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COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTING SYSTEMS
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION AND
COMPUTING SYSTEMS (ICCCS 2018), 1-2 DECEMBER 2018, GURGAON, INDIA

Communication and Computing

Systems

Editors
B.M.K. Prasad, Karan Singh, Shyam S. Pandey & Richard O’Kennedy
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

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Published by: CRC Press/Balkema

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ISBN: 978-0-367-00147-6 (Hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-44427-2 (eBook)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429444272
 Communication and Computing Systems – Prasad et al. (eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-00147-6

Table of Contents

Preface/Forward xi
Acknowledgement xiii
Committees xv
Features xix

Image processing and its applications

3D Tumor segmentation using surface rendering technique 3
K. Sudha Rani, K. Mani Kumari, K. Aruna Kumari & T. Gnana Prakash
Integration of big data and cloud computing for future Internet of Things 9
S. Mittal, S. Mall, S. Juyal & R. Chauhan
Five-grade cancer classification of colon histology images via deep learning 18
M. Dabass, R. Vig & S. Vashisth
An RGB image steganography algorithm with dual layer security 25
K. Biswas & S. Chand
Software requirements selection using different patterns of pairwise comparison matrices of
analytic hierarchy process 32
C.W. Mohammad, S. Khan & M. Sadiq
Identification of the forged images using image forensic tools 39
A. Parveen, Z.H. Khan & S.N. Ahmad
KNN classification using multi-core architecture for intrusion detection system 46
B.S. Sharmila & R. Nagapadma
Creating 3D facial model from a 2D facial image 52
S. Mukherjee & D. Kamthania
A novel Zernike moment based approach for optical flow estimation 58
S. Anthwal & D. Ganotra
Epidemic spreading based word sense disambiguation of Hindi text 64
G. Jain & D.K. Lobiyal
Empowering IoT with cloud technology 70
A. Kumar & A. Mehta
Analysis of deforestation using satellite images of a region by color image segmentation 76
M. Pentakota & K. Kundu

Recent trends in communication and soft computing

Available bandwidth estimation in wireless ad-hoc networks: A modified approach 85
Mukta & N. Gupta

v
An efficient maximal frequent itemset mining algorithm based on linear prefix tree 92
M. Sinthuja, N. Puviarasan & P. Aruna
Passive fault-tolerant control system design with tracking control against major system
faults: Application to a canonical tank level system 98
H.R. Patel & V.A. Shah
Asymmetric cryptosystem based on fractional Fourier transform domain using triple
random phase masks 105
S. Yadav & H. Singh
Implementation of fiber network survivability by using P-L approach 112
C. Singh
Performance analysis of cognitive radio networks over Nakagami-m fading channel 117
S. Sharma, H. Verma, A. Jain, A. Sharma & V. Pathak
Performance analysis of photodetector for application in optical interconnect 123
S. Chaturvedi, A. Chaturvedi, S. Thomas, S. Sharma & B.B. Sagar
Optical networks-survivability aspect and prospect 129
C. Singh, P. SaiVamsi, K. Annapurna & K. Sarveswara Rao
Real audio input signal transmission of OFDM for AWGN channel 135
P. Manhas, S. Thakral & M.K Soni
Performance analysis of dual-hop Double Generalized Gamma (DGG) and Málaga
distributed FSO network 138
A. Singha, S. Sharma & J. Gupta
Effective-coverage and connectivity in WSN 144
A. Prakash & M.Y. Ansari
Enhancement of ATC with load models using FACTS devices 150
T. Nireekshana, J. Bhavani, G. Kesava Rao & K. Jeji
Multiple hole detection in wireless underground sensor networks 157
A. Kaushik
Word sense disambiguation using the unsupervised method 163
A. Kumari
Edible electronics—smart approach towards medical applications 170
A. Anand, D. Sharma & P. Bansal
Investigation of optical properties of a-Se80-xTe20Bix (x=0, 3, 9) thin films 174
Deepika, B.M.K. Prasad & S. Singh
Energy aware image coding technique for wireless multimedia sensor network 180
A. Genta & D.K. Lobiyal
FRP bio digester for efficient waste management 187
S. Singla & Vinod Kumar H.A.
Next generation smart portal (Grouppy) 193
S. Kumar, N. Gola, Kartik, N.S. Siddqui, P. Sharma & A. Chauhan
A comparative study between constant weight and variable weight fins 200
Y. Chauhan, P.L. Sahu & A. Shrivastava

