Textbook Fibre Optics Principles and Advanced Practices Second Edition Al Azzawi Ebook All Chapter PDF

Fibre optics : principles and advanced
practices Second Edition Al-Azzawi

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/fibre-optics-principles-and-advanced-practices-secon
d-edition-al-azzawi/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Biotechnology Operations: Principles and Practices

Second Edition Centanni
https://textbookfull.com/product/biotechnology-operations-
principles-and-practices-second-edition-centanni/
Principles of Electron Optics Basic Geometrical Optics

2nd Edition Peter W. Hawkes
https://textbookfull.com/product/principles-of-electron-optics-
basic-geometrical-optics-2nd-edition-peter-w-hawkes/
Automotive Accident Reconstruction-Practices and

Principles, Second Edition Donald E. Struble (Author)
https://textbookfull.com/product/automotive-accident-
reconstruction-practices-and-principles-second-edition-donald-e-
struble-author/
Optics in Our Time 1st Edition Mohammad D. Al-Amri
https://textbookfull.com/product/optics-in-our-time-1st-edition-
mohammad-d-al-amri/
Refractive cataract surgery best practices and advanced
technology Second Edition John A. Hovanesian (Editor)
https://textbookfull.com/product/refractive-cataract-surgery-
best-practices-and-advanced-technology-second-edition-john-a-
hovanesian-editor/
Welding : principles and practices Bohnart
https://textbookfull.com/product/welding-principles-and-
practices-bohnart/
Biological safety principles and practices Byers
https://textbookfull.com/product/biological-safety-principles-
and-practices-byers/
Entropy and Information Optics : Connecting Information

and Time, Second Edition Yu
https://textbookfull.com/product/entropy-and-information-optics-
connecting-information-and-time-second-edition-yu/
Understanding Physics JEE Main Advanced Optics and

Modern Physics 2020th Edition Dc Pandey
https://textbookfull.com/product/understanding-physics-jee-main-
advanced-optics-and-modern-physics-2020th-edition-dc-pandey/
Fibre Optics
Fibre Optics
Principles and Advanced Practices
Second Edition
Abdul Al-Azzawi
This material was previously published in Photonics: Principles and Practices © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-7432-1 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to
publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materi-
als or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material
reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained.
If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in
any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, micro-
filming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.
copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-
8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that
have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi-
cation and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................................... xxiii
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................xxv
Author ..........................................................................................................................................xxvii
Contributors ..................................................................................................................................xxix
Chapter 1 Fibre-Optic Cables ....................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................1
1.2 The Evolution of Fibre-Optic Cables ..............................................................1
1.3 Fibre-Optic Cables ..........................................................................................4
1.4 Plastic Fibre Cables .........................................................................................6
1.5 Light Propagation in Fibre-Optic Cables ........................................................6
1.6 Refractive-Index Profile ..................................................................................8
1.7 Types of Fibre-Optic Cables............................................................................ 8
1.7.1 Single-Mode Step-Index Fibre Cable ............................................... 9
1.7.2 Multi-Mode Step-Index Fibre Cable (Multi-Mode Fibre Cable) ......9
1.7.3 Multi-Mode Graded-Index Fibre (Graded-Index Fibre Cable).........9
1.8 Polarisation Maintaining Fibre Cables.......................................................... 10
1.9 Specialty Fibre Cables ................................................................................... 11
1.10 Fibre Cable Fabrication Techniques .............................................................. 11
1.10.1 Double Crucible Method ................................................................ 11
1.10.2 Chemical Vapour Deposition Processes ........................................ 12
1.10.3 Outside Vapour Deposition ............................................................ 13
1.10.4 Vapour Axial Deposition................................................................ 14
1.10.5 Modified Chemical Vapour Deposition ......................................... 15
1.10.6 Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition ............................................. 16
1.11 Fibre Drawing................................................................................................ 16
1.12 Numerical Aperture ...................................................................................... 17
1.13 Modes in a Fibre-Optic Cable ....................................................................... 18
1.14 Light Source Coupling to a Fibre Cable ........................................................ 19
1.15 Launching Light Conditions into Fibre Cables ............................................. 21
1.16 Fibre Tube Assembly ..................................................................................... 23
1.16.1 Manufacturing of a Fibre Tube Assembly ...................................... 23
1.16.2 Experimental Work for Testing Fibre Tube Assembly ...................25
1.16.2.1 Technique and Apparatus ...........................................25
1.16.2.2 Procedure ....................................................................26
1.16.2.3 Safety Procedure.........................................................26
1.16.2.4 Apparatus Set-Up........................................................26
1.16.2.5 Data Collection ...........................................................28
1.16.2.6 Calculations and Analysis .......................................... 28
1.16.2.7 Results and Discussions ..............................................28
1.16.2.8 Conclusion ..................................................................28
1.16.2.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work ...............................28
1.16.2.10 References ...................................................................28
1.16.2.11 Appendix ....................................................................28
1.17 Fibre-Optic Cables versus Copper Cables.....................................................28
v
vi Contents
1.18 Applications of Fibre-Optic Cables ............................................................... 29

1.19 Experimental Work ....................................................................................... 30
1.19.1 Case (a): Fibre Cable Inspection and Handling ............................ 30
1.19.2 Case (b): Fibre Cable Ends Preparation ........................................ 30
1.19.3 Case (c): Numerical Aperture and Acceptance Angles
Calculation .................................................................................... 31
1.19.4 Case (d): Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity .............................. 31
1.19.5 Technique and Apparatus ............................................................. 32
1.19.6 Procedure ...................................................................................... 33
1.19.7 Safety Procedure........................................................................... 33
1.19.8 Apparatus Set-Up.......................................................................... 33
1.19.8.1 Case (a): Fibre Cable Inspection and Handling ......... 33
1.19.8.2 Case (b): Fibre Cable Ends Preparation..................... 35
1.19.8.3 Case (c): NA and Acceptance Angles Calculation .... 39
1.19.8.4 Case (d): Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity ...........40
1.19.9 Data Collection ............................................................................. 41
1.19.9.4 Case (d): Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity ........... 42
1.19.10 Calculations and Analysis ............................................................ 42
1.19.11 Results and Discussions ................................................................ 42
1.19.12 Conclusion .................................................................................... 43
1.19.13 Suggestions for Future Lab Work ................................................. 43
1.20 List of References .......................................................................................... 43
1.21 Appendix ....................................................................................................... 43
Further Reading .......................................................................................................... 43
Chapter 2 Advanced Fibre-Optic Cables .................................................................................... 45

