Quantum Steenrod operations and Fukaya categories

Zihong Chen

Abstract
arXiv:2405.05242v1 [math.SG] 8 May 2024

This paper is concerned with quantum cohomology and Fukaya categories of a closed monotone
symplectic manifold X, where we use coefficients in a field k of characteristic p > 0. The first main
result of this paper is that the quantum Steenrod operations QΣ admit an interpretation in terms of the
Fukaya category of X, via suitable versions of the open-closed maps. Using this, we show that QΣ, whose
definition is intrinsic to characteristic p, is compatible with certain structures inherited from the quantum
connection in characteristic 0. We then turn to applications of these results. The first application is an
arithmetic proof of the unramified exponential type conjecture for X that satisfies Abouzaid’s generation
criterion over Q, which uses a reduction mod p argument. Next, we demonstrate how the categorical
perspective provides new tools for computing QΣ beyond the reach of known technology. We also explore
potential connections of our work to arithmetic homological mirror symmetry.

Contents
1 Introduction 2
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Quantum Steenrod operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Relation to cyclic homology and the cyclic open-closed map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Cyclic open-closed map and the t-connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Change of base ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 Hochschild (co)homology of A∞ -categories 9

2.1 A∞ -categories and bimodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Hochschild cohomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Hochschild homology and cyclic homology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 The N -fold Hochschild complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5 The Z/pZ-equivariant cap product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 The monotone Fukaya category 16

3.1 Monotonicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2 The monotone Fukaya category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Quantum Steenrod operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4 The Z/pZ-equivariant open-closed map 20

4.1 The p-fold open-closed map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2 The Z/pZ-equivariant open-closed map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3 The closed-open maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.4 Compatibility with quantum Steenrod operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5 Case study: the intersection of two quadrics in CP 5 32

5.1 Quantum cohomology and open-closed maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.2 A computation of QStX (η(γi )) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

6 The unramified exponential type conjecture for quantum connection 38

1
7 A conjectural B-side formula 42
7.1 Example: AN singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Appendix A Katz’s local monodromy theorem 48

Appendix B Grading 49
B.1 Z-grading on the monotone Fukaya category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
B.2 From the q-connection to the t-connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Appendix C An unramified exponential type result for matrix factorizations 53

Appendix D Proof of Lemma 4.9 54

1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation
This paper is concerned with quantum cohomology and Fukaya categories with coefficients in a field k of
characteristic p > 0. For simplicity, we work in the context of a closed monotone symplectic manifold (X, ω),
where the technical aspects of the relevant Floer-theoretic structures are straightforward. Why is there a
particular interest in working over positive characteristics?
1) As a most straightforward answer, even if one is only interested in characteristic 0 phenomena, reducing
coefficients mod p can be a useful tool in studying them, an idea that is ubiquitous and fruitful in
algebraic geometry. One goal of this paper is to demonstrate how this idea can be applied to symplectic
topology. In particular, we use the following conjecture of [KKP] and [GGI] as a motivating question.
Conjecture 1.1 (The unramified exponential type conjecture). The quantum connection (QH ∗ (X, C)((t)), ∇QH
d ),
dt
cf. (1.11), admits a finite direct sum decomposition
M d λ
∇QH
d = (C((t)), − ) ⊗ ∇reg
d , (1.1)
dt dt t2 dt
λ

where λ ∈ C and ∇reg

d is gauge equivalent to a connection with simple poles at t = 0 and monodromies
dt
given by roots of unity. In fancier language, (1.1) says that the quantum connection has unramified
exponential type and quasi-unipotent regularized monodromy.
Conjecture 1.1 is a key ingredient in setting up a (so far largely conjectural) nice theory of Hodge
structures for quantum cohomology. Substantial progress was made in the recent work of Pomerleano-
Seidel, where they proved Conjecture 1.1, cf. [PS, Theorem 1.3.1], assuming the existence of a smooth
anticanonical divisor whose complement is Weinstein, cf. Remark 6.5.
In section 6, we give an alternative arithmetic proof of Conjecture 1.1, in the situation where X
satisfies Abouzaid’s generation criterion over Q, using reduction mod p methods. In particular, our
proof is independent of the assumptions or approach in [PS]. The basic idea in our approach is
that by a theorem of Katz (cf. Theorem A.1), Conjecture 1.1 can be reduced to the statement that
the p-curvature, a fundamental invariant of differential equations in characteristic p, of the quantum
connection with mod p coefficients is nilpotent for almost all p. The question then becomes susceptible
to the techniques developed in the body of this paper, as we relate the p-curvature of the quantum
connection to equivariant Floer operations in positive characteristics. The main result of section 6 is
the following:
Theorem 1.2. Let X be a closed monotone symplectic manifold that satisfies Abouzaid’s generation
criterion over Q. Then the quantum connection (QH ∗ (X, Q)((t)), ∇QH
d ) has unramified exponential
dt
type and quasi-unipotent regularized monodromy.

2
 In fact, motivated by mirror symmetry, one can apply a similar idea to show that the canonical
connection on the (formal) twisted de Rham cohomology associated to a pair (Y, W ), where Y is an
affine variety and W is a regular function with isolated critical points, has unramified exponential type,
cf. Theorem C.1. A reader more familiar with matrix factorizations than quantum Steenrod operations
may find Theorem C.1, whose proof is short and elementary, as motivation for the argument in section
6.
2) The effectiveness of characteristic p methods often comes from the fact that there are structures that
only exist in characteristic p, such as the Steenrod operations in classical topology, the Frobenius map
and Cartier operators in algebraic geometry, and the p-curvature in differential equations.
The same phenomenon appears in symplectic topology, and the characteristic p structures we are
concerned with are the quantum Steenrod operations QΣ : QH ∗ (X, k) ⊗ QHZ/p ∗
(X, k) → QHZ/p∗
(X, k);
cf. section 3.3 for their definition. In fact, quantum Steenrod operations are (or are expected to be)
related to all of the structures mentioned in the previous paragraph, and we will explore some of these
relations in this paper:
• By definition, QΣ’s are deformations of the classical Steenrod operations.
• QΣc1 is related to the p-curvature of the quantum connection, cf. Lemma 6.8 and Conjecture
6.10; this plays an important role in the proof of Theorem 1.2.
• We also expect QΣ to be ‘mirror’ to certain operations on differential forms in characteristic p on
the B-side, cf. section 7 for a discussion.
3) It is well known that Fukaya categories and homological mirror symmetry have interesting arithmetic
aspects [LPe], [LPo], [GHHPS]. Even simplistic symplectic manifolds such as the cylinder, when one
considers its Fukaya category over a general coefficient ring R, can have interesting homological mirrors
that encode the arithmetic properties of R, cf. [EL].
As a concrete example, take X to be the intersection of two quadrics in CP 5 . Over C, a celebrated result
of Ivan Smith [Smi, Theorem 1.1] states that a component of the Fukaya category of X is equivalent
to the Fukaya category of a genus 2 curve. In section 5, we show that there is a simple obstruction
for the prior mentioned equivalence to hold over any coefficient field not containing a square root of
−1, cf. Proposition 5.2. We do not know whether this is the √ only obstruction, i.e. whether Smith’s
equivalence holds over any coefficient field that contains a −1.√ However, what we can show is that
if Smith’s equivalence were true over some field k (containing a −1) of odd positive characteristic, it
imposes strong constraints on the structure of the quantum cohomology of X over k. In fact, having
such an equivalence will determine the quantum Steenrod operations of X over k, cf. Proposition 5.3.
The idea behind Proposition 5.3, and the main result of this paper, is that quantum Steenrod operations
admit an interpretation in terms of the Fukaya category. More precisely, for any A∞ -category, there
is an action of its Hochschild cohomology on its Z/p-equivariant Hochschild homology, which we call
the Z/p-equivariant cap product, cf. Definition 2.12. When the A∞ -category in question is the Fukaya
category of X, this action recovers QΣ via suitable versions of the open-closed maps. Using the
categorical interpretation,
• We show that certain structures induced by the quantum connection in characteristic 0 impose
constraints on the QΣ, which are operations intrinsic to characteristic p, cf. Corollary 1.10.
• We give new ways to compute QΣ using ideas from categorical enumerative invariants, cf. section
5.
Finally, we should mention that the three perspectives above are interconnected. For instance, the categorical
interpretation of QΣ is the key step in establishing nilpotence for the p-curvature of the quantum connection,
and which ultimately allows us to prove Theorem 1.2. With these motivations in mind, let us now state the
main results of the paper.

3
1.2 Quantum Steenrod operations
Quantum Steenrod operations are a collection of operations on equivariant quantum cohomology that come
from genus 0 Gromov-Witten theory with mod p coefficients. First introduced by Fukaya [Fuk], and system-
atically developed by Wilkins [Wil], they have seen various links and applications to Hamiltonian dynamics
[Shel], arithmetic mirror symmetry [Sei3] and representation theory [Lee]. They have the property of being
covariantly constant with respect to the quantum connection in characteristic p [SW], which gives effective
computation in low degrees. Nonetheless, our understanding of quantum Steenrod operations in the general
case is still limited:
• Relatively few computations of quantum Steenrod operations have been made beyond low degrees;
• The relationship between quantum Steenrod operations and Gromov-Witten theory in characteristic 0
remains mysterious.
This paper aims to advance our understanding of both questions above by systematically studying quantum
Steenrod operations on a closed monotone symplectic manifold from the perspective of its Fukaya category.
We now describe the setup and state the main results. Throughout this paper, (X, ω) will be a monotone
symplectic manifold of dimension 2n. Let A be some base ring. Let QH ∗ (X, A) denote the quantum
cohomology of X with coefficient in A; for λ ∈ A, let Fuk(X, A)λ denote the monotone Fukaya category with
disk potential λ ∈ A, see section 3 for a review. In this paper, the coefficient ring A will come in two flavors:
1) Characteristic 0: we consider R ⊂ K ⊂ √ Q the ring of integers of some number field K, up to inverting
finitely many elements, e.g. Z[ 12 ], Z[ 12 , 5, i]. Throughout the paper, we always assume that 2 is inverted
in R.
2) Positive Characteristics: we consider, for an odd prime p, fields k of characteristic p.
Let us start with the story in characteristic p. In section 2, we will introduce a p-fold Hochschild chain
complex p CC(A) for any A∞ -category A over k. This chain complex is quasi-isomorphic to the usual
Hochschild chain complex CC(A), but has a chain level Z/p-action, which can be thought of as induced
from the S 1 -action on CC(A) via the inclusion of the p-th roots of unity Z/p ⊂ S 1 . We denote its associated
negative Z/p-equivariant complex (or Z/p-homotopy fixed point) as CC Z/p (A). There is an action
Z/p
\
: HH ∗ (A) × HH∗
Z/p Z/p
(A) → HH∗ (A), (1.2)

which we call the Z/p-equivariant cap product. It has the following properties:
p(p−1) TZ/p
(ϕ ∪ φ, a) = (−1)|ϕ||φ| 2
TZ/p TZ/p
C1) It is a graded multiplicative action: (ϕ, (φ, a)), where ∪
denotes the cup product on Hochschild cohomology.
C2) It is additive in the second variable, and becomes additive in the first variable after multiplying by t
(the formal S 1 -equivariant variable of degree 2), the latter meaning t
TZ/p TZ/p
(ϕ + φ, −) = t (ϕ, −) +
TZ/p
t (φ, −).
C3) If A is cohomologically unital, in which case HH ∗ (A) is unital, then
TZ/p
is a unital action.
TZ/p
(aφ, −) = ap
T Z/p
C4) It is Frobenius p-linear: for a ∈ k, (φ, −).
In section 4, we define a Z/p-equivariant open-closed map (when context is clear, we omit λ from notation)
Z/p Z/p ∗+n
OCλ : HH∗ (Fuk(X, k)λ ) → QHZ/p (X, k), (1.3)

where the Z/p-action on QH ∗ is trivial. The right hand side of (1.3) can be more explicitly written as

QH ∗ (X, k) ⊗ H ∗ (BZ/p, k) = QH ∗ (X, k)[[t, θ]], (1.4)

where |t| = 2, |θ| = 1, θ2 = 0. (1.3) is a Z/p-analogue of the Ganatra’s cyclic open-closed map, and it will be
a crucial ingredient in proving the categorical formula for quantum Steenrod operations.

4
Following [SW], quantum Steenrod operations can be viewed as an action of QH ∗ (X, k) on QH ∗ (X, k)Z/p .
In particular, fixing a cohomology class b ∈ QH ∗ (X, k) there is a quantum Steenrod action associated to b

QΣb : QH ∗ (X, k)[[t, θ]] → QH ∗+p|b| (X, k)[[t, θ]]. (1.5)

We review the definition and some of its properties in more detail in section 3.
Our first main result is that the Z/p-equivariant open-closed map intertwines the quantum Steenrod opera-
tions (1.5) with the categorical action (1.2).
Theorem 1.3. In the above setting, for all b ∈ QH ∗ (X, k) and λ ∈ k, the diagram

OC Z/p
QH ∗+n (X, k)[[t, θ]]
Z/p
HH∗ (Fuk(X, k)λ )

CO(b)
TZ/p
− QΣb (1.6)

OC Z/p
QH ∗+p|b|+n (X, k)[[t, θ]]
Z/p
HH∗+p|b| (Fuk(X, k)λ )

commutes, where CO denotes the closed-open map, cf. section 4.3.

1.3 Relation to cyclic homology and the cyclic open-closed map

Theorem 1.3 transforms the computation of QΣ into that of the Z/p-equivariant cap product, which is purely
algebraic, and of the Z/p-equivariant open-closed map. Luckily, the latter is not mysterious and is in fact
closely related to the familiar cyclic open-closed map, cf. [Gan2], which we now briefly recall.
A cohomologically unital A∞ -category A has a non-unital Hochschild chain complex (CC∗nu (A), bnu ), which
is a chain complex quasi-isomorphic to (CC∗ (A), b) and

CC∗nu (A) = CC∗ (A) ⊕ CC∗ (A)[1] (1.7)

as vector spaces [Gan2]. CC∗nu (A) has an k[ϵ]/ϵ2 ≃ C∗ (S 1 )-action given by the non-unital Connes’ operator
1
B nu , cf. (2.28). The t-complex for negative cyclic homology CC S (A) is defined as CC∗nu (A)[[t]], with |t| = 2
1
and differential bnu + tB nu , whose cohomology we denote by HH∗S (A). [Gan2] defined the (negative) cyclic
open-closed map
1 1
OC S : HH∗S (Fuk(X, k)λ ) → QH ∗+n (X, k)[[t]]. (1.8)
The following theorem compares the cyclic and Z/p-equivariant open-closed maps, and is the key to applying
characteristic zero techniques in computing quantum Steenrod operations.
Theorem 1.4. ([Che, Theorem 1.6]) 1) For any cohomologically unital A∞ -category A, there exists a quasi-
1 1
isomorphism Φp : CC S (A) ⊕ CC S (A)θ ≃ CC Z/p (A), where θ is a formal variable of degree 1.
2) The following diagram is homotopy commutative:

OC Z/p
CC Z/p (Fuk(X, k)λ ) QH(X, k)[[t, θ]]
1 1
OC S ⊕OC S θ
Φp (1.9)

1 1
CC S (Fuk(X, k)λ ) ⊕ CC S (Fuk(X, k)λ )θ

The proof of Theorem 1.4 is rather technical, and was obtained in a prequel to this paper [Che].
Remark 1.5. From an abstract point of view, Theorem 1.4. 1) is an analogue of the classical Z/p-Gysin
sequence in topology, which relates the homology of the S 1 -homotopy fixed points of an S 1 -space with that
of the induced Z/p ⊂ S 1 -homotopy fixed points.

5
1.4 Cyclic open-closed map and the t-connection
In this subsection, we review the classical definition of t-connections in symplectic topology and properties
1
of the cyclic open-closed map over Q. Recall that the negative cyclic homology HH S (A) of an A∞ -category
A is equipped with the Getzler-Gauss-Manin t-connection given on the chain level1 by
P
GGM d Γ i{ k≥0 (2 − k)mk }
∇d/dt := + − , (1.10)
dt 2t 2t2
where Γ is the length operator on Hochschild chains and i is the contraction of a cyclic chain by a Hochschild
cochain, cf. [Hug, section 3.2], [OS, section 5]. We remark that in the literature, the S 1 -equivariant variable
is often named u (and (1.10) is named the ‘u-connection’), whereas we use t.
There is an analogous t-connection on S 1 -equivariant quantum cohomology, called the quantum t-connection
given by
d µ c1 ⋆
∇QH
d/dt := dt + t − t2 , (1.11)

where µ is the grading operator on cohomology, i.e. µ(x) = k−n k

2 x for x ∈ H (X).

Theorem 1.6. On the level of cohomology,

1 QH 1
OC S ◦ ∇GGM S
d/dt = ∇d/dt ◦ OC . (1.12)

This was originally conjectured by [GPS]. It was first proved by [Hug, Theorem 1.7] in a slightly simplified
technical setting. The proof that is closer to our setting is [PS, Theorem 6.3.5], which however considers the
so-called ‘q-connection’; we explain how Theorem 1.4 can be derived from the results in loc.cit. in Appendix
B.
We recall the following general fact about formal t-connections.
Lemma 1.7. [Hug, Lemma 2.13] Write {ej } for a generalized eigenbasis of c1 ⋆, and write ∇ = dt d
+ At20 + At1
in this basis. In particular, A0 is in Jordan normal form with diagonal entries the eigenvalues of c1 ⋆. Then,
there exists a basis {vj } of QH ∗ (X)[[t]] such that
1) vj |u=0 = ej .
d
P∞
2) Write ∇ = dt + t12 i=0 Ãi ti in the basis {vj }, then Ã0 = A0 and all Ãi ’s respect the generalized
eigen-decomposition of A0 .
3) The diagonal blocks of Ã1 and A1 agree.

Lemma 1.7 implies that there exists a decomposition of the quantum t-connection
M
QH ∗ (X, Q)[[t]] = QH ∗ (X, Q)[[t]]λ (1.13)
λ∈spec(c1 ⋆)

such that QH ∗ (X, Q)[[t]]λ |t=0 = QH ∗ (X, Q)λ . We call the decomposition (1.13) the elementary Hukuhara-
Levelt-Turittin (HLT) decomposition. On the categorical side, as λ ranges over the eigenvalues of c1 ⋆, we
1
consider the big direct sum λ∈spec(c1 ⋆) CC S (Fuk(X, Q)λ ), where each summand is equipped with its own
L
1
Getzler-Gauss-Manin t-connection. A consequence of Theorem 1.6 is that OC S must also intertwine the
two decompositions (cf. [Hug, Cor 6.5.]), i.e.
1 1
OC S (HH∗S (Fuk(X, Q)λ )) ⊂ QH ∗+n (X, Q)[[t]]λ . (1.14)
1 We remark that to be precise, in order for this formula to work for A = Fuk(X) (which in our convention is an uncurved
λ
A∞ -category, i.e. m0 = 0, cf. section 3.2), we need to pass to a quasi-equivalent A∞ -category Fuk(X)λ → Fuk(X)+ λ which
contains a strict unit e+ , and set m0 = λ · e+ (which makes Fuk(X)+λ a weakly curved A ∞ -category). This can be achieved, for
instance, by using Fukaya’s homotopy unit construction, cf. [Gan1, section 10]. An alternative approach is to stick to Fuk(X)λ ,
− λ2
but use the connection obtained by tensoring (1.10) with the one-dimensional connection E t , cf. (6.4).

6
We are interested in whether the decomposition in (1.13) holds over some finitely generated extension R ⊂ Q
of Z (which allows us to reduce mod p, for almost all primes p). We make the following simple observation.
Lemma 1.8. Suppose R is a ring such that QH ∗ (X, R) has a decomposition QH ∗ (X, R) = λ∈spec(c1 ⋆) QH ∗ (X, R)λ
L
into generalized eigenspaces of c1 ⋆, and that the difference between two distinct eigenvalues of c1 ⋆ is invert-
ible in R. Then this generalized eigen-decomposition extends to a unique decomposition of the t-connection
(1.13) over R.
Proof. By assumption, we can find a basis {ej } as in Lemma 1.7 for which c1 ⋆ has Jordan normal form. As
in the proof of Lemma 1.7 (cf. [Hug, Lemma 2.13]), the desired change of basis over R[[t]] is obtained by
inductively choosing matrices Tm such that 1) Tm has no diagonal blocks with respect to the Jordan normal
form of c1 ⋆ under {ej } and 2) the off-diagonal blocks of [A0 , Tm ] cancel with those of Am . Given these
two conditions, one can inductively solve for the Tm ’s uniquely, and in particular, the only denominators
appearing in the entries of Tm are the differences of two distinct eigenvalues of A0 (equivalently the eigenvalues
of c1 ⋆).

1.5 Change of base ring

Given we are ultimately interested in characteristic p enumerative invariants and their interaction with
characteristic 0 phenomena, the goal of this subsection is to explain how to ‘extend scalars’ from characteristic
zero to suitable positive characteristics.
Let R ⊂ K ⊂ Q be the ring of integers of some number field, up to inverting finitely many numbers, and
assume that 2 is inverted in R. We consider the following conditions:
A1) c1 ⋆ ∈ End(QH ∗ (X, R)) admits a generalized eigenspace decomposition. Meaning, there is a finite direct
sum decomposition QH ∗ (X, R) = λ∈spec(c1 ⋆) QH ∗ (X, R)λ , where each summand QH ∗ (X, R)λ is a
L
finite free R-module with a basis with respect to which c1 ⋆ is in canonical Jordan form with λ’s on the
diagonal.
A2) The difference between any two distinct eigenvalues of c1 ⋆ is invertible in R.
A3) The total open-closed map
M
OC : HH∗ (Fuk(X, R)λ ) → QH ∗+n (X, R) (1.15)
λ∈spec(c1 )

is an isomorphism.
We now say a few words about conditions A1)-A3). Condition A2) guarantees that the following (cf. section
2.9 [Sh1] for the result over C) holds over R: for λ, λ′ ∈ spec(c1 ⋆), the image of QH ∗ (X, R)λ′ under
CO : QH ∗ (X, R) → HH ∗ (Fuk(X, R)λ ) is 0 if λ ̸= λ′ . (1.16)
Assuming conditions A1) and A2), Lemma 1.8 implies that there is a unique elementary HLT decomposition
over R, i.e. a decomposition
M
QH ∗ (X, R)[[t]] = QH ∗ (X, R)[[t]]λ (1.17)
λ∈spec(c1 ⋆)

of the connection ∇QH

d , with QH ∗ (X, R)[[t]]λ |t=0 = QH ∗ (X, R)λ .
dt

Assumption A3) is related to Abouzaid’s generation criterion, by work of [Gan1]. In particular, results in
loc.cit. implies that if the total open-closed map (1.15) hits the unit in QH ∗ (X, R), then it is an isomorphism.
Since R ⊂ Q, (1.14) continues to hold over R, i.e. we have
1 1
OC S (HH∗S (Fuk(X, R)λ )) ⊂ QH ∗+n (X, R)[[t]]λ . (1.18)
By a standard spectral sequence argument with respect to the t-filtration, A3) implies that the cyclic open-
closed map
1 1
OC S : HH∗S (Fuk(X, R)λ )) → QH ∗+n (X, R)[[t]]λ (1.19)

7
is an isomorphism for each λ ∈ spec(c1 ⋆).
Now suppose we have a homomorphism of rings π : R → k, where k is a field k of odd characteristic p. For
a fixed R, such homomorphism (usually not unique) exists for almost all p.
Consider the diagram of abelian groups induced by the change of base rings π:
1
1 OC S /k
HH∗S (Fuk(X, k)π(λ )) QH ∗+n (X, k)[[t]]

π∗ π∗ (1.20)
1
1 OC S /R
HH∗S (Fuk(X, R)λ ) QH ∗+n (X, R)[[t]]

The c1 ⋆-eigenvalues over k are the images under π of the c1 ⋆-eigenvalues over R and the generalized c1 ⋆-
eigenspaces satisfy (note by condition A2) π is injective on spec(c1 ⋆))

QH ∗ (X, k)π(λ) = QH ∗ (X, R)λ ⊗R k. (1.21)

We can then base-change the decomposition QH ∗ (X, R)[[t]] = ∗

L
λ∈spec(c1 ⋆) QH (X, R)[[t]]λ along π and
define the π-induced HLT decomposition as
M
QH ∗ (X, k)[[t]] = QH ∗ (X, k)[[t]]π(λ) , (1.22)
λ∈spec(c1 ⋆)

where QH ∗ (X, k)[[t]]π(λ) := QH ∗ (X, R)[[t]]λ ⊗R[[t]] k[[t]].

