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EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
R. Maheswar
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
R. Jayaparvathy
Sabu M. Thampi Editors
Body Area
Network
Challenges
and Solutions
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication
and Computing
Series Editor
Imrich Chlamtac, CreateNet, Trento, Italy
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R. Maheswar • G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
R. Jayaparvathy • Sabu M. Thampi
Editors
Body Area Network

Challenges and Solutions
Editors
R. Maheswar G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
Department of ECE Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Sri Krishna College of Technology Institute of Science and Technology
Coimbatore, TN, India Chennai, TN, India
R. Jayaparvathy Sabu M. Thampi

Department of ECE Indian Institute of Information Technology
SSN College of Engineering and Management - Kerala (IIITM-K)
Chennai, TN, India Trivandrum, KL, India
ISSN 2522-8595 ISSN 2522-8609 (electronic)

EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-00864-2 ISBN 978-3-030-00865-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00865-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961704
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

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To our mentors, friends, and collaborators
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Preface
Wireless monitoring has become an essential function in current medical practice.

The main motivation of a wireless body sensor network (WBSN) is to make it
easier to care for people. Developing countries face huge medical facility short-
ages and can only make up for it through remote patient monitoring, and this could
entail utilizing existing medical resources like doctors and health care workers.
The changes associated with aging populations in developing countries will require
a structure to face challenges like elderly monitoring and providing in-person care.
In the modern technology, individualized health care remains an emerging chal-
lenge and mainly to fulfil the emergency requirements for elderly people. Current
technology in wireless monitoring of patients faces challenges like energy reliabil-
ity, trustworthiness, and security. In some case, health care and remote monitoring
are conducted through wearable and implanted nodes. Implanted nodes must be
recharged frequently and energy-efficiency issues, and reducing the frequency of
recharging is the main motto. Technological developments are happening so rap-
idly that nanorobots are involved in monitoring physiological signals deep inside
the body. The hacking of medical data can lead to fatal situations for monitored
subjects. Sensor accuracy and reusability are the major challenges in WBSNs.
Continuous monitoring of physiological parameters, data accuracy, sensing rate,
recovery rate, and data trustworthiness are the main factors in decision-making in
body area networks. Decision-making on the basis of values from sensors varies
from subject to subject based on region, age, sex, and history; such complications
create a formidable challenge and makes WBSNs more dependent. The extreme
environment creates insecure and inaccurate conditions for the sensors. This book
addresses the solutions to the challenges faced by WBSNs. The solutions to the
problems and challenges are also addressed through machine learning algorithms.
vii
viii Preface
A nano-body sensor network has the capability to recharge on its own and can
work autonomously without interruption. Better machine intelligence would
replace human intervention and allow WBSNs to be more autonomous in handling
critical situations unseen by human experts.
Coimbatore, TN, India R. Maheswar

Chennai, TN, India G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
Chennai, TN, India R. Jayaparvathy
Trivandrum, KL, India Sabu M. Thampi
Acknowledgements
We are so thankful to all the contributors for their tremendous efforts in producing
this book. Their enthusiasm and flexible support allowed the book to see the light of
day. I would also like to thank all our reviewers for providing unbiased reviews,
leading to quality material within a tight schedule. I would also like to thank the
EAI Springer editor for providing this opportunity to participate in its global
research platform. The generous support of our institute’s management (SSN
College of Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Vel Tech Rangarajan
Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, and Indian Institute of
Information Technology and Management—Kerala (IIITM-K) allowed us to create
vastly improved material in this exciting field of research. I hope that the book will
serve as a valuable resource for readers and researchers.
ix
Contents
ody Area Network (BAN) for Healthcare by Wireless

B
Mesh Network (WMN)�� 1
Raluca Maria Aileni, George Suciu, Cristina Mihaela Balaceanu,
Cristian Beceanu, Petrache Ana Lavinia, Carmen-Violeta Nadrag,
Sever Pasca,Carlos Alberto Valderrama Sakuyama, and Alexandru Vulpe
Uncured Disease Rectification Using Net Collaborating Systems �� 19
M. Ramalatha, M. Alamelu, and S. Kanagaraj
ecurity and Privacy Issues in Remote Healthcare
S
Systems Using Wireless Body Area Networks �� 37
R. Nidhya and S. Karthik
ata Reliability and Quality in Body Area Networks
D
for Diabetes Monitoring�� 55
Geshwaree Huzooree, Kavi Kumar Khedo, and Noorjehan Joonas
achine Learning-Based Cognitive Support
M
System for Healthcare�� 87
M. Ramalatha, S. N. Shivappriya, and K. Malarvizhi
AR Analysis of UWB Antennas for Wireless
S
Body Area Network Applications �� 105
Doondi Kumar Janapala, M. Nesasudha, and T. Mary Neebha
ail Safe Routing Algorithm for Green Wireless
F
Nano Body Sensor Network (GWNBSN)�� 131
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan, R. Maheswar, R. Jayaparvathy,
Sabu M. Thampi, and V. Mahima
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
xi
Contributors
Raluca Maria Aileni Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Information

