to obtain the best utilization of green
energy. As the resources obtained naturally has the potential to protect world and reduce
dependence on nonrenewable resources which are near to extinction.

Seeking from the future aspect green energy is an alternative source for power generation,
provide energy in unlimited ways. The only need is to aware people for energy conservation
along with environment. This is a step to generate different forms of energy in most of the field
with clean source (less use of fossil fuel). Day by day the demand of clean energy is increasing;
green energy will fulfill the need with more advance technological systems. But it will take some
time when every single house operate their electrical appliances by using their own power
producing system such as solar panels, small wind turbines.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES-

[1.] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009
[2.]http://tec.gov.in/pdf/Studypaper/GET%20for%20Telecom%20A pplications.pdf
[3.] Source: https://shaikmohasin.wordpress.com/tag/troughsystem/
[4.] http://solarcellcentral.com/csp_page.html#tower_systems
[5.] Agreement No. : CE 36/2000, Study on the Potential Applications of Renewable Energy in
Hong Kong, Stage 1 Study Report, December 2002
[6.] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power
[7.] Vijay Laxmi Kalyani, Anjali Piaus, Preksha Vyas, “Harvesting Electrical Energy via Vibration”,
Journal of Management Engineering and Information Technology, Volume -2, Issue- 4, Aug. 2015,
ISSN: 2394 – 8124
[8.]http://cleantechnica.com/2013/12/16/generating-electricityweight-cars-pedestrians-system-
developed-exploit-energy-passingcars/
[9.]http://www.justenergy.com/blog/the-future-of-renewableenergy/