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Textbook Business Government and Economic Institutions in China 1St Edition Xiaoke Zhang Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Business Government and Economic Institutions in China 1St Edition Xiaoke Zhang Ebook All Chapter PDF
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International Political Economy Series
Edited by
Xiaoke Zhang and Tianbiao Zhu
International Political Economy Series
Series editor
Timothy M. Shaw
Visiting Professor
University of Massachusetts Boston, USA
Emeritus Professor
University of London, UK
The global political economy is in flux as a series of cumulative crises
impacts its organization and governance. The IPE series has tracked its
development in both analysis and structure over the last three decades. It
has always had a concentration on the global South. Now the South
increasingly challenges the North as the centre of development, also
reflected in a growing number of submissions and publications on indebted
Eurozone economies in Southern Europe. An indispensable resource for
scholars and researchers, the series examines a variety of capitalisms and
connections by focusing on emerging economies, companies and sectors,
debates and policies. It informs diverse policy communities as the estab-
lished trans-Atlantic North declines and ‘the rest’, especially the BRICS,
rise.
Business, Government
and Economic
Institutions in China
Editors
Xiaoke Zhang Tianbiao Zhu
Alliance Manchester Business School Institute for Advanced Study in
University of Manchester Humanities and Social Sciences
Manchester, UK Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
As editors, we wish to thank all the authors for their willingness to respond
to our editorial suggestions and their valuable contribution to the book.
We also extend our appreciation to Wyn Grant, Gregory Noble, Richard
Whitley, Yongping Wu and the anonymous reviewer for their comments,
criticisms and support. While organizing the international symposium in
August 2014 and the publication workshop in January 2016 from which
this book was born, we received and gratefully acknowledge financial sup-
port from China’s National Social Science Fund (project number:
13BJL027) and the Zhejiang University Research Fund (project number:
188020-193810401/054). Finally, we are grateful to Timothy Shaw, the
series editor, and Christina Brian, editorial director for politics and inter-
national studies at Palgrave Macmillan, for encouraging the project.
Xiaoke Zhang
Tianbiao Zhu
v
Contents
Part I Introduction 1
vii
viii CONTENTS
Index 345
Notes on Contributors
ix
x Notes on Contributors
xi
List of Tables
xiii
xiv LIST OF TABLES
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
Understanding Business–Government
Relations in China: Changes, Causes
and Consequences
Introduction
This book brings together conceptual and empirical analyses of the causes
and consequences of changing business–government relations in China
since the 1990s, against the backdrop of the country’s increased integra-
tion with the global political economy. More specifically, it provides an
interdisciplinary account of how the dominant pattern of interactions
between state actors, firms and business organizations has changed differ-
ently across regions and industries and how the changing varieties of these
interactions have causally interacted with the evolution of key economic
X. Zhang (*)
Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
T. Zhu
Institute for Advanced Study in Humanities and Social Sciences, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou, China
Key Contributions
By focusing on the above-mentioned three analytical objectives, the book
is intended to make a number of contributions to current theoretical and
policy debates on the changing nature of business–government relations
and its impact on newly emerging economic institutions in China.
To begin with, existing studies of business–government relations in
China have tended to be narrow in theoretical focus and fragmented in
analytical perspectives. Some have shown political actors in the state domain
as the causal agents of changes in business–government interactions and
UNDERSTANDING BUSINESS–GOVERNMENT RELATIONS IN CHINA… 5
portrayed business actors and their organizations largely as passive and sub-
ordinate objects of control and co-optation through state corporatist
mechanisms (Alpermann 2006; Dickson 2003, 2008; Foster 2008; Ong
2012; Unger 2008a; Walder 1995, 2003). Others have granted analytical
primacy to the growing role of economic actors and firms in structuring
relations with the state and emphasized horizontal interactions mediated
through market institutions, business associations and social networks as an
important defining feature of state–firm relations (Nee 1992; Nee and
Opper 2012; Peng 2004; Sun, Wright and Mellahi 2010; Tjosvold et al.