Technology, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
M. Alamelu Department of Information Technology, Kumaraguru College of
Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Petrache Ana Lavinia Beia Consult International, Bucharest, Romania
Cristina Mihaela Balaceanu Beia Consult International, Bucharest, Romania
Cristian Beceanu Beia Consult International, Bucharest, Romania
Geshwaree Huzooree Department of Information Technology, Curtin Mauritius,
Moka, Mauritius
Doondi Kumar Janapala RF Research Laboratory, Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
R. Jayaparvathy Department of ECE, SSN College of Engineering, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India
Noorjehan Joonas Central Health Laboratory, Victoria Hospital, Ministry of
Health & Quality of Life, Candos, Mauritius
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan Department of CSE, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.
Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
S. Kanagaraj Department of Information Technology, Kumaraguru College of
Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
S. Karthik SNS College of Technology (Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai),
Kavi Kumar Khedo Department of Digital Technologies, University of Mauritius,
Reduit, Mauritius
xiii
xiv Contributors
R. Maheswar Department of ECE, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore,

Tamil Nadu, India
V. Mahima Department of ECE, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
K. Malarvizhi Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,
India
T. Mary Neebha RF Research Laboratory, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Carmen-Violeta Nadrag Beia Consult International, Bucharest, Romania
M. Nesasudha RF Research Laboratory, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
R. Nidhya Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science (Affiliated to
Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University, Anantapuram), Angallu, Andhra Pradesh,
India
Sever Pasca Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Information
M. Ramalatha Department of Electronics and Communication, Kumaraguru
College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Carlos Alberto Valderrama Sakuyama Electronics and Microelectronics
Department, Mons University of Bucharest, Mons, Belgium
S. N. Shivappriya Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,
India
George Suciu Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Information
Beia Consult International, Bucharest, Romania
Sabu M. Thampi Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management -
Kerala (IIITM-K), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
Alexandru Vulpe Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Information
About the Editors
R. Maheswar Dr. R. Maheswar completed his B.E. in

Electronics and Communication Engineering from
Madras University in 1999, his M.E. in Applied
Electronics from Bharathiyar University in 2002, and
his Ph.D. in Wireless Sensor Networks from Anna
University in 2012. He has about 16 years of teaching
experience at various levels and is presently working
as a professor in the Electronics and Communication
Engineering Department, Sri Krishna College of
Technology, Coimbatore. He has published 40 papers
in international journals and in the proceedings of
international conferences. His research interests
include wireless sensor networks, queueing theory, and
performance evaluation.
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan Dr. G. R. Kanaga

chidambaresan received his Bachelor’s degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering in 2010, his
Master’s in Pervasive Computing Technologies in
2012, and his Ph.D. in Information and Communication
Engineering in 2017. He is currently an Associate
Professor in the Department of Computer Science and
Engineering at Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala
R&D Institute of Science and Technology. His main
research interests include body sensor networks,
fault-tolerant wireless networks, and the Internet of
Things.
xv
xvi About the Editors
R. Jayaparvathy Dr. R. Jayaparvathy is a Professor

in the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering. She has almost 30 years of teaching
experience. She graduated with distinction from the
Government College of Technology in Coimbatore in
1987. She obtained her post graduate degree in Applied
Electronics from Coimbatore Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore, and her Ph.D. in Information and
Communication Engineering from AU-KBC Research
Centre, Anna University, Chennai. Prior to joining
SSN she served as a faculty member at the Coimbatore
Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, for 24 years. She
has been a member of the Academic Council, Research
Board, Board of Studies (CIT and PSG College of
Technology), and Chief Superintendent of Autonomous
Examinations in CIT. She has served as Auditor for
Technical Auditing implemented by Anna University,
Coimbatore. She also worked as Member-Research
Staff at the AU-KBC Research Centre for 3 years.
She has been the principal investigator of AICTE-
sponsored projects, and her prototype project for
elephant intrusion detection in forest border areas con-
ducted in collaboration with the Forestry Department
was widely reported by the media. Her areas of interest
include wireless MAC and wireless sensor networks,
including body area networks and embedded systems.
She has organized national-level technical workshops
and national and international conferences. Dr.
Jayaparvathy is a senior member of IEEE and a
research supervisor at Anna University. Many candi-
dates have completed and some are pursuing their
Ph.D. under her supervision in the areas of wireless
and embedded systems. She has advised a number of
postgraduate and undergraduate projects, with publi-
cations leading to best paper awards. She has served
as an expert on AICTE-AQIS proposal evaluations.
She is a reviewer for many reputable journals and
part of the Technical Program Committee at many
conferences.
About the Editors xvii
Sabu M. Thampi Dr. Sabu M. Thampi is an Associate

Professor at the Indian Institute of Information
Technology and Management-Kerala (IIITM-K),
Technopark Campus, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. He
completed his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering under
the supervision of Dr. K. Chandrasekaran from the
National Institute of Technology Karnataka. Dr. Sabu
has several years of teaching and research experience
at various institutions in India. His research interests
include sensor networks, Internet of Things, author-
ship analysis, social networks, nature-inspired com-
puting, very large databases, image forensics, video
surveillance, and secure localization. He has authored
and edited several books published by reputable inter-
national publishers and papers in academic journals
and international and national proceedings. Dr. Sabu
has served as guest editor for special issues in several
international journals and as program committee
member for many international conferences and work-
shops. He has cochaired several international work-
shops and conferences. He has initiated and is also
involved in the organization of several annual confer-
ences/symposia: the International Conference on
Advances in Computing, Communications and
Informatics, International Conference on Computing and
Network Communications, Symposium on Intelligent
Systems Technologies and Applications, Symposium
on Security in Computing and Communications,
Symposium on Intelligent Informatics, Symposium on
Signal Processing and Intelligent Recognition Systems,
and others. Sabu is currently serving as Editor at the
Journal of Network and Computer Applications and the
Journal of Applied Soft Computing, both published by
Elsevier. He is also Associate Editor for IEEE Access and
International Journal of Embedded Systems, published
by Inderscience (UK) and reviewer for several reputable
international journals. Dr. Sabu is a senior member of the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
and a member of the IEEE Communications Society,
IEEE SMCS, and ACM. He is the founding chair of the
professional chapter of ACM Trivandrum. In 2012, Dr.
Sabra was honored with the ASDF Award for Best
Computer Science Faculty.
Body Area Network (BAN) for Healthcare
by Wireless Mesh Network (WMN)
Raluca Maria Aileni, George Suciu, Cristina Mihaela Balaceanu,