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 45
2.2 Advanced Types of Fibre-Optic Cables ........................................................ 45
2.2.1 Dual-Core Fibre for High-Power Laser ........................................46
2.2.2 Fibre Bragg Gratings ....................................................................46
2.2.2.1 Manufacturing Method .............................................. 47
2.2.3 Chirped Fibre Bragg Gratings ...................................................... 48
2.2.3.1 Manufacturing Method .............................................. 49
2.2.4 Blazed Fibre Bragg Gratings ........................................................ 49
2.2.5 Non-Zero-Dispersion Fibre-Optic Cables .................................... 50
2.2.6 Photonic Crystal Fibre Cables ...................................................... 50
2.2.7 Microstructure Fibre Cables ......................................................... 52
2.2.8 Polymer Holey-Fibre Cables ......................................................... 53
2.2.9 Image Fibre Cables ....................................................................... 53
Contents vii
2.2.10Liquid Crystal Photonic Band Gap Fibre Cables ............................. 54

2.2.11Lensed and Tapered Fibre Cables .................................................... 54
2.2.11.1 Advantages of Lensing Technology................................ 55
2.2.11.2 Manufacturing Technologies .......................................... 56
2.2.12 Bend-Insensitive Fibre Cables .......................................................... 57
2.2.13 Nanoribbon Fibre-Optic Cables ....................................................... 57
2.3 Applications of Advanced Fibre Cables .......................................................... 58
2.4 Experimental Work ......................................................................................... 59
2.4.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 59
2.4.2 Suggestions for Future Lab Work..................................................... 59
2.5 List of References ............................................................................................60
2.6 Appendix .........................................................................................................60
Further Reading ..........................................................................................................60
Chapter 3 Light Attenuation in Optical Components ................................................................. 63

3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 63
3.2 Light Losses in an Optical Material ................................................................ 63
3.2.1 Absorption ........................................................................................64
3.2.2 Dispersion.........................................................................................64
3.2.3 Scattering..........................................................................................64
3.2.4 Light Loss in Parallel Optical Surfaces ...........................................64
3.2.5 Light Loss in an Epoxy Layer .......................................................... 65
3.2.6 Bending and Micro-Bending ............................................................66
3.3 Attenuation Calculations ................................................................................. 67
3.4 Experimental Work ......................................................................................... 68
3.4.1 Technique and Apparatus ................................................................. 69
3.4.2 Procedure ......................................................................................... 70
3.4.3 Safety Procedure .............................................................................. 70
3.4.4 Apparatus Set-Up ............................................................................. 70
3.4.4.1 Laser Light Power Loss through One to Five
Microscope Slides........................................................... 70
3.4.4.2 Laser Light Power Loss through a Single Slide
Inclined at Different Angles ........................................... 71
3.4.4.3 Laser Light Power Loss through an Epoxy Layer
between Two Slides ........................................................ 72
3.4.4.4 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable ..... 75
3.4.4.5 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic
Cable due to Micro-Bending .......................................... 76
3.4.4.6 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic
Cable Coupled to a GRIN Lens at the Input
and/or Output .................................................................. 77
3.4.5 Data Collection ................................................................................. 78
Microscope Slides ........................................................... 78
Inclined at Different Angles ............................................ 78
between Two Slides ........................................................ 78
3.4.5.4 Laser Light Power Loss through a
Fibre-Optic Cable .................................................... 78
viii Contents
3.4.5.5 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable

due to Micro-Bending ......................................................... 79
Coupled to a GRIN Lens at the Input and/or Output ......... 79
3.4.6 Calculations and Analysis .................................................................. 79
Microscope Slides............................................................... 79
Inclined at Different Angles ............................................... 79
between Two Slides ............................................................ 79
3.4.6.4 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable ........ 79
due to Micro-Bending ......................................................... 79
3.4.7 Results and Discussions .....................................................................80
Microscope Slides...............................................................80
Inclined at Different Angles ...............................................80
between Two Slides ............................................................80
3.4.7.4 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable ........80
due to Micro-Bending .........................................................80
3.4.8 Conclusion ..........................................................................................80
3.4.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work.......................................................80
3.5 List of References ............................................................................................80
3.6 Appendix ......................................................................................................... 81
Further Reading .......................................................................................................... 81
Chapter 4 Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Installations ................................................................. 83

4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 83
4.2 Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications ..................................................... 83
4.2.1 Indoor Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications ............................84
4.2.2 Outdoor Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications .......................... 85
4.2.3 Indoor/Outdoor Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications .............. 85
4.2.4 Other Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications .............................. 86
4.3 Fibre-Optic Cable Installation Methods .......................................................... 87
4.3.1 Indoor Fibre-Optic Cable Installation ................................................ 87
4.3.2 Cable Installation in Tray and Duct Systems ..................................... 87
4.3.3 Conduit Installation ............................................................................ 88
4.3.4 Pulling Fibre-Optic Cable Installation ............................................... 88
4.3.5 Fibre-Optic Cables Direct Burial Installation .................................... 89
4.3.6 Fibre-Optic Cable Aerial Installation.................................................90
4.3.7 Air-Blown Fibre-Cable Installation....................................................90
4.3.8 Other Fibre-Cable Installation Methods ............................................ 91
Contents ix
4.4 Standard Hardware for Fibre-Optic Cables .................................................. 91

4.4.1 Fibre-Splice Closures ..................................................................... 91
4.4.2 Rack with Panels ............................................................................ 91
4.4.3 Connector Housings .......................................................................92
4.4.4 Patch Panels .................................................................................... 92
4.4.5 Splice Housings .............................................................................. 92
4.4.6 Wall Outlets .................................................................................... 92
4.4.7 Fibre-Optic Testing Equipment ...................................................... 93
4.5 Fibre-Optic Cable Test Requirements ...........................................................94
4.6 Experimental Work ....................................................................................... 95
4.6.1 Technique and Apparatus ............................................................... 95
4.6.2 Procedure ........................................................................................96
4.6.3 Safety Procedure.............................................................................96
4.6.4 Apparatus Set-Up ...........................................................................96
4.6.4.1 Fibre-Optic Cable Installation ......................................96
4.6.5 Data Collection ............................................................................... 96
4.6.6 Calculations and Analysis .............................................................. 96
4.6.7 Results and Discussions ................................................................. 96
4.6.8 Conclusion ......................................................................................96
4.6.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work...................................................97
4.7 List of References ..........................................................................................97
4.8 Appendix .......................................................................................................97
Further Reading ..........................................................................................................97
Chapter 5 Fibre-Optic Connectors ..............................................................................................99