vi
Coverage preserving scheduling for life span maximization in wireless sensor network based
internet of things 206
V. Kumar & S. Kumar
Profit analysis of a system of non identical units with priority and preventive maintenance 214
P. Jain & V. Garg
Mobile assistive application for visually impaired 220
S. Sharma & V. Malhotra
Best to smart green manufacturing practices for small and medium enterprises: An
importance-performance analysis 224
K. Lalwani, M. Mishra & R. Mattoo
Study of blockchains implementation prospects in manufacturing sector 229
S. Kumar, B. Narang, A. Pillai & P. Kochar
24/7 Work culture: Competitive advantages and challenges 235
Md. Faiz, R. Singh, Siddharth & S. Mathur
Relationship between economic value added and share prices of Hindustan Unilever Limited 239
S. Yadav, M. Hasan, P.K. Yadav & H. Gupta
Enhancement of the property of black cotton soil using corn cob ash and iron ore tailings 246
N. Singh & T. Chauhan
Gravitational search optimized resource allocation in underlay cognitive radio networks 250
C.S. Singh, B.M.K. Prasad
Algorithms for maximal independent set problems 256
A.K. Yadav & M. Manjul

Secure computing
Detection and localization of copy move forgery using improved centre symmetric local
binary pattern for enhanced accuracy and robustness 265
S. Sharma & U. Ghanekar
Polynomial based key management security schemes in wireless sensor networks:
A review 272
A.G. Dinker & V. Sharma
A brief survey on negative sequential pattern mining and its impacts 279
P. Yadav
A secure login method based on typing pattern 286
Md. Asraful Haque, N.Z. Khan & Gulnar Khatoon
Analysis, design and implementation of fiber optic traffic by using Python 293
M.B. Harish, K.V.S.S.S.S. Sairam & C. Singh
Detection and prevention of vulnerabilities in open source software: An experimental study 297
G.S. Rawat, & K. Singh
Retrospection on security in cloud computing 304
Hansraj & A. Mehta
SLA penalty and reward strategy for cloud computing 308
P. Tiwari & A. Mehta

vii
Vehicle detection and classification in surveillance video using KNN classifier 314
S. Gautam, Y. Sahu & P.L. Sahu
Beyond CMOS devices for hardware security: A review 320
V. Singh, R. Kapoor & V. Malhotra
Role of Social Networking Websites (SNS) in recruitment: A review analysis 325
T. Yadav, M. Narula & A. Singh

Soft computing, intelligent system, machine vision and artificial neural network
Dynamic reliability evaluation framework for mobile ad-hoc network with non-stationary
node distribution 333
N. Padmavathy & K. Anusha
Re-designing an Indian kitchen for the elderly using REVIT 343
S. Atreya & S. Agarwal
Sarcasm detection in social media posts: A division of sentiment analysis 349
M. Vats & Y. Soni
Applications of type II fuzzy sets—a mathematical review on breast cancer imaging
modalities 355
J. Dabass, R. Vig & S. Arora
New homotopy pertubation method for solving of coupled equation and heat equation and
Laplace equation 362
M. Dhariwal & N. Fatima
Implementation of survivability by using tier modes approach 368
C. Singh
Association rule mining using swarm-based approaches: An analytical survey 374
P. Yadav
Python programming for machine learning and big data analysis: Issues, solutions and
benchmarks 382
K. Biswas & S. Chand
CloudReports tool to implement IaaS framework with location-based authentication in
cloud 388
A. Mehta & S.N. Panda
Characterization of solar panels received from manufacturers in real field conditions using
LabVIEW 394
A. Aggarwal, M. Kumar & R. Vig
Analysis of PSO based clustering protocol in assorted scenarios of WSN 400
A. Gambhir, A. Payal & R. Arya
Fuzzy based analysis of reality show analytics for TRP ratings based on the viewer’s opinion 406
V. Kakulapati, S.M. Reddy & K. Iswarya
A study on dementia using machine learning techniques 414
D. Bansal, K. Khanna, R. Chhikara, R.K. Dua & R. Malhotra
Big data analytics using soft computing techniques: A study 421
S.D. Karanam
Fuzzy based opportunistic channel access by secondary user in cognitive radio system 427
J. Gupta, V.K. Dwivedi & V. Karwal