Cristian Beceanu, Petrache Ana Lavinia, Carmen-Violeta Nadrag,
Sever Pasca, Carlos Alberto Valderrama Sakuyama, and Alexandru Vulpe
1 Introduction
Existing medical resources cannot satisfy the future healthcare demands of different
types of patients (older or younger) [1]. The resources are quite limited, and it is
impossible for most patients to stay a long time in the hospital because of economic
restrictions, work, and other personal reasons, even though their health status must
be monitored in real time or frequently. As a result, wireless monitoring medical
systems will become part of mobile healthcare centers with real-time monitoring in
the future [2].
Wireless body area networks supporting healthcare applications offer different
contributions at monitoring, diagnosis, and therapeutic levels (Fig. 1).
They cover real-time medical information obtained from different types of sen-
sors with secure data communication and low power consumption. Due to the
increasing interest in the applications of this type of networks, several articles deal-
ing with different aspects of such systems have been published recently.
R. M. Aileni (*) · S. Pasca

Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Information Technology,
Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
G. Suciu · A. Vulpe
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Information Technology,
Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
C. M. Balaceanu · C. Beceanu · P. Ana Lavinia · C.-V. Nadrag
C. A. V. Sakuyama
Electronics and Microelectronics Department, Mons University of Bucharest, Mons, Belgium
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 1

R. Maheswar et al. (eds.), Body Area Network Challenges and Solutions,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00865-9_1
2 R. M. Aileni et al.
Fig. 1 Wireless body

area [3]
body temp.
sensor gateway to
other services
glucose
sensor blood pressure
sensor
insulin
pump
sensor / actuator
with low-power TRx
E-Health and Telemedicine are two areas that are leveraging current wireless
communication technologies to provide emergency medical services, enable outpa-
tient monitoring and treatment, facilitate patient recovery, and directly connect doc-
tors and nursing staff with patients [4].
WBAN healthcare applications can offer valuable contributions to improve
patient healthcare, including diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. This technol-
ogy, still under development, is generally based on wireless communications tech-
nologies. Patients, while performing their activities comfortably at home or
outdoors, can be monitored by the medical staff [5, 6]. In this field, data reliability
and energy consumption (considering 24/7 monitoring) are fundamental character-
istics to consider when choosing appropriate WBAN sensor nodes [7]. These nodes
operate in close proximity to the human body collecting data for various medical
and non-medical applications. Medical bands used in WBAN provide physiological
data from sensor nodes. They are chosen in such a way that it reduces interference
and thus increases the coexistence of sensor node devices with other network
devices available at medical centers. The collected data is sent to stations using
medical gateway wireless boards.
There are different types of devices that make up a WBAN architecture:
• Sensor nodes—these form the base of any WBAN. There are various sensors to
monitor the physiological parameters such as BP, ECG, Pulse Rate, or EEG. These
sensor nodes work in close proximity to our body and capture signals that are
passed on to another unit for analysis. This type of sensors can be monofunc-
tional or multifunctional. Sensor nodes can be implantable, body surface, and
external.
• Base Station—local processing system that transmits the information obtained to
those interested in a health assessment. The data can be collected locally so that
the patient can bring the transmitter home without having to stay in the
hospital.
• Central Server—a database is maintained and further sent to a specialist for con-
sultancy or proper medical guidance.
Body Area Network (BAN) for Healthcare by Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) 3
2 Wireless Mesh Network
Sensor wireless network has become an important technology, and wireless sensors
can be used for patients to permanently monitor their physiological status. In this
case, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) [8] are used to transmit the necessary infor-
mation from the wireless body sensor network to the network architecture. WMN is
considered as an extension of the LAN, with a much better range, and leading to
fewer wires. The WMN consists of two network architectures, ad hoc network, and
wireless LAN [9].
Broadband networks are used on a much wider scale in a wireless mesh network
configuration. These WMNs are used to expand or improve the Internet connection
for mobile phone customers located further away from the wireless network. In
WMN networks, nodes are composed of network routers as well as clients. Each
node works not only as a host but also as a router, redirecting packets or data to
other nodes that are not in the direct wireless area. WMN is self-configuring and
self-organizing, and network nodes, thus automatically establishing and maintain-
ing connectivity between them, and leading to lower cost, easy network mainte-
nance, and robustness.
Specific sensor network health applications allow for the provision of interfaces
for people with disabilities, integrated patient monitoring, diagnosis, administration
of drugs in hospitals, telemonitoring of human physiological data, and monitoring
hospital patients. More precisely, a WSN can be used to monitor healthcare activi-
ties such as:
• Telemonitoring of human physiological data: The collection of physiological
data by sensor networks that can be stored in a database for a more extended
period is subsequently used for the necessary long term medical research.
• Follow-up of doctors and patients in a hospital: Each patient has a small sensor
node attached to them. Each sensor accomplishes the function for which it has
been set/configured. Doctors can monitor through sensors, as well as locate and
inform other doctors (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 Wireless mesh