2008; Xin and Pearce 1996). Still others have sought to advance a micro-
theory of business and politics that explains the motivation of individual
firms to develop connections with various party and governmental entities,
the choices they make on tactics and strategies, and the impact of political
ties on their performance (Du and Girma 2010; Guo et al. 2014; Li et al.
2006; Park and Luo 2001; Peng and Luo 2000).
While these approaches shed important light on the manifestations and
consequences of changing business–government relations in China, they
do not exhaust the categories of potential patterns of such relations. They
have mainly concentrated on one set of analytical dimensions, largely to
the exclusion of others that are constitutive of interactions between the
state and businesses. As a result, they have precluded the theoretical pos-
sibility of more than one pattern of state–business ties existing in the
Chinese political economy. The typological framework to be developed in
this book, which focuses on both the authoritative governance of the
economy and the market coordination of socioeconomic activities, pro-
vides a more encompassing analytical tool for developing a holistic under-
standing of changing and divergent forms of state–business relations, as
will be shown below. This is particularly relevant, given that the ultimate
objective of the book is to illustrate how the interrelationship between
state agencies, firms and business organizations has varied across different
regions and industries and explain how these regional and sectoral varia-
tions have shaped the pattern and trajectory of economic institutional
changes in China.
Furthermore, the emphasis of many extant studies has tended to be
more on understanding how business–government relations in China have
been changing over time, particularly against the backdrop of the coun-
try’s increased integration with the global economy and continuous mar-
ket reforms, than on examining how and why such relations have changed
6 X. ZHANG AND T. ZHU
Strong Weak
interdependent type. In her chapter, Jin Zhang argues that while the
strong guiding hand of the planning agency, the National Development
and Reform Commission (NDRC), tight party controls over the careers of
corporate elites and extensive state ownership have underpinned the state
steering of the oil industry, state planners have depended on lead petro-
leum firms for organizing technological and market developments, not
only because of the latter’s substantial financial and human resources but
also because of their strong inter-corporate collaborations, increasing
transnational networks and symbiotic ties with key line economic minis-
tries. By the same token, ties between the central and local governments
and leading multinational automakers have represented an interdependent
variety of state–business interactions, as made clear in Gregory Chin’s
chapter. Such ties that were mainly structured around negotiations over
market access, ownership levels and investment treatment in early years of
the reform era have shifted towards a mutually dependent relationship
that has hinged on the coordinating capability of state officials, MNCs’
financial and technological contributions, and personal and institutional-
ized linkages between them. Likewise, other empirical studies (Luo 2001;
Sun, Mellahi and Thun 2010) have also highlighted an increasingly inter-
dependent relationship between government agencies and multinationals
across various industries in China.
The interdependent genre of business–government relations also mani-
fests itself in the regional pattern of industrial transformation. In Shenzhen,
for instance, the municipal government has displayed a robust authorita-
tive capacity to mobilize financial resources, foster collaborations between
high-tech firms and academic institutions, and strengthen public–private
policy linkages in its effort to direct the high-tech industrialization pro-
cess. The effective state direction has co-exited with the strong business
coordination of economic and innovation activities that has organization-
ally correlated with the governing role of large firms, dense interfirm net-
works and well-structured business associations. Shenzhen has thus
cultivated a co-governed regime of technology development in which
state and business actors have coordinated efforts to promote the growth
of high-tech industries (Breznitz and Murphee 2011; Xiaoke Zhang this
volume). In Beijing, Guangzhou, and Kunshan, state–firm interactions
have also featured an interdependent structure that has combined authori-
tative governance with extensive business coordination to shape the trans-
formation of the ICT and other sectors (Keng 2010; So 2004).
