ARTICLE ASMERPVCY.2017 ARTICLE 4 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION METHODS FOR WELDS T-410 SCOPE This Article provides or references requirements for weld examinations, which are to be used in selecting and developing ultrasonic examination procedures when examination toany part ofthis Article is arequirement of areferencing Code Section, These proceduresare to be used for the ultrasonic examination of welds and the di- mensioning of indications for comparison with accep- lance standards when required by the relerencing Code Section; the referencing Code Section shall be consulted for specific requirements for the following (a)personnel qualification/certfication requirements (b)procedure requirements /demonstration, qualifica- tion, acceptance (€) examination system characteristics (d)retention and control of calisration blocks (@)extent of examinationand /or volume tobescanned (acceptance standards (g)retention of records (h)reportrequirements Definitionsof termsusedin this Articlearecontained in Article 1, Mandatory Appendix I, 1-121.2, UT — Ultrasonics. 7-420 GENERAL ‘The requirements of this Article shall beused together ‘with Article 1, General Requirements. Refer to (a}special provisions for coarse grain materials and, weldsin T-451; (b)special provisions forcomputerizedimagingtechnt- quesin 7-482 (¢) Mandatory AppendixIII for Time of Flight Diffrac- tion (TOFD) techniques; (4) Mandatory Appendix IV for phased array manual rastering techniques. 7-421 WRITTEN PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS 7-421,1 Requirements. Ultrasonic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which shall, as a minimum, contain the requirements listed in Table T-421. The written procedure shall establish a single value, or range of values, for each requirement. 7-421.2 Procedure Qualification. When procedure qualification is specified by the referencing Code Section, a changeofa requirement in Table T-421 identified asan n essential variable fromthe specified value,or range of val- ues shall requirerequalificationof the written procedure. A change of a requirement identified as a nonessential voriabie from thespecified value, or range of values, does not require requalification of the written procedure. All changes of essential or nonessential variables from the value, or range of values, specified by the written proce- dure shall require revision of, or an addendum to, the written procedure. 7-430 EQUIPMENT 7-431 INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS Apulse-echo-type of ultrasonic instrument shall be used, The instrument shall be capable of operation at fre- quencies over the range of at least 1 MHz to 5 MHz and shall be equipped with a stepped gain control in units of 2.0 dBorless. Iftheinstrumenthasadampingcontrol, it may be used if tdoes not reducethe sensitivity of the examination. The reject contral shall be in the “of? posi- tion for all examinations, unless it can be demonstrated that it does notaffect the linearity of the examination, ‘The instrument, when required because of the techni- que being used, shall have both send and receive jacks for operation of dual search units ora single search unit with send and receive transducers, 7-432 SEARCH UNITS 7-432.1 General, The nominal frequency shall be from 1 MHztoS MHz unless variables, suchas production material grain structure, require the use of atherfrequer cies to assure adequate penetration or better resolution, Search unitswithcontouredcontact wedgesmay be used toaid ultrasonic coupling. 7-432.2_ Contact Wedges. As required by (a) and (b) below, examinations performed on a curved component avingadiameterlessthan 14 in.(350 mm) at theexam- ination surface) shall be performed using a contoured wedge, to ensure sufficient ultrasonic coupling is, achieved and to limit any potential rocking ofthe search unit as itis moved along the circumference of the component. aASMEBPVCV-2017 ARTICLE, Table T-421 Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination Procedure Requirement ‘Weldconfgaratorsto be earmined incladingthidinessdimensionsand base material product form pipe, plateetc) ‘The surfaces from whichthe examination shall be performed Teehniquets (sralghtbean, angle beam contac and/or meersion) Angle(s)and made(s) of wave propagation nthe mater Search unetype(s,equeney(es) and elementsize(}/shape(s) Special search units, wedges shoes, saddles, when used ‘Ulrasonsinstrument(s) Calibration ealibrationblock(s}and technique] Directions andevtentof scanning Scanning (manual¥S automatic) Method fr diserminating geometric from Maw ndleations Method for sizing indications Compuser enhanced datsacquiston when sed Scanoveslp (decreaseonly] Personnel performance retirements when required Personnel qulfiation requirements Surface condition (examination surface calbratin block) Cocplant brand name or ype Postexamination leningtechnigue ‘Automatcalarm anor Teareing equipment when applicable Recon inhang minimum ealbration data tobe recorded (eg, instrument setngs) Fesental Variable ‘Nonessential Variable EOE OO OE (a) earch units shall be contoured as required by the following equation: A. = length ofsearch unit footprint during circumferen- UUal scanning or the width when scanning in the ax- ial direction, in. (mm) D =the component diameter at inspection surface (1D,/0.D}, in. (mm) ‘The footprint is defined as the physical dimension of the search unit in the curved direction of the component. (6) The search unit contoured dimension stall be se- lected from the tables in (1) and (2) below, and shall be determined using the same component dimension from which the examination is being performed (I.D.or 0.D). (1) Maximum contour for examinations performed from 0D. x4) > § | Sisin. (287 mm) where ‘ActualComponentOutside Allowabletacreasein Diameter, Contour Diameter Over in. (en Component 0D, in (mm) “4.0 (<100), 1 (<25), 40 to 10 1000250) <2 (50) >10(2250) <# (2100) B (2) Minimum contour for examinations performed from LD, ‘Actual Componentinside _AllowableDecreasein Diameter, Contour Diameter Under in (ru Component 1D in. (19 $4.0 (<100) 1525) 4.0010 10040250) 22 (50) >10(250), <4(<100), 7-432.3 Weld Metal Overlay Cladding — Search Unit! Dual clement, straight beam search units using an angled pitch-catch technique shall be used. The included angle between the search uni’s elements shall be such that the effective focal spot distance is centered in the area of interest, 7-433 COUPLANT 7-433. General. The couplant, including additives, shall notbe detrimental to the material being examined, 7-433.2. Controtof Contaminants. (a) Couplants used on nickel base alloys shall notcon- tain more than 250 ppm of sulfur. (b)Couplants used on austenitic stainless stee! or tita- nium shall not contain more than 250 ppm of halides (chlorides plus fluorides)a7 ARTICLE 7-434 CALIBRATION BLOCKS 7-434.1 General. T-434.1.1 Reflectors. Specified reflectors (ic. side-drilled holes, at bottom holes, notches, ete) shall be used to establish primary reference responses of the equipment. An alternative reflector(s} may be used pro- videdthatthealternativereftector(s) producesa sensitiv ityequal toor greaterthan the specified reflector(s) (eg, side-crilled holes in lieu of notches, fat bottom holes in lieu of side-drilled holes). 7-434.1.2 Material, (a) Similar Metal Welds. The material from which the block is fabricated shall be of the same product form and material specification or equivalentP-Number group- ing as one of the materials being examined, For the pur- poses of this paragraph, P-Nos. 1, 3, 4, SA through SC, and 15A through 15F materials are considered equivalent. (b)Dissimilar Metal Welds. The material selection shall be based on the material on the side of the weld from which the examination will be conducted. Ifthe exar ion will be conducted from both sides, calibrationreflec- tors shall be provided in both materials. (c) Transfer Correction, When the block material is not of the same product form or has not received the same heat treatment, itmay be used provided it meetsall other blockrequirements anda transfer correction for acousti- cal property differences is used. Transfer correction shall bbe determined by noting the difference between the sig nal response, using the same transducers and wedges to be used in the examination, received from either ()thecorrespondingreferencereflector (sametype and dimensions) in the basic calibration block and in the component to be examined, oT (2)tsvo search units positioned in the same orienta~ tion on the basic calibration black and componentto be examined, ‘The examination sensitivity shall be adjusted for the difference. 7-434.1.3 Quality. Prior to fabrication, the block material shall be completely examined with a straight beam search unit. Areas that contain an indication ex- ceeding the remaining back-wall reflection shall be ex- cluded from the beam paths required to reach the various calidration reflectors. 7-434..4 Cladding. (a) Block Selection. The material from which the block is fabricated shall be from one of the fallowing, (@)nozzle dropout from the component @)a component prolongation (G)material of the same material specification, product form, and heat treatment condition asthe mate- rial to which the search unit is applied during the examination 74 ASMERPVCY.2017 () Clad. Where the componentmaterial is clad and the claddingis factor during examination, the block shall be clad to the component clad naminal thickness 4% in (3 mm), Deposition of clad shall be by the same method (ie, roll-bonded, manual weld deposited, automatic wire deposited, or automatic strip deposited) as used to clad ‘the component to be examined, When the claddingmeth- od isnot known or the method of cladding used on the component is impractical for block cladding, deposition of clad may be by the manual method. ‘When the parent materials on opposite sides ofa weld are clad by either different P-,A-, or F-numbers or mate rial designations or methods, the calibration black shall bbe clad with the same P-, A-, of F-numbers or material designations using the same method used on the side of ‘the weld from which the examination will be conducted. ‘When the examination is conducted from both sides of the weld, the calibration black shall provide for calibra- ion for both materials and methods of cladding, For ‘welds clad with a different material or method than the adjoining parent materials,anditisafactorduringtheex- ‘amination, the calibration block shall be designed to be representative of this combination 7-434.15 Heat Treatment, The calibration block shall receive at least the minimum tempering treatment required by the material specification for the typeand, grade. If the calibration block contains welds other than cladding, and the component weld al the time of the ex- amination has been heal treated, the block shall receive the same heat treatment, 7-434.1.6 Surface Finish. The finish on the scan- ning surfaces of the block shall be representative of the scanning surface finishes on the component to be examined, 7-434.1.7 Block Curvature. ‘7-434.1.7.1 Materials With Diameters Greater Than 20 in, (500 mm). For examinationsin materials where the examination surface diameter is greater than 20 in. (500 mm), a block of essentially the same curva- ture, or alternatively, a flat basic calibration block, may be used. 7-434.17.2 _ Materials With Diameters 20 in, (500 mm)and_Less. For examinations in materials where the examination surface diameter is equal to or less than 20 in, (500 mm), a curved block shall be used. Except where otherwisestated in this Article, a single curved ba- sic calibration blockmay be used for examinations in the rrange of curvature from 0.9t01.5 timesthe basiccalibra- tion block diameter, For example, an 8 in, (200mm) dia- meter black maybe used to calibrate far examinationson surfaces in the range of curvature from 7.2 in. to 12 in (180mm to 300 mm) in diameter. The curvature range tromboain to 20in, (24mmto 500mm) indiameter re- sssix curved blocks as shown in Figure T-434.1.7.2 forany thickness rangeASMEBPVCV-2017 ARTICLE. Figure T-434.1.7.2 Ratio Limits for Curved Surfaces 156(39) 2.69 (67) 4.32(08), “my [ 7.24180) 72 (300) 20500) 20500) 1-1 13.33(933), 81200) \ ' ' ' ' 2 BOTS - 3 | s ' SE 101250) t z | 5 i = \ 8 | 3 | 8 5(125) i 4.8(120) 2.88172) 173163) 1041261 5 (125) Examination SurfaceDiereter, in (mm) 101280), 751375) 201800) 7-434.1.7.3 Alternative for Convex Surface. As an alternative to the requirements in T-434.1.7.1 when ‘examining irom the convex surface by the straight beam. contact technique, Nonmandatory Appendix Gmay be used. 7-434.2 _Non-Piping Calibration Blocks. 1-434.2.1 BasicCalibration Block. The basic cali- bration block configuration and reflectors shall be as shownin FigureT-434,2 1. Theblocksizeand reflectorlo- cations shall be adequate to perform calibrations for the ‘beam angle(s)and distance range(s) to be used. ‘T-434.2.2 Block Thickness. The block thickness (1) shall be per Figure T-434.2.1. 