sensor network
• Hospital medication: If sensor nodes can be attached to drugs, then, to better

control the prescription medicines, patients can have sensory nodes identifying
allergies and medications. This computerized system has shown that it can help
minimize side effects of drugs [10].
3 Electromagnetic Radiation and Radio Waves
Radio waves are most used for the wireless transmission of information as well as
for public and private communications. Classical transmission modes are frequency
modulation (FM), amplitude modulation (AM) and pulse modulation. Transmission
of data involves a frequency band with width proportional to the data density. For
instance, the data bandwidth for voice is around 10,000 Hz and for high fidelity
20,000 Hz [11]. Electromagnetic radiation brings us heat and light, like the sun’s
energy that all plants need for photosynthesis and growth. James Clerk Maxwell
discovered the existence of electromagnetic waves in 1873.
Electromagnetic radiation has the following properties:
• It can be manufactured or found in nature.
• It does not require a particular medium for propagation.
• Travels with the speed of light.
• It carries energy as it propagates. The higher the frequency, the higher the energy
associated with the wave.
• Its transferred energy may be sufficient to ionize the matter on which it impinges.
• It can be utilized to transmit information.
• It can be reflected or refracted.
• It can be split to form diffraction patterns, travels in straight lines, and passes
through walls.
Electromagnetic radiation emanates from [12]:
• Electrical appliances.
• Electronic equipment.
• Computers and related equipment.
• Cell phone masts.
• Microwave ovens.
• House-wiring.
• Cellular (mobile) phones.
• Information networks.
• Different voltage level power lines.
The impact of electromagnetic radiation on human health is called electromag-
netic hypersensitivity (EHS). EHS represents a physiological process associated
with the disease. In addition, researchers proved that it is related to the significant
metallic element [13]. The solid metallic element attached to proteins within tissues
and organs is considered low hazard. However, researchers have observed that
magnetic field generated by mobile phones and other wireless devices can cause the
release of mercury vapor from dental amalgam. Mercury gradient diluted in saliva
can increase in amalgam carriers [13].
Cell phones are also used in close proximity to brain tissue. Therefore, brain tissue
can be influenced by electromagnetic waves. Numerous studies have shown that
human sensory system and its behavior are affected closely by the radiofrequency
electromagnetic waves coming from the base stations (BTS) [14]. The increase in
wireless devices and using of GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)
technology is affecting human health and body function, and electromagnetic field
components have the potential to distort brain formations (such as meningioma) [15].
4 Low-Power Computing Design for Wearable Devices
Low-power design is crucial for new technologies like internet of things, and artifi-
cial intelligence (AI), which mainly uses wireless sensor networks.
Initiatives such as a fully programmable architecture support a software-defined
radio—a high-end signal processing application. This software-defined radio signal
processing called SODA handles different implementations for low-power design
[16]. SODA uses DSP processors with intrinsic operations, clustered Register files
with reduced number of ports, and a smaller Instruction Fetch Logic. All these opti-
mizations, allowing for a lower energy consumption, illustrate what can be done in
terms of low-power design.
One of the aspects to consider regarding wireless devices and power consump-
tion is the payload size of the wireless technology. A wireless device takes about
60% of its energy when preparing a connected device to begin its normal operation.
Regarding low power, Fig. 3 shows that the 6LoPAN (IPv6 over Low-Power WPAN)
header consumes 2.8% energy for maximum 10-bit payloads. It has less than 2% for
frame lengths. The IPv6 128-bit lengths become very small due to compression in
case of local transmission [17].
Payload, data size, and sampling frequency are equally related to the accuracy
and type of the measured magnitude. Applications involved in the active monitoring
include sending data such as heartbeats, breathing, or posture. The application
domain (medicine, physics, etc.) will dictate the type, size, and quality of the sensor
used. For instance, health measurement can use magnetic fields, ultrasound, laser
diodes, motion sensors, and ECG (electrocardiograph) electrodes that measures the
electrical activity of the heart. A body sensor network can favor GSR (Galvanic
Skin Response) or magnetometers [18].
Low power means also low-voltage, low-frequency devices and the applications
of techniques such as voltage/frequency scaling [19].
Studies about low power in multimedia devices follow consequences of increas-
ing voltage and errors that come with it. To overcome the errors, we suggest logic
complexity reduction by obtaining, for example, approximated Full Adder Cells
(FA) cells. Therefore, we have shorter critical paths, enabling voltage scaling [19].
Fig. 3 Energy overhead in preparation of a wireless connection
This approximation experiment was evaluated. Post-layout simulations show power

