a & test coe 02120020 | FORM TP 2024236 MAY/JUNE 2024 CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION® ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ECOLOGY, PEOPLE AND NATURAL RESOURCE USE, UNIT 1 - Paper 02 2 hours 30 minutes READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY. 1, This paper consists of SIX questions in THREE sections. Answer ALL questions. 2. — Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet. 3. Do NOT write in the margins. 4, You may use a silent, non-programmable calculator to answer questions. 5. Youare advised to take some time to read through the paper and plan your answers. 6. If you need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so on the original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the back of this booklet. Remember to draw a line through your original answer. 7. Ifyou use the extra page(s), you MUST write the question number clearly in the box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where relevant, include the question part beside the answer. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. Copyright © 2022 Caribbean Examinations Council Alll rights reserved. eRe ad L. c2r200200ucare 2024 Scanned with CamScannerMODULE 1 Answer BOTH questions. 1. (@)_Define the following terms. @ Habitat (ii) Ecotone ii) Lithosphere GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE Scanned with CamScanner 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 Ls wee(iv) Environmental resistance [4 marks} (b) _— Ammarine biologist is studying some species of bamacles, found in shallow tidal waters off the coast of a Caribbean island. In her observations, she notes that the Caribbean ‘bamacle (Chthamalus proteus) and the gooseneck barnacle (Pollicipes polymers) have a stratified distribution along the coast of that Caribbean island, with Pollicipes polymerus thriving only on the lower strata. When the biologist removed Pollicipes polymerus from the lower strata, she observed that the population of Chihamalus proteus spread throughout that area. Whelks (Citarium pica) are the main predator of both species and both species may also be displaced by limpets and mussels, which compete for space. (Use the concepts of fundamental and realized niche to explain why Chthamalus proteus spread throughout the area when Pollicipes polymerus was removed from the lower strata, [2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE I 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L Scanned with CamScanner5 (i) Explain how the relationship between Chthamalus proteus and Pollicipes polymerus demonstrates environmental resistance. ; [2 marks} (©) Using the study described in (b), explain the difference between diversity within species and diversity between species. [3 marks] Scanned with CamScannerr * 7 (@ Using a suitable example from the Caribbean region, describe the relationship between ecological succession and the climax community. 4 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE eyo | (02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L Scanned with CamScannerr * 7 (©) Table I shows the data collected over six months by the marine biologist during her fieldwork. TABLE 1: DATA COLLECTED BY MARINE BIOLOGIST Number of Species Observed Month Chohamalus proteus April 90 2 May 60 4 June 20 66 July 54 30 ‘August 18 o September a n (Suggest ONE possible reason for the data obtained in July. [1 mark} (ii) On the grid provided on page 9, draw a bar graph to illustrate the data in Table 1 [4 marks} Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE | (02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L Scanned with CamScannerGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 2024 (02120020/MJ/CAPE, oR Scanned with CamScannery (a) Define the term ‘species diversity’ [1 mark] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L in eR gM | Scanned with CamScannerJ DONOT WRITE IN THISAREA ‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA ‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA I “ue | (b) The Coastal and Environmental Department of a country has received sightings of a new species in an area of xerophytie scrubland, near one of the several surface saltwater ponds found on the coast. As a result, officers from the Ministry of Environment decided to conduct a sampling exercise to determine the species: iversity of the entire coastal area, The data in Table 2 is derived from the sampling exercise. ‘TABLE 2: RESULTS OF SAMPLING EXERCISE Species Name Number of Speci Sombrero ameiva lizard (Ameiva corvina) 3 Red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) s Sooty tern (Onychoprion fuscatus) 2 Green iguanas (Iguana iguana) 36 Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) 4 Using the formula below, calculate the species diversity of the area sampled. (02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 Lne-1) NN=1) [4 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (ge aul ereooeott Scanned with CamScannerr » 7 on determining (©) TheCoastal and Environmental Department of a country asks your advic the population of moving organisms such as lizards, tortoises, invertebrates and which may be found in the coastal area, (State TWO suitable methods that may be used for sampling these organisms. [2 marks} For EACH method stated in (c) (i), state ONE reason why it is suitable. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE a 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L Scanned with CamScanner213. 77] | (Anew species sighted in the area is was previously unknown to the country. 