5 7-434.2.3 Alternate Block. Alternatively, the block may be constructed as shown in Nonmandatory Appendix], Figure 431. -434.3 Piping Calibration Blocks. The basic cali- bration block configuration and reflectors shall be as shown in Figure T-434,3-1 or the alternate provided in, Figure T-434.3-2 where curvature and or wall thickness permits. The basic calibration block curvature shall be in accordance with T-434.1.7. Thickness, 7, shall be %of thenominal thicknessof thecomponentto beex- amined, The block size and reflectar locations shall be adequate to perform calibrations for the beam angle(s) and distance range(s) to be used.ARTICLE ASME BPYCY-2017 Figure T-434.2.1 Nonpiping Calibration Blocks 3 TINote( Ih |=-"T--| Twoietti) Gin. Note(] (160mm) Minimumdimensions Dz Yhin.( 13mm} Cladding itprosent) Notch Notch depth = 16% 710 2.2% T Noth width= (6) max Notchlength= 1 (25}min, Calibration Block Thickness(D, Wold Thickness (in. (um) in. (eum) Up tot (25) Yusjore Fees) (ver 25} through 2(50) p(s} ore 6a Over (Serouge 4100) 3078ore Ke) Over § (100) 13105) Naw (GENERAL NOTES (a), Holes shai bedrthedand reamed 1.5 in (38m) deep minimum esentlpaale tothe examination surface {B)_Forcomponentseqcaltooriessthan 20% (S00 mm} diameter calibration block ciametr shames he requirements ofT 434172 Twa sets ealbraton refietors (oles notes erieted 90 cegirom each ter shal be used Aer tively. wocuryed alization bles maybe sed (q)Thetoleranceor bale cameter tal be #ein (08mm). Thetolerancefor ol leation thro thecairatonboc thine (Le, dltanefrom te tafnation surface shallbe fin, mm) (a) orbiecslessthn jn (9 mein thickness only the J sided hole an surface notchesare rece (@)_Atholesmaybe ston thesame aed) the cat on block povidedeare seer loatalthereetors Chote, notches) to preventone reece am afactng the lato rom anther efector ringeaibration Notches saya bein thease plane asthe in neole ace Nonmandaary hypennp igure] 437) AeFigue] 43a Cientnutber of holes sol be provided far bathangleandstaght beam carton at the 1, a, and dep (9) Whencladding is present, notch depth on the cladding side of the blockshall beincreased by the cladding thickness,CT (Le, 1687 ¥CT miinueto 225674 CT madi) (@) Maxiur nots vid snot rial Notchesmay be madeby £08 or with end milsup to Yin (4mm) nciameter {hy Weigticees. es thenomina material cess forweldswithost reinforcement orweldswithrenorcement. the ‘omin matera ticknesspistheestmatecveleeinforcementnoltoexcedthematimumpermtebythereteencng {odesetion Whentwo or arebase materi finessesare involved tre eallraton bok thekness, Tal bedeter ‘nies bythe averagetcknessrthe weld alternative cl brat onbvexbaseconthegreaterbse materia thickness ‘ayheusec provide the reference reflector siels based upon the average wel tines Norts (2) Minirumelmenson {2} ForeachncresseinweéthcknessoF2in (S0mm)orfractionthereafover4in (100mm). thehoeelametershal ines Yin (1 5mm) 76ASMEBPVCV-2017 ARTICLE. Figure 7-434. Calibration Block for iping re L I ‘Nominalwall thickness (7) l Actes rhe noe ct aA Cladding ifpresent) |ceneRaL NOTES: (2). Theminimumesibratonblacklengt, shal/be Bin, (200 men) or BT whichever isreate (0) For 0. 4in. (100m) orles, te mininumare length shal be 73% afte ercuference For OD. greater than 4. (100 mn). tre mitimumarelengt stall be Gin (200 mn) or 37; whichever greater lc) Note ceptsshal befor 834 Trininum to 11% Tmaximum When dadlngispresentnotch eps onthe add ngside of te bock sho! be inereaseeby theclacdinghieeness CT (ce, 94 7+ CT minimurto 1287 #CT maximum) Not witisshal be Yin. (mm) ‘oaximur, Note legs shal be tS. (25 mr] minim, (a). Mavimursnotcs witsssnot ert Notches may be made wilsEDM or withend mils up to Yim. (6mm) indlameter. fe) Notrlengtsshal:besufienttoprevde fr calbratonvitha minimum 3 tot signal-to-nlseratio (0) Twobiocks shal be usedwhen a wel joining tivo deren thcenestes of material's examinecandasingle block doesnot satsy the reeuirements ofT 434.3 lg) Whena faiockis used aspermitedhy 7-434171 thetwoaxialnotches maybeomitedandtheblock widtsmay bereduceto in (1o0 mm) previdethetD.anGO.D natchesareplacecon oppesiteexarnnatonsurfaesof thebleck When clacdg isnotpresent. ony lone notch is equired provided eschexamninaion surface i accessbleduringcaloratins INOTE: C1] Notches shabe located notetoser than JAT or J in.(13 mm), whichever greater to any block edge orto oter notches. 7-434.4 Weld Metal OverlayCladding Calibration drilled to the weld/base metal interface shall be used. Blocks. Thishole may be drilled from the base material or weld T-434.4.1 Calibration Blocksfor Technique One. metal overlay cladding side, The thickness of the weld ‘The basic calibration block configuration and reflectors metal overlay cladding shall be at least as thick as that shallbeas shown inFigureT-4344.1.Bitheraside-drilled to be examined, The thickness of the base metal shall be holeorflat bottomhole may be used.Thethicknessofthe within 1 in. (25 mm) of the calibration block thickness ‘weld metal overlay cladding shall be at leastas thick as when the examination is performed from the base mate- thatto be examined. The thickness of the base material rial surface, The thickness of the base material on the ca~ shall be at least twice the thickness of the weld metal __librationblockshall be atleast twicethe thickness of the overlay cladding, ‘weld metal overlay claddingwhen theexamination isper- 7-434,4.2 Alternate Calibration Blocks forTech- {red from the weld metal overlay cladding surface. niique One. Alternately, calibration blacksas shown in _T-434.5 _NozzleSide Weld Fusion Zoneand/or Adja- Figure T-43442.1 or Figure T-434.4.2.2 may be used. cent Nozzle Parent Metal Calibration Blocks, ‘The thickness of the weld metal overlay cladding shall -434.5.1 Calibration Block, beat leastas thick as that to beexamined Thethickness _(a)Configuratfon. The calibration block configuration of thebasematerialshall beat least twice thethicknessof shall be as shown in Figure T-434 5.1, The block size the weld metal overlay cladding and reflector locations shall be adequate to perform cali- 7-434.4.3 Calibration Block for TechniqueTwo, _ b*@tionsto cover thenozze sideweld fusion zoneand/or ‘The basic calibration block configuration and reflectors shall beas shown in Figure T-434.4.3. A flat bottom hale 7ARTICLE 4 ASME BPYCY-2017 ka) lo) Ke) Alternate Calibration Block for! ATaxialholo Circumforentialnotch %Ttangential ration > \ / a ‘4Ttangential hole {Note( 2] 15in. (38mm) min. t Longth [Noto«] | 1GintriniorT 1in.2brm ai ‘%sTtangential hole {Note(2i1 UT axialhole ur 0.78in. 19mm) ar 0.78in.(19mm} Cladding tif prosont) lceneraLvores Tor block ess than in. (19 mia tlekness only the YT side delle helets requted Inclusion ef notches isoptional. Notches as shown in Figure T-£343-1 maybevtlizedin conjunction with this callbration block. Notch depthsshal! be rom T minimum to119% Prsaximurs Noten widths shal be ¥ in. (Sr maximum. Notes shal be| in. (25 me) minim ka) Noxches may bemade with EDMorwithené mills upto% in, (6m) In dlameter le) Nosck engts shal besufficientto providefor clfration with a minimum 3to 4 signal-to-n0'se rato, [C3 Notches shal belocated notcloser than T or 1% in. (38 mm), whichever i greater, to any block edgeor toother notches INores: 1) Lengthandarestallbe adequate toproviderequired anglebeam calibration (2) Sidedrted note dlameter length. ane toleranceshal be Inaccordance with T434.2.1,as permitted by T4642, Tangentalsidedrie| holesat Ji7, oT, and }47 positions or locationsare to have the depth confirmed at one-half of theirlength. Theradius ofthe side-| | | thickness | | (ifpresont) | ' | (38mm) (Hi Fltblocksurtace fordiamoters> + Zin. (500mm) Nome oD lceneRat ores: (a) Thethicness 7 of thecalbravonbiock(O.D.~LD]/2shallbe selected forthe maximum nezelewsll theknessunderthenozzesttac mented a) Side dred nolesshat be deed an reamed the fl height H,of the block lc). The iameteroftheside die helesshall be selected forthe maximum norale wall thickness per (a) aboveand MigureT-1342% c)_Fornoszlesideexamnations whenthewallticknessof thecal brationbioreexceeds2 in (30 mm), addtional sie- deed holesshal be placedin thebiockasrequiredin the tablebelow Holetpation, Holetocation, Hole Location, Calibration Blok Wall Thickness in. (tn) Sat at We $2 (50) rough 375) x 33005) x x 82an ASMEBPVCV-2017 T-440 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS T-441 IDENTIFICATION OF WELD EXAMINATION AREAS (a) Weld Locovions Weld locations andtieir identifica: tion shall be recorded ona weld map orin an idemtifica- tion plan. (2) Marking, If welds are to be permanently marked, low stress stamps and/or vibratooling may be used. Markingsappliedaftr final stressrelief of the component shall notbe any deeper than Yeg in. (1.2 mm), (6) Reference System Each weld shall belocated and identified by a system of reference points. The system shall permit identification of each weld center line and esignation of regular intervals along the length of the ‘weld. A general system for layaut of vessel welds is de- scribedin Artile4, Nonmandatory Appendix A; however, different system may be utilized provided it mects the above requirements 1-450 TECHNIQUES ‘The techniques described in this Article are intended for applications where either single or dual clement search units are used to produce: (a) normal incident longitudinal wave beams for what are generally termed straight beam examinations or (B)angle beam longitudinal waves, where both re- fracted longitudinal and shear waves are presentin the ‘material under examination, When used for thickness ‘measurement oF clad examination, these examinations are generally considered to be straight beam examina- tions. When used for weld examinations, theyare gener- ally termed anglebeam examinations or (c) angle beam shear waves, where incident angles in ‘wedges produce only refracted shear waves in the mate- rialunder examination are generally termed angle beam ‘examinations, Contact or immersion techniques may be used, Base materialsand or welds with metallurgical structurespro- ducing variable attenuations may require that longitudi- nal angle beams are used instead of shear waves Additionally, computerized imaging techniques may en- hance the detectability and evaluation of indications, Other techniques oF technology which can be demon- strated to produceequivalent or better examination sen- sitivity and detectability using search units with more than two transducer elements may be used. The demon- stration shall be in accardance with Article 1, T-150(a). T-451 COARSEGRAIN MATERIALS. Ultrasonic examinations of high alloy steels and high nickel alloy weld deposits and dissimilar metal welds be- toween carbon steels and high alloy steels and high nickel alloys are usually more difficult than ferritic weld exami- nations, Difficulties with ultrasonic examinations can ‘be caused by an inherent coarse-grained and/or a 83 ARTICLE. directionally oriented structure, whichcan causemarked variations in attenuation, reflection, and refraction at grain boundaries and velocity changes within the grains. Itis necessary to modify and/or supplement the prov sions of this Article inaccordance with T-150(a) when ex- amining such welds in these materials. Additional items, whichare required, are weldmockupswithreference re- ectorsin the weld depositandsingleor dual elementan- gle bear longitudinal wave transducers, 7-452 COMPUTERIZED IMAGING TECHNIQUES ‘The major attribute of Computerized Imaging Techni ques (CIs) is theireffectiveness when used tocharacter- ize and evaluate indications; however, CITs may also be used lo perform the basic scanning functions required for law detection. Computer-processed data analysis, and display techniques areused inconjunction with non- ‘automated scanner, semiautomatic scanner, or automatic scanner technique(s) to praduce two and three- dimensional imagesof flaws, whichprovides an enhanced capability for examining critical componentsand strue- lures. Computer processes may be used to quantitatively evaluate thetype size, shape, location, and orientationof flaws detected by ultrasonic examination or other NDE methods, Descriptions for some CITs that may be used are provided in Nonmandatory Appendix E. 7-453 SCANNING TECHNIQUES Examination may beperformed by one of the following techniques: (a}manual scanning usingno scanner equipment (6) nonautomated scanning using nonautomated scan- ner(s) (set scanner(s} (d)automated scanning using automated scanner(s) jutomated scanning using semiautomated T-460 CALIBRATION T-461 INSTRUMENT LINEARITY CHECKS ‘The requirements of T-461.1 and T-461.2 shall be met atintervalsnotto exceed three months for analogtypein- strumentsand one year for digital type instruments, or prior to first use thereafter, T-4611 Screen Height Linearity. The ultrasonic in- strument’s screen height linearity shall be evaluated in accordance with Mandatory Appendix I 7-4612__AmplitudeControlLinearity. Theultrasonic instrument's amplitude control linearity shall be evalu- ated in accordance with Mandatory Appendix Il. an anARTICLE 7-462 GENERAL CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS 7-462.1 Ultrasonic System. Calibrations shall in- clude the complete ultrasonic system and shall be per~ formed prior to use of the system in the thickness range under examination, 1-462.2 Calibration Surface. Calibrations shall be performed from the surface (clad or unclad; convex or concave) corresponding to the surface of the component, from which the examination will be performed. -462.3 Couplant. The same couplant to be used during the examination shall be used for calibration T-462.4 Contact Wedges. The same contact wedges tobe used during the examination shall be used for calibration 17-4625 _ Instrument Controls, Any control which af- fects instramentlinearity (eg, filters, reject, or clipping) shall be in the same position for calibration, calibration checks, instrument linearity checks, and examination 1-462.6 Temperature, For contact examination, the temperature differential between the calibration block and examination surfaces shall be within 25°F (14°C) For immersion examination, the couplant temperature for calibration shall be within 25°F (14°C) of the couplant ‘temperature for examination. 