5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................99
5.2 Applications of Connectors and Splices........................................................99
5.3 Requirements of Connectors and Splices.................................................... 100
5.4 Fibre Connectors ......................................................................................... 100
5.5 Mechanical Considerations ......................................................................... 102
5.5.1 Durability ..................................................................................... 102
5.5.2 Environmental Considerations ..................................................... 103
5.5.3 Compatibility ................................................................................ 103
5.6 Fibre-Optic Connector Types ...................................................................... 103
5.7 Adapters for Different Fibre-Optic Connector Types ................................. 104
5.8 Fibre-Optic Connector Structures ............................................................... 104
5.9 Fibre-Optic Connector Assembly Techniques ............................................ 104
5.9.1 Common Fibre-Connector Assembly ........................................... 105
5.9.2 Hot-Melt Connector .....................................................................105
5.9.3 Epoxyless Connector .................................................................... 105
5.9.4 Automated Polishing ....................................................................106
5.9.5 Fluid-Jet Polishing........................................................................106
5.9.6 Fibre-Optic Connector Cleaning .................................................. 106
5.9.7 Connector Testing ........................................................................ 106
5.10 Fibre Splicing ..............................................................................................106
5.10.1 Mechanical Splicing .....................................................................108
5.10.1.1 Key-Lock Mechanical Fibre-Optic Splices ................ 109
5.10.1.2 Table-Type Mechanical Fibre-Optic Splices .............. 109
5.11 Fusion Splices .............................................................................................110
5.11.1 Splice Testing ...............................................................................110
x Contents
5.12 Connectors versus Splices ........................................................................... 111

5.13 Experimental Work ......................................................................................111
5.13.2 Procedure ......................................................................................112
5.13.3 Safety Procedure...........................................................................112
5.13.4 Apparatus Set-Up .........................................................................112
5.13.4.1 Case (a): Building FSMA Connectors ........................ 112
5.13.4.2 Case (b): Testing Connection Loss in
Two Connectors .......................................................... 114
5.13.4.3 Case (c): Testing Connection Loss in a
Mechanical Splice ...................................................... 115
5.13.4.4 Case (d): Testing Connection Loss in a
Fusion Splice ........................................................... 117
5.13.5 Data Collection .............................................................................118
5.13.5.1 Case (a): Building a Connector .................................. 118
5.13.5.2 Case (b): Testing Connection Loss in Two
Connectors ..................................................................118
Fusion Splice.......................................................... 118
Connectors ..................................................................118
Fusion Splice ........................................................... 118
5.13.7 Results and Discussions ............................................................... 118
Connectors ..................................................................119
Fusion Splice .............................................................119
5.13.8 Conclusion ....................................................................................119
5.13.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work.................................................119
5.14 List of References........................................................................................119
5.15 Appendix .....................................................................................................119
Further Reading ........................................................................................................119
Chapter 6 Passive Fibre-Optic Devices .....................................................................................121

6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................121
6.2 2 × 2 Couplers .............................................................................................121
6.3 3 dB Couplers ..............................................................................................123
6.4 Y-Couplers ...................................................................................................124
6.5 Star Couplers ...............................................................................................125
Contents xi
6.6 Coupler Construction ..................................................................................125

6.6.1 Fused Taper Couplers ................................................................... 126
6.6.2 Polishing D-Section Couplers ...................................................... 126
6.6.3 Twin Core Fibre Couplers ............................................................ 126
6.7 The Principle of Reciprocity ....................................................................... 126
6.8 Proximity Sensor ......................................................................................... 127
6.9 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer .................................................................... 127
6.10 Optical Isolators .......................................................................................... 128
6.11 Optical Circulators ...................................................................................... 129
6.12 Optical Filters .............................................................................................. 130
6.12.1 Fixed Optical Filters..................................................................... 131
6.12.2 Tunable Optical Filters ................................................................. 132
6.12.2.1 Fibre Fabry–Perot Tunable Filters .............................. 132
6.12.2.2 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Tunable Filters .......... 133
6.12.2.3 Fibre Grating Tunable Filters ..................................... 133
6.12.2.4 Liquid Crystal Tunable Filters .................................... 134
6.12.2.5 Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters ................................... 134
6.12.2.6 Thermo-Optic Tunable Filters .................................... 134
6.12.2.7 Other Types of Tunable Filters ................................... 135
6.13 Optical Fibre Ring Resonators .................................................................... 135
6.14 Optical Modulators...................................................................................... 135
6.15 Optical Attenuators ..................................................................................... 136
6.15.1 Fixed Attenuators ......................................................................... 136
6.15.2 Variable Attenuators..................................................................... 136
6.16 Optical Spectrometers ................................................................................. 136
6.17 Experimental Work ..................................................................................... 138
6.17.2 Procedure ..................................................................................... 139
6.17.3 Safety Procedure .......................................................................... 139
6.17.4 Apparatus Set-Up ......................................................................... 140
6.17.4.1 Testing a 3 dB Coupler ............................................... 140
6.17.4.2 Testing a 1 × 4 3 dB Coupler...................................... 141
6.17.4.3 Manufacturing a Y-Coupler in the Lab ...................... 141
6.17.4.4 Testing a Y-Coupler .................................................... 144
6.17.4.5 Testing a 1 × 4 Y-Coupler .......................................... 145
6.17.4.6 Testing a Proximity Sensor......................................... 146
6.17.5 Data Collection ............................................................................. 148
6.17.5.3 Manufacturing a Y-Coupler in the Lab ...................... 148
6.17.5.4 Testing a Y-Coupler .................................................... 148
6.17.5.5 Testing a 1 × 4 Y-Coupler .......................................... 148
6.17.6.2 Testing a 1 × 4 3 dB Coupler ......................................149
6.17.6.3 Manufacturing a Y-Coupler in the Lab ....................... 149
6.17.6.4 Testing a Y-Coupler ....................................................149
6.17.6.5 Testing a 1 × 4 Y-Coupler ...........................................149
xii Contents

6.17.7.3 Manufacturing a Y-Coupler in the Lab ....................... 150
6.17.7.4 Testing a Y-Coupler ....................................................150
6.17.7.5 Testing a 1 × 4 Y-Coupler ...........................................150
6.17.8 Conclusion .................................................................................... 150
6.17.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work................................................. 150
6.18 List of References ........................................................................................ 150
6.19 Appendix ..................................................................................................... 151
Further Reading ........................................................................................................ 151
Chapter 7 Wavelength Division Multiplexer ............................................................................. 153

