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Every day, the sun radiates (sends out) an enormous amount of energy—called solar
energy. It radiates more energy in one second than the world has used since time began. This
energy comes from within the sun itself.
Like most stars, the sun is a big gas ball made up mostly of hydrogen and helium gas.
The sun makes energy in its inner core in a process called nuclear fusion.
It takes the sun’s energy just a little over eight minutes to travel the 93 million miles
to Earth. Solar energy travels at a speed of 186,000 miles per second, the speed of light.
Only a small part of the radiant energy that the sun emits into space ever reaches the
Earth, but that is more than enough to supply all our energy needs. Every day enough solar
energy reaches the Earth to supply our nation’s energy needs for a year! Solar energy is
considered a renewable energy source.
Today, people use solar energy to heat buildings and water and to generate electricity.
Solar radiation is format among the promising new source of energy. India receives
annually over 60 x 1000 MWH of solar insulation with a span of 3000 – 3200 hrs in
Rajasthan, Gujarat, West of Madhya Pradesh and North of Maharashtra; and 2600 – 2800
hours in the rest of the country excepting Kerala, Assam and Kashmir.
Energy from the sun can be utilized in multi various ways. It can be tapped directly
from solar radiation in the form of thermal, thermodynamic and photovoltaic energy and
indirectly through the production of phytoman and other related energy sources such as wind,
hydropower and ocean energy all of which are the result of solar addition on the planet Earth.
The contribution of these sources in the total consumption of energy in the world is about
15%.
The major areas that manifest great potential for immediate applications are:
a) Solar radiation can directly be utilized for purpose of heating and drying. By the same
taken, it can also be used for cooling and refrigeration.
b) Solar energy can be converted into electricity by exploiting the thermodynamic nature of
direct radiation for fuelling convention electricity generation plants.
c) Energy from the sun can also be captured by increasing the production of phytomass
through extensive energy plantations.
d) Architecture can build in both passive and active systems of solar energy utilization. In
the passive and active systems of solar energy utilization. In the passive system design of
buildings – domestic and industrial is optimized to make the best use of solar radiation to
protect the interior from extremes of weather that necessitate cooling and heating.
Architectural design can also incorporate the use of sunlight to avoid artificial lighting. An
active system of design can be developed by incorporating solar devices for cropping solar
radiation for heating, cooling, generating power for lighting and other uses.
THE CONCEPT
In 1968 Dr. Peter Glaser in the U.S. published an idea that centered on the fact that in
orbit close to earth, 1.43kw of solar energy illuminates any one square meter which is
considerably greater and one more continuous than on anyone square meter on the Earth
which, even when perpendicular to the Sun can receive only a maximum of 1 kw. His idea
was, converting Sunlight to electricity to convert to a radio frequency signal and beamed
down to the Earth carrying significant levels of energy.
This electricity is by establishing a very large array of solar cells in geo stationery
orbit. A receiving antenna station on the Earth would convert this radio frequency back into
an alternate current which would be fed into a local grid.
NEED FOR NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY:
Fuel deposit in the will soon deplete by the end of 2020. Fuel scarcity will be
maximum. Country like India may not have the chance to use petroleum products. Keeping
this dangerous situation in mind we tried to make use of non-pollutant natural resource of
petrol energy.
The creation of new source of perennial environmentally acceptable, low cost
electrical energy as a replacement for energy from rapidly depleting resources of fossil fuels
is the fundamental need for the survival of mankind. We have only about 25 years of oil
reserves and 75 – 100 years of coal reserves.
Resort to measure beginning of coal in thermal electric stations to serve the population would
result in global elemental change in leading to worldwide drought and decertification. The
buzzards of nuclear electric-stations are only too will. Now electric power beamed directly
by micro-wave for orbiting satellite. Solar power stations (s.p.s) provide a cost-effective
solution even though work on solar photo voltaic and solar thermo electric energy sources
has been extensively pursued by many countries. Earth based solar stations suffer certain
basic limitations. It is not possible to consider such systems and meeting continuous
uninterrupted concentrated base load electric power requirements. The non- conventional
resources are
1) Wind energy. 4) Ocean thermal energy.
2) Tidal energy . 5) Geo thermal energy.
3) Wave energy. 6) Solar energy.