7-462.7 :nce-Amplitude Correction (DAC). No pointon the DAC curve shall be less than 20% of full screon height (FSH). When any portion of the DAC curve ‘will all below 20% FSH, a split DAC shall be used. The first calibration reflector on the second DAC shall start at 80% # 5% FSH, When reflector signal-to-noise ratio precludes effective indication evaluation and characteri- zation,asplit DACshould notbeused (Article 4,Nonman- datory Appendix Q provides an example} 7-463 CALIBRATION FOR NONPIPING -463.1 _SystemCalibrationforDistance-Amplitude Techniques. 1-463.11 Calibration Block{s). Calibrations shall be performed utilizing the calibration block shown in Figure T-434.2.1 In cases such as single sided access welds (see 1-472.2), the calibration block detailed in Figure T-434.2.1 may nol provide thenecessary sound path dis- lances to the reference reflectors to provide distance= amplitude correction (DAC) that will fully cover the area of interest forthe straight beam technique. Inthese cases, a second calibration block is required whose thickness (D) and reference reflector locations are based on the sound path distance thatprovidesfor coverage of thearea of interest 7-463.12._ Techniques, Nonmandatory Appendices Band C provide general techniques for both angle beam shear wave and straight beam calibrations. Other tecini- ‘ques may be used. 84 ASMERPVCY.2017 ‘Theangle beam shall bedirected toward the calibration reflector thatyieldsthe maximum responsein the areaof interest. Thegaincontrol shall beset sothatthisresponse ig 80% + 5% of full screen height. This shall be the pri- mary reference level. The search unit shall then be ma- nipulated, without changing instrument settings, to obtain the maximum responsesfrom heather calibration reflectorsat their beam paths to generate the distance= amplitude correction (DAC) curve. These calibrations shall establish both the distance range calibration and, the distance-amplitude correction. 7-463.1.3 Angle Beam Calibration. As applicable, thecalibrationshall provide the following measurements (Nonmandatory Appendices B and M contain general techniques): (a) distance range calibration; (b)distance-omplitude; (c) echo amplitude measurement from the surface notch in the basic calibration block, ‘When an eleciranic distance-amplitude correction de- vviceisused, the primary reference responses rom the ba- sic calibration block shall be equalized over the distance range to be employed in the examination. The response equalization line shall be at a screen height of 40% to 80% of full screen height, 1-463.1.4 Alternative Angle Beam Calibration. ‘When a vessel or other component is made with athick- ness of Yin. (13mm) or less and a diameter equal to or less than 20in. (500mm),theangle beam systemcalibra- tions for distance-amplitude techniques may be per- formed using the requirements of T-464.1.1 and T4641 2 1-463.15 _StraightBeamCalibration. Thecalibra- Lionshall provide the following measurements (Nonman- datory Appendix C gives a general technique) (a) distance range calibration; and (6) distance-amplitude correction in the area of interest ‘When an electronic distanceamplitude correction de- viceisused, the primary referenceresponsesfrom the ba- sic calibration block shall be equalized over the distance range to be employed in the examination. The response equalization line shall be at ascreen height of 40% to 80% of full screen height. 7-463.2__ System Calibration for Nondistance— ‘Amplitude Techniques. Calibration includes all those ac- lions required to assure that the sensilivily andaccuracy of the signal amplitude and time outputs of the examina- tion system (whether displayed, recorded, or automati cally processed) are repeated from examination to ion. Calibration may be by use of basic calibra- ion blocks with artificial or discontinuity reflectors. Methods are provided in Nonmandatory Appendices B and C Other methods of calibrationmay include sensi ity adjustment based on the examination material, ct.ASMEBPVCV-2017 -464 CALIBRATION FOR PIPING 1-464.1 SystemCalibrationfor Distance-Amplitude Techniques. -464.1.1 Calibration Block(s). Calibrations shall be performed utilizing the calibration black shown in Figure T-434.3-1 or the alternate provided in Figure 7-4343-2. 1-464.12 Angle Beam Calibration With Notches (Figure T-434,3-1), The angle beam shall be directed to- ward the notch that yields the maximum response. The ‘gain control shall be set so that this response is 80% 5% of full screen height. This shall be the primary refer- ence level, The search unit shall then be manipulated, ‘without changing instrament settings, to obtain the max- imamresponses {rom thecalibration reflectors atthedis- lance increments necessary to generate a three-point distance-amplituge correction (DAC) curve. Separate ca- librations shall be established for both the axial and cir- cumferential notches, These calibrations skall establish both the distance range calibration and the distance= amplitude correction, 1-464.1.3 Calibration With Side-Drilled Holes (igure T-434,3-2). The angle beam shallbe directed to- ward the side-drilled hole that yields the maximum re- sponse. The gain control shall be set so that this response is 80% +5% of full screen height. This shall be the primary reference level. The search unit shall then ‘be manipulated, without changing the instrument set- tings, to obtain themaximum responses fromthe calibra- tion reflectors at the distance increments necessary to generate up to a 37 distance-amplitude correction (DAC) curve, where 7 is the thickness ofthe calibration block. Next, position the search unit for the maximumre- sponse for thesurfacenotch positionsand markthe peaks ‘on the screen for consideration when evaluating surface reflectors, Separate calibrations shall be established for both the axial and circumferential scans, These calibra- Lions shall establish both the distance range calibration and the distance-amplituce correction -464.1.4 Straight Beam Calibration. When re- quired, straight beam calibrations shall be performed to the requirements of Nonmandatory Appendix C using the side-drilled hole alternate calibration reflectors of T-434.1.1. This calibration shall establish both the dis- tance range calibration and the distance-emplitude correction 7-464.2 System Calibration for Nondistance= ‘Amplitude Techniques. Calibration includes all those ac- lions required to assure that the sensitivity and accuracy ofthe signal amplitude and time outputs of the examina- Lion system (whether displayed, recorded, or automati- cally processed) are repeated from examination to examination. Calibration may be by use of basic calibra- ion blocks with artificial or discontinuity reflectors. 85 ARTICLE, Methods are provided in Nonmandatory Appendices 8 and C,Other methodsof calibration may includesensitiv- ity adjustment based on the examination material, etc. T-465 CALIBRATION FOR WELD METAL OVERLAY CLADDING 7-465.1 Calibrationfor Technique One, Calibrations shall be performed utilizing the calibration block shown in Figure 1-434 4.1, The search unit shall be positioned forthe maximum response from the calfbration reflector ‘Whona side-crilledhole is used for calibration, thoplane separating the elements of the dual element search unit shall be positioned parallel to the axis of the hole, The gain control shall be set so that this response is80% + 5% of full screen height. This shall be the primary refer- ence level. 7-465.2. Calibrationfor Technique Two. Calibrations shall be performed utilizing the calibration block shown in Figure T-434,4.3 The search unit shall be positioned for the maximum response of the firstresolvable indica- tion fromthe bottom of the calibration reflector. The gain shall be set so that this response is 80% + 5% of full screen height. This shall be the primary reference level 7-465.3 Alternate Calibration for Technique One. Calibrations shall be performed utilizing the calibration blocks shown in Figure T-434.4.2.1 or Figure T-434.4.2.2 The calibration shall be performed as follows: (a) The search unit shall be positioned for maximum response from the reflector, which gives the highest amplitude, (6) When the block shown in Figure T-434.4.2.2 is used, the plane separating the elements of the dual ele- ‘ment search unit shall be positioned paral to the axis of the holes. (c) Thegain shall be set so that this responseis 80% 5% of full screen height. This shall be the primary refer- tence level. Marthe peak of the indication on the screen (d)Without changing the instrament settings, position the search unit for maximum response from each of the ther reflectors and mark their peaks on the screen. (e}Connectthe screen marks for eachreflector topro- vide aDAC curve -466 CALIBRATION FOR NOZZLE SIDE WELD FUSION ZONE AND/OR ADJACENT NOZZLE PARENT METAL ‘Thenumberof calibration halesused depends uponthe requirements for the examination. Ifonly thenozzle side fusion zoneis to be examined, then only a single side- drilled holeat thenozzle wall thickness needs tobe used. (a) Single Hole, The response from a single side drilled hole shall be set at 80% + 596 of full screen height. This is the primary reference levelARTICLE (6) Multiple Holes The straight beam shall be directed toward the calibration reflector that yields the maximum response. The gain contral shall he set so that this re- sponse is 80% + 5% of full screen height. This shall be the primary reference level. The search unitshall then bemanipulated, without changing instrument settings, to obiain the maximum responses from the atherholepo- sition(s} to generatea distance-amplitude correction (DAC) curve. 7-467 CALIBRATION CONFIRMATION ‘T-467.1 System Changes. When any part of theex- amination system is changed, a calibration check shall be made on the basic calibration black to verify that dis- lancerangepaintsand sensitivity setting(s)satisfythere- quirements of 7-4673, -467.2 Calibration Checks. A calibration check on at least oneof thereflectors in the basic calibration block ora check usinga simulator shall be performed at the completion of each examination or seriesof similar exam- inations,and when examination personnel (except for automated equipment) are changed, The distance range and sensitivity values recorded shall satisfy the require- ments T-467.3 NOTE: Interim calibration checks between the required el brat onanc the fina! calibration checkmayrbe performed The deci sion to perform interim calibration checks stou'é be based on Uvasonienstumentstblity analogy digital), therisket having toconduet reevaminatons andthebenetof notperforminginerin calibration checks, 1-467.2.1 Simulator Checks. Any simul checks that areused shall he correlated with the orl calibration on the basic calibration block during theorigt- nal calibration, The simulator checks may use different types of calibration reflectors or blocks (such as IW) and/or electronic simulation, However, the simulation used shall be identifiable on the calibration sheet(s) ‘Thesimulatorcheck shall bemadeon theentireexamina- tion system. The entire system does not have to be checked in one operation; however, for its check, the search unit shall be connected to the ultrasonic instru- mentand checked against a calibration reflector, Accu- racy of the simulator checks shall be confirmed, using thebasic calibration block, at the conclusion of each per- iod of extended use, ar every three months, whicheveris less. -4673 Confirmation Acceptance Values. 1-4673.1 Distance Range Points. If any distance range point has moved on the sweep line by more than 10% of the distance reading or 5% of full sweep, w ever is greater, correct the distance range calibration and note the correctionin the examination record. Allre- corded indications since the last valid calibration or cai- bration check shall be reexamined and their values shall bbe changed on the data sheets or re-recorded. 86 ASMERPVCY.2017 1-4673.2 Sensitivity Settings. I'any sensitivity setting has changed by more than20% or2.dBof itsam- plitude, correct the sensitivity calibration and note the correction nthe examination record.if the sensitivitysct- tinghas decreased, all data sheets since the last valid ca- libration check shall bemarkedvoidandthe area covered by the voided data shall be reexamined. Ifthe sensitivity setting has increased, all recorded indications since the lastvalidcalibration or caigration check shall hereexam- inedand their values shall be changed on thedata sheets or re-recorded. 