7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 153
7.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexing .............................................................. 153
7.3 Time-Division Multiplexing ........................................................................ 154
7.4 Frequency-Division Multiplexing................................................................ 155
7.5 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing ................................................... 155
7.6 Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing.................................................. 155
7.7 Techniques for Multiplexing and De-Multiplexing ..................................... 156
7.7.1 Multiplexing and De-Multiplexing Using a Prism ....................... 156
7.7.2 Multiplexing and De-Multiplexing Using a
Diffraction Grating ................................................................... 156
7.7.3 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers/De-Multiplexers ........................ 156
7.7.4 Arrayed Waveguide Gratings ....................................................... 157
7.7.5 Fibre Bragg Grating ..................................................................... 158
7.7.6 Thin Film Filters or Multi-Layer Interference Filters .................. 158
7.7.7 Periodic Filters, Frequency Slicers and Interleavers
Multiplexing ................................................................................. 159
7.7.8 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer ..................................................... 159
7.8 Wavelength Division Multiplexers and De-Multiplexers ............................ 160
7.8.1 2-Channel WDM Devices ............................................................ 160
7.8.2 8-Channel WDM Devices ............................................................ 161
7.9 Experimental Work ..................................................................................... 161
7.9.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexer ................................................. 162
7.9.2 Wavelength Division De-Multiplexer ........................................... 162
7.9.4 Procedure ..................................................................................... 164
7.9.5 Safety Procedure .......................................................................... 164
7.9.6 Apparatus Set-Up ......................................................................... 165
7.9.6.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexer ............................... 165
7.9.6.2 Wavelength Division De-Multiplexer ......................... 170
7.9.7 Data Collection ............................................................................. 174
Contents xiii

7.9.9.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexer ................................. 174
7.9.9.2 Wavelength Division De-Multiplexer ........................... 175
7.9.10 Conclusion .................................................................................... 175
7.9.11 Suggestions for Future Lab Work................................................. 175
7.11 Appendix ..................................................................................................... 175
Further Reading ........................................................................................................ 175
Chapter 8 Optical Amplifiers .................................................................................................... 177

8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 177
8.2 Basic Applications of Optical Amplifiers ................................................... 177
8.2.1 In-Line Optical Amplifiers ........................................................... 178
8.2.2 Post-Amplifier ..............................................................................178
8.2.3 Pre-Amplifier ................................................................................179
8.2.4 In Local Area Networks ............................................................... 179
8.3 Types of Optical Amplifiers ........................................................................ 180
8.3.1 Doped Fibre Optical Amplifiers................................................... 180
8.3.1.1 Erbium-Doped Fibre Optical Amplifiers ...................... 180
8.3.1.2 Praseodymium-Doped Fluoride Optical Amplifiers ..... 182
8.3.1.3 Neodymium-Doped Optical Amplifiers ........................ 182
8.3.1.4 Telluride-Based, Erbium-Doped Fibre Optical
Amplifiers ..................................................................... 182
8.3.1.5 Thulium-Doped Optical Amplifiers ............................. 182
8.3.1.6 Other Doped Fibre Optical Amplifiers ......................... 182
8.3.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers ............................................... 182
8.3.3 Raman Fibre Optical Amplifiers .................................................. 183
8.3.4 Planer Waveguide Optical Amplifiers .......................................... 184
8.3.5 Linear Optical Amplifiers ............................................................ 185
8.4 Other Types of Optical Amplifiers .............................................................. 185
Further Reading ........................................................................................................ 185
Chapter 9 Optical Receivers and Senders ................................................................................. 189

9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 189
9.2 Fibre-Optic Receivers.................................................................................. 189
9.3 Principles of Semiconductors ...................................................................... 190
9.3.1 N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors ............................................ 191
9.3.2 The Fundamentals of Photodetection ........................................... 191
9.3.3 Leakage Current ...........................................................................192
9.3.4 Sources of Leakage Current ......................................................... 192
9.4 Properties of Semiconductor Photodetectors .............................................. 192
9.4.1 Quantum Efficiency ......................................................................192
9.4.2 Responsivity .................................................................................193
9.4.3 Response Time .............................................................................194
9.4.4 Sensitivity ..................................................................................... 195
9.5 Types of Optical Detectors .......................................................................... 195
9.5.1 Phototransistors ............................................................................195
9.5.2 Photovoltaics ................................................................................196
xiv Contents
9.5.3 Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Detectors .......................................... 197

9.5.4 The p-i-n Photodiodes ....................................................................197
9.5.5 Avalanche Photodiodes .................................................................. 198
9.6 Comparison of Photodetectors ..................................................................... 199
9.7 Experimental Work.......................................................................................200
9.7.1 Measuring Light Power Using Two Photodetector Types.............. 200
9.7.2 Photovoltaic Panel Tests................................................................. 200
9.7.4 Procedure .......................................................................................201
9.7.5 Safety Procedure ............................................................................201
9.7.6 Apparatus Set-Up ...........................................................................202
9.7.6.1 Measuring Light Power Using Two
Photodetector Types......................................................202
9.7.6.2 Photovoltaic Panel Tests ...............................................204
9.7.7 Data Collection ..............................................................................205
Photodetector Types ...................................................... 205
9.7.8 Calculations and Analysis ..............................................................206
9.7.9 Results and Discussions .................................................................206
9.7.10 Conclusion......................................................................................207
9.7.11 Suggestions for Future Lab Work ..................................................207
9.8 List of References .........................................................................................207
9.9 Appendix ......................................................................................................207
Further Reading ........................................................................................................207
Chapter 10 Optical Switches .......................................................................................................209

10.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................209
10.2 Opto-Mechanical Switches ...........................................................................209
10.3 Electro-Optic Switches ................................................................................. 221
10.4 Thermo-Optic Switches ................................................................................ 222
10.4.1 Switch Logic .................................................................................. 225
10.4.1.1 Switching Unit Configuration ....................................... 225
10.5 Acousto-Optic Switches ............................................................................... 227
10.6 Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems ............................................................. 228
10.7 3D MEMS-Based Optical Switches ............................................................. 230
10.8 Micro-Opto-Mechanical Systems .................................................................232
10.9 Experimental Work....................................................................................... 232
10.9.1 A 1 × 2 Switch with One Laser Source ......................................... 233
10.9.2 Two 1 × 2 Switches with Two Laser Sources ................................ 234
10.9.3 A 2 × 2 Switch Using a Movable Mirror ....................................... 235
10.9.4 A 1 × 2 Switch Using a Prism........................................................ 237
10.9.6 Procedure .......................................................................................238
Contents xv
10.9.7 Safety Procedure ........................................................................238

10.9.8 Apparatus Set-Up ....................................................................... 238
10.9.8.1 A 1 × 2 Switch with One Laser Source .................. 238
10.9.8.2 Two 1 × 2 Switches with Two Laser Sources ......... 240
10.9.8.3 A 2 × 2 Switch Using a Movable Mirror................ 242
10.9.8.4 A 1 × 2 Switch Using a Prism ................................244
10.9.9 Data Collection ..........................................................................246
10.9.10 Calculations and Analysis ..........................................................246
10.9.11 Results and Discussions ............................................................. 247
10.9.11.1 A 1 × 2 Switch with One Laser Source.................. 247
10.9.11.4 A 1 × 2 Switch Using a Prism ................................ 247
10.9.12 Conclusion.................................................................................. 247
10.9.13 Suggestions for Future Lab Work .............................................. 247
10.10 List of References ....................................................................................... 247
10.11 Appendix .................................................................................................... 247
Further Reading ........................................................................................................ 247
Chapter 11 Laser Technology ..................................................................................................... 251