viii
Improving scalability and sparsity issues in hybrid recommender systems using real value GA 435
L. Banda & K. Singh
Data Lake: A plausible Big Data science for business intelligence 442
S. Vats & B.B. Sagar
Brain tumor detection using supervisory nearest neighbor algorithm 449
K. Sudha Rani, K. Mani Kumari, K. Aruna Kumari & T. Gnana Prakash
Time-slot assignment based channel access scheme for reliable transmission in VANET 456
R. Malladi, Ch. Srinivas & N. Gupta
Research on computational grid generation method 465
Yan Yaoyuan & Han Bing
Designing of sliding mode controller 472
J. Rana & S. Sharma
Algorithms to achieve maximum power for photovoltaic system 476
S. Sharma & N. Verma
Lightweight simulated annealing based reconstruction algorithm for sparse binary signals 481
A. Aziz, K. Singh & W. Osamy
ACO and GA based test suite reduction for component based software: A hybrid approach 488
Palak & P. Gulia
Proactive health monitoring and screening using IoT and Artificial Intelligence 493
J. Kumar & K. Kundu
Adiabatic air water 2-phase flow in circular micro-channel using heterogeneous particle
swarm optimization 498
S. Kumar, A. Shrivastava & P.L. Sahu
Optimisation of process parameters of orbital EDM 503
A. Diwan, A. Panwar & P.L. Sahu
The inescapable effects of virtual laboratory and comparison of traditional laboratory with
virtual laboratory 509
Dolly & V. Kumar
Big Data and Hadoop: A review 513
M. Kaur & M. Goel
Neural networks: Structure, application and learning method in artificial intelligence 518
A. Oommen & V. Kumar
Numerical model of inverted trapezoidal fin horizontal array heat sink for heat transfer
through natural convection 523
V. Verma, P. Daga & P.L. Sahu
Study on temperature profiling of heating conductive yarn in SMART compression
bandages 529
P. S. Pillai, S. Agarwal, B. Kumar, R. Alagirusamy, A. Das & C. Shakher

Software engineering & emerging technologies

Big Data techniques: Today and tomorrow 537
P. Khatana & Y. Soni

ix
VLSI & embedded systems
Low-power and high-speed 15T SRAM cell using CMOS 545
P. Kumari, S. Kumari & P. Gupta
Monitoring and management using IoT sensing with cloud based processing 551
A. Arora, A. Aggarwal & R. Vig
Integration of smart grid with Internet of Things 557
A. Goyal, V. Chauhan & R. Chauhan
Study of robotic technique for in-pipe inspection with taxonomy and exploration of out oil
pipe crawler 563
D. Mishra, R.S. Yadav, T. Pande, N.K. Shukla, K.K. Agrawal & R. Srivastava
IoT and Big Data based smart healthcare system using portable Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance 569
M. Gupta, D.K. Lobiyal, C.P. Safvan, K. Singh
A review: Reliability modeling of a computer system with hardware repair and software
up-gradation subject to server vacation 573
J. Anand & Geeta
Smart grid: Advancement with IoT 577
A. Sharma & C.S. Singh
IoT primarily based pollution monitoring system 582
S. Rana & K. Kundu
Light robotics – emerging scope and its future applications 586
D. Sharma, A. Anand & P. Bansal
IoT (Internet of Things) enabled intelligent transportation system 591
A. Ahmed, H. Jain & C.S. Singh
IoT based model for smart city implementation in India 595
Deepika & C.S. Singh
Analytical and experimental characterization of friction force in belt motion 601
S. Yadav, M.K. Mishra & V. Mishra
Internet of Things system: Design and development process 607
Preeti, N. Kumar, M. Sharma & V. Malhotra
IoT based smart farming system 614
P. Yadav & V. Malhotra
IoT based garbage monitoring system 618
R. Yadav & A. Kumar