One can consider the non-equivariant analogue (i.e. set t = 0) of the commutative diagram (1.20), which
makes it obvious that condition A3) implies that (the total) OC/k also hits the unit, and thus is an iso-
morphism by [Gan1]. Thus the total cyclic open-closed map over k is also an isomorphism on cohomology.
Then, commutativity of (1.20) implies that
1 1
(OC S /k)(HH∗S (Fuk(X, k)π(λ) )) ⊂ QH ∗+n (X, k)[[t]]π(λ) . (1.23)

Thus Theorem 1.4 implies the following.

Corollary 1.9.
(Fuk(X, k)π(λ) )) ⊂ QH ∗+n (X, k)[[t, θ]]π(λ) ,
Z/p
(OC Z/p /k(HH∗ (1.24)
where
QH ∗ (X, k)[[t, θ]]π(λ) := QH ∗ (X, k)[[t]]π(λ) ⊗k[[t]] k[[t, θ]]. (1.25)

Combining Theorem 1.3 with Corollary 1.9 we obtain

Corollary 1.10. In the same setting as above, let b ∈ QH ∗ (X, k)π(λ) and x ∈ QH ∗ (X, k)[[t, θ]]π(λ′ ) .
1) If λ ̸= λ′ , then QΣb (x) = 0.
2) If λ = λ′ , then QΣb (x) ∈ QH ∗ (X, k)[[t, θ]]π(λ) .
Proof. By assumption A3), we know that the total CO and OC (and hence OC Z/p ) are isomorphisms on
Z/p
cohomology over k. Thus, there exists unique σ ∈ HH∗ (Fuk(X, k)π(λ′ ) ) such that OC Z/p (σ) = x. By
Theorem 1.3 applied to the monotone Fukaya category associated to π(λ′ ),
Z/p
Z/p
\
QΣb (x) = OCπ(λ′ ) ( (COπ(λ′ ) (b), σ)). (1.26)

This always lies in QH ∗ (X, k)[[t, θ]]π(λ) by Corollary 1.9. This proves part 2). If λ ̸= λ′ , then COπ(λ′ ) (b) = 0,
which proves part 1).

8
Corollary 1.10 reveals a surprising aspect of quantum Steenrod operations: even though QΣ is defined
intrinsically in characteristic p, it must preserve certain structures inherited from characteristic 0. This will
be a key ingredient in our reduction mod p approach to the unramified exponential type conjecture in section
6.

Organization
The organization of this paper is as follows. Section 2 will be devoted to concepts in homological algebra. We
start by reviewing the definitions of A∞ -categories, bimodules, and their Hochschild (co)homology. Then,
we introduce the p-fold Hochschild complex and its Z/p-equivariant complex, and define the main algebraic
operation of this paper: the Z/p-equivariant cap product. In section 3, we review the definition of the
monotone Fukaya category and the construction of the quantum Steenrod operations. In section 4, we define
the Z/p-equivariant open-closed map and prove the main result Theorem 1.3. In section 5, we apply our
main results to computing the quantum Steenrod operations in the example of intersection of two quadrics in
CP 5 , conditional on Smith’s categorical equivalence over k. In section 6, we discuss a reduction mod p proof
of the unramified exponential type conjecture, under the assumption that X satisfies Abouzaid’s generation
criterion over Q. In section 7, we discuss a conjectural B-side formula for quantum Steenrod operations.

Acknowledgements
First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Paul Seidel for suggesting this line of inquiry and for
his patient and helpful guidance. I would also like to thank Denis Auroux, Sheel Ganatra, Jae Hee Lee, Ivan
Smith, and Nicholas Wilkins for helpful discussions at various points. This research was partially supported
by the Simons Foundation, through a Simons Investigator grant (256290).

2 Hochschild (co)homology of A∞ -categories

In section 2.1, we review the definition of A∞ -categories and bimodules. In section 2.2 and 2.3, we recall the
various chain models for computing Hochschild homology and cohomology in the literature. In section 2.4,
we introduce the Z/p-equivariant Hochschild complex and in section 2.5 we define the Z/p-equivariant cap
product, which will be the categorical analogue of quantum Steenrod operations. In this section, we work
over an arbitrary coefficient ring, until otherwise specified.

2.1 A∞ -categories and bimodules

We review some basic definitions, following [Gan1, section 2].
Definition 2.1. An (non-unital) A∞ -category is the data of a set of objects ObA, a graded k-vector space
homA (X0 , X1 ) for any pair of objects, and compositions for each d ≥ 1,

µdA : homA (X0 , X1 ) ⊗ · · · ⊗ homA (Xd−1 , Xd ) → homA (X0 , Xd )[2 − d] (2.1)

satisfying the A∞ -relations

X d
(−1)✠n+m+1 µd−m+1
A (a1 , · · · , an , µm
A (an+1 , · · · , an+m ), an+m+1 , · · · , ad ) = 0, (2.2)
m,n

where the sign is determined by ✠n = |an+m+1 | + · · · + |ad | − (d − n − m).

Let ∥ai ∥ := |ai | − 1 denote the reduced degree, then µ has degree 1 with respect to ∥ · ∥.
Definition 2.2. Let C, D be A∞ -categories. An A∞ C − D bimodule M is the data of:
• for each V ∈ C, V ′ ∈ D, a graded vector space M(V, V ′ )
• for r, s ≥ 0 and V0 , · · · , Vr ∈ C, W0 , · · · , Ws ∈ D, structure maps
r|1|s
µM : C(Vr , · · · , V0 ) ⊗ M(V0 , W0 ) ⊗ D(W0 , · · · , Ws ) → M(Vr , Ws ) (2.3)

9
 of degree 1 − r − s, where we denote

C(Vr , · · · , V0 ) = homC (Vr−1 , Vr ) ⊗ · · · ⊗ homC (V0 , V1 ).

They are required to satisfy the following equation for all r, s ≥ 0:

X j+1 r−i|1|s−j i|1|j
(−1)✠−s µM (vr , · · · , vi+1 , µM (vi , · · · , v1 , m, w1 , · · · , wj ), wj+1 , · · · , ws )
X k r−i+1|1|s
+ (−1)✠−s µM (vr , · · · , vk+i+1 , µiC (vk+i , · · · , vk+1 ), vk , · · · , v1 , m, w1 , · · · , ws )
−(l+j+1)
r|1|s−j+1
X
+ (−1)✠−s µM (vr , · · · , v1 , m, w1 , · · · , wl , µjD (wl+1 , · · · , wl+j ), wl+j+1 endts, ws ) = 0. (2.4)
The signs are given by
s s k
−(j+1)
X X X
✠−s := ∥wi ∥ , ✠k−s = ∥wi ∥ + |m| + ∥vj ∥. (2.5)
i=j+1 i=1 j=1

Definition 2.3. Let A be an A∞ -category. The diagonal bimodule A∆ is the A − A bimodule defined by
A∆ (X, Y ) = homA (Y, X), and
r|1|s −1
r+1+s
µA∆ (xr , · · · , x1 , a, y1 , · · · , ys ) = (−1)✠−s +1 µA (xr , · · · , x1 , a, y1 , · · · , ys ). (2.6)

If ϕ, φ are multilinear maps, then we define

X
ϕ ◦ φ(xn , · · · , x1 ) := (−1)|φ|·✠s ϕ(xn , · · · , xr+1 , φ(xr , · · · , xs+1 ), xs , · · · , x1 ). (2.7)

That is, we sum over all possible ways to insert φ into ϕ, and as before ✠s denotes the sum of degrees of
xs , · · · , x1 , using reduced degree unless it is a bimodule entry.
When one of xn , · · · , x1 is a C −D bimodule entry and φ is the bimodule structure map, we use ϕ◦(µC , φ, µD )
to denote the above expression plus summing over first applying µC or µD and then applying ϕ, with the
appropriate Koszul signs. For instance, the A∞ -category structural identity and the A∞ -bimodule structural
identity can be expressed as µA ◦ µA = 0 and µM ◦ (µC , µM , µD ) = 0, respectively.
Definition 2.4. A pre-morphism of C − D bimodules of degree k F : M → M′ is the data of:

F r|1|s : C(Vr , · · · , V0 ) ⊗ M(V0 , W0 ) ⊗ D(W0 , · · · , Ws ) → M′ (Vr , Ws ) , r, s ≥ 0 (2.8)

of degree k − r − s.
The pre-morphisms between M, M′ form a chain complex homC−D (M, M′ ) where the differential is given
by
δ(F) = µM′ ◦ F − (−1)|F | F ◦ (µC , µM , µD ). (2.9)
A pre-morphism F is closed if δ(F) = 0 (also called a morphism of bimodules). The operation ◦ in (2.7)
defines a composition

homC−D (M, M′ ) × homC−D (M′ , M”) → homC−D (M, M”) (2.10)

making C − D-bimodules into a dg category.

Finally, we recall the notion of tensor product of bimodules.
Definition 2.5. Given a C − D bimodule M and a D − E bimodule N , their tensor product over D

M ⊗D N (2.11)

10
is a C − E bimodule whose underlying graded vector space is M ⊗ T D[1] ⊗ N , where T denotes the tensor
algebra (where we consider composable morphisms), and D[1] denotes using the reduced degree on homD ;
0|1|0
the differential µM⊗D N is given by
0|1|0
µM⊗D N (m, d1 , · · · , dk , n) =
−(t+1)
0|1|t s|1|0
X ✠
X
(−1) −(k+1) µM (m, d1 , · · · , dt ) ⊗ dt+1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ dk ⊗ n + m ⊗ d1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ dk−s ⊗ µN (dk−s+1 , · · · , dk , n)
X −(j+i+1)
✠
+ (−1) −(k+1) m ⊗ d1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ dk−s ⊗ µiD (dj+1 , · · · , dj+i ) ⊗ dj+i+1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ dk ⊗ n; (2.12)
for r > 0 or s > 0, structure maps
−(t+1)
r|1|0 r|1|t
X ✠
µM⊗D N (c1 , · · · , cr , m, d1 , · · · , dk , n) = (−1) −(k+1) µM (c1 , · · · , cr , m, d1 , · · · , dt ) ⊗ dt+1 ⊗ · · · dk ⊗ n,
(2.13)
0|1|s j|1|s
X
µM⊗D N (m, d1 , · · · , dk , n, e1 , · · · , es ) = m ⊗ d1 ⊗ · · · dk−j ⊗ µN (dk−j+1 , · · · dk , n, e1 , · · · , es ) (2.14)
r|1|s
and µM⊗D N = 0 if r > 0, s > 0.

2.2 Hochschild cohomology

The Hochschild cochain complex of an A∞ -category A with coefficients in an A-bimodule M is
Y
CC r (A, M) := Homk (A(X0 , · · · , Xk ), M(X0 , Xk ))[r], (2.15)
X0 ,··· ,Xk

where we use reduced degree for hom spaces of A and usual degree for M. The differential is given by

dCC ∗ (φ) = µM ◦ φ − (−1)∥φ∥ φ ◦ µA (2.16)

When M = A∆ , we denote CC ∗ (A) := CC ∗ (A, A∆ ). The two-pointed Hochschild cochain complex is by

definition
∗
2 CC (A, M) := homA−A (A∆ , M), (2.17)
equipped with the differential (2.9). There is a chain map

Ψ : CC ∗ (A, M) → 2 CC ∗ (A, M) (2.18)

defined by
X
(−1)† µM (x1 , · · · , xk , a, y1 , · · · , yi , ϕ(yi+1 , · · · , yl−s ), yl−s+1 , · · · , yl ),
Ψ(ϕ)(x1 , · · · , xk , a, y1 , · · · , yl ) :=
(2.19)
Pl
where † = |ϕ| · ( j=l−s+1 ∥yj ∥). Moreover, Ψ is a quasi-isomorphism whenever A is cohomologically unital,
cf.[Gan1, Prop 2.5.].
There is a product structure on the Hochschild cochain complex CC ∗ (A, A) called the cup product. It is
given by
X
ϕ ∪ ψ(x1 , · · · , xk ) := (−1)♣ µk (x1 , · · · , xi , ϕ(xi+1 , · · · , xi+r ), · · · , ψ(xj+1 , · · · , xj+l ), · · · , xk ), (2.20)
Pk Pj Pk
where ♣ = |ϕ| · ( s=j+l+1 ∥xs ∥ + t=i+r+1 ∥xt ∥) + |ψ| · ( s=j+k+1 ∥xs ∥). The cup product defines an
algebra structure on HH ∗ (A), which is unital when A is cohomologically unital.
There is also an algebra structure on 2 HH ∗ (A) whose product is given by composition of bimodule mor-
phisms. On cohomology, Ψ of (2.18) is a map of algebras and is unital when A is cohomologically unital.

11
2.3 Hochschild homology and cyclic homology
Let A be an A∞ -category and M be an A-bimodule. The Hochschild chain complex of A with coefficients
in M is M
CC∗ (A, M) := M(Xk , X0 ) ⊗ A(X0 , · · · , Xk ), (2.21)
X0 ,X1 ,··· ,Xk
Pk
with grading given by deg(m ⊗ x1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xk ) = |m| + i=1 ∥xi ∥ and differential given by
X i
b(m ⊗ x1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xk ) = (−1)♯j µM (xk−j+1 , · · · , xk , m, x1 , · · · , xi ) ⊗ xi+1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xk−j
X −(s+j+1)
+ (−1)✠−k m ⊗ x1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xs ⊗ µjA (xs+1 , · · · , xs+j ) ⊗ xs+j+1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xk , (2.22)
where the new symbol ♯ denotes
k k−j
−(i+1)
X X
♯ij =



∥xs ∥ · |m| + ∥xt ∥ + ✠−(k−j) . (2.23)
s=k−j+1 t=1

Remark 2.6. In words, the sign is given by the parity of: if a cyclic permutation is involved, we sum the
degrees of elements that get moved in front, and multiply with the sum of degrees of all other elements; if
furthermore a structure map (e.g. µA or µM ) is applied, we sum the degrees of elements to the right of µ,
and add to the previous sum. Reduced degree is used except for a bimodule entry.
The cohomology of this complex is called Hochschild homology, and the above chain model is also called the
cyclic bar complex. We denote CC∗ (A) := CC∗ (A, A∆ ).
Next, we recall from [Gan2] that the non-unital Hochschild complex is defined as
CC∗nu (A) := CC∗ (A) ⊕ CC∗ (A)[1]. (2.24)
To define the differential, one considers the following two operations.
X s
b′ (xd ⊗ · · · ⊗ x1 ) := (−1)✠1 xd ⊗ · · · ⊗ xs+j+1 ⊗ µ(xs+j , · · · , xs+1 ) ⊗ xs ⊗ · · · ⊗ x1 +
X d−j
(−1)✠1 µ(xd , · · · , xd−j+1 ) ⊗ xd−j ⊗ · · · ⊗ x1 , (2.25)
and d d d−1
d∧∨ (xd ⊗ · · · ⊗ x1 ) := (−1)✠2 +∥x1 ∥·✠2 +1 x1 ⊗ xd ⊗ · · · ⊗ x2 + (−1)✠1 xd ⊗ · · · ⊗ x1 . (2.26)
nu
Then, the differential b is defined as  
nu b d∧∨
b := . (2.27)
0 b′
When A is cohomologically unital, the natural inclusion CC∗ (A) → CC∗nu (A) is a quasi-isomorphism, see
[Gan1, Prop. 2.2].
The crucial property of the non-unital Hochschild complex is that there is a chain level S 1 -action on CC∗nu (A),
for a not necessarily strictly unital A∞ -category A. The S 1 -action takes the form of the (non-unital) Connes
operator, given by
X i k k
B nu (xk ⊗ · · · ⊗ x1 , yl ⊗ · · · ⊗ y1 ) := (−1)✠1 ✠i+1 +∥xk ∥+✠1 +1 (0, xi ⊗ · · · ⊗ x1 ⊗ xk ⊗ · · · ⊗ xi+1 ). (2.28)
i

The Connes operator satisfies (B ) = 0 and bnu B nu + B nu bnu = 0, and therefore can be viewed as a unital
nu 2

dg action of C∗ (S 1 ) on CC∗nu (A, A).

Finally, one defines the negative cyclic chain complex as the homotopy fixed point of this S 1 -action, that is
1
CC∗S (A) := CC∗nu (A)[t]], (2.29)
with differential given by bnu + tB nu . The homology of this complex is called the negative cyclic homology
of A.

12
2.4 The N -fold Hochschild complex
Let N be any positive integer. As seen in the previous subsection, the Hochschild homology of an A∞ -
category is equipped with an S 1 -action. It is natural to ask the following question: consider the inclusion
Z/N ⊂ S 1 as N -th roots of unities, what is the induced Z/N -action on Hochschild homology? To answer
this question at the chain level, we consider the following variant of the Hochschild chain complex.
Definition 2.7. The N -fold Hochschild chain complex N CC∗ (A) is defined as

N CC∗ (A) := CC∗ (A, A∆ ⊗A · · · ⊗A A∆ ), (2.30)

where the tensor product is N -fold. For N = 2, this was considered by e.g. [Gan1, Definition 2.30], [LT,
section 3.7.2].
More explicitly, the underlying graded vector space of N CC∗ (A) is given by

(A ⊗ T A[1] ⊗ A ⊗ T A[1] ⊗ · · · ⊗ A ⊗ T A[1])diag , (2.31)

where diag means we consider cyclically composable sequence of morphisms. The differential can be de-
scribed schematically by the following picture, where the boldface marked points correspond to distinguished
(bimodule) entries.

Figure 1: Two types of differentials in dN CC

When A is homologically unital, there is a canonical quasi-isomorphism of bimodules A∆ ⊗A A∆ ≃ A∆ .

Therefore, the N -fold Hochschild complex N CC∗ (A) is quasi-isomorphic to ordinary Hochschild complex
CC∗ (A). One can explicitly describe this quasi-isomorphism as follows. For N ≥ 2, there is a map

ϵ0N −1,N : N CC∗ (A) → N −1 CC∗ (A) (2.32)

defined by

ϵ0N −1,N (x1 ⊗ x11 ⊗ · · · ⊗ x1k1 ⊗ x2 ⊗ x21 ⊗ · · · ⊗ x2k2 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xN ⊗ xN N

1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xkN ) :=

X PkN N Pp l Pkl l
(−1)( j=i+1 ∥xj ∥)(1+ l=1 (|x |+ j=1 ∥xj ∥)) µ(xN N 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 N N N
i+1 , · · · , xkN , x , x1 , · · · , xk1 , x , x1 , · · · , xj )⊗xj+1 ⊗· · ·⊗x ⊗x1 ⊗· · ·⊗xi ,
(2.33)
where the first term µ(· · · ) in (2.33), together with x3 , · · · , xN , becomes the new distinguished bimodule
entries. When A is homologically unital, ϵ0N,N −1 is a quasi-isomorphism for all N ≥ 2, cf. the proof of [Gan1,
Proposition 2.2]. Taking the composition of ϵ0k,k−1 for k = 2, 3, · · · , N , one obtains a quasi-isomorphism

Φ0N : ϵ0N −1,N ◦ · · · ◦ ϵ01,2 : N CC∗ (A) → CC∗ (A). (2.34)

13
There is a chain level Z/N -action on N CC∗ (A), where the generator τ ∈ Z/N acts by cyclically permuting
the N ‘blocks’:

τ : x1 ⊗ x11 ⊗ · · · ⊗ x1k1 ⊗ x2 ⊗ x21 ⊗ · · · ⊗ x2k2 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xN ⊗ xN N

1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xkN 7→

−1
(−1)† xN ⊗ xN N 1 1 1
1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xkN ⊗ x ⊗ x1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xk1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ x
N −1
⊗ xN
1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xkNN−1
−1
, (2.35)
where
kN p−1 N kj
−1 X
X X X
N
∥xN j
∥xji ∥



† = |x | + i ∥ · |x | + (2.36)
i=1 j=1 j=1 i=1

is the Koszul sign. One easily verifies that τ ◦ dN CC = dN CC ◦ τ .

Definition 2.8. Consider the action

homA−A (M, M′ ) ⊗ CC∗ (A, M) → CC∗ (A, M′ ) (2.37)

given by
(F, m ⊗ xn ⊗ · · · ⊗ x1 ) 7→ (−1)† F(xr , · · · , x1 , m, xn , · · · , xs ) ⊗ xs−1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xr+1 , (2.38)
Pr Pn s−1 ′ ⊗N
where † = ( i=1 ∥xi ∥) · ( i=r+1 ∥xi ∥ + |m|) + |F|✠r+1 . When M = M = A∆ := A∆ ⊗A · · · ⊗A
A∆ (n times), precomposing (2.37) with the canonical chain map 2 CC ∗ (A)⊗N = EndA−A (A∆ )⊗N →
EndA−A (A⊗N
∆ ), we get a chain map
Y
N : 2 CC ∗ (A)⊗N ⊗ N CC∗ (A) → N CC∗ (A), (2.39)

which can be schematically represented as in figure 2. This action descends to cohomology, which we call
the N -fold 2-pointed cap product. Precompose with the ring map Ψ : HH ∗ (A) → 2 HH ∗ (A), we obtain an
action \
N : HH ∗ (A)⊗N ⊗ N HH∗ (A) → N HH∗ (A), (2.40)
which we call the N -fold cap product.

Figure 2: The action of 2 CC ∗ (A, A)⊗N on N CC∗ (A, A)

It is straightforward from the definition that the N -fold 2-pointed cap product (and hence the N -fold cap
product) gives a unital graded associative algebra action on the chain level, i.e.
Y Y Y
(ϕ1 ◦ ϕ′1 , · · · , ϕN ◦ ϕ′N ), x = (−1)† N ((ϕ′1 , · · · , ϕ′N ), x)



N (ϕ1 , · · · , ϕN ), N (2.41)
Y

N (id, id, · · · , id), x = x, (2.42)

14
 PN
where † = i=1 |ϕ′i | · (|ϕi+1 | + · · · + |ϕN |) is the Koszul sign of reordering (ϕ1 , · · · , ϕN , ϕ′1 , · · · , ϕ′N ) into
(ϕ1 , ϕ′1 , · · · , ϕN , ϕ′N ). In addition, we make the following observation: let Z/N act on 2 CC ∗ (A, A)⊗N by
cyclically permuting the tensor product Q (with appropriate Koszul signs) and take the diagonal Z/N -action
on 2 CC ∗ (A)⊗N ⊗ N CC∗ (A), then N is Z/N -equivariant.

2.5 The Z/pZ-equivariant cap product

In this subsection, we let p be an odd prime number and work over a field k of characteristic p. We first
collect some standard facts about cochain complexes with a Z/p-action and their homotopy fixed points.
Then we define the Z/p-equivariant cap product of HH ∗ on HH∗ .
Z/p

Let X be a cohomologically graded complex with a Z/p-actions. The associated negative Z/p-equivariant
complex, or Z/p homotopy fixed point, is defined as X Z/p := Rhomk[Z/p] (k, X). An explicit chain complex
computing X Z/p is given by X[[t, θ]], where |t| = 2, |θ| = 1, θ2 = 0 Let τ ∈ Z/p be the standard generator,
then the differential is given by
(
deq (x) = dx + (−1)|x| (τ x − x),
(2.43)
deq (xθ) = dx θ + (−1)|x| (x + τ x + · · · + τ N −1 x)t.

and extended t-linearly.