savings of up to 60% and area savings of up to 37% with an insignificant loss of
precision on the displayed result.
5 Radiofrequency Interference
In recent years, there has been an increase in medical device issues such as cardiac
pacemakers and wheelchairs that have been electrically driven due to interference
from other devices; this phenomenon is called radiofrequency interference.
The main inconveniences with this are the following:
• Increasing the number of electronically controlled medical devices that do not
have electronic security.
• Increasing the number of sources in the environment.
Some of the most important radiofrequency sources are mobile phones, transmit-
ters mounted on vehicles or portable.
Some medical equipment has a high sensitivity to digital modulation that certain
wireless systems use. The international standard on the radiofrequency protection of
medical equipment is represented by IEC 60601-1-2 of the International
Electrotechnical Commission. This standard establishes a minimum immunity level
of 3 V/m in the frequency range 26–1000 MHz.
Existing technology aims to protect most medical equipment from radio fields
that are 3 V/m more powerful than standard. The main procedures such as screen-
ing, grounding, and filtering are not very expensive if they are introduced in the
initial design of the electronic system [20].
Healthcare applications have the shorter bandwidth for the newly allocated fre-
quencies. The current bandwidth for 2.4 and 5 GHz 802.11a/b/g is 383 MHz (not
including 255 MHz introduced in the 5 GHz band). This compares to WMTS
(Wireless Medical Telemetry Service), which has a bandwidth of 13 MHz. This was
quite enough for several wireless connected monitors back in 1999, when they were
the only wireless medical device, but not in today’s hospitals. The 802.11 band-
width is 30–400 times higher than WTMS. Another dedicated band is the MICS,
Medical Implant Communications Service, with a bandwidth of 3 MHz.
The bandwidth is influenced by the capacity; the higher the bandwidth, the
higher the number of users that can be supported. To be effective and secure, they
need a larger bandwidth.
Due to the known wireless network problems, the alternatives found for wireless
applications were by replacing short-range cables within the company’s network
with cables up to 30 m. The connectivity options for the company’s network were
rather limited and included WMTS and ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical). The
short-range cable replacement applies to wireless sensors in BAN (Body Area
Network) networks that are limited to ISM [21].
With the increased growth of electromagnetic radiation equipment, especially
wireless communications such as mobile phones and Wi-Fi transmitters, over 50 years,
it has become clear that radiofrequency interference can affect human health. Studies
are carried out on the impact of radiofrequency interference at the specific rate of
absorption (SAR), increase of cell temperature, blood glucose levels, and change of
the RNA/DNA structure, to highlight the electromagnetic effects on human health and
to achieve the necessary reduction systems of radio frequency interference.
The brainwaves are detected by recording the electrical signal of the brain by
noninvasive method such as electroencephalography (EEG) [22] or by using inva-
sive microelectrodes for deep signal recording in case of epilepsy.
6 WBAN Systems for Healthcare
As WBAN systems are expected to become more widespread in medical applica-

tions, several studies present new architectures and improvements.
Research in telemonitoring describes a sensor network system for detecting and
sending signals from the patients [23]. The author also presents a series of improve-
ments that need to be made for such a system, in order for it to become more practi-
cal and to be successfully applied in the medical field. A comparison between the
current systems and a future concept for a medical monitoring platform is also pre-
sented, in order to highlight the changes needed. The study takes into consideration
sensor optimization and energy saving techniques in order to implement a large-
scale patient monitoring system. The software component gathers and stores data,
which are later displayed on a graphical user interface (GUI) and interpreted by
specialists. In addition, the approach taken by the author envisions the extension of
the application, as there are mentioned different wireless standards to be used.
In their article [24], Jeevan et al. mention three different possibilities of dealing
with the sensor nodes design when developing a WBAN system for medical health-
care: creating a sensor node from the scratch, using predefined components for cre-
ating it or adopting an existing node. The first option is described as being the most
expensive but also the most efficient. However, several other parameters need to be
taken into consideration when designing a new sensor node, such as:
–– To be wearable, this depends on sensors’ size, weight.
–– Security.
–– How reliable the communication is, based on communication requirements.
–– Interoperability.
The paper also highlights the importance of monitoring multiple patients at a
time while using a system as simple as possible in order not to require a high com-
putational time. This also makes the system suitable to be used for monitoring peo-
ple working in harsh environments, and have a high efficiency.
This paper [25] presents a full architecture of a WBAN system, and its practical
implementation. The system contains two nodes, which collect and send continu-
ously data such as HR (heart rate), body temperature and patient’s location. At the
same time, the base station requests data and coordinates the entire system. It is
equipped with an ARDUINO board, which uses both WiFi and ZigBee for access-
ing data. The software component is an intuitive GUI for the medical personnel and
displays data in a user-friendly manner. The system has also been tested under
multiple conditions, comparing data gathered both when the patients were relaxed
and after doing physical activities. Figure 4 shows the network architecture as
described by the authors:
Fig. 4 The network architecture

7 Data Management: Edge Computing vs. Cloud Computing
The edge system is taken into account by energy management, AI, Cloud, Fog
researchers.
They want to place the actions that require cognitive tasks at the edge of the net-
work, which means certain edge equipment, will handle those tasks. At the edge
layer, there are various objects connected wirelessly with the network, exchanging
information (e.g., smartphones, cars, smart city equipment) [26].
Edge computing provides energy efficiency replacing data centers and eliminat-
ing the overhead resulted from big data. They form small cells giving the possibility
of saving energy when sending information, better timing, enough bandwidth to
execute the cognitive tasks and other new AI tasks. One example is the voice recog-
nition system.
Cloud does not have enough computation ability to handle the new cognitive
tasks, and it cannot face the traffic volume resulted. However, Cloud handles certain
tasks and the new architectures proposed include both Cloud and Edge (Fig. 5).
The Mobile crowd sensing service is a good example to show how Cloud and
Edge work together. MCS (Mobile Crowdsensing) relates to human tasks using
wireless objects enables collaboration between individuals. MCS it has applications
in healthcare, transport, and social care. MCS require sensing devices and analyzing
Fig. 5 Cloud is not replaced by Edge, some information travels from Edge to Cloud. Certain tasks
are taken by Cloud [26]
Fig. 6 MCS deployments. (a) Cloud-based crowdsource architecture. (b) MCS architecture pow-
ered by edge infrastructure [27]
functions. MCS implies load on network, traffic on cloud servers, delays, not
enough security. Mobile Edge computing can solve these issues, by managing the
applications near the mobile devices and Edge servers. The following image pres-
ents the MCS running on a cloud architecture compared to running on Edge archi-
tecture [27, 28].
Figures 5 and 6 present mobile crowd sensing deployments in cloud architecture
and the edge.
8 ireless Body Area Network: Future Perspective

