CHAPTER 10

ENERGY– PAST,
PRESENT, AND
FUTURE
 Non-Renewable Energy
• Non-renewable energy
comes from sources that
will run out or will not
be replenished for
thousands or even
millions of years. 
 Fossil Fuel
• made from decomposing plants and
animals

• buried beneath layers of sediment and

rock, have taken millennia to become
the carbon-rich

• supply about 80 percent of the world’s

energy
 Coal
• black or brown chunks of sedimentary
rock that range from crumbly to relatively
hard

• began to form during the Carboniferous

period about 300 to 360 million years ago

• supplies a third of all energy worldwide

 Uses of Coal
•Generating Electricity
•Production of Steel
•Industries
•Gasification and Liquefaction
•Domestic Use
 Environmental and Health Impacts
• Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide- acid rain, smog, and respiratory
illnesses
• Sulfuric acid- destruction of living things underwater
• Particulates- smog, haze, and respiratory illnesses
• Carbon dioxide- primary greenhouse gas produced from burning fossil
fuels
• Mercury and other heavy metals- linked to both neurological and
developmental damage in humans and other animals
• Coal mining- poor vegetation and water quality
 Oil
•  a liquid composed mainly of carbon and
hydrogen
• often black, but exists in a variety of
colors and viscosities depending on its
chemical composition
• formed during the Mesozoic period,
between 252 and 66 million years ago,
as plankton, algae, and other matter sank
to the bottom of ancient seas and was
eventually buried
 Uses of Coal
• refined into a variety of petroleum products
• Agriculture
• Detergents, Dyes, and Others
• Plastics, Paints and More
• Pharmaceuticals
• Rubber
 Environmental and Health Impacts
• Ground contamination and contamination of surface,
and sub-surface water bodies
• Risk of respiratory irritation, discomfort, or illness to
workers
• Damage of tanks due to increased corrosion from
wastewater in tanks
• Dermal contact and inhalation from spill sand leaks
 Natural Gas
We use natural gas is an energy source more
than any other fuel. As the fastest growing and
cleanest burning fossil fuel, natural gas is
responsible for nearly one-third of our total
energy demand and almost one-quarter of our
electricity generation. Natural gas contains
many different compounds. The largest
component of natural gas is methane, a
compound with one carbon atom and four
hydrogen atoms (CH4).
 Where Do We Find Natural Gas
Natural gas deposits are found on land, and some
are offshore and deep under the ocean floor. A type
of natural gas found in coal deposits is called
coalbed methane.
1. Russia
2. Iran
3. Qatar
4. Turkmenistan
5. United States of America
 How did natural gas form
Millions to hundreds of millions of years ago and over long
periods of time, the remains of plants and animals (such as
diatoms) built up in thick layers on the earth’s surface and ocean
floors, sometimes mixed with sand, silt, and calcium carbonate.
Over time, these layers were buried under sand, silt, and rock.
Pressure and heat changed some of this carbon and hydrogen-rich
material into coal, some into oil (petroleum), and some into
natural gas.
 4 Natural
Gases

Methane Ethane

Propane Buthane
How Is Natural Gas Extracted
Vertical Drilling (“conventional”)
Vertical drilling is the first method ever used
to extract natural gas from the Earth’s
surface. In fact, up until the 1980s, vertical
drilling was the only method we had. We
still use this method today when we are able
to since it’s the easiest and most cost-
effective method for extraction.
Horizontal Drilling (“unconventional”)