1-470 EXAMINATION T-471 GENERAL EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS. T-471,1 Examination Coverage. The volume to be scanned shall be examined by moving the search unit over the scanning surface so as to scan the entire exami- ration volume for each required search unit. (a) Bach pass of the search unit shall overlap a mini- mumof 10% of the transducer (piezoclectricelement}di- mension parallel to the direction of scan indexing. AS an alternative, ifthe sound beam dimension parallel to the direction of scanindexingismeasuredinaccordancewith Nonmandatory Appendix 8, B-466, Beam Spread mea- ssurementrules, each pass ofthe search unit may provide overlap of the minimum beam dimension determined. (6) Oscillationof thesearch unitispermittedifitcan be demonstrated that overlapping coverage is provided, T-471.2_ PulseRepetition Rate. The pulse repetition rate shall be small enough to-assure that a signal froma reflector located at the maximum distance in the exami- nation volume will arrive back at the search unit before the next pulse is placed on the transducer T-471.3 Rate of Search Unit Movement. The rate of search unit movement (scanning speed) shall nat exceed 6in/s(150 mm/s), unless: {athe ultrasonic instrument pulse repetition rate is sufficientto pulse the searchunitat least six times within the time necessary to move one-half the transducer (piezoelectric element) dimension parallel tothe direc- tion of the scan at maximum scanning specd: of, (6) dynamic calibration is performed on multiple re- fleciors, which are within 2.dB of a static calibration and the pulse repetition rate meets the requirements of Tan T-4714_ Scanning Sensitivity Level. T-471.4.1 Distance-Amplitude Techniques. The scanning sensitivity level shall be seta minimum'® of 6 dB higher than the reference level gainsetting or, when a semiautomatic or automatic technique is used, it may beset at the reference level,ASME BPVCV-2017 T-471.4.2 _Nondistance-Amplitude Techniques. The level of gain used for scanning shall be appropriate for the configurationbeing examined and shall becapable of detecting the calibration reflectors at the maximum scanning speed. T-4715. SurfacePreparation. Whenthe base materi- al or weld surface interferes with the examination, the ‘base material or weld shall beprepared asneeded toper- mit the examination. T-471.6 Recording of Ultrasonic Data. The ultraso- nicdatafor the semi-autorvaticand autormatic techniques shall be recorded inan unprocessed form with nothresh- ‘olding, Gating of the data solely for the recording of the examination volume is permitted, provided a scan plan is utilized to determine the gate settings tobe used. T-472 WELD JOINT DISTANCE-AMPLITUDE TECHNIQUE When the referencing Cade Section specifies a distance-amplitude technique, weld joints shall be scanned with an angle beam search unit in both parallel andtransverse directions (4 scans) to the weld axis. Be- fore performing the angle beam examinations, a straight ‘beam examination shall be performed on the valume of bbase material through which the angle beams will travel tolocateany reflectors that can limit theability of the an- gle beam to examine the weld volume, Nonmandatory Appendix I describesa method of examination using mui- tiple angle beam search units. 7-472,1 Angle Beam Technique. -472,1.1 Beam Angle. The search unit and beam angle selected shall be 45 deg or an angle appropriate forthe configuration being examined andshall be capable ‘of detecting the calibration reflectors, over the required angle beam path. 7-472,1.2._ Reflectors Parallel to the Weld Seam. ‘Theangle beam shall be directed at approximate rightan- gles tothe weldaxisfrom oth sidesof the weld (Le, from ‘two directions} on the same surface when possible. The searchunitshall bemanipulatedsothatthe ultrasonicen- ‘ergy passes through the required volume of weld and ad- Jacent base material 7-472.1.3 Reflectors Transverse to the Weld Seam. (a) Scanning With Weld Reinforcement. f the weld cap is not machined or ground flat, the examination shall be performed from the base material on both sides of the weld cap. While scanningparalle! tothe weldaxis, the an- gle beam shall be directed from 0 deg to 60 deg with re- spect to the weld axis in both axial directions, with the angle beam passing through the required examination volume (b)Scanning Without Weld Reinforcement. Ifthe weld cap ismachined or ground flat, the examination shall be performed on the weld. While scanning, the angle beam 87 ARTICLES, shall be directed essentially parallel to the weld axisin ‘both axial directions, The search unit shall be manipu- lated so thatthe angle beam passes through the required examination volume. 7-472.2Single-Sided Access Welds. Welds thatcan- not be fully examined from two directions perT-472.1.2 using the angle beam technique shall also be examined to the maximum extent possible with a straight beam techniqueapplied from an adjacentbase material surface ‘This may be applicable to vessel comer and tee joints, nozzle and manway neck to shell or head joints, pipe to fittings, orbranch connections.The area(s)of single-sided access and, if applicable, the extent of the limit coverage shall be noted in the examination report 1-472.3__ Inaccessible Welds. Welds that cannot be examined [rom at least one side (edge) using the angle beam techniqueshall benotedin the examination report. For flange welds, the weld may be examined with a straight beam or low angle longitudinal waves from the flange face provided the examination volume can be covered, 7-473 WELD METAL OVERLAY CLADDING ‘TECHNIQUES ‘The techniques described in these paragraphs shall be used when examinations of weld metal overlay cladding are required by the relerencing Code Section. When ex- amination for lack ofbond and weld metal overlay clad- Ging flaw indications is required, Technique One shall bbe used, When examination for lack of bond only is re- quired, Technique Two may be used, 7-473.1 Technique One. The examination shall be performed from the weld metal overlay clad surface with the plane separating the elements of the dual element search unit positioned parallel to the axis of the weld bead. The search unit shall be moved perpendicular to the weld direction, 7-473.2_ Technique Two, The examination may be performed from eitherthe weld metal overlay cladorun- cladsurfaceandthesearch unit maybemoved either per- pendicular of parallel to the weld direction 7-474 NONDISTANCE-AMPLITUDE TECHNIQUES ‘The number of angles and directions of the scans, for reflectors both paraile! and transverse to the weld axis, shall demonstratethe ability to detect the minimum size rejectable discontinuities in thereferencing Code Section acceptancestandards, The detailed techniquesshall bein conformance with the requirements of the referencing Code Section.ARTICLE 1-475 NOZZLE SIDE WELD FUSION ZONE AND/ OR ADJACENT NOZZLE PARENT METAL 1-475. SearchUnit Location. When thereferencing Code Section specifies that an ultrasonic examination be performed to examine either the nozzle side weld fusion zone and/or the adjacent nozzle parent metal, a straight beam examination shall be conducted from the inside nozzle surface. T-475.2 Examination. The general examination re- quirements of T-471 are applicable. The full circumfer- ence of the nozle shall be scanned to cover the entire nozzleside fusion one of the weld plus 1 in, (25mm) be- yond the weld toes.Thhe search unitmay bemoved either circumferentially around or axially across the examina- tion zone, The screen range shall cover as a minimum, 1.Ltimesthe full thieknessof the nozzlewall Nozzlesthat cannot be fully examined (eg, restricted access that pre- ventshandplacementof thesearchunit) shall benoted in the examination report. T-477 POST-EXAMINATION CLEANING When post-examination cleaning is required by the procedure, it should be conducted assoon as practical after evaluation and documentation usinga process that, does notadversely affect the part. T-480 EVALUATION 7-481 GENERAL tis recognized that not all ultrasonic reflectors indi- cate flaws, since certain metallurgical discontinuities and geometric conditions may produce indications that, arenotrelevant. Included inthiscategoryare platesegre- gates in the heat-affected zone thal become reflective after fabrication, Under straight beam examination, these ‘may appear asspot or lineindications.Under angle beam examination, indications thatare determined to originate from surface conditions (such as weld root geometry) or variations in metallurgical structure in austenitic matert- als (such asthe automatic-to-manual weld clad interface) may be classified as geometric indications. The identity, maximum amplitude, location, and extent of reflector causinga geometric indication shall berecorded. [Forex- ample: internal attachment, 200% DAC, 1 in. (25 mm) above weld center line, on the inside surface, from 90 deg to 95 deg} The following steps shall be taken to classifyan indication as geometric: (a) Interpretthe area containing the reflector inaccor- dance with the applicable examination procedure. (6)Plot and verily the reflector coordinates. Prepare a cross-sectional sketch showing the reflector position, and surface discontinuitiessuch asrootand counterbore. 88 ASMERPVCY.2017 (6) Review fabrication or weld preparation drawings. Other ultrasonic techniques or nondestructive examina- tion methods may be helpful in determining a reflector’s true position, size, and orientation. 7-482 EVALUATION LEVEL ‘7-482.1 Distance-Amplitude Techniques. Allindica- tions greater than 20% of the reference level shall be in- vestigated lo the extent that they can be evaluated in terms of the acceptance criteria of the referencing Code Section. 7-482.2 Nondistance-Amplitude Techniques. Allin- dications longer than 40%of the rejectable law sizeshall beinvestigated totheextent thal they can beevaluatedin Lerms of the acceptance criteria of the referencing Code Section, 7-483 EVALUATION OF LAMINAR REFLECTORS Roflectors evaluatedaslaminarreflectors in base mate- rial whichinterfere with thescanning of examination val- umes shall require theangle beam examination technique ‘tobe modified such thatthe maximum feasible valume is examined, and shall be noted in the record of the exami- nation (T-493), 7-484 ALTERNATIVEEVALUATIONS Reflector dimensions exceeding the referencing Code Section requirementsmaybe evaluated toany alternative standards proviced by the referencing Code Section. 7-490 DOCUMENTATION T-491 RECORDING INDICATIONS T-4911 _Nonrejectable indications. Nonrejectablein- dications shall be recorded as specified by the referencing, Code Section T-491.2_ Rejectable Indications. Rejactable indica- tionsshall be recorded, Asa minimum, the type of indica- tion (Le, crack nonfusion, slag etc), location, and extent (ie. length) shall be recorded, Nonmandatory Appen- dices Dand K provide general recordingexamples for at- gle and straight beam search units, Other techniquesmay be used, 7-492 EXAMINATION RECORDS For each ultrasonic examination, the requirements of Article 1, T-190(a) and the following information shall, be recorded: (aJultrasonic instrument identification (including ‘manufacturers serial number}; (6) search unit(s) identification (Including manufac- urer’s serial number, frequency, and size); (c) beam angle(s) used; (d} couplant used, brand name or type; (e) scarch unit cable(s) used, type and length; ay,ASMEBPVCV-2017 (special equipment when used (search units, wedges, shoes, automatic scanningequipment, recording equipment, etc); (a) computerized program identification and revision when used; (h) calibration block identification; @ simulation block(s) and electronic simulator(s) identification when used; GP instrument reference level gain and, ifused, damp- ingand reject setting(s); (&) calibration data [including reference reflector(s), indication amplisude(s),and distance reading(s)) (D data correlating simulation block(s) and electronic simalator(s), when used, with initial calibration; (m) identification and location of weld or volume scanned; (n) surface(s} from which examination was conducted, including surface condition; 89, ARTICLE, (o} map or record ofrejectable indications detected or areas cleared: (p)areas of restricted access or inaccessible welds, Items (a) through (1) may be included or attached in a separate calibration record provided the c: cord isincluded in the examination record, 7-493 REPORT Areport of theexaminations shall be made. The report shallincludethose records indicated in T-491 and T-492. The report shall be filed and maintained in accordance ‘with the referencing Code Section 7-494 STORAGEMEDIA Storage media for computerized scanning data and viewing software shall be capable of securely storing and retrievingdata for thetimeperiodspecified by there- ferencing Cade SectionARTICLE ASMERPVCY.2017 MANDATORY APPENDIX I SCREEN HEIGHT LINEARITY 1-410 SCOPE This Mandatory Appendix provides requirements for checking screen heightlinearity and isapplicabletoultra- sonic instruments with A-scan displays. 