W
for Self-Monitoring Systems
Wireless body area networks support some interesting applications. These applica-
tions include several areas of research such as smart healthcare, assisted elderly
living, emergency response, and interactive gaming [29]. The rising healthcare costs
and the aging of the world population contribute to the advancements in telemedi-
cine network for the delivery of several healthcare services [30].
Telemedicine is considering health information systems and telecommunication
technologies that can allow scientists to serve more patients. Do to the signals that
body sensors provide, gathered information could be processed efficiently to obtain
accurate physiological estimations and to let a distant doctor have real-time opin-
ions on medical diagnosis and prescription [31].
Such smart health system can provide applications for a diagnostic procedure,
maintenance of a chronic condition, and supervised recovery from a surgical
procedure.
Patient monitoring applications control vital signals and provide real-time feed-
back and information helping the recovery of the patient. In such situations, we can
keep the patient under doctor monitoring under natural physiological states without
constraining their normal activities and without injuring his high cost.
Daily-life activity monitoring monitors the actions during the daily life of
patients with some specific diseases, while in-hospital monitoring focuses on cases
in which patients must stay in a hospital for intensive care and observations, some-
times for a prolonged period.
Wireless body area network can provide continuous measurements of the physi-
ological parameters and allow for better diagnosis of organ failures and faster detec-
tion of emergencies. Such remote monitoring system will be safer, more convenient,
and cheaper. In this field, many works have been proposed in the literature. Some of
them tried to design a generic framework able to support most of cases, while others
tried to study specific diseases. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer detection,
Parkinson, asthma, Alzheimer’s, and artificial retina are some examples of specific
remote patient monitoring applications [32].
Wireless medical applications show great promise in improving the lives of peo-
ple and satisfying many requirements of old people by enabling them to live safely,
securely, healthily, and independently. Since wireless medium provides a very con-
venient way for information transmission, wireless technologies involved in sensor
communication as well as the communication between the base station and
sensors.
The specific requirements of WBAN are as follows:
• Reliability: Data sent by WBAN sensors concern health information for which
high reliability is required.
• Latency: Some medical applications handling emergency data cannot tolerate
long response time. Thus, real-time transmission with performance guarantee is
required.
• Security: such systems handle personal and critical data; the security and privacy
of such data are becoming important issues.
• Power consumption: Battery replacement in WBAN is easy, so there is less focus
on power consumption, for some scenarios.
These requirements may differ while considering the different operational envi-
ronments and characteristics of each wireless body area network application.
In fact, applications for rehabilitation aim to capture movements and postures of
patients for monitoring his motor activities during rehabilitation therapy. Possible
clinical applications include cognitive rehabilitation such as cognitive impairment or
brain injury treatments, as well as motor rehabilitation such as post-stroke rehabili-
tation, post-surgery rehabilitation, post-accident rehabilitation, or post-disease reha-
bilitation. As many sensors are used, taking into account the proximity of the nodes
on the body and interferences should be considered at network layers to provide
reliable communication. Besides, to correctly get the phenomenon being monitored,
sensors should be sampled at high frequencies. The system must show high accuracy
in data collection and data processing to extract correct medical information.
It should also support real-time communications with guaranteed delays to deliver

real-time feedback to the patient during rehabilitation sessions to allow the patient
to adjust his movements immediately. As the health of patients is involved, the sys-
tem must guarantee the delivery of alerts, such as falls of elderly during exercising,
within strict delay constraints. Energy concerns can be considered for elderly or
impaired patients to avoid burdensome battery charging. Biofeedback also offers to
users the ability to continuously monitor body parameters such as temperature,
heartbeat rate, and arterial blood pressure in an efficient way [33].
Even when the application feeds this biological information back to the user, the
wireless technology adopted must consider the intrinsic characteristics of the
medium, such as interferences.
Such applications should address sensor node energy constraints. In fact, sensor
size constraints limit battery capacity, and if a sensor stops working, a health param-
eter is lost.
Besides, these physiological applications require designing solutions to address
new challenges in efficiency, cost, and user interface. For such applications, it is
imperative to transform raw sensor data into meaningful data for both patients and
medical staff. Many provided solutions rely on Bluetooth-enabled mobile devices,
such as a Smartphone.
Telemedicine field also handles sensitive and important data, since it is related to
human life. Detection of medical emergencies on the basis of monitoring of patients
in real time, must be correlated with transmission parameters and latency over a
wireless network. For example, Wi-Fi cannot provide timing guarantees on packet
delivery, while beacon-Enabled ZigBee can provide real-time communication by
supporting GTS.
9 Conclusions
The important thing is to integrate Bluetooth on the smart sensor platform in order
to send data independently to the gateway. A challenge is to reduce electromagnetic
radiation by choosing a low radiant wireless device and send to the gateway only
critical events (biomedical parameters values that are not repetitive in discrete time).
The main trend in small electronics is in designing the wearable technologies for
healthcare, sport, emergency services (fire fighters), or space suits for harsh envi-
ronments. The main objective is to obtain wearable technology with new character-
istics such as light, ultrathin, low power computing, and energy autonomy using
photovoltaic cells or piezoelectric devices. An efficient wearable monitoring system
should be based on a WBAN topology composed by a main board and several sen-
sor nodes, each having the role to capture, A/D-convert the signal, sample the sig-
nal, and send wirelessly the vital signals for respiration rate, heart rate, blood
pressure, ECG, oxygen saturation, and glucose concentration.
Acknowledgments This has been supported in part by UEFISCDI Romania and MCI through
projects ESTABLISH, WINS@HI, EmoSpaces and TelMonAer, and funded in part by European
Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 777996
(SealedGRID project) and No. 787002 (SAFECARE project).
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Raluca Maria Aileni is scientific researcher third degree in

