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Data Analytics
Data Analytics
Concepts, Techniques, and Applications
Edited by
Mohiuddin Ahmed and Al-Sakib Khan Pathan
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all material or the consequences of their use. The authors
and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this
publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been
obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we
may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Acknowledgments...............................................................................................ix
Preface.................................................................................................................xi
List of Contributors........................................................................................... xv
vii
viii ◾ Contents
Index�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������417
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to the Almighty Allah for blessing me with the opportunity to work
on this book. It is my first time as a book editor and I express my sincere gratitude
to Al-Sakib Khan Pathan for guiding me throughout the process. The book e diting
journey enhanced my patience, communication, and tenacity. I am thankful to
all the contributors, critics, and the publishing team. Last but not least, my very
best wishes for my family members whose support and encouragement contributed
significantly to the completion of this book.
Mohiuddin Ahmed
Centre for Cyber Security and Games
Canberra Institute of Technology, Australia
ix
Preface
Introduction
Big data is a term for datasets that are so large or complex that traditional data
processing applications are inadequate for them. The significance of big data has
been recognized very recently and there are various opinions on its definition.
In layman’s terms, big data reflects the datasets that cannot be perceived, acquired,
managed, and processed by the traditional information technology (IT) and
software/hardware tools in an efficient manner. Communities such as s cientific
and technological enterprises, research scholars, data analysts, and technical
practitioners have different definitions of big data. Due to a large amount of data
arriving at a fast speed, a new set of efficient data analysis techniques are required.
In addition to this, the term data science has gained a lot of attention from both the
academic research community and the industry. Therefore, data analytics becomes
an essential component for any organization. For instance, if we consider health
care, financial trading, Internet of Things (IoT) smart cities, or cyber-physical sys-
tems, one can find the role of data analytics. However, with these diverse applica-
tion domains, new research challenges are also arising. In this context, this book on
data analytics will provide a broader picture of the concepts, techniques, applica-
tions, and open research directions in this area. In addition, the book is expected to
serve as a single source of reference for acquiring knowledge on the emerging trends
and a pplications of data analytics.
xi
xii ◾ Preface
Section I contains six chapters that cover the fundamental concepts of data
analytics. These chapters reflect the important knowledge areas, such as machine
learning, regression, clustering, information retrieval, and graph analysis. Section II
has six chapters that cover the major techniques of data analytics, such as t ransition
from regular database to big data, big graph analysis tools and techniques, and
game theoretical approaches for big data analysis. The rest of the chapters in this
section cover topics that lead to newer research domains, i.e., project management,
Preface ◾ xiii
Industry 4.0, and dark data. These topics are considered as the emerging trends in
data analytics. Section III is dedicated to the applications of data analytics in differ-
ent domains, such as education, traffic offenses, sports data visualization and, last
but not the least, two interesting chapters on cybersecurity for big data analytics
with specific focus on the health care sector.
xv
xvi ◾ List of Contributors
Tamanna Motahar is a lecturer at the electrical and computer engineering depart-
ment of North South University. She completed her master’s degree in electri-
cal engineering from the University of Alberta, Canada. She graduated summa
cum laude with a BSc in computer engineering from the American International
University, Bangladesh. Her high-school graduation is from Mymensingh Girls’
Cadet College, Bangladesh. Her interdisciplinary research works are based on opti-
cal electromagnetics and nano optics. Her current research areas include Internet
of Things, human–computer interaction, and big data. She is taking Junior Design
classes for computer science engineering students in the North South University
and is also mentoring several groups for their technical projects. Her email address
is tamanna.motahar@northsouth.edu.
Asma Noor graduated in 2017 from Charles Sturt University with a master’s degree
in information technology, specializing in networking and system analysis. In 2011,
she obtained her master’s degree in international relations from the University of
Balochistan, Pakistan. In 2007, she obtained a bachelor’s degree in business adminis-
tration from Iqra University, Pakistan, specializing in marketing. Her hobbies include
reading and writing. Her interests in the field of information technology include cloud
computing, information security, Internet of Things, and big data analytics.
xxii ◾ List of Contributors
Ahsanur Rahman is an assistant professor of the electrical and computer engi-
neering department at the North South University. He completed his PhD
in computer science from Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. Before that he has
worked as a lecturer in the computer science and engineering department at
the American International University Bangladesh. He obtained his bachelor’s
degree in computer science and engineering from Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology. His research interest lies in the areas of compu-
tational systems biology, graph algorithms, hypergraphs, and big data. He is
List of Contributors ◾ xxiii
mentoring several groups of NSU for their research projects. His email address
is ahsanur.rahman@northsouth.edu.
An Introduction to
Machine Learning
Mark A. Norrie
icare
Contents
1.1 A Definition of Machine Learning................................................................3
1.1.1 Supervised or Unsupervised?..............................................................4
1.2 A rtificial Intelligence.....................................................................................5
1.2.1 Th e First AI Winter...........................................................................8
1.3 ML and Statistics..........................................................................................9
1.3.1 R ediscovery of ML..........................................................................13
1.4 Critical Events: A Timeline.........................................................................14
1.5 Types of ML................................................................................................19
1.5.1 Supervised Learning........................................................................19
1.5.2 Unsupervised Learning....................................................................20
1.5.3 Semisupervised Learning.................................................................21
1.5.4 R einforcement Learning..................................................................21
1.6 Summary....................................................................................................22
1.7 Glossary......................................................................................................23
References............................................................................................................29
3
4 ◾ Data Analytics
Fünftes Kapitel.
Einmarsch ins Innere. Die ersten
Eindrücke.
Massassi, 20. Juli 1906.