11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................251
11.2 Light Emission ...........................................................................................252
11.3 Principle of the Laser .................................................................................253
11.4 Thermal Equilibrium and Population Inversion ......................................... 255
11.5 Transverse and Longitudinal Modes ..........................................................257
11.6 Gain ............................................................................................................258
11.7 Threshold Condition ...................................................................................259
11.8 Power and Energy.......................................................................................260
11.9 Three- and Four-Energy Level Laser Systems ........................................... 261
11.10 Types of Laser ............................................................................................ 263
11.10.1 Gas Lasers .................................................................................. 263
11.10.1.1 Helium–Neon (He–Ne) Laser ................................ 263
11.10.1.2 Argon Ion (Ar+) Laser ............................................264
11.10.1.3 Carbon Dioxide Gas Laser ..................................... 265
11.10.2 Solid State Lasers....................................................................... 265
11.10.2.1 Ruby Laser ............................................................. 265
11.10.2.2 Neodymium–YAG Laser ........................................ 268
11.10.2.3 Alexandrite Laser ................................................... 269
11.10.3 Dye Lasers ................................................................................. 269
11.10.4 Semiconductor Lasers ................................................................ 269
11.10.4.1 Energy Bands ......................................................... 270
11.10.4.2 Types of Semiconductor Lasers ............................. 271
xvi Contents
11.10.4.3 Heterojunction Laser Diodes........................... 272

11.10.4.4 Double Heterostructure Laser Diodes............. 273
11.10.4.5 Quantum Well Lasers...................................... 273
11.10.4.6 Separate Confinement Heterostructure
Lasers ............................................................. 273
11.10.4.7 Distributed Feedback Lasers ........................... 273
11.10.4.8 Tunable Laser Diodes ...................................... 273
11.10.5 Other Types of Lasers ........................................................... 274
11.11 Comparison of Semiconductor and Conventional Lasers ....................... 274
11.12 Classification of Lasers............................................................................ 275
11.13 Laser-Beam Alignment ........................................................................... 275
11.13.1 Alignment Using One, Two and Multi-Axis Positioners ...... 276
11.13.2 Alignment Using Two Mirror Mounts.................................. 276
11.13.3 Alignment Using Three and Four Mirror Mounts ............... 278
11.13.4 Alignment Using a Risley Prism Pair................................... 279
11.13.5 Alignment Using an Adjustable Wedge................................280
11.14 Laser-Beam Expansion ............................................................................ 281
11.14.1 Characteristics of a Gaussian Beam ..................................... 282
11.14.2 The Rayleigh Range..............................................................284
11.14.3 Expansion and Collimation of a Laser Beam ....................... 285
11.15 Laser Applications ................................................................................... 286
11.16 Experimental Work ................................................................................. 288
11.16.1 Experiment One: Laser-Beam Alignment ............................ 288
11.16.2 Experiment Two: Laser-Beam Expansion ............................ 288
11.16.3 Technique and Apparatus ..................................................... 288
11.16.4 Procedure .............................................................................. 291
11.16.5 Safety Procedure................................................................... 291
11.16.6 Apparatus Set-Up.................................................................. 291
11.16.6.1 Experiment One: Laser-Beam Alignment ...... 291
11.16.6.2 Experiment Two: Laser-Beam Expansion ....... 299
11.16.7 Data Collection .....................................................................302
11.16.7.1 Experiment One: Laser-Beam Alignment ......302
11.16.8 Calculations and Analysis .................................................... 303
11.16.8.1 Experiment One: Laser-Beam Alignment ...... 303
11.16.9 Results and Discussions ........................................................304
11.16.9.1 Experiment One: Laser-Beam Alignment ......304
11.16.9.2 Experiment Two: Laser-Beam Expansion .......304
11.16.10 Conclusion ............................................................................304
11.16.11 Suggestions for Future Lab Work .........................................304
11.17 List of References .................................................................................... 305
11.18 Appendix ................................................................................................. 305
Further Reading ...................................................................................................... 305
Contents xvii
Chapter 12 Optical-Fibre Communications ................................................................................307

12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................307
12.2 The Evolution of Communication Systems................................................ 308
12.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum Overview .........................................................308
12.4 The Evolution of Fibre-Optic Systems ....................................................... 310
12.4.1 The First Generation ..................................................................310
12.4.2 The Second Generation ............................................................. 311
12.4.3 The Third Generation ................................................................311
12.5 Undersea DWDM Cable Network (SEA-ME-WE-3) ................................ 311
12.6 Basic Communication Systems .................................................................. 312
12.7 Types of Topologies.................................................................................... 313
12.7.1 Bus Topology ............................................................................. 313
12.7.2 Ring Topology ........................................................................... 314
12.7.3 Star Topology.............................................................................314
12.7.4 Mesh Topology .......................................................................... 314
12.7.5 Tree Topology ............................................................................ 314
12.8 Types of Networks ...................................................................................... 316
12.8.1 Home Area Networks ................................................................ 316
12.8.2 Local Area Networks .................................................................316
12.8.3 Campus Area Networks ............................................................. 316
12.8.4 Metropolitan Area Networks .....................................................317
12.8.5 Wide Area Networks ................................................................. 320
12.9 Submarine Cables .......................................................................................321
12.10 Open-System Interconnection .................................................................... 321
12.10.1 Physical (Layer 1)......................................................................321
12.10.2 Data Link (Layer 2) ...................................................................321
12.10.3 Network (Layer 3) .....................................................................321
12.10.4 Transport (Layer 4) ....................................................................323
12.10.5 Session (Layer 5) .......................................................................324
12.10.6 Presentation (Layer 6) ............................................................... 324
12.10.7 Application (Layer 7) ................................................................ 324
12.11 Performance of Passive Linear Optical Networks ..................................... 324
12.11.1 Power Budget Calculation ......................................................... 325
12.11.2 Nearest-Distance Power Budget ................................................ 325
12.11.3 Largest-Distance Power Budget ................................................ 326
12.12 Performance of Star Optical Networks ...................................................... 326
12.13 Transmission Links .................................................................................... 327
12.13.1 Analogue Signals .......................................................................327
12.13.2 Digital Signals ...........................................................................328
12.13.3 Converting Analogue Signal to Digital Signal .......................... 329
12.13.4 Bit Error Rate ............................................................................330
12.13.5 Fibre-Optic Telecommunication Equipment and Devices ........ 331
xviii Contents
12.14 SONET/SDH............................................................................................... 331

