0.
1 Modeling using first order ODE 1
0.1 Modeling using first order ODE
0.1.1 Cooling and Warming
Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the rate of change of the temperature of a
cooling body is proportional to the difference between its temperature T and the
temperature of its surrounding medium. Assuming the surroundings maintain a
constant temperature Tm , we obtain the differential equation:
dT
= −K (T − Tm ) where K is constant
dt
This is separable DE with general solution
T = Tm +Ce−Kt
. If T (0) = T0 , then C = T0 − Tm and T = Tm + (T0 − Tm ) e−Kt .
Example:
1. A cup with water at 450C is placed in the cooler held at 50C. If after 2 minutes
the water temperature is 250C, when will the water temperature be 150C?
2. A cup of tea is prepared in a preheated cup with hot water so that the tem-
perature of both the cup and the brewing tea is initially 1900 F. The cup is
then left to cool in a room kept at a constant 720 F. Two minutes later, the
temperature of the tea is 1500 F. Determine:
(a) the temperature of the tea after 5 minutes and
(b) the time required for the tea to reach 1000 F.
3. A small metal bar, whose initial temperature was 200 C,is dropped into a large
container of boiling water. How long will it take the bar to reach 900 C if it is
known that its temperature increases 20 in 1 second? How long will it take
the bar to reach 980 C?
0.1.2 Mixture problem
A tank has a salt mass Q(t) dissolved in a volume V (t) of water at a time t. Water
is pouring into the tank at a rate ri (t) with a salt concentrationqi (t). Water is also
leaving the tank at a rate ro (t) with a salt concentration qo (t).
Recall that a water rate r means water volume per unit time, and a salt concentration
q means salt mass per unit volume.
Assume that the salt entering in the tank gets instantaneously mixed. As a
consequence the salt concentration in the tank is homogeneous at every time. This
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property simplifies the mathematical model describing the salt in the tank. Before
stating the problem we want to solve, we review the physical units of the main fields
involved in it. Denote by [ri ] the units of the quantityri . Then we have
Volume
[ri ] = [r0 ] =
Time
Mass
[qi ] = [q0 ] =
Volume
[V ] = Volume, [Q] = Mass
.
A Mixing Problem refers to water coming into a tank at a rate ri with salt
concentration qi , and going out the tank at a rate ro and salt concentration qo , so
that the water volume V and the total amount of salt Q, which is instantaneously
mixed, in the tank satisfy the following equations,
V 0 (t) = ri (t) − ro (t)
Q0 (t) = ri (t)qi (t) − ro (t)qo (t)
Since the salt in the tank is well-mixed, the salt concentration is homogeneous in
Q(t)
the tank, with value and
V (t)
Q(t)
q0 (t) =
V (t)
The amount of salt in the mixing problem above satisfies the equation
Q0 (t) = a(t)Q(t) + b(t)
, where the coefficients in the equation are given by
r0 (t)
a(t) = − , b(t) = ri qi (t)
(ri − r0 )t +V0
Moybon W.@ ASTU 2022 Applied Mathematics III
0.1 Modeling using first order ODE 3
Since V 0 (t) is constant, integrating the equation
V 0 (t) = ri (t) − ro (t)
, we get
V (t) = (ri − ro )t +V0
, where V0 = V (0) is the water volume in the tank at the initial time t = 0.
Example 0.1 1. A large tank is filled to capacity with 500 gallons of pure
water. Brine containing 2 pounds of salt per gallon is pumped into the tank
at a rate of 5 gal/min. The well- mixed solution is pumped out at the same
rate.
(a) Find the number A(t) of pounds of salt in the tank at time t.
(b) what is the concentration c(t) of the salt in the tank at time t? At t = 5
min? What is the concentration of the salt in the tank after a long
time?
(c) At what time is the concentration of the salt in the tank equal to
one-half this limiting value?
(d) Solve the problem under the assumption that the solution is pumped
out at a faster rate of 10 gal/min. When is the tank empty?
2. A tank contains 300 gallon of fluid in which 50 lb of salt is dissolved. Brine
containing 1 lb of salt per gallon is then pumped into the tank at a rate of
3gal/min; the well-mixed solution is pumped out at the same rate.
(a) Solve the problem assuming that pure water is pumped into the tank.
(b) Find the number A(t) of grams of salt in the tank at time t.
3. Tank contains 50 lb of salt dissolved in 100 gal of water. Tank capacity is
400 gal. From t = 0, 1/4 lb of salt/gal is entering at a rate of 4 gal/min, and
the well-mixed mixture is drained at 2 gal/min. Find:
(a) time t when it overflows;
(b) amount of salt before overflow;
(c) the concentration of salt at overflow.
0.1.3 Electric circuit
RL-Series circuit : Kirchoff’s
second
law states that the sum of the voltage drop
di
across the inductor L, V = L and across the resistor R,(V = Ri) is the same
dt
as the impressed voltage E(t) in the circuit; where i is current.
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di
L + Ri = E(t)
dt
RC-Series Circuit : Kirchoff’s
second law states that the sum of the voltage
Q
drop across the capacitor C, and across the resistor (RI) is the same as the
C
impressed voltage (E(t)) in the circuit, where Q is the charge on the capacitor.
Q
Ri + = E(t)
C
dQ 1
⇒R + Q = E(t)
dt C
Example 0.2 1. A 30-volt electromotive force is applied to an RL-series
circuit in which the inductance is 0.1 henry and the resistance is 50 ohms.
Find the current i(t) if i(0) = 0. Determine the current in the circuit in the
long run.
2. A 200-volt electromotive force is applied to an RC-series circuit in which
the resistance is 1000 ohms and the capacitance is 5 × 106 farad. Find the
charge q(t) on the capacitor if i(0) = 0.4. Determine the charge and current
at t = 0.005 s. Determine the charge as t → ∞.
Moybon W.@ ASTU 2022 Applied Mathematics III