Lemma 2.9. On X Z/p , the action by τ is homotopic to the identity.
Proof. The homotopy is given by h(x tk ) = 0, h(x tk θ) = (−1)|x| x tk .

Suppose we have two Z/p-complexes X, Y , then X ⊗ Y is also a Z/p-complex equipped with the diago-
nal action. There is a canonical map
LXY : X Z/p ⊗ Y Z/p → (X ⊗ Y )Z/p (2.44)
given explicitly by (writing X Z/p ⊗ Y Z/p explicitly as X ⊗ Y [[t1 , t2 , θ1 , θ2 ]])

x ⊗ y tk11 tk22 7→ x ⊗ y tk1 +k2




x ⊗ y tk1 θ tk2 7→ (−1)|y| x ⊗ τ y tk1 +k2 θ

1 1 2
k1 k2 . (2.45)


 x ⊗ y t1 t2 θ2 7→ x ⊗ y tk1 +k2 θ
x ⊗ y tk11 θ1 tk22 θ2 7→ (−1)|y| 0≤i<j≤N −1 τ i x ⊗ τ j y tk1 +k2 +1
 P

Let X = p CC(A) for some A∞ -category A. We shorthand p CC Z/p (A) as just CC Z/p (A), and denote its
homology by HH Z/p (A). Combining (2.44) with (2.39), we obtain a chain map
Y
Z/p
: 2 CC ∗ (A)⊗p
Z/p Z/p
⊗ CC∗ (A) → CC∗ (A), (2.46)
eq

which induces a cohomological level map

∗ ∗ ⊗p Z/p Z/p


HZ/p 2 CC (A) ⊗ HH∗ (A) → HH∗ (A), (2.47)
∗ ∗ ⊗p Z/p


We view (2.47) as an action of the k-algebra HZ/p 2 CC (A) on HH∗ (A). Then this action is
• graded multiplicative by (2.41) and the fact that the diagram
id⊗LY Z
X Z/p ⊗ Y Z/p ⊗ Z Z/p X Z/p ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z)Z/p

LXY ⊗id LX(Y ⊗Z) (2.48)

L(X⊗Y )Z
(X ⊗ Y )Z/p ⊗ Z Z/p (X ⊗ Y ⊗ Z)Z/p

is homotopy commutative,

15
 • unital by (2.42) and that the unit in HZ/p
∗ ∗ ⊗p


2 HH (A) has a chain representative id ⊗ id ⊗ · · · ⊗ id.
Lemma 2.10. [SW, Lemma 2.5] Let X be a cochain complex. Taking a cocycle x ∈ X to its p-th power
x⊗p ∈ (X ⊗p )Z/p gives a well defined map

H ∗ (X) → HZ/p
∗
(X ⊗p ), (2.49)

which becomes additive after multiplying by t.

Observe that when X is a dg algebra, the p-th power map (2.49) is also multiplicative; if furthermore X is
a unital, then the p-th power map is unital as well.
Let A be a cohomologically unital A∞ -category. Combining (2.47) and Lemma 2.10, one obtains a unital
graded multiplicative action
Z/p
Y Y
((−)⊗p , −) : 2 HH ∗ (A) ⊗ HH∗ (A) → HH∗ (A),
Z/p Z/p
(−, −) := (2.50)
eq

which is Frobenius p-linear and additive in the first entry after multiplying by t.
QZ/p
Definition 2.11. is called the Z/p-equivariant 2-pointed cap product.
Precomposing with the unital algebra map Ψ : HH ∗ (A) → 2 HH ∗ (A), we obtain a unital multiplicative
Frobenius linear action
Z/N
\
: HH ∗ (A) ⊗ HH∗ (A) → HH∗ (A),
Z/p Z/p
(2.51)
which is Frobenius p-linear and additive in the first entry after multiplying by t.
TZ/p
Definition 2.12. is called the Z/p-equivariant cap product.
TZ/p
The above arguments show that satisfies the conditions C1)-C4) on page 2.

3 The monotone Fukaya category

In this section, we review the basic definitions of the monotone Fukaya category, which is the context we
work in throughout the rest of the paper. Our exposition largely follows [Sh1] and [Oh], to which we direct
the readers for more details. In section 4.3, we review the definition of quantum Steenrod operations on a
closed monotone symplectic manifold following [SW].

3.1 Monotonicity
Definition 3.1. A symplectic manifold (X, ω) is monotone if

ω = 2τ c1 ,

for some constant τ > 0.

Furthermore, we only consider monotone Lagrangians submanifolds L, meaning that

[ω] = λµ : H2 (X, L) → Z

for some nonzero constant λ (automatically λ = τ , see [Oh, Rmk 2.3.]), where µ is the Maslov class, and that
either H 1 (X) = 0 or the image of π1 (L) in π1 (X) is trivial. One important consequence of monotonicity is
that for holomorphic disks/spheres of a fixed index, then there is a uniform bound on their energy, cf. [Oh,
Proposition 2.7]. This allows us to appeal to Gromov compactness without using Novikov coefficients.

16
3.2 The monotone Fukaya category
In this subsection, we review the definition of the monotone Fukaya category associated with a closed
monotone symplectic manifold (X, ω), over an arbitrary ring R. More precisely, to each λ ∈ R, one can
associate a k-linear Z/2-graded A∞ -category Fuk(X, R)λ .
Let L be an oriented spin monotone Lagrangian submanifold L ⊂ X equipped with a R∗ -local system.
Recall that monotonicity means that µ(L) = [ω] when considered as classes in H 2 (X, L), where µ denotes
the Maslov class. Orientability implies that the minimal Maslov number is ≥ 2. By an abuse of notation,
we denote this datum simply by its underlying Lagrangian L. Let J denote the space of compatible almost
complex structures and H := C ∞ (X, R) the space of Hamiltonians. For each L, we fix JL ∈ J . For each pair
(L0 , L1 ), we fix Jt ∈ C ∞ ([0, 1], J ) and Ht ∈ C ∞ ([0, 1], H) such that Jt = JLt when t = 0, 1. If the R∗ local
systems on both Lagrangians are trivial, the morphism space CF ∗ (L0 , L1 ) is the free R-module generated
by time-1 Hamiltonian chords of Ht from L0 to L1 ; in general, it is the direct sum of hom spaces between
the fibers of the local systems at the startpoint and endpoint of the chord.
Fix Lagrangians L0 , L1 . By standard transversality arguments, for generic almost complex structure JL0 , JL1
and one parameter family (Ht , Jt ), t ∈ [0, 1] such that J0 = JL0 , J1 = JL1 :
R1) The moduli space M1 (L0 ) of Maslov index 2 J-holomorphic disks with one boundary marked point
and boundary on L0 is regular.
R2) The moduli space M1 (Jt ) of pairs (t, u), where t ∈ [0, 1] and t is a Chern number 1 Jt -holomorphic
sphere with one marked point, is regular.
R3) For any time 1 Hamiltonian chord γ : [0, 1] → X starting on L0 and ending on L1 , the map

(γ ◦ t, ev) : M1 (Jt ) → X × X (3.1)

avoids the diagonal. In other words, all Jt holomorphic spheres avoid γ.

R4) For Hamiltonian chords x, y from L0 to L1 , the moduli space M(x, y, Jt , Ht ) of strips satisfying Floer’s
equation
(du − XHt ⊗ dt)0,1
Jt = 0 (3.2)
is regular.
For each L, since L has minimal Maslov number ≥ 2, the only possible nodal configuration in the Gromov
compactification of M1 (L) is a JL holomorphic sphere of Chern number 1 attached to a constant disk on
L, and the moduli space of those has codimension 2. In particular, M1 (L) has a well-defined pseudocycle
fundamental class. If L is equipped with the trivial local system, we define w(L) ∈ Z by

ev∗ [M1 (L)] = w(L)[L] ∈ Hn (L, Z). (3.3)

More generally, ev∗ is weighted by the monodromy of the local system around the boundary of the disc, and
w(L) defines an element of k.
The Floer differential µ1 : CF ∗ (L0 , L1 ) → CF ∗ (L0 , L1 ) is defined as follows. Let x− , x+ ∈ CF ∗ (L0 , L1 ),
then the coefficient of x− in µ1 (x+ ) is the signed count (weighted by monodromy) of rigid elements of
M(x− , x+ )/R, where M(x− , x+ ) is the moduli space of u : R × [0, 1] → X such that

∂s u + Jt (∂t u − XHt ) = 0

u(s, 0) ∈ L0 , u(s, 1) ∈ L1 (3.4)

lims→±∞ u(s, ·) = x± .


By Gromov compactness and monotonicity, when M(x− , x+ ) is one dimensional (i.e. the Maslov index of t
is 1), the space M(x− , x+ )/R is compact. When M(x− , x+ ) is 2-dimensional, its Gromov compactification
consists of broken strips u1 , u2 , each with Maslov index 1, as well as a Maslov index 2 disk bubbling off

17
a Maslov index 0 (hence constant in s) strip. For generic Jt , sphere bubbling cannot occur by regularity
assumption (R3). Therefore, we have

µ1 (µ1 (x)) = (w(L0 ) − w(L1 ))x. (3.5)

Hence, if w(L0 ) = w(L1 ), then (µ1 )2 = 0.

We define the objects of Fuk(X, R)λ to be oriented spin monotone Lagrangian submanifolds L ⊂ X equipped
with a R∗ -local system, such that w(L) = λ. The morphism chain complexes are defined as (CF ∗ (L0 , L1 ), µ1 ).
We now describe the higher A∞ operations in Fuk(X, R)λ . Let S be a surface with boundary and interior
marked points (the boundary marked points are thought of as punctures). Given a Lagrangian labeling L
of the boundary components of S, a labeled Floer datum for S consists of the following data:
• for each boundary marked point ζ, a strip-like end ϵζ : R± × [0, 1] → S at ζ (the strip-like end being
positive or negative depending on whether ζ is an input or an output);
• a choice of K ∈ Ω1 (S, H) and J ∈ C ∞ (S, J ) such that K(ξ)|LC = 0 for all ξ ∈ T C, where C is a
boundary component and LC is the corresponding Lagrangian label. Moreover, K, J are compatible
with strip-like ends in the sense that

ϵ∗ζ K = Hζ (t)dt, J(ϵζ (s, t)) = Jζ (t), (3.6)

where Hζ , Jζ are the chosen Hamiltonian and almost complex structure for the pair of Lagrangians
meeting at ζ. We also require J = JL when restricted to a boundary component labeled L. The pair
(K, J) is called a perturbation datum.
The higher A∞ -operations of Fuk(X, R)λ are governed by the Delign-Mumford moduli space of disks with
boundary marked points. Let Rd+1 be the moduli space of disks with one boundary output and d boundary
d+1
inputs. It admits a compactification to a manifold with corners R given by
d+1 a
R = RT , (3.7)
T

where T ranges over all planar stable d-leafed trees and RT := R|v| .
Q
v∈Ve(T )

We make a consistent choice of labeled Floer data for Rd+1 , d ≥ 2, meaning it is compatible with the product
′
of Floer data of lower dimensional Rd ’s near a boundary stratum, see [Sei1, section (9g),(9i)].
The higher operations µd , d ≥ 2 are then defined by counting isolated elements of the parametrized moduli
space M(y1 , · · · , yd ; y− ), which is the space of (r, u), r ∈ Rd+1 , u : Sr → X satisfying

(du − YK )0,1
J = 0, (3.8)

with appropriate Lagrangian boundary and asymptotic conditions, where YK is the one-form on S with value
the Hamiltonian vector field associated to K. For a generic choice of Floer data, this moduli space is regular
([Sei1, section (9k)]).

3.3 Quantum Steenrod operations

In this subsection, we review the definition of quantum Steenrod operations given in [SW] using the Morse
chain model of quantum cohomology.
Quantum Cohomology. Fix a ground ring R, a Morse function f and metric g such that the associated
gradient flow is Morse-Smale. The Morse complex CM ∗ (f ) is generated by critical points of f over R with
the Z-grading given by the Morse index. The differential is given by counting gradient flow lines between two
critical points whose indices differ by 1. We use the cohomological convention, i.e. |x| = dim W s (x), 2n−|x| =
dim W u (x), where W s , W u are the stable and unstable manifold of x, respectively.
The chain level quantum cup product can be defined as follows, cf. [SW, section 3]. Given a homology
class A ∈ H2 (X, Z), inputs x0 , x1 ∈ CM ∗ (f ) and output x∞ ∈ CM ∗ (f ), let MA (C, x0 , x1 , x∞ ) be the

18
moduli space of maps u : C = CP 1 → X with three marked points z0 , z1 , z∞ ∈ C such that t lies in class
A, satisfy Floer’s equation (du − YK )0,1J = 0, where (K, J) denotes a perturbation datum, and z0 , z1 , z∞
are constrained on W u (x0 ), W u (x1 ) and W s (x∞ ), respectively. Equivalently, it is the moduli space of J-
holomorphic u : CP 1 → X together with gradient half-flowlines

y0 , y1 : (−∞, 0] → X, y∞ : [0, ∞) → X (3.9)

satisfying
yk′ = ∇f (yk ), yk (0) = u(zk ), lim yk (s) = xk ,
s→−∞
′
y∞ = ∇f (y∞ ), y∞ (0) = u(z∞ ), lim y∞ (s) = x∞ . (3.10)
s→∞

For generic choice of (K, J), the moduli space MA (C, x0 , x1 , x∞ ) is regular of dimension 2c1 (A) + |x∞ | −
|x0 | − |x1 |. We define the coefficient of x∞ in the quantum cup product of x0 with x1 by counting isolated
elements of MA (C, x0 , x1 , x∞ ), over all A ∈ H2 (X, Z). For a fixed c1 (A), by monotonicity and Gromov
compactness, there are only finitely many homology class A admitting J-holomorphic curves. Thus there is
a well defined map ⋆ : CM ∗ (f ) ⊗ CM ∗ (f ) → CM ∗ (f ), which is easily seen to descend to cohomology, and
will be called the quantum cup product.
Quantum Steenrod operations. Fix a field k of odd characteristic. To define the quantum Steenrod
operations, following [SW, section 4a], we consider a moduli problem with fixed domain but parametrized
(equivariant) Floer data. The relevant Floer data will be parametrized by

S ∞ := {w = (w0 , w1 , · · · ) ∈ C∞ : wk = 0 for k ≫ 0, ∥w∥2 = 1}. (3.11)

For a prime p, there is a Z/p-action on S ∞ where the standard generator τ ∈ Z/p acts by

τ (w0 , w1 , · · · ) = (e2πi/p w0 , e2πi/p w1 , · · · ). (3.12)

Consider the cells

∆2k = {w ∈ S ∞ : wk ≥ 0, wk+1 = wk+2 = · · · = 0}, (3.13)
∞ iθ
∆2k+1 = {w ∈ S : e wk ≥ 0 for some θ ∈ [0, 2π/p], wk+1 = wk+2 = · · · = 0}. (3.14)
We identify the tangent space of ∆2k at the point wk = 1 (and hence all other coordinates are zero) with
Ck , via the projection onto the first k coordinates; we use the induced complex orientation on ∆2k . The
tangent space of ∆2k+1 at the same point is canonically identified with Ck × iR, and we use the complex
orientation on the first factor and the positive vertical orientation on the second factor. With these chosen
orientations, one has
∂∆2k = ∆2k−1 + τ ∆2k−1 + · · · + τ p−1 ∆2k−1 , (3.15)
∂∆2k+1 = τ ∆2k − ∆2k . (3.16)
1 2πi/p
Let C = CP , equipped with the Z/p action given by rotating by e . Denote the action of the generator
by σ. Fix p + 2 points z0 = 0, zk = e2πik/p , k = 1, 2, · · · , p, z∞ = ∞ on C. Choose perturbation data
(Kw , Jw ) on C parametrized by w ∈ S ∞ such that

σ ∗ Kw = Kτ (w) , Jw ◦ σ = Jτ (w) . (3.17)

Let MA (∆i × C, x0 , x1 , · · · , xp , x∞ ) denote the moduli space of pairs (w, u), where w ∈ ∆i and u : C → X
in class A satisfying
(du − YKw )0,1
Jw = 0 (3.18)
and incidence conditions to W u (x0 ), · · · , W u (xp ), W s (x∞ ) as before. We have

dim MA (∆i × C, x0 , x1 , · · · , xp , x∞ ) = i + 2c1 (A) + |x∞ | − |x0 | − |x1 | − · · · − |xp |. (3.19)

Moreover, because of the condition imposed by (3.17), we have an identification

MA (τ j (∆i ) × C, x0 , x1 , · · · , xp , x∞ ) ∼
= MA (∆i × C, xp−j+1 , · · · , xp , x1 , · · · , xp−j , x∞ ) (3.20)

19
given by (w, u) 7→ (τ −j (w), u ◦ σ −j ). This defines maps, for i ≥ 0,

ΣiA := ΣA (∆i , · · · ) : CM ∗ (f ) ⊗ CM ∗ (f )⊗p → CM ∗−i−2c1 (A) (f ). (3.21)

Fix a Morse cocycle b ∈ CM ∗ (f ), and let CM (f )[[t, θ]] be the Z/p-equivariant complex of CM ∗ (f ) (where
Z/p acts trivially). One can combine the maps in (3.21) into a chain map

ΣA,b : CM ∗ (f ) → (CM ∗ (f )[[t, θ]])∗+p|b|−2c1 (A) (3.22)

given by X 
x 7→ (−1)|b||x| ΣA (∆2k , x, b, · · · , b) + (−1)|b|+|x| ΣA (∆2k+1 , x, b, · · · , b)θ tk . (3.23)
k

Up to homotopy, (3.23) only depends on the cohomology class [b] ∈ QH ∗ (X, k), cf. [SW, Lemma 4.4.].
Finally, summing over A (which is well defined by monotonicity) and extending (t, θ)-linearly, we obtain a
chain map
Σb : CM ∗ (f )[[t, θ]] → CM ∗ (f )[[t, θ]] (3.24)
of degree p|b|. We denote the cohomology level map of Σb as QΣb . Then, QΣ defines a Frobenius p-linear
action of QH ∗ (X, k) on QHZ/p
∗
(X, k) such that
p(p−1)
|b||b′ |
QΣb ◦ QΣb′ = (−1) 2 QΣb⋆b′ , (3.25)

cf. [SW, Proposition 4.8]. (3.25) is sometimes called the Quantum Cartan relation.

4 The Z/pZ-equivariant open-closed map

In this section, we work over a field k of odd characteristic p. In subsection 4.1 and 4.2, we define the p-fold
open-closed map and its equivariant enhancement. In subsection 4.3, we review the definition of two versions
of the closed-open map following [Gan1]. In subsection 4.4, we prove our main result that the Z/p-equivariant
open-closed map intertwines the Z/p-equivariant cap product with quantum Steenrod operations.

4.1 The p-fold open-closed map

Fix λ ∈ k and let F = Fuk(X)λ be the monotone Fukaya category associated to λ. In this subsection, we
construct a chain map
∗
p OC : p CC∗ (F) → CM (f ) (4.1)
of degree n. We remark that the case p = 2 is constructed in [Gan2, section 5.6].
For a p-tuple of non-negative integers k1 , · · · , kp . Let

R1k1 ,··· ,kp (4.2)

be the moduli space of disks with one interior output marked point yout and k1 + · · · + kp + p boundary input
marked points z 1 , z11 , · · · , zk11 , z 2 , z12 , · · · , zk22 , · · · , z p , z1p , · · · , zkpp in counterclockwise order such that up to
automorphisms of the disk, yout , z 1 , z 2 , · · · , z p lie at 0, ζ, ζ 2 , · · · , ζ p , where ζ = e2πi/p . A representative of an
element in R1k1 ,··· ,kp is called standard when yout , z 1 , · · · , z p satisfy the previous constraints. z 1 , · · · , z p are
called the distinguished inputs. We fix the orientation on (4.2) induced by −dz11 ∧· · ·∧dzk11 ∧· · ·∧dz1p ∧· · ·∧dzkpp
on a standard representative.

20
 Figure 3: An element of R13,1,3

R1k1 ,··· ,kp has a Deligne-Mumford compactification given by the following. Let Tp denote equivalence classes
of rooted planar trees with k1 + · · · + kp + p − 1 for some k1 , · · · , kp ≥ 0 leaves, with one internal vertex
marked as main and p − 1 leaves marked as distinguished. Those p − 1 leaves, together with the root, are
called the p distinguished semi-infinite edges. Moreover, we require that no two distinguished semi-infinite
edges are adjacent to the same non-main vertex and each non-main vertex is adjacent to ≥ 3 edges. In
particular, one has |main| ≥ p. Then,
1 G
Rk1 ,··· ,kp = RT , (4.3)
T ∈Tp

where Y
RT := R1kT ,··· ,kT × R|v| . (4.4)
1 p
v∈T \{main}

The kiT ’s
are defined as follows: among the edges adjacent to the main vertex, there are p special ones that
are contained in the respective paths from the main vertex to the p distinguished semi-infinite edges. kiT is
defined as the number of edges in between the i-th and i + 1-th special edge in counter-clockwise order.
1
In particular, the codimension 1 boundary of Rk1 ,··· ,kp is covered by images of
′
Rki +1 × R1k1 ,··· ,ki −ki′ +1,··· ,kp , 1 ≤ i ≤ p, (4.5)
′ ′
Rki−1 +ki +2 × R1k1 ,··· ,ki−1 −ki−1
′ ,ki −ki′ ,··· ,kp , 1 ≤ i ≤ p. (4.6)

under the natural inclusions. In (4.5), the output of the first disk can be glued to any one of the inputs of
the main component labeled by z1i , · · · , zki i −k′ +1 , whereas in (4.6), the output of the first disk is glued to the
i
distinguished input z i , and the ki + 1-th input of the first disk will become the new distinguished i-th input
after gluing.
For each Lagrangian labeling of the universal families Sk11 ,··· ,kp → R1k1 ,··· ,kp , k1 , · · · , kp ≥ 0, we choose a
smoothly varying Floer data. Moreover, the Floer data are required to be consistent in the sense that over
each boundary strata of R1k1 ,··· ,kp that decomposes as a product, it agrees (up to conformal equivalence) with
the product of Floer data on the lower dimensional strata (it is understood that we have fixed consistent
labeled Floer data for the Rd ’s).

21
We briefly discuss the existence of such a consistent choice, even though this is a standard argument, cf.
[Sei1, Section (9g),(9i)]. For each Lagrangian labeling L, there is a fiber bundle

F L (R1k1 ,··· ,kp ) → (R1k1 ,··· ,kp )L (4.7)

whose fiber over r ∈ (R1k1 ,··· ,kp )L := R1k1 ,··· ,kp is the space FSLr of labeled Floer datum on Sr . Note that FSLr
is contractible. A choice of Floer datum for (R1k1 ,··· ,kp )L is just a section of (4.7). The existence argument
is done inductively as follows.
Suppose we have chosen consistent labeled Floer data for R1k1 ,··· ,kp for all k1 + · · · + kp < N . Fix some
k1 + · · · + kp = N . Then for each codimension 1 boundary component of R1k1 ,··· ,kp (corresponding to a tree
type with one interior node), one defines a section of F L (R1k1 ,··· ,kp ) → (R1k1 ,··· ,kp )L in a collar neighborhood
of that boundary component by gluing at the node. Do this for all codimension 1 boundary components,
then by the inductive hypothesis, these local sections agree whenever their domain of definition overlaps
(which is a neighborhood of some codimension 2 corner). Therefore, we obtained a section of (4.7) in a collar
neighborhood of the entire codimension 1 boundary. Since the fibers of (4.7) are contractible, we can extend
this section to all of (R1k1 ,··· ,kp )L . By construction, these inductive choices of Floer data are consistent.
1
Fix a consistent choice of Floer data for Rk1 ,··· ,kp . Let yout ∈ CM ∗ (f ) be a Morse cochain and

x = {x1 , x11 , · · · , x1k1 , · · · , xp , xp1 , · · · , xpkp }

be a cyclically composable sequence of morphisms in F. Let

M(R1k1 ,··· ,kp , yout , x) (4.8)

be the moduli space of (r, u), where r ∈ R1k1 ,··· ,kp and u : Sr → X satisfies Floer’s equation (3.6) with
appropriate Lagrangian boundary conditions and asymptotic conditions specified by x, and that the interior
marked point is constrained at W u (yout ). For generically chosen Floer data, one can ensure that the above
moduli space is regular of dimension

k1 + · · · + kp + ind(u) + |yout | − n. (4.9)

When ind(u) = n − |yout | − k1 − · · · − kp , counting rigid elements in M(R1k1 ,··· ,kp , yout , x) gives rise to a map

p Fk1 ,··· ,kp : F∆ ⊗ F[1]⊗k1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ F∆ ⊗ F[1]⊗kp → CM ∗ (f ) (4.10)

⃗
of degree n. We define p OCk1 ,··· ,kp := (−1)tp OC p Fk1 ,··· ,kp , where ⃗tp OC denotes the sign twisting datum
Pp Pki
(compare [Gan1, (5.66)], [RS, section 8]) given by ⃗tp OC (x) := i=1 ((k1 + · · · + ki−1 + 1)|xi | + j=1 (k1 +
· · · + ki−1 + j + 1)|xij |).
Let p OC : p CC∗ (F) → CM ∗ (f ) denote the sum k1 ,··· ,kp p OCk1 ,··· ,kp .
P

Proposition 4.1. p OC is a chain map of degree n (mod 2).