flexible drilling pipe and a steerable drill bit

work together to navigate tight rock
formations by bending a vertical well and
then drilling at a horizontal angle through
the natural gas deposit.
(Increase area of well and Ability to reach
difficult targets. )
Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas
> Air pollution
> Land use and wildlife
>Earthquakes
 Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is a form of energy
released from the nucleus, the core
of atoms, made up of protons and
neutrons. This source of energy can
be produced in two ways: fission –
when nuclei of atoms split into
several parts – or fusion – when
nuclei fuse together.
 Nuclear Energy
• Nuclear energy is a form of energy released
from the nucleus, the core of atoms, made up of
protons and neutrons. This source of energy can
be produced in two ways: fission – when nuclei
of atoms split into several parts – or fusion –
when nuclei fuse together. The nuclear energy
harnessed around the world today to produce
electricity is through nuclear fission, while
technology to generate electricity from fusion is
at the R&D phase. This article will explore
nuclear fission. To learn more about nuclear
fusion,
 Nuclear Fission
Nuclear fission is a reaction where the nucleus of an atom
splits into two or more smaller nuclei, while releasing energy.
For instance, when hit by a neutron, the nucleus of an atom
of uranium-235 splits into two smaller nuclei, for example a
barium nucleus and a krypton nucleus and two or three
neutrons. These extra neutrons will hit other surrounding
uranium-235 atoms, which will also split and generate
additional neutrons in a multiplying effect, thus generating a
chain reaction in a fraction of a second.
What is Nuclear Fission?

Nuclear Fission
How does a nuclear power plant work?
 Nuclear Waste
The operation of nuclear power
plants produces waste with
varying levels of radioactivity.
These are managed differently
depending on their level of
radioactivity and purpose. See
the animation below to learn
more about this topic.
 Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable energy refers to all
those limitless energy sources
present in nature. The sun, wind,
the force of water and the inner
heat of the earth are examples of
renewable energy sources. These
energy sources are present in
nature and naturally replenish
that’s why they never run out.
 Solar Power
Solar energy is radiant light and heat
from the Sun that is harnessed using
a range of technologies such as solar
power to generate electricity, solar
thermal energy including solar water
heating, and solar architecture.
 Use of Solar Power
Solar energy is commonly used
for solar water heaters and
house heating. The heat from
solar ponds enables the
production of chemicals, food,
textiles, warm greenhouses,
swimming pools, and livestock
buildings. Cooking and providing
a power source for electronic
devices can also be achieved by
using solar energy.
 Largest Solar Power
Bhadla Solar Park Calatagan Solar Farm
in India In Philippines
 Solar Power Use Consequences
Solar energy has many advantages. It is incredibly plentiful and never runs out.
But the widespread use of solar power does have problems as well.

✓ There must be sunlight. When night or cloudy, solar power is not useful.
Nevertheless, storage technology now develops.

✓ Needed technology for solar power is still expensive.

✓ Solar panels need a significant amount of space. Luckily, solar panels can be mounted
on any rooftop to provide at least some electricity for a home or business.

✓ The photovoltaic (PV) cell manufacturing produces some hazardous waste from the
chemicals and solvents used in production.
 Water Power
Hydropower, also known as water power,
is the use of falling or fast-running water
to produce electricity or to power
machines. This is achieved by converting
the gravitational potential or kinetic
energy of a water source to produce
power. Hydropower is a method of
sustainable energy production.
 Hydroelectric Power
Water that keeps behind a dam has
much potential energy. At a
hydroelectric power plant, a dam
over a riverbed collects water to
create a reservoir. Rather than
running down in the standard pipe,
the water flows into a big turbine
engine. Kinetic energy is created as
the water moves and makes the
turbine spin. The turbine connected
to a generator produces electricity
 Largest Water Power
Three Gorges Dam San Roque Dam
in China in Philippines
 Water Power Use Consequences
Hydroelectric power's main advantage is that it provides electricity
without producing any emissions. Hydropower is also a renewable
resource because the water continues to flow. But, suitable dam sites are
limited. There are environmental issues with hydropower too.

✓ When a dam disrupts the flow of a river, it affects the ecosystem

upstream. As the land floods with rising water, plants and animals are
either killed or displaced.

✓ Dams impede the migration of the fish to their upstream spawning areas.
 Wind Power
Wind power or wind energy is mostly
the use of wind turbines to generate
electricity. Historically, wind power has
been used in sails, windmills and wind
pumps. Wind power is a popular,
sustainable, renewable energy source
that has a much smaller impact on the
environment than burning fossil fuels.
 Use of Wind Power
The wind is the source for wind power or
energy. For centuries, it has been being utilized
for power production. Examples are windmills
that were used for water pumping and grain
grinding. There were already wind- powered
sailing ships long before fossil fuels were used.
And wind can generate electricity through the
movement of air spins the turbine.
 Largest Wind Power
Gansu Wind Farm Burgos Wind Farm
in China in Philippines
Wind Power Use Consequences
• Wind power has many advantages. It does not require burning, so it does not emit
pollutants and carbon dioxide.

