CHAPTER EIGHT

ENERGY PRODUCTION AND

CONSUMPTION
DIFFERENT ENERGYSOURCES
8.1.ENERGY USE PATTERN
 Energy is the ability to do work such as;
• moving matter over a distance or
• causing a heat transfer b/n two objects
at different temperatures.
 Energy may be grouped in to

1. Conventional
 Nuclear, Oil, Coal…
2. Nonconventional
 Solar, Geothermal, Wind, Biomass,
Biogas..
 Energy …
Energy Usage

6.5 Natural Gas

20.9 Oil
13.1
Coal
Renewable
Nuclear
25.1
34.3
8.2.TODAY’S ENERGY RESOURCES
 Today the main sources of energy in the world’s
are:
 oil,
 coal and fossil fuels
natural gas
They have been formed over a period of millions
of years by the action of heat and pressure on the
remains of dead plants and creatures.
In 2009, according to the United States Energy
Information Administration, 92 percent of all
energy used in the United States was derived from
fossil fuels.
 Other sources of energy include;
 solar and
nuclear energy.
 TODAYS…
1. Oil and Petroleum
◦ Oil originates from the remains of animals and
plants that have been covered with layers of sand
and earth over the years.
◦ A combination of heat and pressure worked
together to form crude oil
2. Coal
◦ Coal is composed chiefly of a combination of carbon
and hydrocarbons.
◦ There are four main types of coal: anthracite,
bituminous, sub-bituminous and lignite.
◦ Each produces a different level of energy and is
used for different purposes.
 Today’s…
3.Natural Gas
◦ Is formed from methane, a compound of carbon
and hydrogen atoms.
◦ Like oil, it is also formed from the decayed
remains of plants and animals that have been
covered by rock.
4.Nuclear Energy
◦ Is the energy of particles inside an atomic
nucleus. Releasing the energy from the atom is
usually achieved by the process of nuclear fission
5.Solar Energy
◦ Is a form of renewable energy derived from the
rays of the sun. Solar cells, also known as
photovoltaic devices, can change sunlight directly
into electricity
 8.3. Fossil Fuels
 Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes
such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead
organisms.
 The age of the organisms and their resulting

fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and

sometimes exceeds 650 million years.
 The fossil fuels, which contain high percentages

of carbon, include coal, petroleum, and natural

gas.
 It is generally accepted that they formed from the

fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to

heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over
millions of years.
 Fossil Fuels…
 Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources
because they take millions of years to form, and
reserves are being depleted much faster than
new ones are being made.
 In the US, more than 90% of greenhouse gas

emissions come from the combustion of fossil

fuels.
 Combustion of fossil fuels also produces other

air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur

dioxide, volatile organic compounds and heavy
metals.
Renewable Energy Options
 Renewable energy is derived from natural
processes that are replenished constantly.
 In its various forms, it derives directly from

the sun, or from heat generated deep within

the earth.
 Electricity and heat is generated from; solar,

wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass,

geothermal resources, and bio-fuels and
hydrogen derived from renewable resources.
Renewable Energy…
1/Wind power
 Winds are diffused energy sources that

cannot contained or stored for use at

another time.
 Modern wind turbines range from around

600 kW to 5 MW of rated power,

 although turbines with rated output of

1.5–3 MW have become the most common

for commercial use;
 the power output of a turbine is a function

of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind

speed increases, power output increases
dramatically.
 Areas where winds are stronger and more

constant, such as high altitude sites, are

preferred locations for wind farms
 Renewable…
2/ Hydropower
 Energy in water can be harnessed and

used.
 Since water is about 800 times denser

than air, even a slow flowing stream of

water, or moderate sea swell, can
yield considerable amounts of energy.
 There are many forms of water

energy:
I. Hydroelectric energy is a term
usually reserved for large-scale
hydroelectric dams.
II. Micro hydro systems are
hydroelectric power installations
that typically produce up to 100 kW
of power.
 Renewable…
3/Solar energy
Is the energy derived from the sun

through the form of solar radiation.

Solar powered electrical

generation relies on photovoltaic's

and heat engines.
A partial list of other solar

applications includes;
day lighting,
solar hot water,
solar cooking, and
 high temperature process
heat for industrial purposes.
 Renewable…
4/ Geothermal Energy
It is energy obtained by tapping the

heat of the earth itself, both from;

 kilometers deep into the
Earth's crust in volcanically
active locations of the globe or
from shallow depths
It is expensive to build a power

station but operating costs are low

resulting in low energy costs for
suitable sites.
Ultimately, this energy derives from

heat in the Earth's core.

 Electrical Power
 Electric power is the rate at which electric
energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
 Electricity is most often generated at a power

station by electromechanical generators,

primarily driven by heat engines fueled by
chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also
by other means such as the kinetic energy of
flowing water and wind.
 There are many other technologies that can be

and are used to generate electricity such as

solar photovoltaic's and geothermal power.
8.7.Energy For Sustainable Living
 Energy is central to sustainable development
and poverty reduction efforts.
 It affects all aspects of development -- social,

economic, and environmental -- including

livelihoods, access to water, agricultural
productivity, health, population levels,
education, and gender-related issues.
 From many energy sources, renewable energy

sources are beneficiary in both Environmental

and economical aspects.
THANK YOU!!!

WISHING U
ALL Z BEST