Proof Sketch. To show that p OC is a chain map, consider the case when the moduli space (4.8) is one
dimensional. By the consistency condition on Floer data, the boundary of the Gromov compactification of
M(R1k1 ,··· ,kp , yout , x) consists of contributions from domain breaking according to (4.5), (4.6) and semistable
strip breaking, which constitute the term p OC ◦ dp CC ; contributions from breaking of Morse trajectory
(or equivalently incidence condition constrained to ∂W u (yout )), which constitute the term dCM ∗ (f ) ◦ p OC.
Disk and sphere bubbling are excluded since, by monotonicity, a disk or sphere bubbling off decreases
the index of the main component by at least 2, and therefore generically the main component (which is
always stable) cannot intersect W u (yout ) by our regularity assumption. This implies that, up to sign,
dCM ∗(f ) ◦ p OC − p OC ◦ dp CC is nullhomotopic. The sign verification follows from a tedious computation
analogous to [Gan1, Appendix B].

22
4.2 The Z/pZ-equivariant open-closed map
There is Z/p-action on a
R1k1 ,··· ,kp (4.11)
L,k1 ,··· ,kp

such that for r ∈ R1k1 ,··· ,kp , the standard generator τ ∈ Z/p acts by rotating the standard representative of
r by e2πi/p , and the Lagrangian labels are rotated accordingly. It is clear that this action uniquely extends
` 1
to the compactification L,k1 ,··· ,kp Rk1 ,··· ,kp . Let σr : Sr → Sτ (r) be the rotation map, where Sr , Sτ (r) are
standard representatives of r, τ (r), respectively. Then, there is a Z/p-action on the set of consistent choices
1
of Floer data for Rk1 ,··· ,kp , denoted Fp OC , where the standard generator τ ∈ Z/p acts by

τ (ϵ, K, J)r = (ϵτ (r) ◦ σr , σr∗ Kτ (r) , Jτ (r) ◦ σr ). (4.12)

1
Suppose we have an S ∞ -dependent consistent choices of Floer data for the spaces Rk1 ,··· ,kp , we say that it
is a Z/p-equivariant Floer data for p OC if

ϵτ (w),r = ϵw,τ (r) ◦ σr , Jτ (w),r = Jw,τ (r) ◦ σr , Kτ (w),r = σr∗ Kw,τ (r) , (4.13)

where w ∈ S ∞ .
Proposition 4.2. There exists an S ∞ -dependent consistent choice of Z/p-equivariant Floer data for p OC.
1
Proof. The argument is by induction over the spaces Rk1 ,··· ,kp and cells ∆i ⊂ S ∞ . We first fix a consistent
1
choice of Floer data for the spaces Rk1 ,··· ,kp constructed in section 4.1, and designate that to be the choice
1 1
of Floer data for Rk1 ,··· ,kp × ∆0 . By Z/p-equivariance, we define the Floer data for Rk1 ,··· ,kp × τ ∆0 to be
1
pulled back from Rk1 ,··· ,kp × ∆0 via the action of τ on Fp OC , cf. (4.13).
Suppose we have chosen Floer data that is consistent with boundary decomposition and Z/p-equivariant for
1
all Rk1′ ,··· ,kp′ × τ j ∆i′ with (k1′ , · · · , kp′ , i′ ) < (k1 , · · · , kp , i) and 0 ≤ j ≤ p − 1 if i′ is odd and 0 ≤ j ≤ 1 if
1
i′ is even. Now we inductively determine the Floer data for Rk1 ,··· ,kp × τ j ∆i where 0 ≤ j ≤ 1 if i is even
and 0 ≤ j ≤ p − 1 if i is odd. We discuss the case when i = 2k + 1 is odd, as the even case is completely
analogous.
1
The boundary of Rk1 ,··· ,kp × ∆2k+1 is covered by

ki′ +1 1
(R × Rk1 ,··· ,ki −ki′ +1,··· ,kp ) × ∆2k+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ p, (4.14)
′
ki−1 +ki′ +2 1
(R × Rk1 ,··· ,ki−1 −ki−1
′ ,ki −ki′ ,··· ,kp ) × ∆2k+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ p. (4.15)
and
1 1
Rk1 ,··· ,kp × ∆2k , Rk1 ,··· ,kp × τ ∆2k . (4.16)
By induction hypothesis, we have chosen Floer data for (4.14)-(4.16). Fix a small ϵ and apply gluing near the
codimension 1 boundary using the prescribed strip-like ends to (4.14) and (4.15), we obtain a choice Floer
1 1
data for Uϵ (∂Rk1 ,··· ,kp ) × ∆2k+1 , where Uϵ (∂Rk1 ,··· ,kp ) denotes an ϵ-collar neighborhood of the boundary.
We then extend the Floer data on
1 1 1
Uϵ (∂Rk1 ,··· ,kp ) × ∆2k+1 ∪ Rk1 ,··· ,kp × ∆2k ∪ Rk1 ,··· ,kp × τ ∆2k (4.17)
1
smoothly to the entire Rk1 ,··· ,kp × ∆2k+1 ; this can be done since the space of Floer data on Sr for each
1
r ∈ R1k1 ,··· ,kp is contractible. Then, we define the Floer data on Rk1 ,··· ,kp × τ j ∆2k+1 , 0 ≤ j ≤ p − 1 to be
1
pulled back from Rk1 ,··· ,kp ×∆2k+1 via the action of τ j on Fp OC . Note that this does not cause inconsistencies:
1 1
for i < j, the intersection of Rk1 ,··· ,kp × τ i ∆2k+1 with Rk1 ,··· ,kp × τ j ∆2k+1 is empty unless i = j − 1, in which

23
 1 1
case it is Rk1 ,··· ,kp × τ j−1 ∆2k . Moreover, the restriction of the Floer data on Rk1 ,··· ,kp × τ l ∆2k+1 , l = j − 1, j
1
to Rk1 ,··· ,kp × τ j−1 ∆2k agree, and are both equivalent to the inductively chosen Floer data on this stratum.
This essentially uses the feature that the Z/p-action on S ∞ is free.
Let yout ∈ CM ∗ (f ) and
x = {x1 , x11 , · · · , x1k1 , · · · , xp , xp1 , · · · , xpkp } ∈ p CC∗ (F).
We define
M(∆i × R1k1 ,··· ,kp , yout , x) (4.18)
to be the moduli space of (w, r, u), where w ∈ ∆i , r ∈ R1k1 ,··· ,kp and u : Sr → X satisfies

(du − YKw,r )0,1

Jw,r = 0 (4.19)
with appropriate Lagrangian boundary conditions and asymptotics specified by x, and that the interior
marked points is constrained on W u (yout ). Choosing a generic Z/p-equivariant Floer data for p OC, the
moduli space (4.18) is regular of dimension
k1 + · · · + kp + i + ind(u) + |yout | − n. (4.20)
When ind(u) = n − i − |yout | − k1 − · · · − kp , counting rigid elements of (4.18), adjusted by the sign twisting
datum ⃗tp OC , gives a map
i ∗
p OCk1 ,··· ,kp : p CC∗ (F) → CM (f ) (4.21)
of degree n − i (mod 2). Let X
i i
p OC = p OCk1 ,··· ,kp . (4.22)
k1 ,··· ,kp

By definition, p OC 0 = p OC.
The codimension one boundary strata of the Gromov compactification M(∆i × R1k1 ,··· ,kp , yout , x) consists
of contributions coming from domain breaking (4.5) and (4.6), the corresponding moduli space where the
parameter w is constrained to ∂∆i , semi-stable strip breaking, and Morse trajectory breaking. Note that
there is a canonical identification
∼
=
M(τ j (∆i ) × R1k1 ,··· ,kp , yout , x) −
→ M(∆i × R1kp−j+1 ,··· ,kp ,k1 ,··· ,kj , yout , τ j (x)) (4.23)
coming from the Z/p-equivariance of Floer data. Combining all of the above, and using formula (3.13) and
(3.14), we deduce that for i ≥ 0:
(
i−1
i i p OC ◦ (τ − 1), when i is odd
dCM ∗ (f ) ◦ p OC − p OC ◦ dp CC∗ = i−1
(4.24)
p OC ◦ (1 + τ + · + τ p−1 ), when i is even.
We define p OC −1 = 0 so that the above relation is satisfied for i = 0 (since p OC 0 = p OC is a chain map by
Proposition 4.1).

Definition 4.3. The Z/p-equivariant open-closed map

(F) → CM ∗ (f )[[t, θ]]
Z/p
OC Z/p : CC∗ (4.25)
is defined by X
2k
(x) + (−1)∥x∥ p OC 2k+1 (x)θ tk ,


x 7→ p OC (4.26)
k

X p−2
X
2k ∥x∥ 2k+1
(x + τ (x) + · + τ j (x))t tk ,


xθ 7→ p OC (x)θ + (−1) p OC (4.27)
k j=0
and extended t-linearly.
Proposition 4.4. OC Z/p is a chain map.
Proof. This is an immediate consequence of (4.24).

24
4.3 The closed-open maps
We briefly review two versions of the closed-open string maps, cf. [Gan1, section 5.4-5.6],[RS, section 5.5].
Let
Rd1,1 (4.28)
be the moduli space of disks with
• d+1 boundary marked points z0− , z1 , · · · , zd labeled counterclockwise such that z0− is marked as output
and z1 , · · · , zd are marked as input,
• one interior marked point yin marked as input.
After choosing consistent regular Floer data for (4.28), counting rigid solutions to the Floer equation with
the usual conditions gives rise to a chain map

CO : CM ∗ (f ) → CC ∗ (F) (4.29)

of degree 0. At the level of cohomology, CO is ring map, [Gan1, Proposition 5.3].

On the other hand, let
1,1
Rr,s (4.30)
be the moduli space of disks with one interior input yin , one boundary output zout , and r + s + 1 boundary
inputs z1 , · · · , zr , zf ixed , z1′ , · · · , zs′ labeled in clockwise order from zout , such that up to automorphism of the
disk, zout , zf ixed and yin lie at −i, i, 0, respectively.
Counting rigid solutions to the moduli problem parametrized by (4.30) gives rise to a chain map

2 CO : CM ∗ (f ) → 2 CC ∗ (F) := homF −F (F∆ , F∆ ) (4.31)

of degree 0. Moreover, if Ψ : CC ∗ (F) → 2 CC ∗ (F) is the comparison map of (2.18), then

Lemma 4.5. [Gan1, Proposition 5.6] Ψ ◦ CO and 2 CO are homotopic.

4.4 Compatibility with quantum Steenrod operations

Fix a Morse cocycle b ∈ CM ∗ (f ), then CO(b)⊗p and 2 CO(b)⊗p are cocycles in (CC ∗ (F)⊗p )Z/p and
(2 CC ∗ (F)⊗p )Z/p , respectively. Moreover, by Lemma 2.10, their cohomology class only depends on the
cohomology class of b. The main result of this paper can be re-stated as follows
Theorem 4.6. The diagram
OC Z/p
CM ∗ (f )[[t, θ]]
Z/p
p CC∗ (F)

(2 CO(b)⊗p ,−)
QZ/p
Σb

OC Z/p
CM ∗ (f )[[t, θ]]
Z/p
p CC∗ (F)

is homotopy commutative.
TZ/p
Proof of Theorem 1.3 given Theorem 4.6. By definition of we have
Z/p
\ Y
(CO(b), −) = (Ψ(CO(b))⊗p , −). (4.32)
eq

But Lemma 4.5 implies that Ψ(CO(b)) and 2 CO(b) are homologous in 2 CC ∗ (F), and Lemma 2.10 further
implies that Ψ(CO(b))⊗p and 2 CO(b)⊗p are homologous in (2 CC ∗ (F)⊗p )Z/p . This proves Theorem 1.3.

25
The rest of section 4.4 will be devoted to the proof of Theorem 4.6. We first introduce a new parameter
space of disks that will be used in constructing the homotopy in Theorem 4.6. Let

Q1p,k1 ,··· ,kp (4.33)

be the parameter space of disks with

• one interior output yout ,
• p interior inputs y1 , · · · , yp ,
• k1 + · · · + kp + p boundary inputs z 1 , z11 , · · · , zk11 , z 2 , z12 , · · · , zk22 , · · · , z p , z1p , · · · , zkpp in counterclock-
wise order such that up to reparametrization of the disk, yout , y1 , · · · , yp , z 1 , · · · , z p lie respectively at
0, rζ, · · · , rζ p , ζ, · · · , ζ p for some r ∈ (0, 1). As before, this particular parametrization of an element
will be called the standard representative.
We fix the orientation of Q1p,k1 ,··· ,kp induced by −dr ∧ dz11 ∧ · · · ∧ dzk11 ∧ · · · ∧ dz1p ∧ · · · ∧ dzkpp .
1
Q1p,k1 ,··· ,kp admits a Deligne-Mumford compactification Qp,k1 ,··· ,kp which is naturally equipped with a sub-
1 1
mersion Qp,k1 ,··· ,kp → [0, 1]. The boundary strata of Qp,k1 ,··· ,kp is covered by
1 1
Rk1 ,··· ,kp × S p+1 , (r = 0) (4.34)
p
Y 1,1 1
Rs′i−1 ,t′i × Rk1 −t′1 −s′1 ,··· ,kp −t′p −s′p , (r = 1) (4.35)
i=1
ki′ 1
R × Qp,k1 ,··· ,ki −ki′ +1,··· ,kp , 1 ≤ i ≤ p, (4.36)
′
ki−1 +ki′ +1 1
R × Qp,k1 ,··· ,ki−1 −ki−1
′ ,ki −ki′ ,··· ,kp , 1 ≤ i ≤ p. (4.37)
1 1
We explain some of the notations in (4.34)-(4.37). In (4.34), the space S p+1 = Sp+1 is just a singleton
1
representing the domain curve C = (CP , x0 , x1 , · · · , xp , x∞ ) (which underlies the definition of quantum
Steenrod operations), where the special input x0 lies at ∞, the other p-inputs x1 , · · · , xp lie at ζ, · · · , ζ p (the
p-th roots of unity along the equator) and the output x∞ lies at ∞. The output of the main component yout is
glued to the input x0 of C, and x1 , · · · , xp become the new distinguished interior inputs after gluing. In (4.35),
1,1
the output of a disk in Rs′i−1 ,t′i is glued to the i-th distinguished boundary input of the main component,
and zf ixed will become the new distinguished i-th boundary input after gluing. In (4.36), the output of the
first disk can be glued to any one of the inputs of the main component labeled by z1i , · · · , zki i −k′ +1 . In (4.37),
i
the output of the first disk is glued to the distinguished boundary input z i , and the ki + 1-th input of the
first disk will become the new distinguished i-th boundary input after gluing.

26
 Figure 4: An element of Q1p,k1 ,··· ,kp degenerates as r → 0 or r → 1

We a priori fix consistent Floer data for the parameter spaces Rd+1 , R1,1
r,s as well as consistent Z/p-equivariant
(S ∞ -dependent) Floer data for R1k1 ,··· ,kp and Sp+1
1
.
A choice of S ∞ -dependent Floer data for the spaces Q1p,k1 ,··· ,kp , k1 , · · · , kp ≥ 0, denoted (ϵw,r , Kw,r , Jw,r ), w ∈
1
S ∞ , r ∈ Qp,k1 ,··· ,kp , is called consistent and Z/p-equivariant if:
• It is Z/p-equivariant, i.e.

ϵτ (w),r = ϵw,τ (r) ◦ σr , Jτ (w),r = Jw,τ (r) ◦ σr , Kτ (w),r = σr∗ Kw,τ (r) , (4.38)
1
where τ denotes the action of the standard generator of Z/p on Qp,k1 ,··· ,kp .
• When the underlying domain r approaches a boundary strata of type (4.35)-(4.37), the Floer data
(ϵw,r , Kw,r , Jw,r ), w ∈ S ∞ decomposes as a product of (ϵw,r′ , Kw,r′ , Jw,r′ ), w ∈ S ∞ , r′ ∈ Q (of lower
dimension) and the pre-chosen non-equivariant Floer data on the other components.
• When the underlying domain r approaches a boundary strata of type (4.34), we require that the Floer
data (ϵw,r , Kw,r , Jw,r ), w ∈ S ∞ decomposes as the product of (ϵw,r′ , Kw,r′ , Jw,r′ ), r′ ∈ R1p,k1 ,··· ,kp and
1
(ϵw,C , Kw,C , Jw,C ), C ∈ Sp+1 (note the S ∞ -parameter on both components agree with w).
The following proposition follows a similar inductive argument as in Proposition 4.2.

27
 1
Proposition 4.7. An S ∞ -dependent, consistent and Z/p-equivariant Floer data on Qk1 ,··· ,kp , k1 , · · · , kp ≥ 0
exists.

Moduli spaces with Floer data parametrized by chains in S ∞ × S ∞

We now define two auxiliary moduli spaces associated with nodal configurations. Fix Morse cochains
y∞ , y1 , · · · , yp ∈ CM ∗ (f ), a p-fold Hochschild chain x ∈ p CC∗ (F) of type (k1 , · · · , kp ), and a smooth
singular chain σ = (σ1 , σ2 ) : ∆[i] → S ∞ × S ∞ , where ∆[i] is the standard i-th simplex in Ri+1 . We let

M♯ (σ, R1k1 ,··· ,kp × Sp+1

1
, y∞ , y1 , · · · , yp , x) (4.39)

be the moduli space of

w ∈ int(∆[i]), r ∈ R1k1 ,··· ,kp , u1 : Sr → X, u2 : C = CP 1 → X (4.40)

satisfying
 0,1 0,1
(du1 − YKσ1 (w),Sr )Jσ1 (w),Sr = 0, (du2 − YKσ2 (w),C )Jσ2 (w),C = 0,



appropriate Lagrangian boundary conditions for Sr ,


boundary marked points of Sr are asymptotic to x, (4.41)

the points z∞ , z1 , · · · , zp on C are constrained to W u (y∞ ), W s (y1 ), · · · , W s (yp ),





u1 (yout ) = u2 (z0 ).


Assuming the moduli space (4.39) is regular in dimension 0, let

(Σ♯p OC)σ : CM ∗ (f )⊗p ⊗ p CC∗ (F) → CM ∗ (f ) (4.42)

be the corresponding operation defined by counting rigid solutions of (4.39). By linearity, we can define
(Σ♯p OC)σ for σ any k-coefficient chain in S ∞ × S ∞ . Similarly, we define

M⋆ (σ, R1k1 ,··· ,kp × Sp+1

1
, y∞ , y1 , · · · , yp , x) (4.43)

to be the union over y ∈ CM ∗ (f ) of

w ∈ int(∆[i]), r ∈ R1k1 ,··· ,kp , u1 : Sr → X, u2 : C = CP 1 → X (4.44)

satisfying (all except the last condition are the same as (4.41))


 (du1 − YKσ1 (w),Sr )0,1
Jσ1 (w),Sr = 0, (du2 − YKσ2 (w),C )J0,1
σ2 (w),C
= 0,


appropriate Lagrangian boundary conditions for Sr ,


boundary marked points of Sr are asymptotic to x, (4.45)

the points z∞ , z1 , · · · , zp on C are constrained to W u (y∞ ), W s (y1 ), · · · , W s (yp ),





u1 (yout ) is constrained to W u (y), u2 (z0 ) is constrained to W s (y).


Denote the corresponding operation by counting rigid elements of (4.43) by

(Σ ⋆ p OC)σ : CM ∗ (f )⊗p ⊗ p CC∗ (F) → CM ∗ (f ) (4.46)

and extend by linearity to all k-coefficient chains of S ∞ × S ∞ .

Proof of Theorem 4.6

We construct the homotopy required in Theorem 4.6 in three steps.
Step 1. The first homotopy comes from a parametrized moduli problem associated to Q1p,k1 ,··· ,kp . Fix Morse
cochains aout , a1 , · · · , ap ∈ CM ∗ (f ), p-fold Hochschild chain x ∈ p CC∗ (F) of type (k1 , · · · , kp ). Let

M(∆i , Q1p,k1 ,··· ,kp , a∞ , a1 , · · · , ap , x) (4.47)

28
be the moduli space of
w ∈ ∆i ⊂ S ∞ , r ∈ Q1p,k1 ,··· ,kp , u : Sr → X
satisfying
 0,1
(du − YKw,Sr )Jw,Sr = 0,


appropriate Lagrangian boundary conditions for S ,
r
(4.48)
boundary marked points of Sr are asymptotic to x,


interior marked points yout , y1 , · · · , yp are constrained to W u (aout ), W s (a1 ), · · · , W s (ap ).


Fixing a generic, Z/p-equivariant and consistent choice of Floer data, (4.47) is regular of dimension

k1 + · · · + kp + ind(u) + |yout | − |y1 | − · · · − |yp | − n + i + 1. (4.49)

Let
Hi : CM ∗ (f )⊗p ⊗ p CC∗ (F) → p CC∗ (F) (4.50)
be the operation of degree n − i − 1 (mod 2) obtained by counting rigid elements of (4.47). If b ∈ CM ∗ (f )
is a Morse cocycle, we also write
p times
z }| {
Hbi i
:= H (b, · · · , b, −) : p CC∗ (F) → p CC∗ (F), (4.51)

which is a map of degree n + p|b| − i − 1 (mod 2).

By considering the boundary strata of the Gromov compactification of the 1-dimensional moduli space of
(4.47), we obtain that
Y
Hbi ◦ dp CC∗ ± dCM ∗ (f ) ◦ Hbi = (Σ♯p OC)δ(∆i ),b ± p OC i ◦ (2 CO(b)⊗p ⊗ −)
(
Hbi−1 ◦ (τ − 1), when i is odd,
± (4.52)
Hbi−1 ◦ (1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 ), when i is even.
In (4.52), Hbi ◦dp CC∗ comes from domain breaking in (4.36),(4.37) and semi-stable strip breaking. dCM ∗ (f ) ◦Hbi
comes from
Q Morse⊗p trajectory breaking. (Σ♯p OC)δ(∆i ),b (where δ : S ∞ → S ∞ × S ∞ is the diagonal map) and
i
p OC ◦ (2 CO(b) ⊗ −) comes from the limiting behavior r → 0 and r → 1, which corresponds to domain
breaking of (4.34) and (4.35), respectively. Finally, the last term comes from the boundary strata where the
parameter w ∈ S ∞ is constrained to ∂∆i , together with canonical identifications

M(τ j (∆i ) × Q1p,k1 ,··· ,kp , yout , b, · · · , b, x) ∼

=

M(∆i × Q1p,kp−j+1 ,··· ,kp ,k1 ,··· ,kj , yout , b, · · · , b, τ j (x)). (4.53)

As usual, we can put the Hbi together into a t-linear map Hb : CC∗ (F) → CM ∗ (f )[[t, θ]] by
Z/p Z/p

(
x 7→ k Hb2k (x) + (−1)∥x∥ Hb2k+1 (x)θ tk
P

(4.54)
xθ 7→ k Hb2k (x)θ + (−1)∥x∥ Hb2k+1 ((1 − τ )p−2 x)t tk .
P

Z/p
Note that since we are in characteristic p, 1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 = (τ − 1)p−1 . (4.52) implies that Hb provides
a homotopy between
Z/p
Y
OC Z/p ◦ (2 CO(b)⊗p ⊗ −) (4.55)

(F) → CM ∗ (f )[[t, θ]] defined by

Z/p Z/p
and the t-linear map (Σ♯p OC)δ(∆),b : CC∗
(
x 7→ k (Σ♯p OC)δ(∆2k ),b (x) + (−1)∥x∥ (Σ♯p OC)δ(∆2k+1 ),b (x)θ tk
P

(4.56)
xθ 7→ k (Σ♯p OC)δ(∆2k ),b (x)θ + (−1)∥x∥ (Σ♯p OC)δ(∆2k+1 ),b ((1 − τ )p−2 x)t tk .
P

29
Step 2. The second homotopy involves a standard trick of inserting a finite length Morse trajectory (and
letting its length go to infinity), cf. [PSS].