• In many areas, the wind is also abundant. Although, there are cases where the wind
does not blow all of the time, but there is always the need for power. Similar to
solar power, systems have to be worked on so that energy from wind can also be
stored.

• Windmills wear out and are expensive.

• Turbines are found to cause birds and bats' deaths, mainly if they are located along
their migratory route. It is of particular importance to endangered species.
 Geothermal Power
Geothermal energy is a type of 
renewable energy taken from the 
Earth’s core. It comes from heat
generated during the original
formation of the planet and the
radioactive decay of materials. This
thermal energy is stored in rocks and
fluids in the centre of the earth.
The word ‘geothermal’ has Greek roots
with γη (geo), meaning earth, and θερμος
(thermos), meaning hot.
 Geothermal Power
Geothermal energy is safe and clean. The energy
source is renewable because the hot rock is found
everywhere on Earth, although the hot stone is not
close enough to the surface to build geothermal
power plants in many parts of the world.

Geothermal power is typical in some areas.

Geothermal power stations do not burn fuel to
produce electricity, and that they have low emission
rates. They emit 97 percent fewer acid rain-causing
sulfur compounds than fossil fuel plants emit. After
using the steam and water from a geothermal
reservoir, they are pumped back into the Earth.
 Biomass
Biomass is plant-based material used
as fuel to produce heat or electricity.
Biomass is the substance that comes
from recently living plants and
animals.
Examples are wood and wood
residues, energy crops, agricultural
residues, and waste from industry,
farms and households
 Biomass
Biomass can also be used
for producing ethanol,
called biofuel. Biofuel
can be made from crops,
such as corn or algae, and
processed for car use.
Biofuel
• Biofuel, any fuel that is
derived from biomass—that
is, plant or algae material or
animal waste. Since such
feedstock material can be
replenished readily, biofuel is
considered to be a source of
renewable energy, unlike fossil
fuels such as petroleum, coal,
and natural gas.
 Biofuel
• Biofuels are green fuels in
that they do not contribute
to the carbon dioxide
(CO2) burden. Biofuel is
non-toxic and
biodegradable. Unlike
petroleum diesel, renewable
diesel is derived from a
sustainable resource that
will not run out.
Renewable Sources of Energy

SOLAR POWER
 Renewable Sources of Energy

WINDMILL

WIND POWER
 Renewable Sources of Energy
Advantages
• Toxins do not emit into the atmosphere, and a safer,
healthier environment is created.
• Renewable energy sources are present all over the
world and cannot be exhausted.
• The cost of tapping renewable energies is decreasing
because of the technology advances.
• The machinery requires qualified technicians for some
renewable energy plants.
• There are few to no greenhouse gas emissions
associated with renewable energy that push up the
Earth's temperature.
Disadvantages
• Initial costs are very high for setting up renewable
energy plants that require proper preparation and
implementation.
• Solar and wind require vast tracts of land to generate
energy amounts that are competitive with fossil fuel
burning.
• Climate can impact renewable energy sources and
weaken their efficiency.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
AN IMPORTANT ENERGY RESOURCE

Energy Efficiency
is the measure of the
amount of work we can
get from each energy unit
we use.
Most of the energy used wasted through:

•Unavoidable losses due to the energy quality degradation

imposed by the thermodynamics second law: The Second Law
of Thermodynamics stated that processes involving heat energy
transfer or conversion are irreversible.
•Widely-used products that excessively waste vast quantities of
energy, such as the inefficiency of incandescent light bulbs,
automotive engines, most motor vehicles, coal, and nuclear
power plants, and many other energy-consuming products.
Most of the energy used wasted through:

•Inadequate insulation and building design:

•The most effective way to provide more energy and
reduce environmental degradation and catastrophes
is to reduce energy waste.
 Benefits of reducing energy waste;
1. Prolongs fossil fuel supplies;
2. Reduces oil imports and improves energy
security.
3. Has a very high energy yield;
4. Saves a lot of money;
5. Reduces pollution and environmental
degradation;
6. Buys time to phase in renewable energy