1-440 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS Position an angle beam search unit on a calibration block, as shown in Figure I-40 so thal indications from boththe YF and 447 holes give a 2:1 ratio ofamplitudes between the twoindications. Adjust the sensitivity (gain) so that the larger indication isset at 80% of full screen height (FSH), Without moving the search unit,adjust sen- sitivity (gain) to successively set the larger indication from 100% to 20% of full screen height, in 10% incre- ments (oF 2 dB steps if. fine contral is not available), and read thesmaller indicationat each setting. The read- ing shall be 80% of the larger amplitude, S% of FSH. The settings and readings shall be estimated to the nearest 1% of full screen, Alternatively, a straight beam, search unit maybeused onany callarationblackthat pro- vvidesamplitude differences, with sufficient signal separa- tion to prevent overlapping of the two signals. 90 Figure I-40 LinearityASMEBPVCV-2017 ARTICLE, MANDATORY APPENDIX II AMPLITUDE CONTROL LINEARITY Il-410 SCOPE This Mandatory Appendix provides requirements for checking amplitude contra! linearity and Is applicable to ultrasonic instruments with A-scan displays. 11-440 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS Position an angle beam search unit on a basic calibra- tion block, asshown in Figure I-440 so hat the indication from the #7 side-drilled holeis peaked on thescreen. Ad- justthesensitvi as shown in the following table ‘The indication shall fall within the specified limits. oO Alternatively anyother convenientreflector fromanyca- libration block may be used with angle or straight beam search unils. m6d8 a5%bt0 45% 1208 15'%t025% +608 5536t095% ran 659600 959% ‘The settings and readings shall be estimated to the nearest 19% of full screenARTICLE ASMERPVCY.2017 MANDATORY APPENDIX III TIME OF FLIGHT DIFFRACTION (TOFD) TECHNIQUE Il-410 SCOPE ‘This Mandatory Appendix describes the requirements, tobe used for a Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) exam- ination of welds. a7) 1l-420 GENERAL ‘The requirements of Article 4apply unlessmodified by this Appendix. 111-421 WRITTEN PROCEOURE REQUIREMENTS 1-421.1__ Requirements. The requirements of Table ‘T-421 and Table III-421 shall apply. MI-421.2 Procedure Qualification. The requirements of Table T-421 and Table 1-421 shall apply. M-430 EQUIPMENT 111-431 INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS: M-431.1_ Instrument. The instrument shall provide a Jinear“A” scan presentation forbothsettingup scan para- retersand for signal analysis. Instrument linearity shall be such thatthe accuracy ofindicated amplitude ortime is 25% of the actual full-scale amplitude or time. The ul- trasonic pulser may provide excitation voltage by tone burst, unipolar, or bipolar square wave. Pulse with shall be tunable to allow optimization of pulse amplitude and duration. The bandwidth of the ultrasonic receiver shall ‘beat least equal to that of the nominal probe frequency and such that the =6aB bandwidth of the probe does notfall outside of the~6dB bandwidth of thereceiver. Re- ceiver gain control shall be available to adjust signal an Table II!-421 Requirements of a TOFD Examination Procedure ssential _Nonessen- Requirement(as Applicable) Variable _tial Variable nstumentmanufactrer and model x Instumentsofware x Directonsand exent of scanning x Method forsizing aw length x Method for siingfiaw height x . Datasamplingspscing (ncresseonly) x s 92 amplitude in increments of 148 o less, Pre-amplifiers maybe included in the system. Analog to digital conver sion of waveforms shall have sampling rates at least four times thatof the nominal frequency of the probe. When digital signal processing is to be carried out on the raw data, this shall be increased to cight times the nominal frequency of the probe. 1-431.2__ Data Display andRecording. The data dis- play shall allow for the viewing of the unrectfied A-scan soasto position the startand length ofa gate thatdeter- minesthe extent ofthe A-scan time-base thatis recorded. Equipment shall permit storage of al ated A-scans toa magnetic or optical storage medium. Fuipment shall provide a sectional view of the weld with a minimum of 64 gray scale levels. (Storage of just sectional images withoutthe underlying A-scan RF waveformsis not ac- ceptable.) Computer soltware for TOFD displays shall in- clude algorithms to linearize cursors or the waveform time-base to permit depthand vertical extent estimations, In addition to storage of waveform data includingampli- tude and time-base details the equipmentshall also store positional information indicating the relative position af ‘the waveform with respect to the adjacent waveform(s), i.e, encoded position 1-432 SEARCH UNITS W1-432.1 General. Ultrasonicprobes shall conform to the following minimum requirements: (a) Two probes shall be used in a pitch-catch arrange- ment (TOFD pair) (6) Bach probein the TOFD pair shall have the same ‘nominal frequency. (c) The TOFD pair shall have the same element dimensions. (4) The pulse duration of the probe shall not exceed 2 cycles as measured to the 20dB level below the peak response, (e) Probes may be focused or unfocused. Unfocused probes are recommended for detection and focused probes are recommended for improved resalution for sizing. (f) Probes may be single element or phased array. (g) The nominal frequency shall be from 2 ME, to15 MHz unless variables, such as production material grainstructure, require the use of other frequencies toas- Sure adequate penctration orbetter resolution.an ASMEBPYCV-2017 1-432.2 Cladding — Search Units for Technique One. The requirements of T-432.3 are not applicable to the TOFD technique 1-434 CALIBRATION BLOCKS 1-434. General. 1-434.1.1 Reflectors. Side-drilled holes shall be used to confirm adequate sensitivity settings. -434.1.7 Block Curvature. Paragraph T-434.1.7 shall also apply to piping -434,2 Calibration Blocks. Paragraph T-434.2 shall also apply to piping, M1-434.2.1 BasicCalibration Block. Thebasiccalt- bration block configuration and reflectors shall be as shown in Figure lI-434.2.1(a} A minimum of two holes perzone, ifthe weld is broken up into multiple zones, is required. See Figure IlI-434.2.1(b) fora two zone exam- ple. The block size and reflectar location shall be ade- quate to confirm adequate sensitivity settings for the ‘beam angles used, ARTICLE. 11-434,2.2_ Block Thickness. The block thickness shall be at #10% of the nominal thickness of the piece to be examined for thicknesses up to 4 in. (100 mm} or £0.4 in, (10 mm) for thicknesses over 4 in. (100mm), Alternatively, a thicker block may be utilized providedthereferencerefiectorsizeishased onthetthick- nesstobe examined andanadequatenumberofholes ex- ist to comply with T-434.2 1 requirements, 11-434,2.3 Alternate Block. The requirements of ‘T-434.2,3are not applicable to the TORD technique 111-434.3 Piping Calibration Block. The require- ments of T-434.3 ate not applicable to the TOFD technique 1-434.4 Cladding Calibration Blocks. The require- ments of T-434.4 are not applicable to the TOFD technique 111-435 MECHANICS Mechanical holders shall be used to ensure that probe spacing is maintained ata fixed distance. The mechanical holders shall also ensure that al scan axis on the examination mation may be achieved using motorized or manual Figure I1-434.2.1(a) ‘TOFD Reference Block “4 oa t sma j-a—| Cladding (when present) Weld Thickness, in. (oom) Hole Diameter i. (mm upto1 (25), 25) ver 1 (25) trough? (50) 6 Over 2(S0} through 4 (100) 460) Over 4(100) nO \ceNERAL NOTES: (a). Holes shal! be drilledand reamed 2 in,(50 mm) deep minimum, essentially parale to the examination surface andthe scanning| airection, (0) Hoje TolerancaThe tolerance on élametershal!be 47A2 In. (40.0 mm) The toleranceon location Uireugh the block thickness shal! be 2% in. (23 mm. (c)_Aithotesshaltbe locatecon thesame face(sieofthebiockanc aligned attheapproximatecenter ofthe face(sde) uniesstheindicatio| fram ane reflector affect the indication from another. Tp these e38es, the holes may be located on opposite faces (sides) ofthe block ‘Whenthe wel isbroken up into muliplezones, each zone shallhavea To/4 and T,(,) siedrilled hole, where Ty's thezonethicness, For components <20 in, (500 mn) in ciameter calibration blockelameter shal meetthe recurersentsoFT-436 17.2. cay le) 93ARTICLE 4 ASME BPYCY-2017 Figurelll-434,2.1(b) ‘Two-Zone Reference Block Example L + THK) Loyerzone t ¢ Th 7 y _ lezen I; = thicknessofthewpper zone Cladding (when present) Tp = thickness of thelowerzone ‘means and the mechanical holder for the prabes shall be equipped with a positional encoder thatis synchronized ‘with the sampling of A-scans, II-460 CALIBRATION 111-463 CALIBRATION M1-463.1 Calibration Block. Calibration shall be per- formed utilizing the calibration block shown in Figure 11-434.2.1(a) or Figure IlI-434.2.1(b),as applicable M1-463.2 Calibration. Set the TOFD probes on the surface to be utilized for calibration and set the gain con- trol so that the lateral wave amplitude is from 40% to 90% of the full screen height (FSH) and the noise (grass) level is less than 5% to 10% FSH, Thisis the reference sensitivity setting, For multiple zone examinations when the lateral wave isnot displayed, or barely discernible, setthe gaincontralbased solely onthenoise (grass}level. 1-463.3 Confirmation of Sensitivity. Scan the calt- bration block’s SDHs with them centered between the probes, at the reference sensitivity level set in I1-463.2. ‘The SDH responses from the required zone shall be a minimum of 6 dBabove the grain noise and shall be ap- parent in the resulting digitized grayscale display. -463.4 Multiple Zone Examinations. Whena weld is broken up into multiple zones, repeat IlI-463,2 and 1-463 3 for each TOFD probe pair. In addition, the near- est SDH in the adjoining zone(s) shall be detected. 94 1463.5 Width of Coverage Confirmation. Two ad- ditional scansperIII-463.3 shall be made with the probes offset to either side of the applicable zone’s weld edge #/in. (13 mm). tall therequiredholesare not de- tected, two additional offset scans are required with the probes offset by the distance(s) identified above. See Figure Il-4635 for an example. M1-463.6 Encoder. Fncoders shall be calibrated per ‘the manufacturer's recommendations and confirmed by moving a minimum distance of 20 in, (S00 mm) and the displayed distance being 41% of the actual distance moved. 11-464 CALIBRATION FOR PIPING ‘The requirements of T-464 are not applicable to the TOFD technique, 1-465 CALIBRATION FOR CLADDING ‘The requirements of T-465 are not applicable to the TOFD technique, ll-467 ENCODER CONFIRMATION calibration check shall be performed at intervals not tooxceed ane monthor prior tofirst use thereafter, made by moving the encoder along a minimum distance of 20 in. (500 mm) and the displayed distance being +1% of the acutal distance moved,ASMEBPVCV-2017 ARTICLE. Figure 1-463.5 Offset Scans scafes PCS offset +Vzof applicable zone width +% in. (13 mm) SCANS? PCScontoradanwald + applicablazone 8 ‘sigin. Scans2 S offset 1p of epplicablezone width + Yin. (13 mm} Pc Il-470 EXAMINATION I-47. GENERAL EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS. WI-471,1 Examination Coverage. The volume to be scanned shall be examinedwith the TOFD probe paircen- teredon and transverse o the weldaxis andthen moving theprobepair parallel toandalong the weldaxis.IFoffset scansare required due to the width of the weld, repeat the initial scan with the probes offset to one side of the weld axis and again with the offset to the oppositeside of the first offset scan. I-471.4 Overlap. The minimum overlap between adjacent scans shall be 1 in, (25 mm). W-471,5 MultipteZoneExamination. Whon a weldis broken down into multiple zones, repeat Ill-471.1 for each weld zane. 471.6 Recording Data(GatedRegion). Theunrec- tified (RF waveform) A-scan signal shall be recorded. The ‘A-scan gated region shall he set to start just prior to the Jateral wave and, as a minimum, not end until all of the first back-wall signal with allowance for thickness and mismatch variations, is recorded, Useful data can be ob- tained from mode-converted signals; therefore, the interval from the first back-wall to the mode-converted bback-wall signal shall also be included in the data col- lected when required by the referencing Code. Il-471.8 Reflectors Transverse to the Weld Seam. Anangle beam examination shall be performed in accor- dancewithT-472.13 forrelectors transversetotheweld axis unless the referencing Cade Section spacifiesa TOFD examination, In these cases, position cach TOFD probe pair essentially parallel to the weld axis and move the probe pair along and down the weld axis. I'the weld re- inforcement is not ground smooth, position the probes, ‘on the adjacent plate material asparallel to theweldaxis, aspossible l-471.9 Supplemental!.D. and 0.D. Near Surface Examination. Due to the presence of the lateral wave and back-wall indication signals, laws occurringin these zones may notbe detected, Therefore, the LD.and 0.D. near surfaces within the area of interest shall be exam- ined per Article 4. This examination may be performed manually or mechanized; if mechanized, the data may be recorded in conjunction with the TOED examination 95ARTICLE 111-472, WELD JOINT DISTANCE-AMPLITUDE TECHNIQUE ‘The requirements of 7-472 are nol applicable to the TOFD technique. 11-473, CLADDING TECHNIQUE ‘The requirements of 7-473 are nol applicable to the ‘TOFD technique. 