Figure 5: Inserting finite Morse trajectory with varying length

Z/p Z/p
The goal is to construct a homotopy between (Σ♯p OC)δ(∆),b and (Σ ⋆ p OC)δ(∆),b .
Fix Morse cocycle b, Morse cochain y∞ and p-fold Hochschild chain x of type (k1 , · · · , kp ) as before. Let

M(δ(∆i ), T, R1k1 ,··· ,kp × Sp+1

1
, y∞ , b, · · · , b, x) (4.57)

be the moduli space of

w ∈ ∆i ⊂ S ∞ , T ∈ (0, ∞), γ : [0, T ] → X, r ∈ R1k1 ,··· ,kp , u1 : Sr → X, u2 : C = CP 1 → X

satisfying


 γ̇ = −∇f,
(du1 − YKw,Sr )0,1 (du2 − YKw,C )0,1

Jw,Sr = 0, Jw,C = 0,





appropriate Lagrangian boundary conditions for S ,
r
(4.58)


 boundary marked points of Sr are asymptotic to x,
the points z∞ , z1 , · · · , zp on C are constrained to W u (y∞ ), W s (b), · · · , W s (b),




u1 (yout ) = γ(0), u2 (z0 ) = γ(T ).


Then, as T → 0, we obtain the nodal moduli space defining (Σ♯p OC)δ(∆i ),b and as T → ∞, the finite
Morse trajectory breaks into two semi-infinite Morse trajectories meeting at some critical point, giving rise

30
to (Σ ⋆ p OC)δ(∆i ),b . Putting these together into an equivariant operation (cf. (4.54)), we obtain a homotopy
Z/p Z/p
between (Σ♯p OC)δ(∆),b and (Σ ⋆ p OC)δ(∆),b .
Z/p
Step 3. Finally we show that (Σ ⋆ p OC)δ(∆),b is homotopic to Σb ◦ OC Z/p , hence completing the proof
of Theorem 4.6. The basic idea is elementary topology: one would like to decompose the diagonal cell
δ(∆i ) ⊂ S ∞ × S ∞ , which parametrizes the Floer data for the operation (Σ ⋆ p OC)δ(∆),b , into product cells,
Z/p

which parametrize the composition Σb ◦ OC Z/p . On the homology level, this is

Lemma 4.8. [SW, Lemma 2.1.] Let δ : S ∞ /Z/p → S ∞ /Z/p × S ∞ /Z/p be the diagonal map and δ∗ :
H∗ (S ∞ /Z/p; Fp ) → H∗ (S ∞ /Z/p; Fp )⊗2 the induced map on homology, then
 X

 ∆i1 ⊗ ∆i2 , if i is odd or p = 2,

i1 +i2 =i
δ ∗ ∆i = X
∆i1 ⊗ ∆i2 , if i is even and p > 2. (4.59)


i1 +i2 =i

ik even

For our purpose, a chain level enhancement of Lemma 4.8 is needed, for the reason that a general element
x ∈ p CC∗ (F) is not Z/p-invariant and thus a cohomology class in S ∞ /Z/p × S ∞ /Z/p does not give rise to
a well-defined operation. The chain level refinement of Lemma 4.8 is the following.
Lemma 4.9. Fix a ground field k of characteristic p. There exists a sequence of k-coefficient chains Ci of
dimension i in S ∞ × S ∞ , i ≥ 0, satisfying the recursive property that ∂Ci+1 =
 X X

 δ(∆i ) − ∆i1 × ∆i2 − ∆i1 × (τ − 1)∆i2 − (τ × τ − 1)Ci , if i is odd,


 i1 +i2 =i i1 +i2 =i
X i1Xodd X


 δ(∆i ) − ∆ i 1
× ∆ i 2
− τ k ∆i1 × τ j ∆i2 − (1 + τ × τ + · · · + (τ × τ )p−1 )Ci , if i is even,
i1 +i2 =i i1 +i2 =i 0≤k<j≤p−1


ik even i1 odd
(4.60)
where τ × τ denotes the diagonal action τ × τ (w1 , w2 ) := (τ (w1 ), τ (w2 )).
The Proof of Lemma 4.9 will be given in Appendix D.
Proof of Theorem 4.6 given Lemma 4.9. Let

(Σ ⋆ p OC)Ci ,b : p CC∗ (F) → CM ∗ (f ) (4.61)

be the operation obtained by counting rigid elements of the moduli space (cf. (4.39))

M⋆ (Ci , R1k1 ,··· ,kp × Sp+1

1
, y∞ , b, · · · , b, x). (4.62)

Then, by considering the boundary strata of the 1-dimensional component of (4.62), and using (4.60), we
obtain that
(Σ ⋆ p OC)Ci+1 ,b ◦ dp CC ∗ ± dCM ∗ (f ) ◦ (Σ ⋆ p OC)Ci+1 ,b = (Σ ⋆ p OC)δ(∆i ),b ±
 X X

 (Σ ⋆ p OC)∆i1 ×∆i2 ,b ± (Σ ⋆ p OC)∆i1 ×(τ −1)∆i2 ,b ± (Σ ⋆ p OC)(τ ×τ −1)Ci ,b , i odd

i1 +i2 =i
 i1 +i2 =i
X i1Xodd X


 (Σ ⋆ p OC) ∆ i1 ×∆ i2 ,b ± (Σ ⋆ p OC)τ k ∆i1 ×τ j ∆i2 ,b ± (Σ ⋆ p OC)(1+τ ×τ +···+(τ ×τ )p−1 )Ci ,b , i even.
i1 +i2 =i
 i1 +i2 =i 0≤k<j≤p−1
ik even i1 odd
(4.63)
Since
(Σ ⋆ p OC)∆i1 ×∆i2 ,b = Σib2 ◦ p OC i1 (4.64)
and the Floer data are Z/p-equivariant, we can simplify (4.63) as

(Σ ⋆ p OC)Ci+1 ,b ◦ dp CC ∗ ± dCM ∗ (f ) ◦ (Σ ⋆ p OC)Ci+1 ,b = (Σ ⋆ p OC)δ(∆i ),b ±

31
  X

 Σib2 ◦ p OC i1 ± (Σ ⋆ p OC)Ci ,b ◦ (τ − 1), i odd

i1 +i2 =i
X X

 Σbi2 ◦ p OC i1 ± Σib2 ◦ p OC i1 ◦ (τ − 1)p−2 ± (Σ ⋆ p OC)Ci ,b ◦ (1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 ), i even.
i1 +i2 =i
 i1 +i2 =i
ik even i1 odd
(4.65)
Z/p Z/p ∗
We let H̃bi := (Σ ⋆ p OC)Ci+1 ,b (notice the shift in i) and define : H̃b p CC∗ (F) → CM (f )[[t, θ]] by
(
x 7→ k H̃b2k (x) + (−1)∥x∥ H̃b2k+1 (x)θ tk
P

(4.66)
xθ 7→ k H̃b2k (x)θ + (−1)∥x∥ H̃b2k+1 ((τ − 1)p−2 x)t tk .
P

By (4.65),
Z/p Z/p Z/p
H̃b ◦ dp CC Z/p ± dCM ∗ (f ) ◦ H̃b ± (Σ ⋆ p OC)δ(∆),b ± Σb ◦ p OC Z/p (4.67)
∗

is the t-linear map X X  

 i2 i1 p−2

 x →
7 Σ b p OC ((τ − 1) x) tk


 k i1 +i2 =2k
X i2 odd X   (4.68)
i2 i1 p−2


 xθ →
7 Σ b p OC ((τ − 1) )x tk+1 ,

 k i1 +i2 =2k+1
i2 odd

which is the composition of the chain map

 X X  

 x 7→ Σib2 p OC i1 (x) tk


 k i1 +i2 =2k
X i2 odd X   (4.69)


 xθ 7→ Σib2 p OC i1 (x) tk+1 .

 k i1 +i2 =2k+1
i2 odd

with x 7→ (τ − 1)p−2 x. Since p > 2, Lemma 2.9 implies that (τ − 1)p−2 is nullhomotopic as an endomorphism
Z/p
of CC∗ (F). Therefore, (4.68) is nullhomotopic and the proof is complete.
Remark 4.10. When p = 2, the analogue of (4.60) is
X X
∂Ci+1 = δ(∆i ) + ∆i1 × ∆i2 + ∆i1 × (1 + τ )∆i2 + (1 + τ × τ )Ci .
i1 +i2 =i i1 +i2 =i
i1 odd

However, we do not discuss this case further in the current paper.

5 Case study: the intersection of two quadrics in CP 5

Let X be the intersection of two quadrics in CP 5 , which is a monotone symplectic manifold of real dimension
6. We know that H 2i (X, Z) = Z and H 3 (X, Z) = Z4 . Let 1, h = h2 , h4 , h6 be the even generators. In [Don],
it was shown that there is a canonical isomorphism η : H1 (Σ2 ) → H 3 (X), where Σ2 is a genus two surface.
In [SW, Example 6.8], the quantum Steenrod powers involving even cohomology classes have been computed
using covariant constancy. The goal of this section is to compute QSt for an odd cohomology class, conditional
on certain assumptions on the arithmetic Fukaya category of X.
Recall we have a decomposition of the Fukaya category

Fuk(X, C) = Fuk(X, C)−8 ⊕ Fuk(X, C)0 ⊕ Fuk(X, C)8 . (5.1)

A celebrated result of [Smi] (cf. Theorem 1.1 loc.cit.) shows that there is a quasi-equivalence F : T wπ Fuk(X, C)0 ≃
T wπ Fuk(Σ2 , C), where T wπ denotes first taking twisted complexes and then idempotent completion. Since
applying T wπ does not change the Hochschild invariants, by abuse of notation, we also denote by F the
induced isomorphism on Hochschild (co)homology/cyclic homology.

32
In this example, we take R = Z[ 12 ]. Condition A1) and A2) follow from the computations in Lemma 5.4
below. Moreover, condition A3) follows from [Smi, Corollary 4.16]. We remark that even though loc.cit. uses
complex coefficients, the results therein regarding generation and the open-closed map being an isomorphism
(specifically Corollary 3.11, Lemma 4.15 and Corollary 4.16 in loc.cit.) hold more generally over R. An
interesting question is whether Smith’s equivalence holds over any field of characteristic not 2.
Conjecture 5.1. Over a field K of characteristic not 2, there is an A∞ -quasi-equivalence
F : T wπ Fuk(X)0 ≃ T wπ Fuk(Σ2 ). (5.2)

Unfortunately, Conjecture 5.1 cannot hold at this level of generality. In fact, we will show in section 5.1 that
Smith’s equivalence imposes the following simple arithmetic property on K.
Proposition 5.2. If Conjecture 5.1 holds, then K must contain a square root of −1.
Now we go to positive characteristics. Fix an odd prime p and a field k of characteristic p. Given
√ Proposition
5.2, it is natural to ask whether Smith’s quasi-equivalence holds over any k that contains a −1. While we
do not obtain such a result in this paper, we show in section 5.2 that Smith’s equivalence over k determines
the quantum Steenrod powers of all odd cohomology classes of X.
√
Proposition 5.3. Let k be a field of odd characteristic that contains a −1. Assuming Conjecture 5.1 holds
over k, then over a field k of odd characteristic p,
p−1 p − 1 p−1 1 2 81 4
QStX (η(γi )) = (−1) 2 ( !)t 2 (1 + t + t + · · · )η(γi ). (5.3)
2 256 262144
p−1 p−1
We remark that the t 2 -coefficient of QStX (η(γi )) in (5.3) is (−1) 2 ( p−1
2 !), which implies that QΞX =
p−1
(−1) 2 id when k = Fp , p = 1 mod 4, cf. [Sei3, Definition 1.8]. This recovers the computation of QΞX in
[Sei3, Example 9.8].

5.1 Quantum cohomology and open-closed maps

Lemma 5.4. We record some computations from [Don].
1) The ordinary cup products on H ∗ (X, Z) is given by
h ∪ h = 4h4 , h ∪ h4 = h6 , η(γ1 ) ∪ η(γ2 ) = (γ1 · γ2 )h6 , (5.4)
where ( · ) denotes the intersection pairing on H1 (Σ2 ).
2) The nontrivial quantum products on QH ∗ (X, Z) is given by
h ⋆ h = 4h4 + 4, h ⋆ h4 = h6 + 2h, h ⋆ h6 = 4h4 + 4, h4 ⋆ h4 = 2h4 + 3 (5.5)
and
h3 − 16h
η(γi ) ⋆ η(γj ) = (γi · γj )
, (5.6)
4
where we use powers, e.g. h3 , to denote powers of quantum products.
3) The generalized eigenvalues of c1 ⋆ = 2h⋆ are {−8, 0, 8}. Over R = Z[ 12 ], there is a generalized
eigenspace decomposition
QH ∗ (X) = QH ∗ (X)−8 ⊕ QH ∗ (X)0 ⊕ QH ∗ (X)8
−h6 + 4h4 − 3h2 + 4 h2 h3 + 4h2
=⟨ ⟩ ⊕ ⟨1 − , η(H1 (Σ2 )), h3 − 16h⟩ ⊕ ⟨ ⟩. (5.7)
4 16 16
2
4) Let v = 1 − h16 and w = h3 R− 16h. Then, v is the 0-idempotent, i.e. the unit element of QH ∗ (X)0 .
Moreover, if we let ⟨·, ·⟩X = X (· ∪ ·) denote the Poincare pairing on X, then
⟨v, v⟩X = 0, ⟨v, w⟩X = 4. (5.8)

33
 −1
Lemma 5.5. Suppose Conjecture 5.1 holds over K. We denote Ξ = COΣ 2
◦ F ◦ COX and Θ = OCΣ2 ◦
−1
F ◦ OCX , where OCX and COX are understood to be restricted to QH (X, K)0 and HH ∗ (Fuk(X, K)0 ),
∗

respectively. Then, we have

√
1) K must contain a square root of −1, denoted −1, and
√
−1ϵ √
Θ(v) = , Θ(w) = 8 −1ϵH (5.9)
2
where H is the standard generator of H 2 (Σ2 , Z) (viewed as an element of H 2 (Σ2 , K)), and ϵ ∈ {−1, 1}
is a sign we leave undetermined for now.
2) √
−1ϵ
Θ(η(γ)) = Ξ(η(γ)), γ ∈ H1 (Σ2 ). (5.10)
2
2
Proof. Recall that v = 1 − h16 and w = h3 − 16h. Since Ξ is a unital ring map, we have Ξ(v) = 1. We now
determine Ξ(w). The crucial property is that Ξ(c1 (X)|QH ∗ (X)0 ) = c1 (Σ2 ) (this follows from the fact that the
cyclic open-closed map intertwines connections). As a result, Ξ(w) = −8Ξ(c1 (X) ⋆ v) = −8c1 (Σ2 ) ∪ Ξ(v) =
16H (note cup product and quantum product on Σ2 agree).
With the constant s yet to be determined, we now proceed to compute Θ. Let Θ(v) = a + bH and Θ(w) =
c+dH. Since Θ is a map of QH ∗ (X)0 -modules via Ξ, 0 = Θ(w ⋆w) = Ξ(w)∪Θ(w) = 16H ∪(c+dH) = 16cH.
Thus we must have c = 0, whence d ̸= 0. Similarly, dH = Θ(w) = Θ(w ⋆ v) = Ξ(w) ∪ Θ(v) = 16aH, and
thus a ̸= 0 and d = 16a. Since Θ preserves Poincare pairing up to a minus sign, by Lemma 5.4 4),
one has 0 = −⟨v, v⟩X = ⟨Θ(v), Θ(v)⟩Σ2 = 2ab, which implies that b = 0. Similarly, −4 = −⟨v, w⟩X =
⟨Θ(v), Θ(w)⟩Σ2 = ad.
Now, note√ that d = 16a, ad = −4 is solvable only when the coefficient field contains a root of −1, in which
√
case a = −1ϵ
2 , d = 8 −1ϵ, for some ϵ ∈ {−1, 1}. The ambiguity of signs is canceled out in the computations
below. For the moment, we do not determine√Ξ or Θ restricted to the odd dimensional cohomology, but
simply note that Θ(η(γi )) = Ξ(η(γi ))∪Θ(v) = −1ϵ ∗
2 Ξ(η(γi )), again by the fact that Θ is a map of QH (X)0 -
modules.
In particular, Lemma 5.5 1) implies Proposition 5.2, and in particular it implies that Smith’s equivalence
cannot hold over k = Fp for some prime p ≡ 3 mod 4. This agrees with an observation of Seidel in [Sei3,
Example 9.8] concerning formal groups.
An important computation that will be used later is the determination of Θ and Ξ restricted H 3 (X, K), up
to the effect of an autoequivalence of Fuk(Σ2 ). The precise statements are given in Lemma 5.6. We first fix
some notations.
Recall there is a Chern character map, cf. [Shk, 3.1],

ch : K0 (Fuk(X, K)0 ) → HH0 (Fuk(X, K)0 ) (5.11)

defined by ch(L) := [idL ]. Where [idL ] denotes the cohomological unit of L viewed as a length 0 Hochschild
homology class. Shklyarov showed that (cf. Proposition 4.4 loc.cit.)

⟨ch(L), ch(L′ )⟩Sh = χ(L, L′ ), (5.12)

where χ(L, L′ ) = i (−1)i dim HF i (L, L′ ) denotes the Euler pairing and ⟨−, −⟩Sh denotes the Shklyarov
P
pairing on Hochschild homology. We say that an object L has integral Chern character if OC(ch(L)) ∈
im(H 3 (X, Z) → H 3 (X, K)).
Lemma 5.6. 1) Any object L ∈ Fuk(X, K)0 has integral Chern character.

34
 2) Assume we are in the situation of Lemma 5.5. Let {γ1 , γ2 , γ3 , γ4 } be a standard symplectic basis of
H1 (Σ2 , Z) with respect to the intersection pairing. Then with respect to the basis {η(γi )}4i=1 of H 3 (X, K)
and {PD(γi )}4i=1 of H 1 (Σ2 , K),
Θ|H 3 (X,K) : H 3 (X, K) → H 1 (Σ2 , K) (5.13)
has integral coefficients.
3) Assume we are in the situation of Lemma 5.5. There exists an autoequivalence G ∈ Auteq(Fuk(Σ2 , K))
such that if we replace F by G ◦ F , then
 
I 0
Θ= 2 (5.14)
0 −I2
with respect to the basis {η(γi )}4i=1 and {PD(γi )}4i=1 .
Proof. 1) Take an integral basis {γi }4i=1 of H1 (Σ2 , Z). These give rise to vanishing cycles Vγi ⊂ X, 1 ≤ i ≤ 4,
cf. [Smi, Section 4.2]. As Vγi bounds no Maslov index 2 disk, OC(ch(Vγi )) is the image of PD([Vγi ]) under
H 3 (X, Z) → H 3 (X, K). By (5.12), and the fact that OC intertwines the Shklyarov pairing with the Poincare
pairing up to a sign, we conclude that for any L ∈ Fuk(X, K)0 , the Poincare pairing of OC(ch(L)) with
PD([Vγi ]) is integral, for any 1 ≤ i ≤ 4. Since [Vγi ] form a basis for H3 (X, Z), OC(ch(L)) must be integral.
2) By [AS, Lemma 2.19], any object in Fuk(Σ2 , K) has integral Chern character. In particular, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 4,
OCΣ2 (HH∗ (F )(chVγi )) = OCΣ2 (chF (Vγi ) ) has integral coefficients when expanded with respect to the basis
{PD(γi )}4i=1 . Since OCX (ch(Vγi )) = PD([Vγi ]), 1 ≤ i ≤ 4 form an integral basis of H 3 (X), 2) follows.
n(n+1)
3) Since OC intertwines pairings up to (−1) 2 (where n is the complex dimension), we conclude that with
respect to the basis {η(γi )}4i=1 and {PD(γi )}4i=1 , the matrix form of Θ is in Sp−
4 (Z), the set of anti-symplectic
matrices. Therefore, to prove 3), it suffices to show that the natural map
≃
Auteq(Fuk(Σ2 , K)) → Aut(HH0 (Fuk(Σ2 , K)), ⟨−, −⟩Sh ) −−→ Aut(H 1 (Σ2 , K), ⟨−, −⟩Σ2 ) = Sp4 (K) (5.15)
OC

surjects onto the image of Sp4 (Z) → Sp4 (K). This can be seen by the following argument.
Let Γ(Σ2 ) denote the symplectic mapping class group of Σ2 . Then, there is a natural map
Γ(Σ2 ) → Aut(H 1 (Σ2 , K), ⟨−, −⟩Σ2 ) = Sp4 (K) (5.16)
whose image is Sp4 (Z); this is because Sp4 (Z) is generated by algebraic Dehn twists, which can be lifted to
symplectic Dehn twists along simple closed curves. Moreover, (5.16) factors as a homomorphism (depending
on a choice of balancing, cf. [AS, Section 2.6]) Γ(Σ2 ) → Auteq(Fuk(Σ2 , K)) composed with (5.15). Hence
the image of (5.15) must also contain Sp4 (Z).