4 ified as the green iguana (Iguana iguana) which @ Ifthe only green iguanas found in the country before the sampling were a pair found in the 200, what is the percentage increase in green iguanas in this sampling exercise? [1 mark} Gi) The Coastal and Environmental Department determines that the green iguana poses a threat to other organisms in the area of the xerophytic scrubland and the coastal surface saltwater ponds. DONT TRE RTT DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA Explain TWO types of interaction in which the green iguana may be involved this ecosystem. _DONOT WRITE IN THIS AREA | DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA ‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA "DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA i I } GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 OL in Scanned with CamScanner— olde 7 ) Explain how the green iguana may impact on the carrying capacity of the xerophytic scrubland and the coastal surface saltwater ecosystem. (©) Describe ONE potential environmental and ONE potential health impact per introduction of the green iguanas to the country. (Environmental (i) Health [4 marks} ‘Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE za (02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 Scanned with CamScanneri -15- “7 MODULE 2 Answer BOTH questions. 3.) )_ Define the term ‘urbanization’. Gi) Name ONE urban centre in the English-speaking Caribbean. {1 mark] Gi) For the urban centre identified in (a) (ii), suggest TWO possible reasons for the growth of the population in the urban centre. (2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE | 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L. is Scanned with CamScannerr “ . (b) Explain how urbanization ean pose a threat to EACH of the following. (High value ecosystems (i) Climate [2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE I (02120020/MI/CAPE 2024 L Scanned with CamScannerr “». 7 (©) COVID-19 started as an urban pandemic and was later contained in an East Asian metropolis (UN Chronicle, 2020). Figure 1 is @ graph that shows the incidence of COVID-19 for urban and rural centres in Country X between January and October 2020. 200. 150: 100. Key — Large cities 50. y ——— Medium-sized cities i & z i 3 g g 3 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 2020 Figure 1. Graph showing incidence of COVID-19 for Country X Source: hps:/www.ede gov/mmwr/volumes/69Avr social /mm6946a6_COVID19StatsUrbanRural_IMAGE_20Nov20_1200x675.jpg ‘ttps://wwv.ede.gow/mmwr/volumes/69/vr/mm6946a6.him (State TWO trends shown in Figure 1 (2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, | 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L mi Scanned with CamScannerim lig’: 7 (ii) In which month was the incidence of COVID-19 highest for medium-sized cities? {1 mark ii) Country X has a population of 1.2 million people. Calculate the percentage of the population which was affected by COVID-19 in July 2020. [2 marks} (@ Poverty reduction is critical to achieving food security, but in many developing countries this has led to deforestation and overfishing as people seek to provide for their daily needs. These activities have intensified because with the spread of COVID-19 and the resulting economic fallout, more people have become poor and food insecure (Laborde, Martin and Voss, 2021). (Explain ONE way in which the increased poverty brought on by COVID-19 could impact population growth. [2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02120020/Ms/CAPE 2024 Scanned with CamScanneri- “19. 7 Gi)__Explain how EITHER deforestation OR overfishing may negatively impact the environment. [2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE za (02120020/MJICAPE 2024 L i Scanned with CamScanneri -20- ~] ‘The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 1 (SDG!) sets targets and indicators to ‘end poverty everywhere’. Suggest ONE way in which addressing EITHER overfishing OR deforestation can lead to the achievement of this goa. [2 marks} Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE - Scanned with CamScanner (02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 Lt wer * 7 4. @_Define the following terms. (i) Total fertility rate (ii) Emigration rate Git) Age-sex structure GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02120020/MI/CAPE 2024 Scanned with CamScannerr 2. 7 (b) Figure 2 shows the composition of the Barbados population by age and sex after a census was conducted in 2016. Male Barbados - 2016 Female 2QNOT WRITE IN THIS ARES b 2 9 6 3 0 0 3 6 9 2B 1 Population (in thousands) Age group Population (in thousands) ets ORI EE A Figure 2, Age-sex diagram for Barbados, 2016 ic shape of the age-sex diagram shown in Figure 2. (Name the charact DO Nor waite In tHIs uena It mark] Gi) State ONE deduction which may be made based on the characteristic shape of the age-sex diagram in Figure 2. 1 mark] bo NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA TO I rasaariaoee asa GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02120020/MJICAPE 2 L Nae Scanned with CamScannerr > (©) Atthe last census, Barbados’ population was 285 000, with 3500 live births, 3000 deaths and a natural increase of $00. (Calculate the percentage of the population which is not within the fertile age group. [4 marks] (ii) Calculate the birth rate of the population in Barbados. [2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 Scanned with CamScanneri 2. 