1-475 DATASAMPLING SPACING A maximum sample spacing of 0.040 in. (1 mm) shall beused between A-scans collected for thicknesses under 2 in, (50 mm)and a sample spacing of up to 0.080 in, (2mm) may be used for thicknesses greater than 2 in, (50mm) 1-480 EVALUATION 11-485 MISSING DATA LINES Missing lines in the display shall notexceed 5% of the | scan lines to be collected, and no adjacent lines shall be missed, 11-486 FLAW SIZING AND INTERPRETATION When height of flaw sizingis required afterthe system is calibrated per Il1-463, a [ree run on the calibration block shall be performed and the depth ofthe back-wall reflection calculated by the system shall be within 96 ASMERPVCY.2017 0.04in, (1. mm) of the actual thickness, For multiple zone ‘examinations where the back wall isnot displayed or barely discernible, a side-drilled hole or other known, depth reference reflector in the calibration block may bbe used, See Nonmandatory Appendices L and N of this, ‘Article for additional information on flaw sizing and interpretation. Final interpretation hallonly be madeafter all display parameter adjustments (ie, contrast, brightness, lateral and backwall removal and SAFT processing, etc.) have been completed, Il-490 DOCUMENTATION 492. EXAMINATION RECORD For each examination, the required information in 1-492 and the followinginformation shall be recorded: (a) probe center spacing (PCS) (©) data sampling spacing (0) flaw height, ifspecified (d) the final display processinglevels 1-493 REPORT Arreport of the examination shall be made. The report, shall include those records indicated in T-491, T-492, and IIl-492, The report shall be filed and maintained in accordance with the referencing Cade Sectionan a7) ay ASMERPVCV-2017 ARTICLE. MANDATORY APPENDIX IV PHASED ARRAY MANUAL RASTER EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES USING LINEAR ARRAYS 1V-410 SCOPE This Mandatory Appendix describes the requirements to be used for phased array, manual raster scanning ul- trasonic techniques using linear arrays. The techniques covered by this Appendix are single (Fixed angle), F-scan (fixed angle}, and S-scan (sweeping multiple angle). In general, this Article isin conformance withSE-2700,Stan- dard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds Using Phased Arrays. SE-2700 provides details to be con- sidered in the procedures used. 1V-420 GENERAL Therequirements of Article 4apply exceptas modified by this Appendix, IV-421_ WRITTEN PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS W-421.1 Requirements. The requirements of Table ‘7-421 and Table IV-421 shall apply. 1421.2 Procedure Qualification. Therequirements of Table T-421 and Table IV-421 shall apply. 1V-460 CALIBRATION 1V-461_ INSTRUMENT LINEARITY CHECKS 1V-461,2 Amplitude Control Linearity. The ultraso- nicinstrament’samplitude contro! linearity shall be eval- uated in accordance with Mandatory Appendix IIforeack pulser-receiver circuit IV-462 GENERAL CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS. 1V-462.7 Focal Law. The focallaw to beused during ‘the examination shall be used for calibration. 7 1V-462.8 Beam Calibration. All individual beams used in the examination shall be calibrated to provide ‘measurement of distance and amplitude correction over the sound path employed in the examination, This shall include applicable compensation for wedge sound path variations and wedge attenuation effects. Table IV-421 Requirements of a Phased Manual Raster Scanning Examination Procedure Using Linear Arrays Tssental Nonessential Requirements as Applicable table Variable fearchunes) x (clementpteh sie number ana fapdinensins) Jocstrnge x » {idertlyplane depth orsouné path asapplicbl) |isal aperaresizets} x {hunberofelemensclementith anéelementheght) [Note(] lwearecotante x wedge matt x ™ [eae highs czcimension x [wedserotanae x ™ Jeerhuntescparation(ie,duslseanh nts) Weise conour x [wedge ofr (datum for : x sneastrenens) dations e-scanandcompound sector Scan requirements hangeofelementaumbersused x » (le, 16126, 10-50 ec} Jementneresienal changes) x Gest2ee) [Additions sscanandeompoundsectorscan requirements Jats ronge used x (Ge,s0 degto deg. 50g to 70deg ete) [Angle incromental change io, Ie dog, Tee, \wore: (1) Bfectiveheight isthe distance from theoutsideedgeofthe firs tolastelement used in thecal lw. anARTICLE 1V-490 DOCUMENTATION 1V-492 EXAMINATION RECORD For each examination, the required information of 7-492 and the following information shall be recorded: (a)search unit type, element size and number, and pitch and gap dimensions 98 ASMERPVCY.2017 (6) facallaw parameters including asapplicable angle, focal depth, element numbers used, range of elements, elementincremental change, angular range, and angle in- cremental change (o) wedge angleASMEBPYCV-2017 ARTICLE. MANDATORY APPENDIX V PHASED ARRAY E-SCAN AND S-SCAN LINEAR SCANNING EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES a7 V-410 SCOPE ‘This Mandatory Appendix describes the requirements, to be used for phased array E-scan (fixed angle) and S-scan encaded linear scanningexaminations usinglinear array search units V-420 GENERAL ‘Therequirements of Article 4apply exceptas modified by this Appendix, V-421 WRITTEN PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS V-421.1 Requirements. The requirements of Table ‘T-421 and Table V-421 shall apply. V-421.2 Procedure Qualification. The requirements of Table T-421 and Table V-421 shall apply. ay V-422 SCAN PLAN A scan plan (documented examination strategy) shall be provided showing search unit placement and move- ‘ment that provides a standardized and repeatable meth- odology for the examination, In addition to the informationin Table V-421, the scan plan shall include ‘beam angles and directions with respect tothe weld axis reference point, weld joint geometry, and number of ex- amination areas or zones, V-460 CALIBRATION V-461 INSTRUMENT LINEARITY CHECKS V-461.2_ AmplitudeControlLinearity. Theultrasonic instrument's amplitude control linearity shall be evalu- ated in accordance with Mandatory Appendix II for each pulser-receiver circuit. V-462 GENERAL CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS V-462.7 Focal Law. The focal law to be used during the examination shall be used for calibration, 'V-462.8 Beam Calibration. All individual beams used in the examination shall be calibrated to provide ‘measurementof distance and amplitude correction over ‘the sound path employed in the examination. a7) 99 Table V-421 Requirements of a Phased Array Linear ‘Scanning Examination Procedure Using Linear Arrays Essential table x Nonessenti Requirements(as Applicable Variable Isarchumi(s) {elementpitch siz.aumber and gap dimensions) Irocatrangets} (identfyplane depth or sound path asapplicale) vrs aperturesize(s} (cumberofelenentsslementwidth, ancelementheight [Note(1)] lvedge cut angle [Wedge material [Wedge Belghe (Zdimension) |Wedge roofangle Kearchunitsepaaton(.e,dualsearch ‘nits) [wedge contour [Wedge offer (datum for - x measurements) Iscanptan |Wweldaxisreferencepoint marieng, x {Adaitional E-scanind compound sector scan requirements: fRaserngangle(s) x [apertuestartand stop element x ‘numbers [aperture incremental chango(s) x (runberofelementsstepped) |Adaitionals-scanand compound sector scan requirements: Isweepanguerrange(s) x [Angutarsweep:ncremene(ineremental anglechange, des) |Apertureclementnicmbers (Rrstand x 3 \wore: (1) fective height isthe distance measured from the outside eg ofthe frsetolastelement used inthe focal law. a7)ARTICLE V-467 ENCODER CALIBRATION calibration check shall be performed at intervals not to exceed one month or prior ta first use thereafter, by moving the encoder a minimum distance of 20 in. (500 mm). The display distance shall be within 19 of the actual distance moved. V-470 EXAMINATION V-471 GENERAL EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS. V-471.1 Examination Coverage. The required vol- ume of the weld and base material to be examined shall bescanned usinga linear scanningtechnique with anen- coder Fach linear scan shallbe paralleltothe weldaxis at aconstant standoff distance with the beam oriented per- pendicular tothe weld axis (a) The search unit shall be maintained at a fixed dis- tance from the weld axis by a fixed guide or mechanical means. (b) The examination angle(s) for F-scan and range of angles fr S-scan shall beappropriate for the joint to be examined. (©) Scanning speed shal be such that data drop-outis Jess than 2 data lines perinch (25mm)of thelinearscan. length and that there are no agjacent data ine skips (d)For E-scan techniques, overlap between adjacent, active apertures (ie, aperture ineremental range) shal bbea minimum of 50% ofthe effective aperture height. {6 ForS-scantechniques, the angular sweepincremen- tal changeshallbea maximumof 1 degorsufficient oas- sure 50% beam overlap, 100 ASMERPVCY.2017 (2) When multiple tinear scans are required to cover the required volume of weld and base material between adjacent linear scans shall be a mi 10% of the effective aperture height for F-scans or beam ‘width for $-scans. V-471.6 Recording. A-scandatashall be recorded for the area of interest in an unprocessed form with no thresholding, at a minimum digitization rate of five times Uheexaminalion frequency, andrecordingincrementsof a maximum of (a)0.04 in, (1 mm) for material < 3 in, (75 mm) thick (60.08 in. (2 mm) for material 2 3 in. (75 mn) thick V-471.7 Reflectors Transverseto theWeld Seam. As analternate toline scanning,a manual angle beam exam- ination may be performed forreflectorstransverse tothe weld axis. V-490 DOCUMENTATION V-492 EXAMINATION RECORD For each examination, the required information of T-492 and the followinginformation shall be recorded: (a) searchunitelement size number, andpitch and gap dimensions (6) focal law parameters, including,as applicable, angle orangularrange, focal depthandplane,element numbers used, angular or element incremental change, and start and stop clement numbers or start clement number (o} wedge natural refracted angle (d)scan plan A-scan recorded data need only be retained until final aw evaluation hasbeen performed.ASME BPVCV-2017 ARTICLE. MANDATORY APPENDIX VII ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR WORKMANSHIP-BASED ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA Vil-410 SCOPE ‘This Mandatory Appendix providesrequirementswhen ‘ah automated or semiautomated ultrasonic examination is performed for workmanship-based acceptance criteria, VIl-420 GENERAL ‘Therequirements of Article 4apply exceptas modified by this Appendix, \Vil-421_ WRITTEN PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS Vil-421.1 Requirements. The requirements of Table ‘T-421 and Table Vil-421 shall apply. Vil-421.2 Procedure Qualification. The require: ments of Table T-421 and Table VII-421 shall apply. Vil-423. PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS Only qualified UT personnel trained in the use of the equipment and who have demonstrated the ability to properly acquireexamination data, shall conduct produc- tion scans. Personnel who analyze and interpret the col- lected data shall be a Level Il or Level IIT who have documented trainingintheuseof theequipmentandsoft- ware used, ‘The training and demonstration requirements shall be addressed in the employer's written practice. Table VII-421 Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination Procedure for Workmanship-Based Acceptance Criteria Essential Nonessential irement (as Applicable) Variable rable Kian plan x computer sftware revision x [canning technique (automatedvs. x semiautomsted) [raw characte~zaion methodology x [aw sizing (ength} methodology x Isearchunitmecnanicafaturngdevice =X. (ranufacturer and model) Iscanneradheringand guiding x ‘mechanism, 101 Vil-430 EQUIPMENT VIl-431_ INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS ‘The ultrasonic examination shall be performed usinga system employing automated or semiautomated scanning ‘with computer based data acquisition and analysis bil- ities. The examination for transverse reflectors may be performed manually per T-472.1.3 unless the referencing Codie Section specifiesit alsoshall be by anautomated or semiautomated scan. Vil-434 CALIBRATION BLOCKS vil-434.1 Calibration and Scan Plan Verification. ‘The following methods from either (a) or both (b) and (€)shall be used to verity the scan plan and examination calibration: (a)Scanner Block. A block shall be fabricated meeting the requirements of T-434.1 and Figure T-434,2. except that its thickness, T, shall be within the lesser of 7 in. (6mm) or 25% ofthe material thickness to be examined and the number and position of the side-drilled holes shall beadequatetoconfirm thesensitivity settingof each probe, orprobe pairin the case of a TOFD setup, as posi- tionedperthescanplaninthescanner. Thescanner block isin addition to the calibration block required per Article 4yunlesstne scanner blockalsohasall he specifiedreler- encereflectorsrequired per Figure T-434.2.1, Forscanner block{s), VII-466.1 shall apply. (b)Simulator Check A simulator check shall be used prior to and at the end of each examination ar series of ‘exams. The simulator check May use any reference block (Le, TW, Rompus} oranyblockwith a known refiector(s), provided that amplitude and time base signals can be identified and correlated tothe original examination cal- bration. Thetimebaseposition, amplitude,andknownre- flector shall be recorded on the calibration sheet(s) Accuracy of the simulator checks shall be verified at the conclusion of each period of