12.14.1 Definition of SONET and SDH..................................................331
12.14.2 SONET/SDH Purposes and Features ......................................... 332
12.14.2.1 Multi-Vendor Networks ........................................... 332
12.14.2.2 Cost Reduction ........................................................ 332
12.14.2.3 Survivability and Availability .................................. 333
12.14.2.4 New High-Speed Services....................................... 333
12.14.2.5 Bandwidth Management ......................................... 333
12.14.2.6 Network Management/Single-Ended Operations ..... 333
12.15 Multiplexing Terminology and Signalling Hierarchy ................................ 333
12.15.1 Existing Multiplexing Terminology and Digital Signalling
Hierarchy .................................................................................... 333
12.15.2 SONET Multiplexing Terminology and Optical Signalling
Hierarchy .................................................................................... 334
12.15.3 SDH Multiplexing Terminology and Optical Signalling
Hierarchy .................................................................................... 335
12.16 SONET and SDH Transmission Rates ....................................................... 336
12.17 North American Optical and Digital Signal Designation .......................... 336
12.18 SONET Systems ......................................................................................... 337
12.18.1 Linear Systems ........................................................................... 337
12.18.2 Ring Systems .............................................................................. 338
12.19 STS-1 Frame Structure ............................................................................... 338
12.19.1 Serial Transmission .................................................................... 338
12.19.2 Transport Overhead ....................................................................339
12.19.3 STS-1 SPE Path Overhead .........................................................340
12.19.4 Multiplexing Method.................................................................. 341
12.20 Metro and Long-Haul Optical Networks .................................................... 341
12.21 Network Configuration ............................................................................... 342
12.21.1 Automatic Protection Switching ................................................ 342
12.21.2 SONET/SDH Ring Configurations ............................................ 342
12.21.2.1 Two-Fibre Unidirectional Path Switched Ring
Configuration .......................................................... 342
12.21.2.2 Four-Fibre BLSR Configuration ............................. 343
12.21.3 Generic SONET Network ..........................................................345
12.21.4 SONET Add/Drop Multiplexer .................................................. 346
12.21.5 Dense WDM Deployment ..........................................................346
Further Reading ........................................................................................................ 347
Chapter 13 Fibre-Optic Lighting ................................................................................................ 349

13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 349
13.2 Light ............................................................................................................ 349
13.3 Electrical Energy Consumption by Lighting .............................................. 350
13.4 Light Measurement ..................................................................................... 351
13.4.1 Luminous Flux or Light Output ................................................. 351
13.4.2 Luminous Efficacy .....................................................................351
13.4.3 Luminous Flux Density of Lighting Level................................. 352
13.5 Electrical Lighting System ......................................................................... 353
Contents xix
13.6 Fibre-Optic Lighting System ....................................................................... 354

13.7 Advantages of Fibre-Optic Lighting ............................................................ 355
13.8 Fibre-Optic Lighting Applications............................................................... 356
13.9 Experimental Work ...................................................................................... 357
13.9.1 Technique and Apparatus............................................................. 357
13.9.2 Procedure .....................................................................................358
13.9.3 Safety Procedure ..........................................................................358
13.9.4 Apparatus Set-Up ........................................................................ 358
13.9.4.1 Fibre-Optic Lighting with Diffuser ............................358
13.9.4.2 Fibre-Optic Lighting with Lens and Diffuser............. 359
13.9.4.3 Fibre-Optic Lighting with Lenses and Diffuser......... 359
13.9.5 Data Collection ............................................................................360
13.9.5.1 Fibre-Optic Lighting with Diffuser ............................ 360
13.9.5.3 Fibre-Optic Lighting with Lenses and Diffuser.........360
13.9.6 Calculations and Analysis ........................................................... 360
13.9.6.3 Fibre-Optic Lighting with Lenses and Diffuser.........360
13.9.7 Results and Discussions............................................................... 361
13.9.7.3 Fibre-Optic Lighting with Lenses and Diffuser......... 361
13.9.8 Conclusion ................................................................................... 361
13.9.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work ................................................ 361
13.11 Appendix...................................................................................................... 361
Further Reading ........................................................................................................ 361
Chapter 14 Fibre-Optic Testing .................................................................................................. 363
14.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 363
14.2 Testing Photonics Components .................................................................... 363
14.3 Optical-Power Measurements (Intensity) ....................................................364
14.3.1 Optical-Power Measurement Units ............................................. 364
14.3.2 Optical-Power Loss Measurements ............................................. 365
14.3.2.1 Insertion Loss ............................................................. 365
14.3.2.2 Crosstalk .....................................................................365
14.3.2.3 Polarisation-Dependent Loss...................................... 366
14.3.2.4 Return Loss or Back Reflection.................................. 366
14.3.2.5 Temperature-Dependent Loss .................................... 367
14.3.2.6 Wavelength-Dependent Loss ...................................... 367
14.3.2.7 Chromatic Dispersion................................................. 367
14.4 Optical-Frequency Measurements ............................................................... 368
14.5 Testing Optical Fibre Switches .................................................................... 368
14.5.1 Mechanical Tests ......................................................................... 369
14.5.2 Environmental Tests .................................................................... 369
14.5.3 Repeatability Test ........................................................................370
14.5.4 Speed Test .................................................................................... 370
xx Contents
14.6 Light Wavelength Measurements ............................................................ 371

14.7 Device Power Handling Tests .................................................................. 371
14.8 Troubleshooting .......................................................................................372
14.9 Sources of Error during Fibre-Optic Measurements ............................... 372
14.9.1 Resolution .............................................................................372
14.9.2 Accuracy ...............................................................................372
14.9.3 Stability (Drift)......................................................................373
14.9.4 Linearity ................................................................................373
14.9.5 Repeatability Error ................................................................ 373
14.9.6 Reproducibility ..................................................................... 373
14.10 Experimental Work ................................................................................. 374
14.10.1 Testing a Fibre-Optic Device Using an Optical Spectrum
Analyser ................................................................................ 374
14.10.2 Testing Mechanical Properties of Fibre-Optic Devices........ 375
14.10.3 Testing a Fibre-Optic Cable Using an Optical Spectrum
Analyser ................................................................................ 375
14.10.4 Technique and Apparatus ..................................................... 376
14.10.5 Procedure .............................................................................. 376
14.10.6 Safety Procedure ................................................................... 376
14.10.7 Apparatus Set-Up .................................................................. 376
14.10.7.1 Testing a Fibre-Optic Device Using an
Optical Spectrum Analyser ............................. 376
14.10.7.2 Testing Mechanical Properties of
Fibre-Optic Devices ......................................... 380
14.10.7.3 Testing a Fibre-Optic Cable Using an
14.10.8 Data Collection ..................................................................... 382
Optical Spectrum Analyser .............................. 382
Fibre-Optic Devices .......................................382
14.10.9 Calculations and Analysis ..................................................... 383
Optical Spectrum Analyser .............................. 383
Fibre-Optic Devices ......................................... 383
14.10.10 Results and Discussion.......................................................... 383
14.10.10.2 Testing Mechanical Testing Properties of
Fibre-Optic Devices ........................................ 383
Contents xxi
14.10.11 Conclusion ...............................................................................383