7] (@) Explain TWO population control methods which could be adopted by the Government of Barbados based on the information in the age-sex diagram in Figure 2. RITE ry nyees tet z phneee 24 a ‘DONOT WRITE IN THIG AREA perry Ture ARPA has Sein in DO NOT WRITE IN THIS ARr4 GO ON TO THE NI 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 EXT PAGE EL 1 : Scanned with CamScannerr * = [6 marks} (©) Explain how ONE named biotic factor has influenced the relationship between the people and their activities in a Caribbean country. [3 marks} Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE | 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 i Scanned with CamScannerr a 7 MODULE 3 Answer BOTH questions. : 5. (a) __Define the term ‘natural resource’. i : i t - | [2 marks} (b) Read the information below carefully and answer the questions that follow. ific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) manages the World Heritage List, which highlights the “world’s cultural and natural diversity of } outstanding universal value”. To be included on the list, an area must meet certain criteri 3 and have adequate management and protection systems in place. A UNESCO World 2 Heritage site in a Caribbean country has been listed. The site covers an area of 2909 3 hectares including two mountain landmarks, forests and geothermal areas. About one- . third of the site is in the ocean, where there is significant coral reef coverage. There is a g ide variety of flora and fauna in both the terrestrial and marine components ofthe site, § including five endemic bird species. Petroglyphs and other archeological artefacts have 2 also been found at the site, attesting to the presence of the Amerindian Carib peoples who lived in the area hundreds of years ago. Adapted from Pitons Management Area, hitps://whe.unesco.org/enlist/1161/ Re er (Name ONE category of natural resource, other than ecosystems, that exists atthe World Heritage Site in the Caribbean country. U1 mark] (ii) Name ONE resource that falls into the ecosystems category of natural resources that is found at the World Heritage Site. [1 mark] A NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA, GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE EL al 02120020/MS/CAPE 2024 L Scanned with CamScannerk Lp r - 7 (iii) In order to be listed, the government had to justify why that location should be designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Explain TWO reasons related to resource conservation that the government may have used to justify the designation of area as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. [6 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 Scanned with CamScanner© 7 4 | n to develop a ‘A businessperson in the Caribbean country has been granted permi small industry in the area of the World Heritage Site. The planned activity will be either > a small logging industry, because there are valuable tree species growing there, or a 3 visitor's centre offering tours and educational talks about the surrounding area. : x () Classify each of the proposed activities as ‘consumptive’ or ‘non-consumptive’. ; x ‘Small logging industry .. k ‘ Visitor’s centre .. . a 4 [2 marks} § (ii) Suggest which activity would be more appropriate for the World Heritage Site s and justify your choice. § . 8 x g g g 3 § 2 S g Scanned with CamScannercr l +29- ~] (@ Figure 3 illustrates the number of tourists who arrived in Saint Lucia from 2000 to 2018. Examine the figure carefully and answer the questions that follow. 1200- 11004 900+} 800 ‘Number of tourist arrivals (* 1000) 7004 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018, Yer Figure 3, Tourist arrivals for Saint Lucia, 2000-2018 Data obtained from the World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files. (i) Whatis Inttps://data, worldbank.org/indicator/ST. INT ARVL? locations=LC the overall trend of the data shown in Figure 3? (02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE a Scanned with CamScannerr * 7 Gi) Calculate the rate of change of tourist arrivals from 2008 to 2016. Express your answer in tourist arrivals per year. | { [4 marks] ‘Total 20 marks ha NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE za 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 Scanned with CamScannerr “* 7 (©) Figure 4 illustrates the forest coverage as a percentage of total land area in a Caribbean country from 1990 to 2020. Study the figure carefully and answer the questions that follow: 8 st 0 ~ “ Forest coverage (% of land area) 4” - 19901994 1998 2002-2006. 201020142018 2020 Year Figure 4, Forest coverage as a percentage of total land area in a Caribbean country, 1900-2020 ‘The forests in the Caribbean country were used for a variety of reasons, resulting in the trend observed in Figure 4. To manage this trend, the government developed a forestry natural resource policy. (Suggest the year in which this policy was introduced. [1 mark) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE | 02120020/Ms/CAPE 2024 LL AA Scanned with CamScannerim “3. 7 ii) State whether the forestry policy introduced by the government was effective and Justify your response, including specific values and trends from Figure 4 to support ‘your answer. {7 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 | Scanned with CamScannerls o 4 (3) Cutine THREE practices used by indigenous people that comb tothe conservation ot fore ee marks) Total 20 marks END OF TEST {IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST. e2120n20 MBCA 2024 NOT WRITE IN'THIS AREA bosorwmriperneeiaes bo THIS r cb EXTRASPACE, you use this extra par. you MUST meee queion ne mbe ‘Question No. OUNCE Scanned with CamScanner