Computer Science and has obtained in 2012 the PhD degree in
Industrial Engineering at Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi”
of Iasi. She is a PhD student at Faculty of Electronics,
Telecommunication and Information Technology, Politehnica
University of Bucharest. She graduated from the Faculty of Textile
Leather and Industrial Engineering Management and the Faculty
of Computer Science. In 2010 during her PhD, she obtained a
research fellowship for doctoral studies at ENSAIT—Lille
University of Science and Technology, France, where she special-
ized in 3D modeling and simulation for textiles, using the
Kawabata system, 2D-3D Design Concept for the design and sim-
ulation of technical textile articles. In 2015, she obtained the
Excellence Fellowship Grant for doctoral studies in Belgium,
Mons University.
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LP43469.
English logic static control program. 690 min., sd., color,
videotape (3/4 inch) © Ford Motor Company; 6Jun73; LP43469.
LP43470.
Big Jake. 109 min., sd., color, 35 mm., Panavision. © Batjac
Productions, Inc.; 24May71; LP43470.
LP43471.
Question of guilt. An Alfra production. Produced in association
with MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) ©
Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 3Jan73; LP43471.
LP43472.
The Judgement. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 10Jan73; LP43472.
LP43473.
End of the line; formerly Brush with death. An Alfra production.
Produced in association with MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Medical Center) © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 17Jan73; LP43473.
LP43474.
Between two fires. An Alfra production. Produced in association
Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 24Jan73; LP43474.
LP43475.
Night cry. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 31Jan73; LP43475.
LP43476.
No margin for error. An Alfra production. Produced in association
Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 7Feb73; LP43476.
LP43477.
Impact. An Alfra production. Produced in association with MGM-
TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro Goldwyn
Mayer, Inc.; 14Feb73; LP43477.
LP43478.
Fatal memory. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 21Feb73; LP43478.
LP43479.
The Vortex. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 28Feb73; LP43479.
LP43480.
Vision of doom. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 13Sep72; LP43480.
LP43481.
Cycle of peril. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
LP43482.
Condemned. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
LP43483.
The Torn man. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 11Oct72; LP43483.
LP43484.
A Wall of silence. An Alfra production. Produced in association
Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 4Oct72; LP43484.
LP43485.
The Betrayed. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 18Oct72; LP43485.
LP43486.
Doctor and Mister Harper. An Alfra production. Produced in
association with MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical
Center) © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 25Oct72; LP43486.
LP43487.
The Fallen. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 1Nov72; LP43487.
LP43488.
Tio Taco, M. D. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
LP43489.
The Outcast. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
LP43490.
No sanctuary. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
LP43491.
The Gladiator. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
LP43492.
No way out. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 6Dec72; LP43492.
LP43493.
A Game for one player. An Alfra production. Produced in
association with MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical
Center) © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 13Dec72; LP43493.
LP43494.
Pressure point. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 20Dec72; LP43494.
LP43495.
As the tumbleweed turns. 7 min., sd., color, 35 mm. (Hoot Kloot)
© United Artists Corporation; 8Apr74 (in notice: 1973); LP43495.
LP43496.
Hunt for a lonely girl. Universal Studios. 80 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Cool million) (NBC Wednesday mystery movie) © Universal
City Studios, Inc.; 25Oct72; LP43496.
LP43497.
Assault on Gavaloni. Universal Studios. 80 mm., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Cool million) (NBC Wednesday mystery movie) © Universal City
Studios, Inc.; 22Nov72; LP43497.
LP43498.
The Abduction of Bayard Barnes. Universal Studios. 80 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Cool million) (NBC Wednesday mystery movie) ©
Universal City Studios, Inc.; 6Dec72; LP43498.
LP43499.
The Million dollar misunderstanding. Universal Studios. 80 min.,
sd., color, 16 mm. (Cool million) (NBC Wednesday mystery movie) ©
Universal City Studios, Inc.; 20Dec72; LP43499.
LP43500.
Milton Berle is the life of the party. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.
27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc.; 11Feb74 (in notice: 1973); LP43500.
LP43501.
Mary Jane’s boyfriend. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.;
18Feb74 (in notice: 1973); LP43501.
LP43502.
Lucy Carter meets Lucille Ball. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27
min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc.; 4Mar74 (in notice: 1973); LP43502.
LP43503.
Lucy the sheriff. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd., color,
16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 28Jan74 (in
notice: 1973); LP43503.
LP43504.
Lucy is a birdsitter. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 7Jan74
(in notice: 1975); LP43504.
LP43505.
Meanwhile back at the office. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27
Inc.; 14Jan74 (in notice: 1973); LP43505.
LP43506.
Lucy is N. G. as R. N. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
21Jan74 (in notice: 1973); LP43506.
LP43507.
Lucy and Phil Harris strike up the band. Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball
Productions, Inc.; 25Feb74; LP43507.
LP43508.
Lucy fights the system. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
18Mar74; LP43508.
LP43509.
Where is my wandering mother tonight? Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball
Productions, Inc.; 11Mar74; LP43509.
LP43510.
Lucy and Danny Thomas. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min.,
sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.;
10Sep73; LP43510.
LP43511.
Lucy plays cops and robbers. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27
Inc.; 26Nov73; LP43511.
LP43512.
Lucy the peacemaker. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
24Sep73; LP43512.
LP43513.
The Big game. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 17Sep73;
LP43513.
LP43514.
Lucy the wealthy widow. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 1Oct73;
LP43514.
LP43515.
The Bow Wow Boutique. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 8Oct73;
LP43515.
LP43516.
Lucy’s tenant. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 22Oct73;
LP43516.
LP43517.
Lucy gives Eddie Albert the old song and dance. Lucille Ball
Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille
Ball Productions, Inc.; 15Oct73; LP43517.
LP43518.
Lucy and Andy Griffith. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
29Oct73; LP43518.
LP43519.
Lucy and Joan Rivers do jury duty. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.
27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc.; 5Nov73; LP43519.
LP43520.
Tipsy through the tulips. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
12Nov73; LP43520.
LP43521.
The Carters meet Frankie Avalon. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27
Inc.; 19Nov73; LP43521.
LP43522.
Harry catches goldfever. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
3Dec73; LP43522.
LP43523.
Lucy and Chuck Connors have a surprise slumber party. Lucille
Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) ©
Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 17Dec73; LP43523.
LP43524.
Conscience. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 14Sep72;
LP43524.
LP43525.
Ben Franklin. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43525.
LP43526.
Automobiles. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 30Oct72;
LP43526.
LP43527.
Lions. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm, (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43527.
LP43528.
Cats. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions 24Oct72;
LP43528.
LP43529.
Homes. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43529.
LP43530.
Penguins. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43530.
LP43531.
Knights of old. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory)
NM: additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 22Sep72;
LP43531.
LP43532.
Mice. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43532.
LP43533.
Elephants. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43533.
LP43534.
The Wheel. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43534.
LP43535.
Winter fun. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43535.
LP43536.
Pluto. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43536.
LP43537.
Trains. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43537.
LP43538.
Dancing. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43538.
LP43539.
Tugboats. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43539.
LP43540.
Noah’s ark. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43540.
LP43541.
Bullfighting. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
LP43541.
LP43542.
Mickey and the beanstalk. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse
factory) NM: additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions;
24Oct72; LP43542.
LP43543.
Reluctant dragon. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory)
NM: additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 1Nov72;
LP43543.
LP43544.
Mickey Mouse. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory)
NM: additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 29Sep72;
LP43544.