14.10.12 Suggestions for Future Lab Work ............................................ 384
14.11 List of References...................................................................................... 384
14.12 Appendix ...................................................................................................384
Further Reading ........................................................................................................ 384
Chapter 15 Photonics Laboratory Safety and Safety Ethics ....................................................... 387

15.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................387
15.2 Electrical Safety ........................................................................................ 387
15.2.1 Fuses/Circuit Breakers ............................................................388
15.2.2 Switches ON/OFF....................................................................389
15.2.3 Plugs ........................................................................................ 390
15.2.4 Wall Outlets .............................................................................391
15.2.5 Cords........................................................................................392
15.2.6 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters............................................ 392
15.3 Light Sources............................................................................................. 393
15.4 Devices and Equipment ............................................................................. 394
15.5 Audio–Visual and Computer Peripherals .................................................. 394
15.6 Handling of Fibre-Optic Cables ................................................................ 395
15.7 Epoxy Adhesives and Sealants .................................................................. 395
15.8 Cleaning Optical Components .................................................................. 396
15.9 Optic/Optical Fibre Devices and Systems ................................................. 397
15.10 Cleaning Chemicals................................................................................... 397
15.11 Warning Labels.......................................................................................... 397
15.12 Laser Safety ...............................................................................................397
15.13 Laser Safety Tips ....................................................................................... 400
15.14 Indoor Air Quality .....................................................................................401
15.15 Other Considerations ................................................................................. 402
15.16 Safety Ethics in Schools ............................................................................404
15.16.1 Laws and Regulations ..............................................................404
15.16.2 Managements and Ethics .........................................................404
15.16.3 Occupational Safety and Health Administration ....................404
15.17 Society, Family and Person Safety Ethics .................................................405
Further Reading ........................................................................................................405
Appendix A: Details of the Devices, Components, Tools and Parts .......................................407