5.2 A computation of QStX (η(γi ))

√
For the rest of this subsection, fix a field k of odd characteristic p containing a −1. Under the same
assumptions as Lemma 5.5 (with K = k), we now outline a way to compute the quantum Steenrod operations
on H 3 (X, k) using the categorical interpretation of QSt proved in Theorem 1.3. First,
QStX (η(γi )) = QΣX
η(γi ) (1) (5.17)
∗
= QΣX
η(γi ) (pr0 (1))
(pr0 (1) is the projection of 1 onto QH (X)[[t, θ]]0 ) (5.18)
 
Z/p Z/p
= OCX COX (η(γi )) ∩Z/p OCX (pr0 (1)) (by Theorem 1.1) (5.19)
 
= OCX ◦ F −1 ◦ (OCΣ2 )−1 QΣΣ
Z/p Z/p Z/p Z/p −1
2
Ξ(η(γi )) (OC Σ2 ◦ F ◦ (OCX ) pr0 (1)) . (5.20)

At this point, we make a few observations. Firstly, since Σ2 has no genus 0 Gromov-Witten invariants, the
quantum Steenrod operations is classical:
p − 1 p−1 (1)
QΣΣ2 Σ2
y (c) = St (y) ∪ c = ( !)t 2 y ∪ c, (5.21)
2

35
for y ∈ H 1 (Σ2 , k). Here, (−)(1) denotes the relative Frobenius along H 1 (Σ2 , Fp ) → H 1 (Σ2 , k). Concretely,
expanding y in terms of a k-basis coming from H 1 (Σ2 , Fp ), then y (1) is obtained by raising each coefficient
to the p-th power. Secondly, by Theorem 1.4, we have
1 1
OCX ◦ F −1 ◦ (OCΣ2 )−1 = OCX
S
◦ F −1 ◦ (OCΣS2 )−1 (⊗k[[t]] k[[t, θ]]).
Z/p Z/p
(5.22)

Hence we can write (OCΣ2 ◦ F ◦ (OCX )−1 pr0 (1)) =

Z/p Z/p P n
n≥0 (cn + dn H)t for some coefficients cn , dn . Then,

−1 p − 1 p−1 X
QΣΣ cn Ξ(η(γi ))(1) tn .
Z/p Z/p
Ξ(η(γi )) (OCΣ2 ◦ F ◦ (OCX ) pr0 (1)) = ( !)t 2 (5.23)
2

2
n≥0

Finally, we observe that the t-connection restricted to the summand η(H1 (Σ2 ))[[t]] is trivial (as both c1 ⋆ and
S1 1
µ are trivial when applied to the image of η). As a consequence, OCX ◦ F −1 ◦ (OCΣS2 )−1 |H 1 (Σ2 )[[t]] = Θ−1 [[t]]
because a regular connection over Z has no nontrivial automorphism whose constant term is the identity.
By Lemma 5.6 2), Θ(η(γi )) ∈ im(H 1 (Σ2 , Fp ) → H 1 (Σ2 , k)). In particular, Θ(1) = Θ since the p-th power of
an element in Fp is itself. Therefore, QStX (η(γi )) is equal to

p − 1 p−1 X (5.10) p − 1 p−1 X √

( !)t 2 cn Θ−1 Ξ(η(γi ))tn = ( !)t 2 cn Θ−1 (−2 −1ϵΘ(η(γi )))(1) tn
2 2
n≥0 n≥0
√ p − 1 p−1 −1 (1) X
= (−2 −1ϵ)p ( !)t 2 Θ Θ η(γi ) cn tn
2
n≥0
√ p−1 p − 1 p−1 X
= (−2 −1ϵ)(−1) 2 ( !)t 2 η(γi ) cn tn . (5.24)
2
n≥0

Therefore, to finish the computation, it suffices to determine cn . These coefficients can be extracted from the
so-called R-matrix, cf. Lemma 5.7; it turns out the R-matrix will also depend on the sign ϵ, which cancels
out the ϵ in (5.24).
Lemma 5.7. [Hug, Lemma B.1] Any isomorphism φ : QH ∗ (X, R) ∼ = R ⊕ QH ∗ (Σ2 , R) ⊕ R that intertwines
the operations c1 (X)⋆ and (8, c1 (Σ2 )⋆, −8) can be uniquely extended (meaning is the t = 0 term of a unique
k[[t]]-linear map) to an isomorphism
8 −8
φ̃ : QH ∗ (X, R)[[t]] ∼
= E t ⊕ QH ∗ (Σ2 , R)[[t]] ⊕ E t (5.25)

that intertwines the t-connections. If one chooses basis for both sides of (5.25), the matrix form of φ̃ is called
the R-matrix with constant term φ.
We remark that 1) [Hug, Lemma B.1] was originally proved over C, but the computations involved make
clear they work over any coefficient ring with 2 inverted and 2) it suffices to determine φ̃ on the even degree
part of QH ∗ (X, R)[[t]], this is because on the odd degree part η(H1 (Σ2 ))[[t]], the t-connection is trivial.
Consider the isomorphism

−h6 + 4h4 − 3h2 + 4 −1 h3 + 4h2

( ,Θ , ) : R ⊕ QH ∗ (Σ2 , R) ⊕ R → QH ∗ (X, R). (5.26)
4 16
When restricted to the even degree part, with respect to the basis

−h6 + 4h4 − 3h2 + 4 h3 + 4h2

{ , w, v, } (5.27)
4 16
of QH even (X, R) and the basis
√ √
{( −1ϵ, 0, 0), (0, −2H, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, −1ϵ)} (5.28)

36
of R ⊕ QH even (Σ2 , R) ⊕ R, the inverse of (5.26) is given by the matrix
 
1 0 0 0
0 −4 0 0 √
 1
 −1ϵ. (5.29)
0 0 0
2
0 0 0 1

Since the cyclic open-closed map preserves connection, by the uniqueness property of R-matrix in Lemma
S1 1
5.7, one concludes that when restricted to the even degree part, OCX ◦ F −1 ◦ (OCΣS2 )−1 agrees with the
R-matrix whose constant term is (5.29). The next lemma follows from using the computation in [Hug,
Appendix B.1].
Lemma 5.8. With notations as above, the R matrix with constant term (5.29) is given by
   7 1 1
  15 7 9 1

1 0 0 0 − 64 2 32 0 − 8192 − 128 2048 1024
0 −4 √  1 0 − 512 5 1 √  27 7 27  √
 0 0 −1ϵ −  161 16  −1ϵt + − 2048 128 0 2048  −1ϵt2
1 1  1 3 1
0 0
2 0   − 8 −2 0 8

32 0 − 512 32

1 1 7 1 7 9 15
0 0 0 1 0 2 − 32 64 1024 128 2048 − 8192
 389 135 393 65
 38421
 3069 11907 3537

− 524288 − 16384 262144 65536 − 134217728 − 1048576 16777216 8388608
 33 435 33  √ 7533 999 7533 √
0 − 1048576 8192  −1ϵt3 + − 4194304
 0 4194304  −1ϵt4 ±· · ·
− 8192
− 9 3 9 9
262144
63 9
2048 128 0 2048
 
8192 0 − 524288 8192

65 135 393 389 3537 3069 11907 38421
− 65536 − 16384 − 262144 524288 8388608 1048576 16777216 − 134217728
(5.30)

Proof of Proposition 5.3. By (5.24), it suffices to compute the coefficients cn , which we obtain via the
following steps. First, express 1 in terms of our chosen basis (5.27) (viewed as a basis of QH even (X, R)[[t]]
over k[[t]])
1 −h6 + 4h4 − 3h2 + 4 1 h3 + 4h2
1= · +0·w+1·v+ · . (5.31)
8 4 8 16
Then, apply the R-matrix of Lemma 5.6 to the resulting vector ( 18 , 0, 1, 18 ). Next, apply the matrix
 
0 1 0 0
, (5.32)
0 0 1 0

which under the basis (5.28) corresponds to the projection

8 8
E u ⊕ QH even (Σ2 , R)[[t]] ⊕ E − u → QH even (Σ2 , R)[[t]]. (5.33)

These steps combined have the effect of computing

OCΣ2 ◦ F ◦ (OCX )−1 (pr0 (1))

Z/p Z/p
(5.34)

in terms of the basis {−2H, 1} of QH even (Σ2 , R)[[t]], and n≥0 cn tn is simply the coefficient in front of 1.
P
Unfolding the computations we obtain Proposition 5.3.
Things to note about the coefficients in (5.3):
1) All the denominators are powers of 2, hence the expression in fact makes sense over Z[ 12 ].
2) For fixed p, all high enough coefficients have numerators divisible by p; in principle, one can compute
exactly how large that is. Therefore when reduced mod p, this gives a polynomial expression in t.
3) If we add back the Novikov variable q (which we have set to 1 throughout the paper) of degree 2, then
for degree reasons (since QStX (η(γi )) has total degree 3p) (5.3) involve no powers of q greater than p.
Geometrically, this says that p-fold cover curves do not contribute to QStX (η(γi )).

37
6 The unramified exponential type conjecture for quantum con-
nection
In this section, we apply the Fukaya categorical interpretation of quantum Steenrod operations to give
an arithmetic proof of the unramified exponential type conjecture for X satisfying Abouzaid’s generation
criterion.
First, we recall some basic definitions of formal connections and describe the setup of this theorem. Let K
be a field, and M be a finite dimensional K((t))-vector space equipped with a connection ∇ d : M → M .
dt

Definition 6.1. (M, ∇) has regular singularity at t = 0 if there exists an K((t))-basis of M under which
the connection matrix of ∇ d has at most a simple pole.
dt

Definition 6.2. (M, ∇) has unramified exponential type if, up to gauge transformation, there is a finite
direct sum decomposition M −λ
∇d = E t2 ⊗ ∇regλ (6.1)
dt
λ
λ
where each ∇reg
λ has regular singularity at t = 0 and E − t2 denotes the one-dimensional connection with
d
quadratic pole ((K(t)), dt − tλ2 ). Moreover, we say (M, ∇) has quasi-unipotent regularized monodromy if the
reg
monodromy of ∇λ around t = 0 is quasi-unipotent (i.e. eigenvalues are roots of unity).
Conjecture 6.3 (The unramified exponential type conjecture). For a closed monotone symplectic manifold
X, the quantum t-connection (QH ∗ (X, C)((t)), ∇QH
d ) of (1.11) has unramified exponential type and quasi-
dt
unipotent regularized monodromy at t = 0.
The main theorem of this section is the following.
Theorem 6.4. Let X be a closed monotone symplectic manifold. Suppose R ⊂ K is the ring of integers
of some number field (up to inverting finitely many elements) which satisfies the assumptions A1)-A3) of
section 1.5. Then, the quantum connection (QH ∗ (X, K)((t)), ∇QHd ) has unramified exponential type and
dt
quasi-unipotent regularized monodromy at t = 0.
In particular, after making the base-change − ⊗K((t)) C((t)), Theorem 6.4 implies Conjecture 6.3 for any
closed monotone symplectic manifold X such that there exists such an R ⊂ K satisfying A1)-A3). In fact,
we show that the existence of such an R is ensured if one assumes Abouzaid’s generation criterion (i.e. OC
hits the unit of QH ∗ (X)) over Q:
Proof of Theorem 1.2 given Theorem 6.4. First, we note that there always exists R ⊂ K ⊂ Q satisfying
condition A1) and A2). Namely, we take the number field K generated by the eigenvalues of c1 ⋆, and let
R be its ring of integers. Up to inverting finitely many elements in R, we can assume that c1 ⋆ admits a
Jordan decomposition over R in the sense of A1). We furthermore invert all the differences among distinct
eigenvalues of c1 ⋆, which guarantees A2).
Hence, it remains to prove that there exists a further finitely generated enlargement of R over which
Abouzaid’s generation criterion for X is satisfied, which by results of [Gan1] implies A3). By assump-
tion, OC/Q hits 1 ∈ QH ∗ (X, Q). We first show that there exists some number field K such that OC/K hits
1 ∈ QH ∗ (X, K). The idea is that, by definition, Abouzaid’s generation criterion is detectable at finitely many
objects. That is, for each λ ∈ spec(c1L ⋆), there exists a subcategory Fλ ⊂ Fuk(X, Q)λ with finitely many
objects, such that OC/Q restricted to λ∈spec(c1 ⋆) HH∗ (Fλ ) still hits 1. Write each object as (L, E) ∈ Fλ ,
∗
where L denotes the underlying Lagrangian (with orientation and spin structure) and E a Q local system
on L. Fixing a basis for H1 (L, Z), we may express the monodromy representation of E as a finite sequence of
∗
elements in Q . We take K to be the number field generated by these elements, ranging over all (L, E) ∈ Fλ
and λ ∈ spec(c1 ⋆). Then, each (L, E) can be viewed as an object of Fuk(X, K)λ , and it is clear that OC/K
also hit 1.
Finally, we show that OC/K hits 1 implies that there exists some R = OK [ α1 ], α ∈ K ∗ such that OC/R
hits 1. The argument is analogous to the previous paragraph. In this case, we let α′ be the product of all

38
the numerators and denominators appearing in the monodromy representation of E, as (L, E) ranges over
Fλ , λ ∈ spec(c1 ⋆). In particular, the (L, E)’s are well-defined objects of Fuk(X, R[ α1′ ])λ . Hence, OC/R[ α1′ ]
hits 1 after base-changing to K, and thus must hit 1 after inverting finitely many elements of R[ α1′ ] (because
the input of OC/R[ α1′ ], which is a Hochschild chain, only involves finitely many denominators).
Remark 6.5. 1) We remark that [PS]’s proof of the unramified exponential type conjecture assumes the
existence of a smooth anticanonical divisor whose complement is Weinstein, cf. Assumption 1.2.1 in
loc.cit. Furthermore, in the process of passing to the complement of the divisor, their proof also re-
quires certain results, cf. Conjecture 1.2.3, Conjecture 1.2.4 in loc.cit., regarding the Borman-Sheridan
deformation of (equivariant) symplectic cohomology. The proof in our paper does not require those
assumptions: in fact, we will solely work with the monotone Fukaya category/quantum cohomology of
X.
2) However, as a trade-off to 1), there is a different assumption required in our Theorem 1.2, namely
Abouzaid’s generation criterion for X over Q. The reason we need this assumption is that our proof
relies essentially on arguments at the level of the Fukaya category. More precisely, the key tool we
use in the proof of Theorem 6.4 is Corollary 1.10, whose proof is categorical and assumes that the
open-closed map is an isomorphism. However, we note that the statement of Corollary 1.10 is purely
closed-string, and it would be interesting to see if it has a closed-string proof.
We now reduce the proof of Theorem 6.4 to a computation of the p-curvature of the quantum connection,
using Katz’s local monodromy theorem, cf. Theorem A.1. Let R ⊂ K be as in the assumption of Theorem
6.4. Recall from Lemma 1.7, up to a gauge transformation (which only involves formal power series), we
have a decomposition of free R((t))-modules with connections
M
∇QHd = ∇QH,λ
d , (6.2)
dt dt
λ∈spec(c1 ⋆)

where
d λI + Nλ X
∇QH,λ
d = − 2
+ Am tm (6.3)
dt dt t
m≥−1

and Nλ is a nilpotent Jordan block. We can rewrite this as

−λ
∇QH,λ
d =E t2 ˜ QH,λ
⊗∇ d (6.4)
dt dt

λ
where E − t2 = (R((t)), dt
d
− λ
t2 ) and

˜ QH,λ d Nλ X
∇ d = − 2 + Am t m , (6.5)
dt dt t
m≥−1

which we call the residual connection. By definition of unramified exponential type, Theorem 6.4 is an
immediate consequence of the following proposition.
Proposition 6.6. In the same setting as Theorem 6.4, for each λ ∈ spec(c1 ⋆), the residual connection
˜ QH,λ
(QH ∗ (X, R)((t))λ , ∇ d ) of (6.5) has regular singularity at t = 0 and quasi-unipotent monodromy after
dt
based-changed to K((t)).
By Theorem A.1, Proposition 6.6 would follow if for all p ∈ mSpec(R), the p-curvature of ∇ ˜ QH ⊗R((t)) κ(p)((t))
λ
is nilpotent, or equivalently (since the p-curvature of ∇QH,λ
t 2 d and ˜ QH,λ
∇ t 2 d differ by −λp
):
dt dt

Proposition 6.7. In the same setting as Theorem 6.4, for each λ ∈ spec(c1 ⋆) and p ∈ mSpec(R), the sum
of the p-curvature (where p is the characteristic of κ(p)) of ∇QH
λ
d
⊗R[[t]] κ(p)[[t]] along the vector field t2 dt
d X
Ftλ2 d := (∇QH,λ
t2 d
)p = (t2 − (λI + Nλ ) + Am tm+2 )p . (6.6)
dt dt dt
m≥−1

with λp is nilpotent.

39
The proof of Proposition 6.7 goes in two steps. Step 1) is a result that relates the p-curvature of ∇QH d to the
t2 dt
quantum Steenrod operation QΣc1 . This result was inspired by an observation of Jae Hee Lee in the case of
symplectic resolutions [Lee], and its proof in the closed monotone case (cf. Lemma 6.8) is communicated to
us by Paul Seidel. Step 2) uses Corollary 1.10 to show that QΣc1 − λp acts nilpotently on the λ-summand
(1.25).
Lemma 6.8 (Seidel). Let X be a closed monotone symplectic manifold. Then over any field k of odd
characteristic p,
QΣc1 + FtQH
2 d (6.7)
dt

is a nilpotent operation on QH ∗ (X, k)[[t, θ]].

Proof. We first show that
QH
QΣc1 ,q − Ftq d (6.8)
dq

is nilpotent, where
QH QH p
Ftq d := (∇
tq d
) − tp−1 ∇QH
tq d
(6.9)
dq dq dq

d
is the p-curvature of the quantum q-connection along the ‘vector field’ tq dq . The proof is an application of
Seidel-Wilkins’ covariant constancy for quantum Steenrod operations, [SW, Theorem 1.4].
QH
First we note that the classical (q = 0) terms of both QΣc1 ,q and Ftq d are the classical Steenrod operation
dq

(−tp−1 c1 + c∪p QH
1 )∪, and since both commute with ∇tq d (the former is a consequence of [SW, Theorem 1.4]
dq
and the latter is obvious as the p-curvature is just a combination of the connection), their difference consists
of terms involving q p or higher powers of q. Moreover, their non-equivariant (t = θ = 0) terms are both c⋆p1 ⋆.
So their difference consists of terms involving tq p -terms or higher. Since the total degree of both QΣc1 and
QH QH
Ftq d is 2p, QΣc1 − F
tq d
decreases the degree in H ∗ (X) by at least 2, so it is nilpotent.
dq dq

To conclude Lemma 6.8, we note that by Lemma B.4

QH QH
Ftq d = −F 2 d
t
on QH ∗ (X, k[q])[[t]]. (6.10)
dq dt

Setting q = 1 gives the desired result.

Proof of Proposition 6.7. Fix an arbitrary p ∈ mSpec(R), and consider the natural ring homomorphism
π : R → κ(p). Both QΣc1 and FtQH 2 d respects the π-induced HLT decomposition (1.22); for QΣc1 this is
dt

a consequence of Corollary 1.10, and for FtQH

2 d it is simply because the p-curvature is a combination of
dt
the quantum connection, which preserves (1.21) by definition. Therefore, Lemma 6.8 implies that for each
λ ∈ spec(c1 ⋆),
(QΣc1 + FtQH ∗ ∗
λ
2 d )|QH (X,κ(p)[[t,θ]]π(λ) = (QΣc1 )|QH (X,κ(p)[[t,θ]]π(λ) + Ft2 d (6.11)
dt dt

is nilpotent. By Lemma B.3, QΣc1 commutes with ∇QH d ,

t2 dt
and in particular it commutes with FtQH
2 d . There-
dt
fore, Proposition 6.7 would follow if we can show that

(QΣc1 − λp )|QH ∗ (X,κ(p)[[t,θ]]π(λ) (6.12)

is nilpotent.
λ λ
P
To show that (6.12) is nilpotent, we write c1 = λ∈spec(c1 ⋆) c1 , where c1 is the projection of c1 onto
QH ∗ (X, κ(p))π(λ) . Similarly write e =
P
λ∈spec(c1 ⋆) eλ , where eλ is the projection of the unit e onto
QH ∗ (X, κ(p))π(λ) . First we note that cλ1 − λeλ is a nilpotent element of QH ∗ (X, κ(p))π(λ) ⊂ QH ∗ (X, κ(p)).
Indeed, by definition, there exists an integer k such that (cλ1 − λeλ )⋆k ⋆ = 0 on QH ∗ (X, κ(p))π(λ) , and thus

(cλ1 − λeλ )⋆k = (cλ1 − λeλ )⋆k ⋆ e = (cλ1 − λeλ )⋆k ⋆ eλ = 0. (6.13)

40
Since QΣ is a Frobenius-linear algebra action of QH ∗ (X, κ(p)) on QH ∗ (X, κ(p))[[t, θ]], we conclude that

(QΣcλ1 − λp QΣeλ )k = QΣ(cλ1 −λeλ )⋆k = 0. (6.14)

By Corollary 1.10,
(6.14)
(QΣc1 − λp QΣe )k |QH ∗ (X,κ(p))[[t,θ]]π(λ) = (QΣcλ1 − λp QΣeλ )k |QH ∗ (X,κ(p)[[t,θ]]π(λ) = 0. (6.15)

Since QΣe = id by unitality, this shows that (6.12) is nilpotent.

Remark 6.9. We summarize the logic of the proof of Theorem 6.4 (as well as its counterpart Theorem C.1
for matrix factorizations). Namely, we first use Katz’s theorem to reduce the problem to showing nilpotence
of p-curvature. Then, we show that the p-curvature agrees (up to nilpotence) with a Frobenius p-linear
algebra action (e.g. QΣ, Actp ) restricted to a certain canonical element (e.g. c1 ∈ QH ∗ (X), W ∈ OY /ιdW ).
The problem then reduces to showing that this canonical element is ‘nilpotent’ in an appropriate sense.
The main challenge in the proof of Theorem 6.4 is that one needs to run the above argument summand by
summand in the decomposition (1.22), and in particular one needs to a priori know that QΣ is compatible
with the decomposition (1.22), which is the content of Corollary 1.10.
Finally, we discuss a strengthening of the unramified exponential type theorem in the special case when c1 ⋆
is semi-simple (diagonalizable). In this case, the quantum connection is trivially of unramified exponential
type, since for each λ, the nilpotent part Nλ in (6.3) associated to the second order pole is zero. A natural
further question is whether the residual connection ∇ ˜ QH of (6.5) is actually regular, i.e. has no poles after
λ
a gauge transformation.
This is the case when (QH ∗ (X, C), ⋆) is semi-simple as a consequence of a lemma of Dubrovin, cf. [PS, Lemma
2.1.16]. However, as far as the author is concerned, no such results were known when one only assumes that
c1 ⋆ is semi-simple. To conclude this section, we give an answer to the above question conditional on the
following conjecture of Jae Hee Lee, which is a strengthening of Lemma 6.8.
Conjecture 6.10 (Lee). Let X be a closed monotone symplectic manifold. Then over a field k of odd
characteristic p,
QΣc1 + FtQH
2 d = 0. (6.16)
dt

Theorem 6.11. In the same setting of Theorem 6.4, if we further assume X satisfies Conjecture 6.10 and
˜ QH of (6.5) becomes regular
that c1 ⋆ is semi-simple, then for each λ ∈ spec(c1 ⋆), the residual connection ∇ λ
ν
after base-changing along t 7→ t for some positive integer ν.
Proof. Let p ∈ mSpec(R), and p the characteristic of the finite field κ(p). Since c1 ⋆ is semi-simple, we have
X
c1 = λeλ . (6.17)
λ∈spec(c1 ⋆)

Therefore, by Corollary 1.10 and unitality of QΣ,

(QΣc1 )|QH ∗ (X,κ(p))[[t,θ]]π(λ) = (QΣλeλ )|QH ∗ (X,κ(p))[[t,θ]]π(λ) = λp . (6.18)

Since X is assumed to satisfy Conjecture 6.10, (6.18) implies that

Ftλ2 d = −λp , (6.19)

dt

˜ QH of (6.5) is zero. Since this is true for all p, the result follows from
or equivalently, the p-curvature of ∇ λ
Katz’s finite local monodromy theorem (cf. Theorem A.4).
Remark 6.12. We remark that Conjecture 6.10 is known to hold in the following special cases.
1) The proof of Lemma 6.8 shows that Conjecture 6.10 holds in cases where covariant constancy of QΣ
with respect to the quantum q-connection determines QΣ. A notable class of examples is any closed
monotone X such that H 2 (X) generates its quantum cohomology ring, cf. [SW, Proposition 6.4].

41
 2) When c1 ⋆ has simple spectrum (i.e. all eigenvalues have multiplicity 1), so does FtQH
2 d , cf. [Lee,
dt

Corollary 5.2]. By Lemma B.3, −FtQH

2 d and QΣc1 commute, and in particular they are simultaneously
dt
diagonalizable. Lemma 6.8 then implies that they agree.