1. WIND ENERGY:
Wind power is renewable and produces no greenhouse gases during operation, such
as carbon dioxide and methane. Airflow can be used to run wind turbines. Modern wind
turbines range from around 600KW to up to 5MWof rated power, although turbines, with
rated output of 1.5-3MW, have become the most common for commercial use; the power
output of a turbine is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases
power output increases dramatically. Areas where winds are stronger and more constant,
such as offshore and high altitude sites are preferred location for wind farms.
Wind power is the fastest growing of the renewable energy technologies, though it
currently provides less than 0.5 percent of global energy. Over the past decade, global
installed maximum capacity increased from 2,500 MW in 1992 to just over 40,000 MW at
the end of 2003, at an annual growth rate of near 30 percent. The difficulties associate with
the wind energy are its availability is dilute and fluctuating in nature, requires storage devices
because of its irregularities and requires large areas for installation. The speeds of the
seasonal wind imply high cost of exploitation of wind energy.
1.2TIDAL ENERGY:
Tidal power captures energy from the tides in a vertical direction. Tides come in, raise
water levels in a basin, and tides rollout. Around low tide, the water in the basin is discharged
through a turbine. The power can be obtained by turbines from both in-out flows of water.
The amount of energy is very large but only in a few parts of world. The total power of tides
is estimated at (2 to 5) x10 MW, but difficulties associated with finding suitable locations,
high construction costs and non-uniform availability of power have hindered the progress of
harnessing the tidal energy. Development work is going on in different countries like U.S.A,
U.K, CANADA to harness this energy.
1.3 WAVE ENERGY:
Ocean waves are caused by the wind, which in turn is caused by uneven solar heating
and subsequent cooling of earth’s crust and the rotation of the earth. The main advantage of
power from waves, like most alternative energy sources, is free and renewable. The
harnessing of wave energy requires development of special power conversion devices. Like
other alternative sources, waves lack dependability, and there is relative scarcity of accessible
sites of large wave activity. Economic factors like capital investment, costs of maintenance,
repair and replacement are hindering the development.
Solar panel
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF PHOTO-VOLTAIC CELL:
The principle of operation of the photo voltaic cell was discovered by Adams and day
in 1876, using selenium in 1919, Cob Lenz discovered that a voltage is induced between the
illuminated and dark regions of semi conductivity crystals. However, photo electric
conversion was essentially a laboratory phenomenon until 1941. The owl discovered the
photo voltaic effect at the P-N junction of 2 semi-conductors.
The successful operation of a solar cell release on the action of the P-N junction.
When a P-N junction is first formed, there is a transient charging process that establishes an
electric field in the vicinity of junction. Although both the N type and P type semiconductors
are naturally charged by themselves. The electron concentration in the N type material is so
high that when it is combined with P type semiconductor some of electrons from the N
material “spill over” into the holes of p material. This essentially makes the N material
positively charged and the P material negatively charged in the vicinity of the junction. This
charging process is continuous until the electric field or junction potential inhibits further net
flow and the electron and hole flow is the same in both directions as indicated.
The photons react with the valence electrons near p-n junctions to produce an effect
similar to that produced by the forward bias voltage. In this case V1 is the external voltage
08 Ratio of speed reduction more when Speed reduction ratio is less and
weight increases it does not vary much
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION :
OTHER COMPONENTS:
CHEMICAL TANK:
The capacity of chemical tank even though it is more than 15 liters. Liquid
chemical should be placed into it only 15 liters. Remove the cup from the filler hole.
A strainer cup is placed in the filler hole. A Rubber tube connected with the bottom
of the tank is attached to the filter cup from under it, which brings in a jet of air from
the pump for correcting air cushion over the liquid chemical for creating air cushion.
The liquid chemical for ensuring free flow of the liquid to the nozzle. One end of the
Rubber tube is fitted with a socket which should be inserted tight into the cavity at the
bottom of the chemical tank.
DC MOTOR:
1. An armature or rotor
2. A commutator
3. Brushes
4. An axel
5. Afield magnet
BATTERY:
INTRODUCTION:
In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of excess solar
energy converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are isolated sunshine load such
as irrigation pumps or drinking water supplies for storage. In fact for small units with output
less than one kilowatt. Batteries seem to be the only technically and economically available
storage means. Since both the photo-voltaic system and batteries are high in capital costs. It
is necessary that the overall system be optimized with respect to available energy and local
demand pattern. To be economically attractive the storage of solar electricity requires a
battery with a particular combination of properties:
We use lead acid battery for storing the electrical energy from the solar panel for
lighting the street and so about the lead acid cells are explained below.
Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the type most
commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). In the
application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the load
current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A. One cell has a nominal output of 2.1V,
but lead-acid cells are often used in a series combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for
a 12-V battery.
The lead acid cell type is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be recharged.
The charge and discharge cycle can be repeated many times to restore the output voltage, as
long as the cell is in good physical condition. However, heat with excessive charge and
discharge currents short ends the useful life to about 3 to 5 years for an automobile battery.
Of the different types of secondary cells, the lead-acid type has the highest output voltage,
which allows fewer cells for a specified battery voltage.
CONSTRUCTION:
Inside a lead-acid battery, the positive and negative electrodes consist of a group of
plates welded to a connecting strap. The plates are immersed in the electrolyte, consisting of
8 parts of water to 3 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid. Each plate is a grid or framework,
made of a lead-antimony alloy. This construction enables the active material, which is lead
oxide, to be pasted into the grid. In manufacture of the cell, a forming charge produces the
positive and negative electrodes. In the forming process, the active material in the positive
plate is changed to lead peroxide (pbo₂). The negative electrode is spongy lead (pb).
Automobile batteries are usually shipped dry from the manufacturer. The electrolyte
is put in at the time of installation, and then the battery is charged to from the plates. With
maintenance-free batteries, little or no water need be added in normal service. Some types
are sealed, except for a pressure vent, without provision for adding water.
CHEMICAL ACTION:
Sulfuric acid is a combination of hydrogen and sulfate ions. When the cell discharges,
lead peroxide from the positive electrode combines with hydrogen ions to form water and
with sulfate ions to form lead sulfate. Combining lead on the negative plate with sulfate ions
also produces he sulfate. There fore, the net result of discharge is to produce more water,
which dilutes the electrolyte, and to form lead sulfate on the plates.
As the discharge continues, the sulfate fills the pores of the grids, retarding
circulation of acid in the active material. Lead sulfate is the powder often seen on the outside
terminals of old batteries. When the combination of weak electrolyte and sulfating on the
plate lowers the output of the battery, charging is necessary.
On charge, the external D.C. source reverses the current in the battery. The reversed
direction of ions flows in the electrolyte result in a reversal of the chemical reactions. Now
the lead sulfates on the positive plate reactive with the water and sulfate ions to produce lead
peroxide and sulfuric acid. This action re-forms the positive plates and makes the electrolyte
stronger by adding sulfuric acid.
At the same time, charging enables the lead sulfate on the negative plate to react with
hydrogen ions; this also forms sulfuric acid while reforming lead on the negative plate to
react with hydrogen ions; this also forms currents can restore the cell to full output, with lead
peroxide on the positive plates, spongy lead on the negative plate, and the required
concentration of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte.
Charge
Discharge
On discharge, the pb and pbo₂ combine with the SO₄ ions at the left side of the
equation to form lead sulfate (pbSO₄) and water (H₂O) at the right side of the equation.
One battery consists of 6 cell, each have an output voltage of 2.1V, which are
connected in series to get an voltage of 12V and the same 12V battery is connected in series,
to get an 24 V battery. They are placed in the water proof iron casing box.
Note that the ampere-hour unit specifies coulombs of charge. For instance, 200 Ah.
corresponds to 200A*3600s (1h=3600s). the equals 720,000 A.S, or coulombs. One
ampere-second is equal to one coulomb. Then the charge equals 720,000 or 7.2*10^5ºC. To
put this much charge back into the battery would require 20 hours with a charging current of
10A.
The ratings for lead-acid batteries are given for a temperature range of 77 to 80ºF.
Higher temperature increase the chemical reaction, but operation above 110ºF shortens the
battery life.
Low temperatures reduce the current capacity and voltage output. The ampere-hour
capacity is reduced approximately 0.75% for each decreases of 1º F below normal
temperature rating. At 0ºF the available output is only 60 % of the ampere-hour battery
rating.
In cold weather, therefore, it is very important to have an automobile battery unto full
charge. In addition, the electrolyte freezes more easily when diluted by water in the
discharged condition.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
Measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte generally checks the state of
discharge for a lead-acid cell. Specific gravity is a ratio comparing the weight of a substance
with the weight of a substance with the weight of water. For instance, concentrated sulfuric
acid is 1.835 times as heavy as water for the same volume. Therefore, its specific gravity
equals 1.835. The specific gravity of water is 1, since it is the reference.