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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15427

Body Area Network

R. Jayaparvathy Sabu M. Thampi

ISSN 2522-8595 ISSN 2522-8609 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961704

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

Wireless monitoring has become an essential function in current medical practice.

Coimbatore, TN, India R. Maheswar

 ody Area Network (BAN) for Healthcare by Wireless

Raluca Maria Aileni Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Information

R. Maheswar Department of ECE, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore,

R. Maheswar Dr. R. Maheswar completed his B.E. in

G. R. Kanagachidambaresan Dr. G. R. Kanaga

R. Jayaparvathy Dr. R. Jayaparvathy is a Professor

Sabu M. Thampi Dr. Sabu M. Thampi is an Associate

Raluca Maria Aileni, George Suciu, Cristina Mihaela Balaceanu,

R. M. Aileni (*) · S. Pasca

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 1

Fig. 1 Wireless body

2 Wireless Mesh Network

Fig. 2 Wireless mesh

• Hospital medication: If sensor nodes can be attached to drugs, then, to better

3 Electromagnetic Radiation and Radio Waves

4 Low-Power Computing Design for Wearable Devices

Fig. 3 Energy overhead in preparation of a wireless connection

This approximation experiment was evaluated. Post-layout simulations show power

6 WBAN Systems for Healthcare

As WBAN systems are expected to become more widespread in medical applica-

Fig. 4 The network architecture

7 Data Management: Edge Computing vs. Cloud Computing

8  ireless Body Area Network: Future Perspective

It should also support real-time communications with guaranteed delays to deliver

Raluca Maria Aileni is scientific researcher third degree in

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Coimbatore, TN, India R. Maheswar

ody Area Network (BAN) for Healthcare by Wireless

2 Wireless Mesh Network

3 Electromagnetic Radiation and Radio Waves

4 Low-Power Computing Design for Wearable Devices

6 WBAN Systems for Healthcare

7 Data Management: Edge Computing vs. Cloud Computing

8 ireless Body Area Network: Future Perspective