extended use. For simulator checks VII-466.2.1 shall apply. (@) Search Unit Position Verification, An adjustable scanner of search unit positioningsystem thatis capable cof measuring and securing the search unitshall be used forthe purpose of maintaining and verifying.a consistent probe position throughout the examination to the extent of ensuring that compliance with the scan plan has been achieved, VII-466.3 shall apply. anARTICLE ‘Vil-440 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS vil-442 SCANNING DATA ‘The original scanning data, unprocessed, shall be saved electronically (e.g,, magnetic, optical lash memory, etc.) VII-460 CALIBRATION Vil-466 CALIBRATION FOR NOZZLE SIDE WELD FUSION ZONE AND/OR ADJACENT NOZZLE PARENT METAL VII-466.1 System Confirmation Scan. The scanner block shall bescanned and thereferencerreflectorindica- tionsrecorded to confirm system calibration prior to and atthe completion ofeach examinationor series of similar examinations, when examination personnel (except for ‘automated equipment) are changed, and if the scan plan is required to be modified (i.e, ViI-483) lo satisfy the re- quirements of T-4673. ‘VIl-466.2 Calibration Checks. The requirements of T-467.2 are notapplicable to this Appendix whenthe re- quirements of VI-434.1(a) are met, ViI-466.2.1 Simulator Checks, The requirements ‘of T-467.2.1 are not applicable to this Appendix when the requirements of VIl-434-1(a) are met, Vil-466.3 SearchUnit Position. If thesearch unit po- sition within the scanner has changed more than "A. in, (15mm) all datasincethe last valid search unit position check shall be marked void and the area covered by the voided data shall be reexamined. This requirement does not apply when therequirementsof Vil-434.1(a) are met Vil-470 EXAMINATION Vil-471_ GENERALEXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS VII-471,1 Examination Coverage. The volume to be scanned shall be examined per the scan plan. 102 ASMERPVCY.2017 Vil-480 EVALUATION Vil-483_ EVALUATION OFLAMINAR REFLECTORS Reflectors evaluated as laminar reflectors in the base ‘material which interfere with the scanning of the exami- nation volume shall require the scan plan to be modified such hat the maximum feasible volume is examined and. shall be noted in the record of the examination (T-493). Vil-485 EVALUATION Final flaw evaluation shall only be made after all dis- play parameter adjustments (eg., contrast, brightness, and, ifapplicable,lateraland backwall removalandSAFT processing, etc) have been completed, Vil-486 SUPPLEMENTAL MANUAL TECHNIQUES Flaws detected during the automated or sem automated scan may be alternatively evaluated, applic- able, by supplemental manual techniques. vi 87 EVALUATION BY MANUFACTURER ‘The Manufacturer shall be responsible for the review, interpretation, evaluation, and acceptance of the com- pleted scan data to assure compliance with the require- ments of Article 4, Unis Appendix, and the referencing CodeSection. Acceptanceshall becompleted priorto pre- sentation of thescan data and accompanying dacument2- tion to the Inspector. Vil-490 DOCUMENTATION Vil-492 EXAMINATION RECORD ‘The required information of T-490 and the following information shall be recorded: (a) scan plan (b) scanner and adhering and guiding mechanism (¢) indication data [.e., position in weld, length, and characterization (og. crack, lack of fusion, lack of pene- tration, or inclusion)} (d)the final display processing levels (e) supplemental manual technique(s) indication data, if applicable [same information as (c]]ASME BPVCV-2017 ARTICLE. MANDATORY APPENDIX VIII ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR FRACTURE- MECHANICS-BASED ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA Vill-410 SCOPE ‘This Mandatory Appendix providesrequirements when an automated or semiautomated ultrasonic examination is performed for fraciure-mechanics-based acceptance criteria, Vill-420 GENERAL ‘Therequirements of Article 4apply exceptas modified by this Appendix, Vill-421 WRITTEN PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS VII-421.1 Requirements. The requirements of Table 7-421 and Table VIlI-421 shall apply. Vitl-421.2 Procedure Qualification. Procedurequali- fication is required per Mandatory Appendix IX The re- quirements of Table T-421 and Table VIlI-421 shall apply Vill-423_ PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS Only qualified UT personnel trained in the use of the equipment and who have participated in the technique qualification and/or demonstration or who have been trained and examined in the technique requirements, shall conduct production scans. Participation isdefined a having collected data using the setup being qualified ‘without assistance. Personnel who analyze and interpret Table VIlI-421 Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination Procedure for Fracture-Mechanics-Based Acceptance Criteria ‘Essential Nonessential Requirement (as Applicable Variable Variable scm tan x [Computer software revision x [canning tecinsque (automated. x ‘semiaitomsted) [Flaw sizing (length) methodology x Isearchuniemechantafturingdevce (anufscter and motel) lscannerand adheringand guiding x ‘mechanism 103 the collected data shall be a Level Il or eve! Ill whohave documentedtrainingintheuscof theequipmentandsoft- ware used, ‘The training and demonstration requirements shall be ‘addressed in the employer's written practice. Vill-430, EQUIPMENT Vill-431_ INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS ‘The ultrasonic examination shall be performed usinga system employingautomated or semiautomated scanning, ‘with computer based data acquisition and analysis abil- ities. The examination for transverse reflectors may be performed manually per T-472,1.3 unless thereferencing Code Section specifiesitalsoshall be by anautomated oF semiautomated scan. Vill-432_ SEARCH UNITS Vili-432.1 General. The normal frequency shall be the sameas used in the qualification VIlI-434 CALIBRATION BLOCKS Vill-434.1 Calibration andScan Plan Verification. ‘The following methods fram either (a) or both (b) and (6 shall be used to verify the scan plan and examination calibration. (@) Scanner Block. A block shall be fabricated meeting the requirements of T-434.1 and Figure'T-434.2.1 except that ts thickness, , shall be within the lesser of / in. (6mm) or 25% ofthe material thickness to be examined and the number and position of the side-drilled holes shall beadequatetoconfirm thesensitivitysettingof each probe, orprobe pairin the ase of a TOFD setup, as posi- tioned per thescan planin thescanner. Thescannerblock isin addition to the calibration blockrequired per Article 4yunlessthe scannerblockalsohasallthe specifiedrefer- ehcereflectorsrequired perFigureT-434.2 1.Forscanner block(s), VII-4671 shall apply (0)Simulator Check. A simulator check shall be used prior to andat the end of each examination or series of exams. The simulator check may use any reference block (Le, WW, Rompus} oranyblockwitha known reflector(s), provided that amplitude and time base signals can be identified and correlated tothe original examination cal bration. The time base position, amplitude, and known anARTICLE reflectorshall berecordedon the calibration sheet(s).Ac- curacy of thesimulatorchecksshall be verifiedat thecon- clusion of each period of extended use. For simulator checks T-467.2.1 shall apply. (@) Search Unit Position Verification, An adjustable scanner or search unit positioning system thal is capable ‘of measuring and securing the search unit shall be used for the purpose of maintainingand verifying a consistent probe position throughout the examination to the extent of ensuring that compliance with the scan plan has been achieved. VIII-467.3shall apply. Vill-440 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS Vill-442 SCANNING DATA ‘The original scanning data, unprocessed, shall be saved electronically (e.g, magnetic, optical, flash memory, etc.) Vill-460 CALIBRATION VIII-467 CALIBRATION FOR NOZZLE SIDE WELD FUSION ZONE AND/OR ADJACENT NOZZLE PARENT METAL Vill-467.1 System Confirmation Sean. The scanner block shall be scanned and the reference reflector indications recorded to confirm that prior to and at the completion of each examinationorseriesof similar exam- inations, when examination personnel (except for aulo- ‘mated equipment) are changed, and if the scan plan is, required to be modified (i., VIll-483) to satisty the re- quirements of 7-4673. Vill-467.2 Calibration Checks. The requirements of -467.2 are not applicable to this Appendix whenthe re- ‘quirements of VIII-434.1(a) are met. Vili-467.2.1 Simulator Checks. The requirements of T-467.2.1 are not applicable to this Appendix when the requirements of VIlI-434.1(a) are met. Vill-467.3 Search Unit Position. Ifthe search unit position within the scanner has changed more than ‘he in.(15 mam), all data since the last valid search unit position check shall be markedvoidand thearea covered by the voided datashall bereexamined.Thisrequirement, does not apply when the requirements of Vill-434-1(a) are met. Vill-470 EXAMINATION Vill-471_ GENERAL EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS, VIlI-471.1_ Examination Coverage. The volume to be scanned shall be examined per the scan plan. VIlI-471.3 Rate of Search Unit Movement, The rate of search unit movement shall nat exceed that qualified, 104 ASMERPVCY.2017 VIlI-471.4 Scanning Sensitivity Level. The scanning sensitivity evel shall nol be less than that qualified, Vill-480 EVALUATION Vill-482 EVALUATION LEVEL VIll-482.2 Nondistance-Amplitude Techniques. All indicationimages that haveindicatedlengths greater than the following sll be evaluated in terms ofthe accep- tance criteria o the referencing Code Section (a)0.15in.(4mm) for weldsin material equal toorless. than 1 in, (38 mm) thick (6}0.20 in. (S mm) for welds in material greater than ‘9p in. (38 me) thick ut less than 4 in, (100 ran) thick (6) 00ST of Yin. (19mm), whichever sles, for welds inmaterial greater than 4, (100 mm), (7 =nominalma- terial thickness adjacent tothe wel} Forwelds; ing twodifferent thicknessesof material, ‘material thickness shall be based on the thinner of the two materials VIll-483. EVALUATION OF LAMINAR REFLECTORS Reflectors evaluated as laminar reflectors in the base ‘material which interfere with the scanning of the exami- nation volume shall require the scan plan to be modified such hat the maximum feasible volume is examined and. shall be noted in the record of the examination (T-493). Vill-485 EVALUATION SETTINGS Final flaw evaluation shall only be made after all dis- play parameter adjustments (eg., contrast, brightness, and, ifapplicable, lateraland backwall removalandSAFT pracessing, etc) have been completed, Vill-486 SIZEAND CATEGORY Vill-486.1. Size. The dimensions of the flaw shall be determined by the rectangle that fully contains the area of the flaw. (a) The length of the law shall be the dimension ofthe rectangle that is parallel to the inside pressure-retaining surface of the component. (b) The height ofthe law shall be the dimension of the rectangle that is normal to the inside pressure-retaining, surface ofthe component. Vill-486.2 Category. Flaws shall be categorized as beingsurface orsubsurlace basedon their separaliondis- lance from the nearest component surface If the space is equal to or lessthan one-half the height of the flaw, then the flaw shall be categorized as a surface flaw?* (b)I'thespaceisgreaterthanone-half the heightot the flaw, then the flaw shall be categorized asa subsurface flaw,ASMEBPVCV-2017 VIIl-487 SUPPLEMENTALMANUAL TECHNIQUES Flaws detected during the automated or semi- automated scan may be alternatively evaluated ifapplic- able, by supplemental manual techniques. VIll-488 EVALUATION BY MANUFACTURER ‘The Manufacturer shall be responsible for the review, interpretation, evaluation, and acceptance of the com: pleted scan data to assure compliance with the require- ments of Article 4, this Appendix, and the referencing Code Section. Acceptance shall be completed priorto pre- sentation of the scan dataandaccompanying document2- tion to the Inspector. 105 ARTICLE. Vill-490 DOCUMENTATION Vill-492 EXAMINATION RECORDS ‘The required information of T-490 and the following, information shall be recorded: (a)scen plan (6) scanner and adhering and guidingmechanism (c) indication data, that is, position in weld, length, through-wall extent, and surface oF subsurface characterization {the inal display processing levels (@) supplemental manual techniqze(s) indication data, i applicable [same information as (c]a7) ARTICLE ASMERPVCY.2017 MANDATORY APPENDIX IX PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR FLAW SIZING AND CATEGORIZATION 1X-410 SCOPE This Mandatory Appendix provides requirements fr mn! of ultrasanic examination procedures 1B(Le, length and through-wall height) and categorization (Le, surfaceorsubsurface] determina- tion are specified for fraciure-mechanics-based accep- tance criteria, 1X-420 GENERAL ‘The requirements of A by this Appendix. le4 applyexceptas modified 1-430 EQUIPMENT 1X-435 DEMONSTRATION BLOCKS 1%-435.1 General. The following Article 4 paragraphs apply to demonstration blocks: T-434.1.2, T-434.1.3, 7-434.1.4,1-434.15, T-434 1.6, and T-434.1.7. 