UNDERSTANDING BUSINESS–GOVERNMENT RELATIONS IN CHINA… 15
Jos hän vain olisi antautunut käteni ulottuville! Tai jos olisimme
pudottaneet jotakin, mikä olisi voinut kääntää hänen huomionsa
toisaanne! Kun rotkotie nyt laajeni aukeaksi ja autioksi laaksoksi,
jossa näkyi korkeita kalliolohkareita ja lumikinoksia siellä täällä
syvennyksissä, tähystelin perin epätoivoisena eteeni ja tarkastelin
niitä laajoja lumikenttiäkin, jotka riippuivat yläpuolellamme ja
ulottuivat jääkeilan juurelle asti. Mutta missään en nähnyt apukeinoa.
Ei tassuttanut mitään karhua tien poikki, ei ilmestynyt ainoatakaan
vuorikaurista kallioille. Kylmä, raaka ilma kirvelsi poskiamme ja
ilmaisi minulle, että lähestyimme harjun lakea. Kaikkialla oli autiota ja
hiljaista.
»Vaiti, sanon minä!» käski hän taas. Tällä kertaa en voinut erehtyä
siitä, että hänen äänensä ilmaisi kauhua. »Tätä paikkaa sanotaan
Pirun-kirkoksi. Jumala auttakoon meidät ohitse! Nyt on kovin myöhä
olla täällä. Katsokaa noita!» jatkoi hän ja viittasi huomattavasti
kauhuissaan.
»Sotamiehiä on kylässä.»
VII luku
Kunnon kepponen
Sävyni herättää tavallisesti kunnioitusta, ja kun isäntä
ensimmäisestä kauhistuksestaan tointuneena tuli kysyneeksi, mitä
suvaitsin tahtoa, sain sotamiesten läsnäolosta huolimatta varsin
hyvän illallisen eteeni, ensimmäisen kunnollisen aterian, mitä olin
maistanut kahteen päivään. Ja ne monet ihmiset, jotka täyttivät
huoneen, alkoivat pian hajaantua. Sotamiehet läksivät ulos ryhminä
juottamaan hevosiaan tai etsimään majapaikkojaan, ja ainoastaan
pari kolme jäi jäljelle. Oli tullut hämärä, ja melu kadulla heikkeni.
Liehuva tulenloimu alkoi valaista seiniä, ja viheliäinen tupa näytti sen
verran kodikkaalta kuin oli mahdollista. Ainakin
kahdenteenkymmenenteen kertaan mietin, mitä minun olisi ensiksi
tehtävä, mitä varten sotamiehet olivat täällä ja antaisinko yön kulua
ennen mihinkään toimenpiteeseen ryhtymistä; silloin avautui taas
ovi, joka viime tunnin mittaan oli ehtimiseen heilunut saranoillaan, ja
muuan nainen astui sisään.
»Niin, mademoiselle.»
Huomasin, että hän värisi. »Mutta jollen tahdo», intti hän.
»Sen sanon teille», vastasin korostaen joka sanaa siten, että hän
tajuaisi tarkoin, ja kaiken aikaa annoin katseeni mielihyvin hivellä
hänen ylpeitä kasvojaan. En olisi milloinkaan voinut uneksia tällaista
kostoa! »Noin kaksi viikkoa takaperin lähti herra de Cocheforêt
täältä, mukanaan pieni vaaleankeltainen maustekotelo.»
Hän värisi.
Hän otti hitaasti käärön ja alkoi purkaa sitä vapisevin sormin auki.
Silmänräpäyksen kuluttua välkkyivät kivet kuin lempeänä kuutamona
hänen kämmenellään — tuollaisena kahlehditun valon
kimmellyksenä, joka on monta naista syössyt turmioon ja riistänyt
monelta mieheltä kunnian. Morbleu! Kun katselin niitä — hänen
tuijottaessaan niihin jäykän lumouksen haltioittamana — kummastutti
minua, että olin kyennyt vastustamaan kiusausta.
»Kahdeksantoista kaikkiaan.»
»Ei mademoiselle.»
Hän oli vetänyt huivin päänsä yli, enkä enää nähnyt hänen
kasvojaan.