7 A conjectural B-side formula

We expect that Theorem 1.3 has applications to the study of mirror symmetry over integers or a number
field, such as studied in the work of [LP], [GHHPS]. The role of quantum Steenrod operations in arithmetic
mirror symmetry was envisioned by [Sei3], which explored a parallelism between the formal group law
on the quantum cohomology of a closed monotone symplectic manifold and the formal group law of its
Fukaya category. The former is closely related to a certain coefficient of the quantum Steenrod powers, cf.
Theorem 1.9 and Lemma 2.10 in loc.cit., and gives rise to potential mirror constructions that have interesting
arithmetic meanings, cf. Conjecture 9.12 in loc.cit.
Theorem 1.3 of the current paper gives the first explicit identification of quantum Steenrod operation as a
Fukaya categorical invariant. Given this, it is natural to ask that in a hypothetical arithmetic mirror situation,
what are the operations on the B-side that mirror the quantum Steenrod operations? In particular, these are
operations of (a suitable version of) polyvector fields on the de-Rham cohomology. We expect that the mirror
operations are related to ‘Frobenius p-th power maps’, as well as the ‘p-th power contraction’ i[p] studied for
instance in [BK, Lemma 2.1]. The latter is closely related to the restricted Lie structure on polyvector fields
of a characteristic p scheme and play an important role in the study of deformation quantization in positive
characteristics. More precisely, we expect the following correspondence.
Let (A, f ) be a (formal) smooth commutative algebra of dimension d < p over k equipped with a superpo-
tential f ∈ A. Loosely speaking, one expects Hochschild-Kostant-Rosenberg type quasi-isomorphisms
∗
^
( T A, ιdf ) ≃ CC ∗ (MF(A, f )) (7.1)

and 1
(Ω∗A [[t]], td − df ∧) ≃ CC∗S (MF(A, f )), (7.2)
where MF denotes the Z/2-graded dg category of matrix factorizations. See [CT, Theorem 1.8, Corollary
1.13] for flavors of these results when f has isolated singularities.
1 1 Z/p
Conjecture 7.1. Under the identification CC∗S ⊕ CC∗S θ ≃ CC∗ of Theorem 1.4 1), the HKR-type
quasi-isomorphisms (7.1) and (7.2) intertwine the following two Frobenius p-linear graded multiplicative
actions:
: HH ∗ (MF(A, f )) ⊗ HH∗ (MF(A, f )) → HH∗ (MF(A, f ))
TZ/p Z/p Z/p
1) The Z/p-equivariant cap product
2) An action (after applying ⊗k[[t]] k[[t, θ]])
∗
^
H ∗ (( T A, ιdf )) ⊗ H ∗ (Ω∗A [[t]], td − df ∧) → H ∗ (Ω∗A [[t]], td + df ∧) (7.3)

where
• ‘twisted functions’ f ∈ A/ιdf (T A) act as multiplication by f p ;
V2
• ‘twisted vector fields’ D ∈ ker(ιdf : T A → A)/ιdf ( T A) act as
[p] p−1
iD := (ιDp − Lp−1
D ιD )t
2 . (7.4)

7.1 Example: AN singularities

Let us look at Conjecture 7.1 in the example of AN -singularities for the prime p = 3. Namely,
V∗ we set
A = k[[z]], f = z N for some 3 ∤ N . This has an isolated singularity at 0, and thus H ∗ ( T A, ιdf ) is

42
concentrated in degree 0, where it is just the twisted functions k[[z]]/N z n−1 . As an algebra, this is generated
by the element z. On the other hand, H ∗ (Ω∗A [[t]], td−df ∧) is concentrated in degree 1 and is freely generated
as a k[[t]]-module by the elements dz, zdz, · · · , z N −2 dz. One can easily calculate the action of z on these
generators (recall that z acts as multiplication by z 3 ), and the result is that at the level of cohomology,
• when 0 ≤ k < N − 4,
[z 3 · z k dz] = [z k+3 dz]; (7.5)

• for the remaining cases, we have

1 1
[z 3 · z N −4 dz] = 0, [z 3 · z N −3 dz] = − [tdz], and [z 3 · z N −2 dz] = [tzdz]. (7.6)
N N

Computations in a minimal categorical model

In this subsection, we study a purely algebraic computation of the Z/p-equivariant cap product (cf. Definition
2.12) for a minimal categorical model of an AN singularity. We show that it agrees with the computation in
(7.5) and (7.6).
Now we describe the setup. Fix a coefficient field k of characteristic p. Consider the formal affine line
k[[x]] equipped with the formal superpotential W = r2 x2 + r3 x3 + · · · . [Dyc, Theorem 5.8] proved that
the category of matrix factorization of W has a compact generator whose endomorphism dg algebra is A∞ -
quasi-equivalent to the minimal unital A∞ -algebra on the exterior algebra k⟨1, ∂⟩ = k1 ⊕ k∂ (where ∂ has
odd degree) given by
mi (∂, · · · , ∂) = ri , i ≥ 2. (7.7)
We denote this minimal A∞ -algebra by AW . Our goal is to study the Z/p-equivariant cap product action
for MF(W )—and since Hochschild invariants are Morita invariant—it suffices to consider this action for the
A∞ -algebra AW .
Let N ≥ 2 be the minimal integer such that rN ̸= 0, and further assume that p ∤ N . Then, AW is in fact
A∞ -quasi-equivalent to ArN zN . It suffices to show that one can make an invertible formal change of variables
that transforms W into z N . As a first step, we make the change of variables
1 rN +1 2
x 7→ y − y . (7.8)
N rN
Then the formal superpotential W becomes
′
W = rN y N + rN +2 y
N +2
+ ··· (7.9)

Then, we can make a change of variables

′
1 rN +2 3
y 7→ z − z (7.10)
N rN
to kill the y N +2 terms, and so on. The infinite composition of these changes of variables is formally well-
defined, and gives the desired quasi-equivalence of AW and ArN zN . Without loss of generality, we set rN = 1
(and all other ri ’s zero), and call AzN the minimal A∞ -algebra of an AN -singularity.
The main result of this section is the following.
Theorem 7.2. Let p = 3. With respect to the generators 3 R̃∂0 , · · · , 3 R̃∂N −2 of HH∗ (AzN ), the action
Z/3

(φ1 , −), φ11 ∈ HH ∗ (AzN ) (the definition of 3 R̃∂0 , · · · , 3 R̃∂N −2 and φ11 is given in (7.21) and (7.28)) is
TZ/3 1
given by the matrix  
0 0 IN −4
 t 0  0 0 

, (7.11)
 − 0 
N 0 0
t
0 N
where I denotes the identity matrix.

43
In particular, under the identifications φ11 ↔ [z] and 3 R̃∂k ↔ [z N −2−k dz], 0 ≤ k ≤ N − 2, this agrees with
the computation in (7.5) and (7.6).
Hochschild homology. Let CC ∗ (AzN ) denote the normalized Hochschild chain complex of AzN , i.e. the
quotient of CC∗ (AzN ) by all chains of the form x0 | · · · |1| · · · |xn , where the unit 1 is not in the 0-th position.
Here, we have used the shorthand notation a0 |a1 | · · · |an for a0 ⊗ a1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ an . Since AzN is strictly unital,
the homology of CC ∗ (AzN ) computes HH∗ (AzN ). As a Z/2-graded vector space,

CC ∗ (AzN ) = CC even (AzN ) ⊕ CC odd (AzN )

k k
M z }| { M z }| {
= k⟨1| ∂| · · · |∂⟩ ⊕ k⟨∂| ∂| · · · |∂⟩, (7.12)
k≥0 k≥0

where k⟨· · · ⟩ denotes the free k-vector space generated by element(s) in the bracket. The Hochschild differ-
ential is given by
k k k−N +1
z }| { z }| { z }| {
b(1| ∂| · · · |∂) = 0 , b(∂| ∂| · · · |∂) = N · 1| ∂| · · · |∂ . (7.13)
From (7.13) it is straightforward to conclude that

HHeven (AzN ) = 0 , HHodd (AzN ) = k⊕N −1 , (7.14)

and moreover, the Hochschild cycles

k
z }| {
∂| ∂| · · · |∂ , 0 ≤ k ≤ N − 2. (7.15)

descend to a set of generators for HHodd (AzN ).

Hochschild cohomology. Again, since AzN is unital, we can use the normalized Hochschild cochain
∗
complex CC (AzN ) ⊂ CC ∗ (AzN ) to compute Hochschild cohomology. Recall that this is the subcomplex
consisting of all multilinear maps ϕ which vanishes on elements of the form x1 | · · · |1| · · · |xn . In particular,
∗
ϕ ∈ CC (AzN ) is uniquely determined by its value on the elements
k
z }| {
∂| · · · |∂ , k ≥ 0. (7.16)

Therefore,
∗ even odd
CC (AzN ) = CC (AzN ) ⊕ CC (AzN ) (7.17)
k k
Y z }| { Y z }| {
= Hom(k⟨∂| · · · |∂⟩, k⟨1⟩) ⊕ Hom(k⟨∂| · · · |∂⟩, k⟨∂⟩). (7.18)
k≥0 k≥0

k
z }| {
Let φk1 denote the even Hochschild cochain that sends ∂| · · · |∂ to 1 and all other generators to 0; similarly,
k
z }| {
let φk∂
denote the odd Hochschild cochain that sends ∂| · · · |∂ to ∂ and all other generators to 0. Then the
Hochschild cochain differential is given by
X X X
ak φk1 7→ 0 , ak φk∂ 7→ (N an+1−N )φn1 . (7.19)
k≥0 k≥0 n≥0

From (7.19) we conclude that

HH odd (AzN ) = 0 , HH even (AzN ) = k⊕N −1 , (7.20)

44
and moreover the Hochschild cocycles
φk1 , 0≤k ≤N −2 (7.21)
descend to a set of generators for HH even (AzN ). Finally, we note that under the cup (Yoneda) product,
(φ11 )∪k = φk1 .Thus, HH even (AzN ) is generated by φ11 as an algebra.
Z/p-equivariant Hochschild homology. We demonstrate the computation for p = 3; in this subsection,
k will be a field of characteristic 3. First, we find explicit generators for the 3-fold Hochschild homology of
AzN . Since AzN is unital, there exists an isomorphism
(
∼ 0 , if ∗ = even
3 HH∗ (Az N ) = HH∗ (Az N ) = (7.22)
k⊕N −1 , if ∗ = odd

induced by the quasi-isomorphism Φ03 of (2.34). Therefore, it suffices to find lifts of the chain level generators
(7.15) under Φ03 . For 0 ≤ k < N − 1, we define
k1 k2 k3
X z }| { z }| { z }| {
k
3 R∂ := 1| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ ∈ 3 CC ∗ (AzN ). (7.23)
k1 +k2 +k3 =k

In the expression (7.23), the three entries 1, 1, ∂ not under the overbrace are the three bimodule entries.
Since k < N − 1, if we apply the 3-fold Hochschild differential to 3 R∂k , the only terms involve applying an
m2 to an expression that contains a unit 1. Hence, it is easy to see that 3 R∂k , 0 ≤ k < N − 1 are cycles.
Moreover, if (k1 , k2 ) ̸= (0, 0), then
k1 k2 k3
z }| { z }| { z }| {
Φ03 (1| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂) = 0. (7.24)

Thus,
k k
z }| { z }| {
Φ03 (3 R∂k ) = Φ03 (1|1|∂| ∂| · · · |∂) = ∂| ∂| · · · |∂, (7.25)
and the cycles {3 R∂k }0≤k<N −1 descend to a set of generators for 3 HH∗ (AzN ).
Z/3 Z/3
Now we proceed to find generators for HH∗ (AzN ). By Theorem 1.4 1), we know that abstractly HHeven (AzN ) =
k[[t, θ]]⊕N −1 θ and HHodd (AzN ) = k[[t, θ]]⊕N −1 , so it suffices to find lifts of the generators 3 R∂k , 0 ≤ k < N −1
Z/3

Z/3 t,θ=0
under HHodd (AzN ) −−−→ HHodd (AzN ).
Z/3
Let τ ∈ Z/3 be the standard generator, which acts on CC ∗ (AzN ) via (2.35). Then,
k1 k2 k3 k1 k2 k3
X z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| {
(τ − 1)3 R∂k = (∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂) − (1| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂)
k1 +k2 +k3 =k
k1 k2 k3
1 X z }| { z }| { z }| { 
3
=b ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ (7.26)
N
k1 +k2 +k3 =k+N −1

where b3 denotes 3-fold Hochschild differential. Next, we observe that

k1 k2 k3
1 X z }| { z }| { z }| { 
2
(1 + τ + τ ) ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ =
N
k1 +k2 +k3 =k+N −1

k1 k2 k3
3
 1 X z }| { z }| { z }| { 
b − 2 ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ . (7.27)
N
k1 +k2 +k3 =k+2(N −1)

45
Moreover, in (7.27), the term inside the bracket of b3 (· · · ) is Z/3-invariant. In particular, for 0 ≤ k < N − 1
k1 k2 k3
k k 1 X z }| { z }| { z }| {
3 R̃∂ := 3 R∂ + ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ θ
N
k1 +k2 +k3 =k+N −1
k1 k2 k3
1 X z }| { z }| { z }| { Z/3
+ 2 ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ t ∈ CC odd (AzN ) (7.28)
N
k1 +k2 +k3 =k+2(N −1)

Z/3
is a cycle in CC ∗ (AzN ) whose constant term is 3 R∂k . As a result, {3 R̃∂k }0≤k<N −1 descends to a set of
Z/3
generators for HH∗ (AzN ) as a free k[[t, θ]]-module.
The Z/p-equivariant cap product. Continuing the above discussion, we would like to determine the
TZ/3 TZ/3
action of Definition 2.12 for the A∞ -algebra AzN , 3 ∤ N . Since is a multiplicative and Frobenius-
linear action, and HH ∗ (AzN ) is generated by φ11 as an algebra, it suffices to compute
TZ/3 1
(φ1 , 3 R̃∂k ), for
0 ≤ k < N − 1.
Proof of Theorem 7.2. First of all, observe that by the A∞ -structure equations (7.7) and φ11 (∂) = 1, on the
chain level:
Z/3 k1 k2 k3 k1 −1 k2 −1 k3 −1
\ z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| {
1
(φ1 , x| ∂| · · · |∂ |y| ∂| · · · |∂ |z| ∂| · · · |∂) = x| ∂| · · · |∂ |y| ∂| · · · |∂ |z| ∂| · · · |∂, (7.29)
where we set the term to be 0 if ki − 1 < 0 for some i ∈ {1, 2, 3}. Now we discuss a few cases.
Case I: 3 ≤ k < N − 1. As an immediate consequence of (7.29) and the definition of 3 R̃∂k (7.28), we have

Z/3
\
(φ11 , 3 R̃∂k ) = 3 R̃∂k−3 , 3 ≤ k < N − 1. (7.30)
TZ/3
Case II: k = 0. By (7.28) and (7.29), we compute that (note (φ11 , 3 R∂0 ) = 0)

Z/3 k1 k2 k3
\ 1 X z }| { z }| { z }| {
(φ11 , 3 R̃∂0 ) = ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ θ
N
k1 +k2 +k3 =N −4
k1 k2 k3
1 X z }| { z }| { z }| { Z/3
+ 2 ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ t ∈ CC ∗ (AzN ). (7.31)
N
k1 +k2 +k3 =2N −5

The claim is that after passing to cohomology,

Z/3
\ 1 N −3
(φ11 , 3 R̃∂0 ) = −
Z/3
3 R̃ t ∈ HH∗ (AzN ). (7.32)
N ∂
We now discuss the proof of (7.32) in the case N ≡ 1 mod 3; the case N ≡ 2 mod 3 will be completely
parallel.
First, observe that
k1 k2 k3
X z }| { z }| { z }| {
∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ θ = b3 (Q1 θ), (7.33)
k1 +k2 +k3 =N −4

where
k1 k2 k3
X z }| { z }| { z }| {
Q1 = − k3 · 1| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ . (7.34)
k1 +k2 +k3 =N −3

46
Next, we compute that
k1 k2 k3 k1 k2 k3
X  z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| {
2
(1 + τ + τ )Q1 t = − k3 · 1| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ +k1 · ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂
k1 +k2 +k3 =N −3
k1 k2 k3
z }| { z }| { z }| { 
+ k2 · 1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ . (7.35)

Using the fact that N = 1 ∈ F3 , we compute that

k1 k2 k3 k1 k2 k3
X  z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| { 
3
b (Q2 ) = k1 · 1| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ −k1 · ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂
k1 +k2 +k3 =N −3
k1 k2 k3
X z }| { z }| { z }| {
+ ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂, (7.36)
k1 +k2 +k3 =2N −5

where
k1 k2 k3
X z }| { z }| { z }| {
Q2 = − k1 · ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ . (7.37)
k1 +k2 +k3 =2N −4

On the other hand,

k1 k2 k3 k1 k2 k3
X  z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| { z }| { 
3
b (Q3 ) = k2 · 1| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ −k2 · 1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ , (7.38)
k1 +k2 +k3 =N −3

where
k1 k2 k3
X z }| { z }| { z }| {
Q3 = − k2 · 1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ . (7.39)
k1 +k2 +k3 =2N −4

Combining (7.36) and (7.38), and using that k1 + k2 = 1 − k3 ∈ F3 , we obtain

k1 k2 k3
X z }| { z }| { z }| {
b3 (Q2 + Q3 ) = (1 + τ + τ 2 )Q1 + ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂
k1 +k2 +k3 =2N −5
k1 k2 k3
X z }| { z }| { z }| {
+ 1| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ . (7.40)
k1 +k2 +k3 =N −3

By doing similar calculations one can show that

k1 k2 k3
X z }| { z }| { z }| {
(τ − 1)(Q2 + Q3 ) + ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |1| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ = b3 (Q4 ), (7.41)
k1 +k2 +k3 =2N −4

where
k1 k2 k3
X z }| { z }| { z }| {
Q4 = k2 · ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂, (7.42)
k1 +k2 +k3 =3N −5

and
k1 k2 k3
X z }| { z }| { z }| {
2
(1 + τ + τ )Q4 = ∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ |∂| ∂| · · · |∂ . (7.43)
k1 +k2 +k3 =3N −5

47
Combining all of the above, we obtain that on the chain level,
Z/3
\
(φ11 , 3 R̃∂0 ) + 3 R̃N −3 t = dCC Z/3 (Q1 θ + (Q2 + Q3 )t − Q4 tθ), (7.44)

which shows (7.32) for N ≡ 1 mod 3.

Case III: k = 1. Using similar calculations as above, one shows that at the level of cohomology,
Z/3
\ 1 N −2
(φ11 , 3 R̃∂1 ) = 3 R̃ t. (7.45)
N
Case IV: k = 2. Again, using similar calculations, one shows that at the level of cohomology,
Z/3
\
(φ11 , 3 R̃∂2 ) = 0. (7.46)

Putting these computations together gives Theorem 7.2.

A Katz’s local monodromy theorem

Let k be a field of characteristic p. Let (M, ∇) be a k[[t]] (or k((t))) module equipped with a connection,
∇
and D ∈ Derk (k[[t]]). Recall that the p-curvature of ∇ along D, denoted FD , is defined as
∇
FD := ∇pD − ∇Dp . (A.1)
∇
It is well known that (A.1) gives a Frobenius-linear map F(−) : Derk (k[[t]]) → Endk[[t]] (M ).
In this section, we reproduce a proof of the following version of Katz’s local monodromy theorem.
Theorem A.1 (Katz’s local monodromy theorem). Let K be a number field and R = OK its ring of
integers, up to inverting finitely many elements. Let (M, ∇) be a finite rank free R((t))-module equipped
with a connection. Suppose that for all maximal ideals p ∈ mSpecR, the connection (M, ∇) ⊗R((t)) κ(p)((t))
has nilpotent p-curvature, where p is the characteristic of the finite residue field κ(p), then the connection
(M, ∇) ⊗R((t)) K((t)) has regular singularity and quasi-unipotent monodromy at t = 0.
The proof of Theorem A.1 follows almost verbatim from Katz’s original proof [Ka, Theorem 13.0], with one
minor difference: in [Ka], Katz worked over rational functional field K(t) instead of formal Laurent series
K((t)). The caveat is that, unlike the case of K(t), the denominators in the coefficients of an element of
K((t)) form an a priori infinite subset of R, which can cause potential problem when one tries to reduce to
positive characteristics. Fortunately, this can be circumvented by the following result, also due to Katz.
Lemma A.2 (Katz). In the setting of Theorem A.1, there exists an element h ∈ R such that (M, ∇) ⊗R((t))
R[ h1 ]((t)) contains a cyclic vector.
Recall that given a finite free R((t))-module with integrable connection (M, ∇), an element v ∈ M is cyclic
if {v, ∇ d v, · · · , ∇n−1
d v} (or equivalently {v, ∇t d v, · · · , ∇n−1
d v}) form a basis of M over R((t)), where n is
t dt
dt dt dt
the rank of M .
Proof of Lemma A.2. [Ka1, Theorem 2/Remarks (6)] implies that there exist elements g0 (t), g1 (t) · · · , gn(n−1) (t) ∈
1
R[ n(n−1)!) ]((t)) which generate the unit ideal such that for each 0 ≤ i ≤ n(n − 1) with gi (t) nonzero, (M, ∇)
1
contains a cyclic vector after based changed to R[ n(n−1)! ]((t))[ gi1(t) ]. For such an i, since R[ n(n−1)!
1
]((t))[ gi1(t) ] ⊂
1
R[ n(n−1)! , h1i ]((t)), where hi is the lowest nonzero coefficient of gi (t), the statement follows by taking
h = n(n − 1)!hi .
From now on, by base-changing to R[ h1 ]((t)), we will assume without loss of generality that (M, ∇) contains
a cyclic vector.

48
Theorem A.3 (Fuchs, Turrittin, Lutz). Let (M, ∇) be a free R((t))-module with integrable connection that
contains a cyclic vector v ∈ M . Suppose (M, ∇) ⊗R((t)) K((t)) does not have a regular singularity at t = 0,
then for every multiple a of n! and after base changing along t 7→ ta , there exists an R((t))-basis f of M such
that
∇t d f = t−N (A + tB)f (A.2)
dt

for some integer N ≥ 1, where A ∈ Mn (R) is non-nilpotent and B ∈ Mn (R[[t]]).

Proof of Theorem A.3. The proof is identical to [Ka, Theorem 11.9].
Proof of Theorem A.1. The proof is identical to [Ka, Theorem 13.0].
Theorem A.4 (Katz’s finite local monodromy theorem). In the setting of Theorem A.1, suppose furthermore
that for all p ∈ mSpec(R), (M, ∇) ⊗R((t)) κ(p)((t)) has vanishing p-curvature, then after base changing along
t 7→ tν for some positive integer ν, (M, ∇) ⊗R((t)) K((t)) has a full set of solutions.
Proof. By Theorem A.1, after inverting finitely many elements of R, we may assume (M, ∇) is regular
singular at t = 0. Namely, there exists a basis m of M over R((t)) such that

∇t d m = (A + tB)m, (A.3)
dt

where A ∈ Mn (R), B ∈ Mn (R[[t]]). After adjoining to R the eigenvalues of A and inverting finitely many
elements, we may assume without loss of generality that A is in Jordan normal form A = D + N , where D
is diagonal, N is nilpotent and [D, N ] = 0. By assumption, for all p ∈ mSpec(R),

∇pt d − ∇t d = 0 ∈ Mn (κ(p)). (A.4)

dt dt

Equating the constant term of (A.4), we obtain that

Ap − A = (Dp − D) + (N p − N ) = 0 ∈ Mn (κ(p)). (A.5)

Comparing diagonal terms we deduce that D ∈ Fp ⊂ κ(p) for all p, and hence by Kronecker’s density
theorem, D ∈ R is a rational number. Comparing off-diagonal terms, we obtain that N p − N = 0. Since N
is nilpotent, 1 − N p−1 is invertible and thus in fact N = 0. Thus, (A.3) becomes

∇t d m = (D + tB)m, (A.6)
dt

where D is diagonal with rational eigenvalues. By applying gauge transformations of the form tm , we may
assume without loss of generality that the differences among the eigenvalues of D are non-integers. Then,
we can applying a further gauge transformation to simplify (A.6) into
d
∇t d = t + D. (A.7)
dt dt
Let ν be the least common multiple of the denominators of the eigenvalues of D. After pulling back along
t 7→ tν , (A.7) has a full set of solutions.