In a fully charged automotive cell, mixture of sulfuric acid and water results in a
specific gravity of 1.280 at room temperatures of 70 to 80ºF. as the cell discharges, more
water is formed, lowering the specific gravity. When it is down to about 1.150, the cell is
completely discharged.
Specific-gravity readings are taken with a battery hydrometer, such as one in figure
Note that the calibrated float with the specific gravity marks will rest higher in an electrolyte
of higher specific gravity.
The decimal point is often omitted for convenience. For example, the value of 1.220
in figure is simply read “twelve twenty”. A hydrometer reading of 1260 to 1280 indicates
full charge, approximately 12.50 are half charge, and 1150 to 1200 indicates complete
discharge.
The importance of the specific gravity can be seen from the fact that the open-circuit
voltage of the lead-acid cell is approximately equal to
For the specific gravity of 1.280, the voltage is 1.280 = 0.84 = 2.12V, as an example.
These values are for a fully charged battery.
1. Rotodynamic pumps
a) Radial flow pumps
b) Axial flow pumps
c) Mixed flow pumps
2. Positive displacement pumps
Reciprocating pump:
The reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump as it sucks and raises the
liquid by actually displacing it with a piston/plunger that executes a reciprocating motion in a
closely fitting cylinder. The amount of pumped is equal to the volume displaced by the
piston.
The pumps designed with disk pistons create pressures upto 25bar and the plunger
pumps built up still higher pressures. Discharge from these pumps is almost wholly
dependent on the pump speed.
The total efficiency of a reciprocating pump is about 10 to 20% higher than a
comparable centrifugal pump.
Reciprocating pumps for industrial uses have almost become obsolete owing to their
high capital cost as well as maintenance cost as compared to that of centrifugal
pumps.However,small hand-operated pumps such as cycle pumps,football,pumps,kerosene
pumps, village well pumps and pumps used as important parts of hydraulic jack etc.,still find
wide applications. The reciprocating pump is best suited for relatively small capacities and
high heads .This type of pump is very common in oil drilling operations.
The reciprocating pump is generally employed for,
i) Light oil pump
ii) Feeding small boilers condensate return, and
iii) Pneumatic pressure system.
A single acting reciprocating pump has one suction pipe and one delivery pipe. It is
usually placed above the liquid level in the sump. When the crank rotates the piston moves
backward and forward inside the cylinder. The pump operates as follows:
-let us suppose that initially the crank is at the inner dead centre (I.D.C) and crank rotates in
the clockwise direction. As the crank rotates, the piston moves towards right and a vacuum is
created on the left side of the piston. This vacuum creates suction valve to open and
consequently the liquid is forced from the sump into the left side of the piston. When the
crank is at the outer dead centre (O.D.C) the suction is completed and the left side of the
cylinder is full of liquid.
-When the crank further turns from O.D.C to I.D.C, the piston moves inwards to the left and
high pressure is built up in the cylinder. The delivery valve opens and the liquid is forced into
the delivery pipe. The liquid is carried to the discharge tank through the delivery pipe. At the
end of the delivery stroke the crank comes to the I.D.C and the piston is at the extreme left
position.
Working of a double acting reciprocating pump:
HOSE:
Hose are provided for smooth running of the pesticide from tank with the air enters
the pump unit and it is forced out. The pesticides come out of the nozzle with the help of
hoses from the tank.
NOZZLE :
Nozzles split the pesticides into atomized particles and sprays out. Nozzles
may be in different diameters to make the air mixture more pressurized.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Voltage - 21V
Amperes - 0.78Ah
Size - 425*265*25
Weight -1.2kg
Volts -12v
Amps-2.1A
Pressure-4.8bar
15*32=480 lts
=16.38w
=96w
ADVANTAGES:
APPLICATION:
The solar Agro sprayer is mainly used for spraying liquified pesticides
CONCLUSION:
Solar sprayer have been designed successfully for the village former who cannot
afford money for fuel and he can make importance of non-conventional energy resources
utilization and quickly depleting petroleum products deposit we took an effort in this regent
and succeeded in our effort.
Our solar powered sprayer operating cost is almost negligible when compared to
existing method of using a petrol engine. Though the initial cost of the project is high, both
central and state government assistance in the form of subsidies for the solar aided projects
Instead of doing modification on existing sprayer body, a separate structure with less
weight and separate motor may be successfully designed for the system to have further more
efficient and more economical and reduce the weight further.