Author index 623

x
 Communication and Computing Systems – Prasad et al. (eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-00147-6

Preface/Forward

2nd International Conference on Communication and Computing Systems (ICCCS-2018)

took place at Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon on December 01–02, 2018. The
purpose of the conference was to establish a platform for interaction among the knowledge
holders belonging to industry, academia and various areas of society to discuss the current
scenario of the advancements in the field of communication and computing systems. The
Conference theme was chosen to facilitate discussions and personal interaction between
academics involved in engineering and technology from different cultural backgrounds.
The theme allowed the participants to identify and present best collaborative research and
innovative ideas, as well as examples relevant to the main theme.
This book is a collection of accepted papers. The papers presented in the proceedings were
peer- reviewed by 2–3 expert referees. This volume contains 5 main subject areas: 1. Signal
and Image Processing, 2. Communication & Computer Networks, 3. Soft Computing, Intelli-
gent System, Machine Vision and Artificial Neural Network, 4. VLSI & Embedded System,
5. Software Engineering and Emerging Technologies. The committee of ICCCS-2018 would
like to express their sincere thanks to all authors for their high quality research papers and
presentations. Also, we would like to thank the reviewers for their valuable comments and
advises. Finally, thanks are expressed to CRC Press/Balkema as well for producing this book.

Organizing Committee of ICCCS-2018

Conference Chair
Prof. Chandra Shekhar Singh & Prof. Yashwardhan Soni
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon

xi
 Communication and Computing Systems – Prasad et al. (eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-00147-6

Acknowledgement

The organizing committee of ICCCS-2018 would like to thank the Senior Editors, Associate Edi-
tors as well as Taylor & Francis / CRC Press and the following reviewers who have generously
given up their valuable time for making 2nd International Conference on Communication and
Computing Systems a success. The accomplishment of ICCCS-2018 is purely fruit of their care
and competence. Their conscientiousness is much appreciated.

Dr. Kamna Solanki

HOD, CSE Department
UIET, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak
Mrs. Amita Dhankhar
Assistant Professor, CSE Department
UIET,M.D.University, Rohtak
Dr. Nahid Fatima
Assistant Professor in School of Applied Sciences at Amity University Haryana.
Dr. Rekha Vig
Associate Professor, EECE Department
THE NORTHCAP University, Gurgaon
Dr. Neeta Singh
Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida
Dr.Vidushi Sharma,
Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida
Dr. Karan Singh, JNU, New delhi
Dr. B.B Sagar, BIT, Noida
Dr. Sandeep Sharma, GBP, Greater Noida
Mr. R P Ojha, GU, Greater Noida
Dr. K.V.S.S.S.S.Sairam
Professor, Dept of ECE NMAM Institute of Technology Karkala, India

xiii
 Communication and Computing Systems – Prasad et al. (eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-00147-6