B Grading
B.1 Z-grading on the monotone Fukaya category
An R-linear pre-graded A∞ -category A is the data of a collection of objects obA; for each pair of objects
X0 , X1 , an R-module homA (X0 , X1 ); multilinear structure maps

µdA : homA (X0 , X1 ) ⊗ · · · ⊗ homA (Xd−1 , Xd ) → homA (X0 , Xd ), d ≥ 1, X0 , · · · , Xd ∈ obA, (B.1)

satisfying the A∞ -relations (2.2). A Z-grading on a pre-graded A∞ -category A is a map, for each pair of
objects X0 , X1 ,
Gr : homA (X0 , X1 ) → homA (X0 , X1 ) (B.2)

49
such that
[Gr, µdA ] = (2 − d)µdA . (B.3)
Let X be a closed monotone symplectic manifold, and R a base coefficient ring. Recall from section 3.2
that for each λ ∈ R there is a Z/2-graded A∞ -category Fuk(X, R)λ over R. In this section, following [Hug,
Appendix A.1], we upgrade F uk(X, R)λ to a Z-graded A∞ -category Fuk(X, R[q, q −1 ])λ over R[q, q −1 ], where
q is a formal variable of degree 2.
The objects of Fuk(X, R[q, q −1 ])λ are oriented spin Lagrangian submanifolds L equipped with R∗ -local
systems, such that the Maslov index 2 disk potential (3.3) is λ. For simplicity, for the rest of this section,
we will ignore Hamiltonian perturbations when defining Lagrangian intersections and moduli spaces (and
assume they are already transverse), as they are standard and can be done in the same way as in section
3.2.
Let LX → X denote the oriented Lagrangian Grassmannian bundle over X. Any oriented Lagrangian
submanifold L ⊂ X gives rise to a section sL : L → LX|L defined by x 7→ Tx L. Let L0 , L1 be two objects of
Fuk(X, R[q, q −1 ])λ . For simplicity, assume they are equipped with trivial local systems. For each p ∈ L0 ∩L1 ,
let L(L0 , L1 , p) denote the homotopy classes of paths p̃ : [0, 1] → Lp X with p̃(0) = Tp L0 and p̃(1) = Tp L2 .
Define M
CF ∗ (L0 , L1 ) = R⟨L(L0 , L1 , 0)⟩. (B.4)
p∈L0 ∩L1

Given a generator p̃ ∈ L(L0 , L1 , p), we define its Z-grading to be the Maslov index of p̃ composed with the
canonical short path from Tp L1 to Tp L0 , cf. [Aur, Definition 1.8], which we denote by ind(p̃). In other words,
Gr(p̃) := ind(p̃)p̃. Note that the homotopy class of p̃ is uniquely determined by ind(p̃). The R[q, q −1 ]-module
structure on CF ∗ (L0 , L1 ) is defined by letting q send p̃ to the unique homotopy class of paths with Maslov
index ind(p̃) + 2.
We now define the A∞ -structure maps. Let L0 , · · · , Ld be objects of Fuk(X, R[q, q −1 ])λ with trivial local
systems, and let p̃i ∈ L(Li−1 , Li , pi ) for some pi ∈ Li−1 ∩ Li , i = 1, 2, · · · , d. For p0 ∈ Ld ∩ L1 and a
homotopy class α ∈ π2 (X, L0 ∪ · · · ∪ Ld ), let

M(p0 , · · · , pd ; α) (B.5)

denote the moduli space of pairs (r, u), where r ∈ Rd+1 , u : Sr → X a map of homotopy class α satisfying
du0,1
J = 0 and the following asymptotic and Lagrangian boundary conditions: let D2 \{z0 , · · · , zd } be a
representative of Sr , then we require that t sends zi to pi and the arc ∂i−1 D2 = (zi−1 , zi ) to Li−1 . Then,
the structure maps µdq of Fuk(X, R[q, q −1 ])λ is defined as
X
µdq (p̃1 , · · · , p̃d ) := #M(p0 , · · · , pd ; [u])p̃0 (p̃1 , · · · , p̃d ; [u]), (B.6)
p0 ∈Ld ∩L0
u|ind([u])=2−d

where p̃0 (p̃1 , · · · , p̃d ; [u]) ∈ L(Lk , L0 , p0 ) is given as follows. Fixing a trivialization of u∗ LX, we may view
the concatenation γ = (sL0 )|∂0 D2 ◦ p̃1 ◦ · · · ◦ p̃d ◦ (sLd )|∂d D2 as a path from Tp0 L0 to Tp0 Ld in Lp0 X.
We define p̃0 (p̃1 , · · · , p̃d ; [u]) to be the unique homotopy class of paths from Tp0 Ld to Tp0 L0 such that
p̃0 (p̃1 , · · · , p̃d ; [u]) ◦ γ has Maslov index 0. By definition of the Maslov index, it is immediate that (B.6)
defines an R[q, q −1 ]-multilinear operation of degree 2 − d (i.e. satisfies equation (B.3)). It is also clear from
definition that after restricting to q = 1 (which has the additional effect of collapsing the Z-grading to a
Z/2-grading), we recover the Z/2-graded A∞ -category Fuk(X, R)λ from section 3.2.
There is also a Z-graded R[q, q −1 ]-linear version of quantum cohomology (QH ∗ (X, R[q, q −1 ]), ⋆q ), cf. [SW,
section 3a] for a definition using the Morse chain model CM ∗ (f, R[q, q −1 ]), which is the model we use in
this paper. Recall that the underlying graded vector space of CM ∗ (f, R[q, q −1 ]) is freely generated by the
critical points of f over R[q, q −1 ]. There is a quantum q-connection on QH ∗ (X, R[q, q −1 ])[[t]] given by

d
∇QH
tq d
:= tq + c1 ⋆q . (B.7)
dq dq

50
We now describe a (chain level) Z-graded R[q, q −1 ]-linear open-closed map

OCq : CC∗ (Fuk(X, R[q, q −1 ])λ → CM ∗+n (f, R[q, q −1 ]) (B.8)

that recovers the usual open-closed map when restricted to q = 1. Let L0 , · · · , Ld be objects of Fuk(X, R[q, q −1 ])λ
and p̃i ∈ L(Li−1 , Li , pi ) for some pi ∈ Li−1 ∩ Li . Let yout be a critical point of f . Let R1d+1 be the parameter
space of disks with d + 1 boundary marked points and 1 interior marked point, up to automorphism; let S
be the associated universal curve. For a homotopy class α ∈ π2 (X, L0 ∪ · · · ∪ Ld ), we define

M(p0 , · · · , pd , yout ; α) (B.9)

to be the moduli space of pairs r ∈ R1d+1 , u : Sr → X of homotopy class α satisfying (du)0,1 J = 0 and the
following asymptotic, incidence and Lagrangian boundary conditions: let D2 \{z0 , · · · , zd }, y0 ∈ D2 be a
representative of Sr , then we require that u(zi ) = pi , u(∂i D2 ) ⊂ Li and that u(y0 ) ∈ W u (yout ). Define
X ind(p˜0 ,··· ,p̃d )
OCq (p̃0 ⊗ · · · ⊗ p̃d ) := #M(p0 , · · · , pd , yout ; [u])q 2 yout , (B.10)
yout ∈crit(f)
[u]|ind([u])=n−d−|yout |

where ind(p˜0 , · · · , p̃d ) is defined as the Maslov index of p̃0 ◦ (sL0 )|∂0 D2 ◦ p̃1 ◦ · · · ◦ p̃d ◦ (sLd )|∂d D2 , viewed
as a loop in Lp0 X after fixing a trivialization of u∗ LX. Using essentially the same argument as in [Gan1,
Proposition 5.1], taking into account the Maslov index of p̃i , one can show that (B.9) is a Z-graded R[q, q −1 ]-
linear chain map. One can furthermore enhance this into an S 1 -equivariant version, following [Gan2], and
obtain a Z-graded R[q, q −1 ]-linear chain map
1 1
OCqS : CC∗S (Fuk(X, R[q, q −1 ])λ → CM ∗+n (f, R[q, q −1 ])[[t]]. (B.11)

1
Theorem B.1. ([PS, Theorem 6.3.5]) On the level of cohomology, OCqS intertwines the Getzler-Gauss-
Manin q-connection with the quantum q-connection (B.7).
We refer the readers to [Hug, Definition 3.16] for a definition of the Getzler-Gauss-Manin q-connection on
1
HH∗S (Fuk(X, R[q, q −1 ])λ .

B.2 From the q-connection to the t-connection

Recall that in section 1.3, we introduced the quantum t-connection (1.10)

d µ c1 ⋆
∇QH
t2 d
= t2 + − 2 , (B.12)
dt dt t t
which has a second order pole at t = 0. In fact, one can obtain the quantum t-connection from the quantum
q-connection, and the process is crucially related to the issue of Z-grading. Define the total degree operator
Deg : QH ∗ (X, R[q, q −1 ])[[t]] → QH ∗ (X, R[q, q −1 ])[[t]] by

d d
Deg := 2(q + t + µ). (B.13)
dq dt

As its name suggests, the effect of Deg applied to an element β ∈ QH ∗ (X, R[q, q −1 ])[[t]] is to multiply β by
its total Z-grading (i.e. combining the grading from H ∗ (X), from q and from t), shifted by n = dimC X (cf.
the definition of µ in (1.10)). Then, by the formulae (B.7) and (B.12), the t-connection is obtained as
1
∇QH
t2 d
= t Deg − ∇QH d .
tq dq
(B.14)
dt 2
To be more precise, (1.10) is taken to be the restriction of (B.14) to q = 1, but we will abuse terminology
and call both the quantum t-connection.

51
Similarly, the Getzler-Gauss-Manin t-connection can be obtained from its q-version via
1
∇GGM
t2 d
:= tGr− − ∇GGMd
tq dq
. (B.15)
dt 2
In (B.15), the total grading operator Gr− is defined as

d
Gr− := LGr + Γ + 2t , (B.16)
dt
where LGr denotes the Lie action of Gr (B.2), viewed as a length 1 Hochschild cochain, on Hochschild chains,
and Γ(x0 ⊗ x1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xk ) = −kx0 ⊗ x1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ xk is the length operator on Hochschild chains. The effect of
1
Gr− on an element α = x0 ⊗ x1 ⊗ · · · xk tl ∈ CC∗S (Fuk(X, R[q, q −1 ])λ ) is to multiply it by

|x0 | + |x1 | + · · · + |xk | + k + 2l, (B.17)

which is the total Z-grading of α viewed as a cyclic chain (note that k is absorbed into the reduced grading
convention (2.21) on Hochschild chains). As a result of the above discussion, we obtain the following.
1
Corollary B.2. On the level of cohomology, OC S intertwines the quantum t-connection with the Getzler-
Gauss-Manin t-connection.
1
Proof. From the fact that OCqS of (B.11) is Z-graded, i.e. it intertwines the total grading operators Gr− with
Deg, Corollary B.2 immediately follows from Theorem B.1 and formulae (B.14), (B.15) for the t-connections
(after setting q = 1).
For the rest of this section, we work over k a field of odd characteristic p.
Lemma B.3. For any b ∈ H ∗ (X, k), QΣb commutes with ∇QH
t2 d
.
dt

Proof. By [SW, Theorem 1.4], QΣb commutes with the quantum q-connection. Thus, by formula (B.14), it
suffices to show that it commutes with Deg. However, QΣb is an operation of total degree p|b|. As a result,

[Deg, QΣb ] = p|b|QΣb = 0 (B.18)

since we are in characteristic p.

Lemma B.4. Let FtQH 2 d QH
2 d denote the p-curvature of the quantum t-connection (B.14) along t dt , and let Ftq d
dt dq
d
denote the p-curvature of the quantum q-connection (B.7) along tq dq . Then,

FtQH QH
2 d = −Ftq d . (B.19)
dt dq

Proof. This is a straightforward computation.

FtQH p QH
2 d = t Ft d
dt dt

= tp ((∇QH
td
)p − ∇QH
td
)
dt dt

1 1
= t (( Deg − ∇QH
p
q dq
p QH
d ) − ( Deg − ∇ d ))
q dq
2 2
1 1
= tp (( Deg)p − (∇QH p QH
d ) − ( Deg − ∇ d ))
q dq q dq
(since ∇QH
q d
has degree 0, it commutes with Deg)
2 2 dq
QH
= −Ftq d , (B.20)
dq

where in the last inequality, ( 12 Deg)p − 12 Deg = 0 because Deg is multiplication by an integer.

52
C An unramified exponential type result for matrix factorizations
Motivated by homological mirror symmetry [Sh1], we consider the following B-side situation. Let Y be an
algebraic variety over Q equipped with a function W : Y → A1 with isolated singularities. One can associate
to the pair (Y, W ) its triangulated category of singularities
Y
Db Sing(Y, W ) = Db Sing(W −1 (λ)). (C.1)
λ∈crit(W)

The decomposition (C.1) should be thought of as the B-side analogue of the fact that there is one monotone
Fukaya category Fuk(X)λ associated to each eigenvalue λ of c1 ⋆, cf. section 3.2. By classical results of Orlov
[Or], there is an exact equivalence of triangulated categories

Db Sing(W −1 (λ)) ≃ Db MF(W − λ). (C.2)

We further restrict ourselves to the following simplified situation. Let Y = Spec Q[z1 , · · · , zn ] and W : Y →
A1 such that W (0, · · · , 0) = dW (0, · · · , 0) = 0; moreover, assume that (0, · · · , 0) is the only zero of dW .
[Shk2, Theorem 1.1] showed that the Getzler-Gauss-Manin t-connection on the periodic cyclic homology of
MF(Y, W ) is equivalent to the connection

d W Γ′
∇Wd := + 2 + (C.3)
dt dt t t
on H ∗ (Ω(Y )((t)), −dW + td), where Γ′ |Ωq (Y ) = − 2q . Theorem C.1 below is an analogue of Theorem 1.2 in
the context of matrix factorizations. This result is well known, see e.g. [Sab, Theorem 1.1], but we give a
different approach using reduction p methods.
Theorem C.1. The connection ∇Wd of (C.3) has regular singularity and quasi-unipotent monodromy at
dt
t = 0. Moreover, if W is contained in the Jacobian ideal ( ∂W ∂W W
∂z1 , · · · , ∂zn ), then ∇ dt
d is regular after passing

to a finite cover.
Proof. For the first statement, by Theorem A.1, it suffices to show that there exists an R ⊂ Q finitely
generated over Z, over which W is defined and such that when reduced mod each p ∈ mSpec(R), ∇Wd has
dt
nilpotent p-curvature (where p equals the characteristic of the residue field κ(p)).
By Nullstellensatz, our assumption on W implies that over Q there exists a positive integer N such that
∂W ∂W
WN ∈ ( ,··· , ). (C.4)
∂z1 ∂zn

In particular, there exists R ⊂ Q finitely generated over Z, over which W is defined and that (C.4) holds.
Fixing such an R (and assuming 21 ∈ R), the argument goes in two steps.
d
1) For p ∈ mSpec(R), we compute the p-curvature of ∇Wd over κ(p) along the vector field t2 dt . Because
dt
W and Γ′ commute,
d d
FtW
2 d = (t
2
+ W + tΓ′ )p = W p + (t2 + tΓ′ )p . (C.5)
dt dt dt
On the other hand,
d d d
(t2 + tΓ′ )p = tp ((t + Γ′ )p − (t + Γ′ ))
dt dt dt
d d
= t (t + (Γ ) − t − Γ′ )
p ′ p
dt dt
= 0, (C.6)
d p
where in the last equality, we used that (t dt d
) = t dt and (Γ′ )p = Γ′ (since Γ′ always takes half-integer
values) in characteristic p > 2.

53
 2) By 1), it suffices to show that multiplication by W p defines a nilpotent operation on H ∗ (Ω(Y )((t)), −dW +
td) . The key observation is that there is a Frobenius p-linear algebra action of ‘twisted functions’
[f ] ∈ κ(p)[z1 , · · · , zn ]/ιdW on ‘twisted de Rham cohomology’ [α] ∈ Ω(κ(p)[z1 , · · · , zn ])((t)), −dW + td)
given by
Actp[f ] ([α]) := [f p · α]. (C.7)
We check this is indeed well-defined. d(f p ) = 0 implies that f p commutes with −dW + td. On the
other hand, if f = ιdW (D) = D(W ) for some vector field D, a straightforward but tedious computation
shows that −D(W )p α + tp−1 Dp (W )α + tp LDp α =
X (p − 1)!2 e(m1 )
[−dW + td, Qs Dm1 (W )e1 · · · Dms (W )es LlD ιD ]α, (C.8)
Ps Ps l! j=1 (mj !)ej (ej !)
j=1 ej = j=1 ej mj +l=p−1
ej >0, l≥0, 0≤m1 <m2 <···<ms

where we artificially define D0 (W ) := −t, and e(m1 ) := e1 ! if m1 = 0 and 0 otherwise. If D ∈

{ ∂z∂ 1 , · · · , ∂z∂n }, then Dp = 0, and thus (C.8) implies that Dp (W )α is a coboundary if (−dW +td)α = 0;
since the coordinate vector fields generate, this holds for all D.
As a consequence, in order to show that ActpW = W p · defines a nilpotent operation, it suffices to show
that W ∈ κ(p)[z1 , · · · , zn ]/ιdW is a nilpotent element, which follows from (C.4).
p
For the second statement, if W ∈ ( ∂W ∂W p
∂z1 , · · · , ∂zn ), then 2) shows that ActW = W acts trivially on cohomol-
ogy. By 1) this implies that the p-curvature of (C.3) vanishes for almost all p. Hence, (C.3) is regular after
passing to a finite cover by Theorem A.4.

D Proof of Lemma 4.9

The proof is by induction and uses the fact that S ∞ × S ∞ is contractible. We set C−1 = 0 and C0 = 0.
Suppose we have found Ci′ satisfying (4.60) for all i′ ≤ i. If i is odd, we have
X X

∂ δ(∆i ) − ∆i1 × ∆i2 − ∆i1 × (τ − 1)∆i2 − (τ × τ − 1)Ci
i1 +i2 =i i1 +i2 =i
i1 odd
X
(τ − 1)∆i1 −1 × ∆i2 + (−1)i1 ∆i1 × (1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 )∆i2 −1


=(τ × τ − 1)δ(∆i−1 ) −
i1 +i2 =i
i1 odd
X
(1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 )∆i1 −1 × ∆i2 + (−1)i1 ∆i1 × (τ − 1)∆i2 −1


−
i1 +i2 =i
i1 even
X
− (τ − 1)∆i1 −1 × (τ − 1)∆i2 − (τ × τ − 1)∂Ci . (D.1)
i1 +i2 =i
i1 odd

By induction hypothesis, we have

 X X X 
(τ × τ − 1)∂Ci = (τ × τ − 1) δ(∆i−1 ) − ∆i1 × ∆i2 − τ k ∆i1 × τ j ∆i2 . (D.2)
i1 +i2 =i−1 i1 +i2 =i−1 0≤k<j≤p−1
ik even i1 odd

54
Combining (D.1) and (D.2), we have
X X

∂ δ(∆i ) − ∆i1 × ∆i2 − ∆i1 × (τ − 1)∆i2 − (τ × τ − 1)Ci
i1 +i2 =i i1 +i2 =i
i1 odd
X
(τ − 1)∆i1 −1 × ∆i2 + (−1)i1 ∆i1 × (1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 )∆i2 −1


=−
i1 +i2 =i
i1 odd
X
(1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 )∆i1 −1 × ∆i2 + (−1)i1 ∆i1 × (τ − 1)∆i2 −1


−
i1 +i2 =i
i1 even
X  X X X 
− (τ − 1)∆i1 −1 × (τ − 1)∆i2 + (τ × τ − 1) ∆i1 × ∆i2 + τ k ∆i1 × τ j ∆i2
i1 +i2 =i i1 +i2 =i−1 i1 +i2 =i−1 0≤k<j≤p−1
i1 odd ik even i1 odd
X X
=− (−1)i1 ∆i1 × (1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 )∆i2 −1 − (1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 )∆i1 −1 × ∆i2
i1 +i2 =i i1 +i2 =i
i1 odd i1 even
X X
+ (τ × τ − 1) τ k ∆i1 × τ j ∆i2
i1 +i2 =i−1 0≤k<j≤p−1
i1 odd

= 0. (D.3)

Since S ∞ × S ∞ is contractible, there exists Ci+1 such that

X X
∂Ci+1 = δ(∆i ) − ∆i1 × ∆i2 − ∆i1 × (τ − 1)∆i2 − (τ × τ − 1)Ci . (D.4)
i1 +i2 =i i1 +i2 =i
i1 odd

If i is even, we have
X X X
τ k ∆i1 × τ j ∆i2 − (1 + τ × τ + · · · + τ × τ p−1 )Ci


∂ δ(∆i ) − ∆i1 × ∆i2 −
i1 +i2 =i i1 +i2 =i 0≤k<j≤p−1
ik even i1 odd

=(1 + τ × τ + · · · + τ × τ p−1 )δ(∆i−1 ) − (1 + τ × τ + · · · + τ × τ p−1 )∂Ci

X
(1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 )∆i1 −1 × ∆i2 + (−1)i1 ∆i1 × (1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 )∆i2 −1


−
i1 +i2 =i
ik even
X X
τ k (τ − 1)∆i1 −1 × τ j ∆i2 + (−1)i1 τ k ∆i1 × τ j (τ − 1)∆i2 −1 .


− (D.5)
i1 +i2 =i 0≤k<j≤p−1
i1 odd

By induction hypothesis, we have

X X
(1+τ ×τ +· · ·+τ ×τ p−1 )∂Ci = (1+τ ×τ +· · ·+τ ×τ p−1 ) δ(∆i−1 )−


∆i1 ×∆i2 − ∆i1 ×(τ −1)∆i2 .
i1 +i2 =i−1 i1 +i2 =i−1
i1 odd
(D.6)

55
Combining (D.5) and (D.6), we obtain
X X X
τ k ∆i1 × τ j ∆i2 − (1 + τ × τ + · · · + τ × τ p−1 )Ci


∂ δ(∆i ) − ∆i1 × ∆i2 −
i1 +i2 =i i1 +i2 =i 0≤k<j≤p−1
ik even i1 odd
X X
=(1 + τ × τ + · · · + τ × τ p−1 )


∆i1 × ∆i2 + ∆i1 × (τ − 1)∆i2
i1 +i2 =i−1 i1 +i2 =i−1
i1 odd
X
(1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 )∆i1 −1 × ∆i2 + (−1)i1 ∆i1 × (1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 )∆i2 −1


−
i1 +i2 =i
ik even
X X
τ k (τ − 1)∆i1 −1 × τ j ∆i2 + (−1)i1 τ k ∆i1 × τ j (τ − 1)∆i2 −1 .


− (D.7)
i1 +i2 =i 0≤k<j≤p−1
i1 odd

Next, observe that

X
τ k (τ −1)∆i1 ×τ j ∆i2 = (1+τ ×τ +· · ·+τ ×τ p−1 )(∆i1 ×∆i2 )−∆i1 ×(1+τ +· · ·+τ p−1 )∆i2 (D.8)
0≤k<j≤p−1

and
X
τ k ∆i1 × τ j (τ − 1)∆i2 = (1 + τ + · · · + τ p−1 )∆i1 × ∆i2 − (1 × τ )(1 + τ × τ + · · · + τ × τ p−1 )(∆i1 × ∆i2 ).
0≤k<j≤p−1
(D.9)
Plugging (D.8) and (D.9) into (D.7) we obtain
X X X
τ k ∆i1 × τ j ∆i2 − (1 + τ × τ + · · · + τ × τ p−1 )Ci = 0 (D.10)


∂ δ(∆i ) − ∆i1 × ∆i2 −
i1 +i2 =i i1 +i2 =i 0≤k<j≤p−1
ik even i1 odd

and by contractibility there exists some Ci+1 with

X X X
∂Ci+1 = δ(∆i ) − ∆i1 × ∆i2 − τ k ∆i1 × τ j ∆i2 − (1 + τ × τ + · · · + τ × τ p−1 )Ci . (D.11)
i1 +i2 =i i1 +i2 =i 0≤k<j≤p−1
ik even i1 odd

This concludes the induction.

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