1%-435.2__ Preparation. A demonstration block shall, beprepared by welding or, provided the acoustic proper- Lies are similar, the hot isostatic process (HIP) may be used. 1%-435.3_ Thickness. The demonstration blackshall, bewithin 25% of the thickness tobe examined. For welds joining two different thicknesses of material, demonstra- tion block thickness shall be based on the thinner of the twomaterials. 1%-435.4 Weld Joint Configuration. The demonstrs- tion block’s weld joint geometry shall be representative of theproduction joint’s details, except when performing TOFD examinations of equal thickness butt weldsin ac- cordance with Mandatory Appendix IL 1%-435.5 Flaw Location, Unless specified otherwise by the referencing ode Section, thedemonstration block shall contain a minimum of three actual planar flaws or three EDM notches oriented to simulate flaws paralle! tothe production weld's axis and major groove faces. The flaws shall be located at or adjacenttto the block's groove facesas follows: (aJone surface flaw on the side ofthe block represent ing tie component 0.D. surface {bJonesurface flaw on the side ofthe block represent- ing the component LD. surface 106 (c) one subsurface Naw ‘When the scan plan to be utilized subdivides a weld into multiple examination zanes, a minimum of one flaw per zone is required. 1%-435.6 Flaw Size, Demonstration block flaw sizes shall be based on the demonstration block thickness and shall be no larger than that specified by the referen- cing Code Section (a) maximum acceptable law height for material less than 1 in, (25 mm) thick, or (6) for material equal to or greater than 1 in, (25 mm) tick, an aspect ratio of (2)025 for surfaceflaws (2)025 (a/P) 00.50 (4 ),asapplicable,forsubsur- face flaws NOTE: /1 aspectratios are used by Sections and VI. /l aspect ratios are useé by Section B34, 1%-435.7 Single |.D,/0.D. Flaw Alternative. When, ‘thedemonstration block can be scanned from both major surfaces during the qualification scan eg, joint LD. and OD.have asimilar detail, diamoter of curvatureisgreater than 20 in, (500 mm), no cladding or weld overlay pres- ent, etc], then only one surface flaw is required, 1%-435.8 One-Sided Exams. When, due to obstruc- tions, the weld examination can only be performed from one side of the weld axis, the demonstration block shall contain two sets of laws one seton each side af theweld axis, When the demonstration block can be scanned from both sides of the weld axis during the qualification scan (eg, similar joint detail and no obstructions), then only one set of flaws is required. 1X-440 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS 1%-442 QUALIFICATION DATA ‘The demonstration block shall bescanned and thequa- lification data saved per the procedure being qualified and shall be available to the Inspector and Owner/User alongwith a copy of any software necessary to view the data. a7)ay ASMEBPVCV-2017 1X-480 EVALUATION 1X-481 SIZE AND CATEGORY Flawsshall be sized and categorized in accordance with the written procedure being qualified. 1X-482 AUTOMATED AND SEMIAUTOMATED ACCEPTABLE PERFORMANCE CRITERIA Acceptableperformancesshall beas specified by there- ferencing Code Section, When the referencing Code Sec- tion does not specify the acceptable performance, the following shall apply: (a) detection of alitheflawsin the demonstrationblock (b) recorded responses or imaged lengths, as applic- able, exceed thespecified evaluation criteriaoftheproce- dure being demonstrated (€) the flaws ate properly categorized (ie, surface or subsurface) (a)the flaw’s determined size is equal to or greater than its true size, both length and height (@) the flaw's determined length of height is not over- sized by more than 50% 1X-483 SUPPLEMENTAL MANUAL TECHNIQUE(S) ‘ACCEPTABLE PERFORMANCE Demonstration black laws may be sized and categor- ized by a supplemental manual technique(s) outlined in the pracedure, only if the automated or semiautomated 107 ARTICLE. flaw recorded responses meet the requirements of 1X-482(a) and/or iLisused for the detection of transverse reflectors, Acceptable performance, unless specified by the User orreferencing Code, isdefinedasthedemonstra- tion bloci’s flaws being (a)sized as being equal to or greater than their actual size (Le, both length and height) (h)properly categorized (Le, surface or subsurface) 1X-490 DOCUMENTATION 1%-492 DEMONSTRATION BLOCK RECORD ‘The following information shall be recorded: (a)the information specified by the procedure being ualitied (b) demonstration block thickness, joint geometry in- cluding any cladding or weld overlays, and flaw data [ic. position in block, size (length and height)], separa- tion distance to nearest surface, category (surface or subsurface) (€) scanningsensitivity and search unit travel speed (qualification scan data (uf Maw stnedata seme infrmatonas Naw datain (f} supplemental manual technigue(s) sizing data, if applicable [same information as flaw data in (b)]ARTICLE ASMERPVCY.2017 MANDATORY APPENDIX X ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE X%-410 SCOPE ‘This Appendix describesrequirements fortheexamina- ion of butt fusion welds in high density polyethylene (DPR) pipe using encoded pulse echo, phased array, or Lime of flight diffraction (TOFD) ultrasonic techniques. %-420 GENERAL ‘The requirements of Article 4, Mandatory Appendix III and Mandatory Appendix V, apply excepts modified by this Appendix, %421 WRITTEN PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS: X-421.1 Requirements, Theexamination shallbe per- formed in accordance witha written procedure which shall, asa minimum, contain the requirements of Table ‘T-421, Table X-421, and as applicable, Table lll-421 or ‘Table V-421. The written procedure shall establish asin- ale value, or range of values, for each requirement %-421.2 Procedure Qualification. When procedure qualification is specified, a change of a requirement in Table T-421, Table X-421, and as applicable, Table 1-421 or Table V-421 identified as an essential variable shall require requalification of the written pracedure by demonstration. A change of a requirementidentified as nonessential variable does not require requalification, of the written procedure. All changes of essential or non- essential variables from those specified within the writ- ten procedure shall require revision of, or an addendum to, the written procedure, Table X-421 Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination Procedure for HDPE Techniques Essential Nonessential Requirement (as Applicable Variable Variable [scanplan x lxaninaton techniques) x {computer saftwareand revision x lscansingtechnique(automated versus. X. semiautomated) ta charectezation methadclogy x [aw siing (length) methodology x [scanner (manufacturer and model) x adheringand guiding mechanism “ 108 %422 SCAN PLAN Ascan plan (documented examination strategy) shall be provided showing search unit placementand move- ment that provides a standardized and repeatable meth- odology for the examination. In addition to the information in Table T-421, and as applicable, Table 1-421 or Table V-421, the scan plan shall include beam anglesand directions with respect tothe weld axis refer- ence point, weld joint geometry, and examination area(s) or zone(s}. %430 EQUIPMENT %-431_ INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS X-4311 Instrument. When performing phased array ultrasonic examination, T-431 and the followingrequire- ‘ments shall apply: (a) An ultrasonicarray controller shall be used. (6) The instrument shell be capable of operation at fre- quencies over the range of at least 1 MHz to 7 MHz and shall be equipped with a stepped gain control in units of 2 dB orless and a maximum gain of at least 60 dB. (€) Theinstrumentshall havea minimum of 32pulsers, (@) The digitization rate ofthe instrument shall be at least § times the search unitcenter frequency. (¢} Compression setting shall not be greater than that used during qualification of the procedure. X-431.2 Data Display and Recording. When per- forming phased array ultrasonic examination, the follow- ing shall apply: (a) The instrument shallbe able to select an approp: ate portion of the time base within which A-Scans are digitized, (6) The instrument shall beable to display A-,B-,C-,D-, and S-scans in a color palette able to differentiate be- ‘tween amplitude levels (2 Theequipment shall permit storage ofall A-scan waveform data, with a range defined by gates, including amplitude and time-base details (d) The equipment shall store positional information indicating the relative position of the waveform with re- spect to adjacent waveform(s), ic, encoded position.ASMEBPVCV-2017 %-432_ SEARCH UNITS ‘When performingphased array ultrasonicexamination, the following shall apply: (a) The nominal frequency shall be from 1 MHz to ‘7 MRzunless variables, such as production crystallinemi crostructure, require the use of other frequencies to as sure adequate penetration or better resolution. (6) Longitudinal wave mode shall be used. (c} Tae number of elements used shall be between 32 and 128, (4) Search units withangled wedgesmay be used toaid coupling ofthe ultrasound into the inspection area, X-434 CALIBRATION BLOCKS 434.1 General. %434,1.1 Reflectors. Theroference reflectorshall beaside-drilledhole (SDH) with a maximum diameter of 0.080 in. (2 mm). %434.1.2_ Material. The block shall be fabricated from pipe of the same material designation as the pipe raterial to be examined. %434,1.3 Quality. naddition totherequirements of -434.1 3,areasthatcontainindicationsthatarenotat- tributable Lo geometry are unacceptable, regardless of amplitude. X-434.3 Piping Calibration Blocks. The calibration blocicas a minimam shall contain YP and 947 SOEs where Tisthecalibration bloccthicness. The calibration blockshall be at leastas thick as the pipe being examined. The blocksize and reflector locations shall allow forthe calibration ofthe eam anglesused that coverthe volume of interest. X%-460 CALIBRATION %-462_ GENERAL CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS: X-462,6 Temperature. The temperature differential between the original calibration and examination sur- faces shall be within 18°F (10°C) %-464 CALIBRATION FOR PIPING X-464.1 SystemCalibrationforDistance-Amplitude Techniques. %464.1.1 Calibration Block{s). Calibrations shall be performed utilizing the calibration block referenced, inX434.3, X-464.1.2 Straight Beam Calibration. Straight ‘beam calibration is nat required. X-464.2 _ System Calibration for Non-Distance Am- plitude Techniques. Calibrations include all thoseactions required {o assure that thesensitivity andaccuracy of the signal amplitude and time outputs of theexamination sys- tom (whether displayed, recorded, or automatically 109 ARTICLE, processed) are repeated from examination to exammina- lion. Calibration shall be by use of the calibration black specified in X-434.3, %-467 CALIBRATION CONFIRMATION X-467.1 System Changes. When any part ofthe ex- amination system is changed, a calibration check shall, ‘be made on the calibration block to verify that distance rangepointand sensitivity setting(s}of thecalibrationre- fector with thelongestsound path used inthe calibration satisty the requirements ofX-467.3. X-467.2 Calibration Checks. A calibration checkon at least one of the reflectors in the calibration block or a check usinga simulator shall be performed at the com- pletion of each examination or series of similar examina tions, and when examination personnel (except for automated equipment] are changed. The distance range and sensitivity values recorded shall satisfy the require- ments ofX-467.3 %-467.2.1 Material Verification. When examining ‘material from a different praduction lat from that of the calibration block,a verification of the material velocity shall be made using a machined radius on a black manu- factured from thenew lotandany differenceintheresults ‘be compensated for in both velacity and gain level %-467.2.2 Temperature Variation, If during the course of the examination, the temperature differential between the calibration block used during the most ro- cent calibration and examination surface varies by more than 18°F (10°C), recalibration is required. NOTE: Tnte:imealtbration checks between therequlred intl eal- ‘bration and the final calibrationcheck may be performed. Thedec:- sion to perform interim calibration checks shou'é be baseé on vlrasonicinsermmane stabilty(analogys digital, therisk ofhaving toconductreexaminations andthe enefcofnot performing interim calibration checks, X-4673 Confirmation Acceptance Values. ¥-467.3.1 Distance Range Points. Ifthe distance rrange point for the deepest reflector used inthe calibra- tionhasmoved by morethan 10% ofthe distance reading ‘or S%of full sweep, whichever is greater, correct the di tance range calibration and notethe correctioninthe ex- amination record. all recorded indications since the last valid calibration or calibration check shall bereexamined and their values shall be changed on the data sheets or rerecorded. X-467.3.2 Sensitivity Settings. Ifthe sensitivity setting for the deepest reflector used in the calibration has changed by lessthan 448, compensatefor the differ- cence whenperformingthe dataanalysis andinotethecor- rectionintheexamination record. I thesensitivity setting has changed by morethan 4B, the examination shall be repeated.