Committees

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Prof. Goutam Sanyal

NIT Durgapur
Prof. Pramod Kumar Srivastava
GCET, Greater Noida
Prof. Rudra Pratap Ojha
GCET, Greater Noida
Prof. Annappa
National Institute of Technology, Karnataka
Prof. Alexander Gelbukh
Center for Computing Research (CIC) of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
Prof. Tapodhir Acharjee
School of Technology, Assam University
Prof. Sunanda
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, J&K
Prof. Brahmjit Singh
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra
Prof. B. Sathish Babu
SIT Tumkur
Prof. Paresh V. Virparia
Sardar Patel University, Gujarat
Prof. P. Kalavathi
Gandhigram Rural Institute, Tamil Nadu
Prof. Dimitrios Koukopoulos
University of Patras, Greece
Prof. G. Sahoo
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
Prof. Arnab Paul
Assam University, Silchar
Prof. Dimitrios A. Karras
Sterea Hellas Institute of Technology, Hellas
Prof. Namita Gupta
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Delhi
Prof. Manoj Kumar Panda
G.B. Pant Engineering College, Garhwal

xv
Prof. Ram Shringar Rao
Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies and Research, Delhi
Prof. Sajai Vir Singh
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida
Prof. Noor Elaiza Binti Abdul Khalid
Faculty of Computing and Quantitative Sciences University Technology, Mara Shah Alam
Prof. Sushil Kumar
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Prof. Chitreshh Banerjee
Amity University, Rajasthan
Prof. Narendra Kohli
Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (H.B.T.I.), Kanpur
Prof. Amit Prakash Singh
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi
Prof. M.S. Bhatti
Guru Nanak Dev University, Punjab
Prof. Debashis De
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal
Prof. Neelesh Kumar Jain
JUET, Guna
Prof. Dushyant K. Singh
MNNIT, Allahabad
Prof. Arun Sharma
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women (IGDTUW), Delhi
Prof. Pratiksha Saxena
Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida
Prof. V. Bhuvaneswari
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
Prof. Manoj Kumar
Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies & Research, Delhi
Prof. Vinay Rishiwal
SMIEEE, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, UP
Prof. Arup Kumar Pal
IIT(ISM), Dhanbad
Prof. P.C. Jain
Shiv Nadar Univesity, Greater Noida
Prof. I. Joe Louis Paul
SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam
Prof. Anurag Singh Baghel
School of Information and Communication Technology, Gautam Buddha University,
Greater Noida
Prof. Buddha Singh
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

xvi
Prof. Amit Kumar Manocha
Director, Punjab Institute of Technology, GTB Garh, Moga

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Chief Patron
Dr. Satish Yadav
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Patron
Prof. (Dr.) B.M.K. Prasad
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
General Chair
Prof. (Dr.) Sri Krishan Yadav
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Conference Chair
Prof. Chandra Shekhar Singh
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Prof. Yashwardhan Soni
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Editorial Committee
Prof. (Dr.) B.M.K. Prasad
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Dr. Karan Singh
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
Prof. (Dr.) Shyam S. Pandey
Kysu Institute of Technology, Japan
Prof. Richard O'Kennedy
Dublin City University. Ireland
Registration Chair
Mr. Krishanu Kundu
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Sponsorship Chair
Prof. Vineet Mishra
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Ms. Dupinder Kaur
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Ms. Neha Verma
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Industry Track Chair
Dr. Yogita Shukla
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon

xvii
Mr. Ashish Gambhir
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Mr. Hansraj
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Posters Chair
Prof. Sanghamitra V. Arora
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Dr. Sangeeta Singla
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Workshop Chair
Ms. Parul Bansal
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Ms. Pooja Jain
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Dr. Jyoti Anand
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Publicity Chair
Prof. Ashima Mehta
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Ms. Parul Bansal
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Ms. Megha Goel
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Cultural Chair
Prof. Dimple Saproo
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Mrs. Ashu Khurana
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Hospitality Chair
Mr. Ashok Kumar
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Mr. Chain Singh
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Finance Chair
Brigd. (Retd.) R.S Kochar
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Mr. Rajesh Mattoo
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon

xviii
 Communication and Computing Systems – Prasad et al. (eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-00147-6

Features

• The conference aimed at providing a platform for researchers to exchange their ideas in the
field of communication and computing systems.
• Development of collaboration between Researchers, Academicians and Industry experts
from around the world.
• Supporting exchange of ideas and promising future association between members of these
groups.
With the advancement of communication and computing systems a lot of research in this area
is undergoing. Thus, to cater to the needs of technologists, academicians, researchers, stu-
dents, this book provides both theoretical and practical applications in the field of Signal and
Image Processing, Communication & Computer Networks, Soft Computing, Intelligent
System, Machine Vision and Artificial Neural Network, VLSI & Embedded System, Software
Engineering and Emerging Technologies. Engineers and researchers may refer and understand
the upcoming trends in these fields and it will be a valuable tool for everyone involved in
engineering and related applications.

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Image processing and its applications
 Communication and Computing Systems – Prasad et al. (eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-00147-6

3D Tumor segmentation using surface rendering technique

K. Sudha Rani
Associate Professor, Department of EIE, VNR VJIET, Bachupally, Hyderabad, India

K. Mani Kumari
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vardaman College of Engineering, India

K. Aruna Kumari
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, VNR VJIET, Bachupally, Hyderabad, India

T. Gnana Prakash
Assistant Professor, Department of CSE,VNR VJIET, Bachupally, Hyderabad, India

ABSTRACT: In Biomedical image processing region/image segmentation is very important

in detecting the tumor. Brain tumor inside the skull limits the functioning of the brain and its
activities. Unwanted cells are increasing in the brain. Image processing techniques for identify-
ing tumor plays a vital role in better visualization, shape and area where it located. Image pro-
cessing techniques include morphological techniques, thresholding, classifiers, surface
rendering, interactive, wireframe modelling etc. In this work, Initially Two dimensional MR
images are taken converted into a three-dimensional image using the connected component
method, that three-dimensional image is projected in the two-dimensional form using surface
rendering techniques. Interactive segmentation enables us to differentiate background and
foreground which helps us to select particular region. Wireframe modeling enables to see
through the smooth surface rendered the three-dimension image. Automated thresholding
technique has applied to detect the volume of the tumor.

1 INTRODUCTION

MRI technology performs very important role in image segmentation for an analysis of brain
tumor and helps in better visualization of tumor. In order to create a three dimensional image
from a collection of two dimensional MR images we use different techniques like connected
component, surface rendering, interactive segmentation and wire frame modeling. Connected
component collects all the two dimensional images using a particular algorithm and forms a
three dimensional image out of it. Interactive segmentation separates the background and
foreground so that a particular region can be selected on which surface rendering can be
applied. Surface rendering projects the three dimensional image in two dimensional form, it
uses voxel to pixel conversion algorithms to perform this action. Wire frame modeling enables
the better visualization of the tumor. Thresholding is applied to calculate the area and volume
of tumor.
The objective is to create a three dimensional view of tumor which is presented inside rain
and calculate its area and volume. Also calculate the growth or shrinkage of tumor consider-
ing two different MR images of same patient taken at two different times.

2 METHODOLOGY

The research work has been characterized into two ways, as shown in the Figure 1.

3
Figure 1. Block diagram development of 3D tumor.

1. Development of 3D tumor
2. Detection of area and volume of the Tumor.

2.1 Development of 3D tumor

Initially, 2D DICOM data set has taken and then manually highlighted the interested region
i.e. tumor presented in the brain. Figure 1 Block Diagram Development of 3D tumor, after
identifying the tumor area then Simple surface rendering method has been applied on the
tumor. Surface rendering algorithm is as shown in the Figure 2.
Rendering is the final process of creating the actual 2D image or animation from the pre-
pared scene. Narkbuakaew. W (2010) explained the 3D reconstruction of the human body
parts. Sub sampling method has been used in huge volumetric data, and created contours.
Anne Talkingtom (2014) in the paper entitled “Estimating Tumor Growth Rates In vivo
“developed methods for inferring tumor growth rates from observation of tumor volumes at
two time points.
The DICOM images are first loaded and checked for the presence of tumor. If the tumor is
present then the region of interest is selected manually. After selecting the region of interest
the region is then surface rendered. The surface rendered image is a three dimensional image
of the selected region. Feng Zhao (2013) introduced the interactive image segmentation tech-
niques in many medical applications. Rukhsar Firdous (2014) compared different methods of
thresholding. Sreeparna Roy (2017) developed a new algorithm for 3D surface construction
and complements 2D CT, MR, and SPECT data by giving physicians 3D views of the anat-
omy. Pratik Chavada (2014) discussed about the region of interest in the medical images, the
region of interest should not be distorted after compression. Castorina, P (2007) discussed the
growth laws for cancer. Comen et al. (2012) derived the mathematical modelling for growth
rates. Megha & Arakeri (2013) explained the 3D reconstruction and estimated the volume
data. N. Dyn (2003) developed a 3D triangulation method. Humphreys & Greg (2004)
explained the mathematical theory behind the physical rendering.Arai K (2006), Graham
(2010) & M. Sezgin (2002) have discussed the 3D reconstruction techniques.

2.1.1 Surface rendering

The technique Surface rendering which projects the three dimensional image formed from two
dimensional MR images into two dimensional plane. The region of interest and surface ren-
dering has shown in the Figure 3 and Figure 4. It uses certain types of illuminations to project
the data.

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Figure 2. Block diagram of surface rendering.

Figure 3. Region of interest selection Figure 4: Surface rendering of tumor.

2.1.2 Interactive segmentation

Interactive segmentation of the current 3D image is used to extract object boundaries auto-
matically, where it divides an image into foreground and background using weighted geodestic
distance. A pixel’s distance from both foreground and background scribbles are calculated
and set as foreground or background accordingly.

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Figure 4. Simple surface rendering for the skull.

Figure 5. Wire frame modelling.

Once the thresholding is done surface rendering is applied to both tissue and tumor. Once it
is done a surface rendered human skull is visible through which the tumor we selected is vis-
ible. For better visualization wire frame modeling of the tissue is done.

2.1.3 Wire frame modeling

Wire frame modeling uses marching cube algorithm. This algorithm includes two steps initial
step is to develop the surface of the skull. For this, user specified value is identified for the
surface and then triangles have developed. Second step is, to develop the normals for the sur-
face of the skull at each and every vertex of each triangle. Marching cubes algorithm depends
on the divide-and-conquer method. The wireframe model applied to the skull is shown in the
Figure 5.

3 RESULTS

3.1 Result of volume calculation

Area and volume are calculated with the help of thresholding. Automatic thresholding has
been applied for the calculation of area and volume. Initially, load the data set, identify the
tumor and select the part of tumor using automatic segmentation method. Calculated Tumor
area and volume is as shown in the Figure 6.

3.2 Result for surface rendering

This algorithm has been verified with different patient data and applied techniques like region
of interest, surface rendering of the tumor, interactive segmentation, surface rendering of
tumor and skull and wire frame model, result is as shown in the Table 1.

6
Figure 6. Volume calculation.

Table 1. Surface rendering algorithm for different data sets.

Surface
Selected Surface rendered
Input region Rendering Interactive (tumor+ Wire Frame
MR image of interest of tumor segmentation tissue) model

4 CONCLUSION

3D brain tumor segmentation and detection has been developed with the connected compo-
nent method, surface rendering, interactive segmentation, thresholding, wire frame modelling.
Total 40 real time data has been tested, segmented tumor and then finally computed the
volume of the tumor. Excellent results of 3D segmented tumor have been developed.

7
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Anne Talkingtom. 2014. Estimating Tumour Growth Rates In vivo: Dept. of Math, Duke University,
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