Appendix B: International System of Units (SI) ....................................................................... 425
Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 429
Index .............................................................................................................................................. 437
Preface
We live in a world that is bathed in light. Light is one of the most familiar and essential things in
our lives. For many thousands of years, the Sun was our only source of light. Eventually, the ability
to create fire and its by-product, light, led to a profound change in the way humans managed time.
Today, there are many options for creating light. Our understanding of light has spawned many
applications of light. Light can be used in fibre communications; early applications included ship-to-
ship communications using the Morse code. Infrared remote controls for televisions demonstrated
free-space optical communications, using many of the same principles. Optical fibre has revolution-
ised the way we interact with the world. Fibre optics, as a waveguide technology, now provide an
essential backbone for much of the world’s high-speed communication networks. Photodynamic
therapies use light to treat cancers. Light is used to treat those who suffer from seasonal disorders.
Lasers are now used in medical applications, such as re-shaping corneas, cauterising blood vessels
and removing tattoos. Lasers are also used in industrial applications, such as cutting metal, weld-
ing and sensing. New imaging technology permits the creation of flat-panel displays, night-vision
devices and autonomous product inspection systems. With so many applications of light, the need
for photonics technology and innovation will most certainly grow in the future as new applications
emerge.
A unique approach is taken in this book to present fibre optics and their applications in photonics
technology. This book covers the basic theoretical principles and industrial applications of photon-
ics technology in a way that is suitable for students, professionals and professors. Each chapter
has two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part has adequate material to cover the
subject. In the experimental part, students will apply the learned theoretical concepts in simple and
advanced experimental works. In this way, students will learn and gain practical hands-on expe-
rience in the fibre optic subjects. This will assist the students to apply the theoretical knowledge
to real-world applications. The step-by-step approach and technical illustrations in this book will
guide students through each experiment. The experimental work has more than one case in most of
the chapters and sometimes has sub-cases.
This book is written in a simple language and gives adequate information and instruction to enable
students to achieve the maximum comprehension. An effort has been made to use the International
System of Units (SI) throughout the book. The organisation of the chapters is designed to provide
a solid foundation for today’s photonics students and to upgrade their knowledge. Universal tools,
devices and equipment, which are used throughout the experiments, are available in any photonics,
physics and material labs. This book abounds in theoretical and practical aids and is an effective
teaching tool, helpful to both professors and students. Simple and advanced subjects are presented
by an expert author, and some new fibre optic subjects appear for the first time in this book.
Care has been taken to label parts clearly and to use diagrams wherever they will aid in under-
standing the subject. Some figures are drawn in three dimensions, wherever applicable, for easy
understanding of the concepts.
This book is organised into 15 chapters:
• Chapters 1 through 12 cover fibre optic cables, advanced fibre optic cables, light attenuation
in optical components, fibre optic cable types and installations, fibre optic connectors,
passive fibre optic devices, wavelength division multiplexer, optical amplifiers, optical
receivers, opto-mechanical switches, laser technology, and optical fibre communications.
• Chapter 13 presents fibre optic lighting systems, design and applications.
• Chapter 14 covers fibre optic testing procedures for optical fibre devices.
• Chapter 15 presents laboratory safety and safety ethics.
xxiii
xxiv Preface
This book includes 409 figures, 62 tables, and 38 experimental cases. It was developed with
generous input from members of the photonics industry, research scientists and members from
academia.
Abdul Al-Azzawi
Algonquin College, Canada
Acknowledgements
This book would not have been possible without the enthusiasm and teamwork of my colleagues and
the support of my family. In particular, I thank Mietek Slocinski for his support, time and energy
in working long hours during the years this book took to complete, for setting up the labs, taking
pictures and discussing everything thoroughly.
The author thanks Steve Finnegan, Kathy Deugo and Nicole McGahey for their support and for
solving the problems.
The author thanks his daughter, Abeer, and son, Abaida, for their help in reviewing the chapters
and making drawings and figures.
The author thanks Eng. Monica Havelock for her contribution in working long hours in review-
ing and editing the materials and for her support.
The author is grateful to Professors Devon Galway and Rao Kollipara for their comments and
feedback in reviewing some materials of this book.
The author thanks Gergely Horvath for all the hard work in reviewing and proofreading most
chapters of this book. He also thanks Madeleine Camm, Andrew Lynch and Nicolas Lea for review-
ing a few chapters of this book.
The author thanks Dr. Imad Hasan, Dr. Wahab Almuhtadi, Dr. Mostefa Mohamad, Eng. Nazar
Rida and Eng. Mohamad Mohamad for proposing and reviewing some of the materials of this book.
The following people’s participation in writing the chapters is highly appreciated:
• The optical receivers chapter has been written by Dr. Imad Hasan and Prof. Wael Ismaeil.
• The optical fibre communications chapter has been written by Dr. Wahab Almuhtadi.
• The fibre optic testing chapter has been written by Eng. Valerie Dube.
xxv
Author
Abdul Al-Azzawi, PhD, graduated from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, the
United Kingdom. He has worked in the photonics manufacturing industry and research at National
Research Council, Ottawa, Canada, and has taught at Algonquin College, Ontario, Canada. While
working at NRC, he participated in a study of energy saving in a residential building and developed
the green building assessment programme. As a photonics engineer, he designed new production
lines, modified products, developed manufacturing process and designed new jigs.
At Algonquin College, he has been teaching mechanical and photonics courses in the mechanical
and photonics engineering programmes. He was a member of the founding team of the photonics
engineering programmes. He has published five books and many papers, and he has participated in
many workshops and conferences around the world.
He is the coordinator of the photonics engineering programme at Algonquin College. His special
areas of interest include optic and optical fibre devices, fibre optic lighting and fibre optic sensors.
He is a member of the professional photonics societies in Canada. He is the recipient of the 2005
NISOD Excellence Award from the University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
xxvii
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
“Then we will consider it all settled; it is a banderbust,” and taking
Honor’s arm, she nodded quite an affectionate good night, and
retired into her own quarters.
Precisely at six o’clock the next day the party made a start—the
men on sturdy hill ponies, the ladies in dandies. What can be more
exquisite than a clear April morning on the lower slopes of the
Himalayas? The lake was still and lay half in shadow; the dew
glittered among the cherry blossoms, as if they were set in
diamonds; the low rush-covered marshes were sprinkled with herds
of cattle, and the doves were cooing in the dense woods that
overlooked the misty blue plains. The travellers encountered many
groups of hill folk, going to work among the cultivated patches lower
down, or in the neighbouring tea-gardens, as they passed through a
village, a flock of delightful little brown children sallied out and tossed
freshly plucked monthly roses into the ladies’ laps, “so charmingly
Arcadian and simple,” thought Honor. But she was disillusioned, by
the same little brown elves pursuing them for half a mile, with shrill
demands for “Bucksheesh! bucksheesh!”
As they toiled upwards, the day grew perceptibly warmer, the
ascent steeper. At twelve o’clock they halted by a mountain stream
under some evergreen oaks, and there found an excellent repast
awaiting them. Mrs. Brande’s portly cook had girded up his loins, and
hastened by short cuts and by-paths, and now lay in ambush with
this welcome repast of fowl, cold pie, rolls and coffee; claret and
hock were cooling in a neighbouring stream.
There was some satisfaction in being escort to Mrs. Brande, who
sat on a box, presiding over the table-cloth, and looking the
embodiment of gratified hospitality. When the meal had come to an
end and the men were smoking, she said—
“What’s that in your dandy, Honor? I see you taking as much care
of it as if it was some great treasure; not your new hats, I hope?” in a
tone of real concern.
“No, aunt; it is my violin—a much more important affair.”
“Nonsense, child! Why did you not leave it with the heavy
baggage?”
“Because it might have been smashed.”
“Well, if it was, it could be mended. We have a very clever Maistry
carpenter at Shirani. I often give him little jobs. My butler—a
Goanese—has a fiddle, too, and of an evening I hear him giving the
other servants a benefit.”
“Perhaps he and I may play duets,” remarked Honor, demurely.
“My dear child!” with a deeply horrified air. “How can you talk in
such a wild way? Captain Waring is shocked—ain’t you, captain?”
“Dreadfully scandalized; and I will only condone the outrage to my
feelings on one condition, that Miss Gordon plays us a solo. Will you,
Miss Gordon? This is the hour and the place.”
Mrs. Brande naturally expected that her niece would require at
least a quarter of an hour’s incessant pressing; and, indeed, in spite
of what the Hodsons had told her, this benighted old person was not
at all sure that it was the correct thing for a woman to play the fiddle.
“Would Mrs. Langrishe allow her girl to do it?” and visions of her own
fat black butler, squatting outside the house in the cool of the day
playing jigs and reels to a circle of enraptured syces and chuprassis,
rose before her mind’s eye!
This vision was quickly dispelled by another. Honor longed for the
sound of her beloved violin, her present audience were not
formidable, and she was not the least nervous. Last time she had
held her fiddle and bow it had been a dull wet afternoon at home—a
type of the worst grey, sullen, English weather. She had played to
them in the drawing-room Schubert’s “Adieu.” Yes, and her mother
had wept. Now, what a different scene, and different listeners! Two
men, almost strangers, prone on the grass, lazily expectant, and, as
far as Captain Waring was concerned, condescendingly ready to be
entertained; a stout lady sitting on a wine-case, with her napkin on
her knee, and her topee quite at the back of her head; a distant
group of scarlet-and-white clad servants; and all around a scene fit
to encircle Orpheus himself. Range after range of purple-blue hills,
rising out of rhododendron and oak forests, a rival across the valley
in the shape of a cuckoo, otherwise a waiting, sympathetic silence.
As the girl took the violin out of its case, Captain Waring could see
that it was in hands that loved it; and noted, moreover, that the said
hands were beautiful—the wrists most daintily modelled. Soon the
bow began to call forth heavenly sounds.
Honor stood up, leaning carelessly against the trunk of a tree, and
seemed wholly unconscious of her audience; her face, which was
turned towards the hills, gradually assumed a rapt exalted
expression, and her playing was in keeping with her attitude and her
eyes. The performance was a revelation—a mixture of great
simplicity, with a distinct note of human passion in its strain. Surely
the music was the voice of this girl’s sweet soul!
The servants boldly came near to hear this new “Miss Sahib” who
drew such marvellous strains from the “sitar.” The very ponies
pricked their ears, a rambling hill cow halted to listen, the competitive
cuckoo was dumb.
The two young men gradually dropped their cigarettes. Mrs.
Brande dropped her jaw. Why, her niece played as well as a man at
a concert! Even better, in her opinion, for this was a tune that
touched her, and that she could understand; those sweet wailing
notes, resembling a human voice, penetrated her opaque
sensibilities, and wafted her to the very gates of Paradise.
Captain Waring surveyed with unaffected curiosity this fair young
musician, with his elbows dug into the grass, his chin resting on his
hands. He knew something about music; the girl played with faultless
taste and absolute purity of tone. He was listening to “linked
sweetness long drawn out” rendered with truly expressive charm.
Here was not the common or ordinary Indian spin, but a modern
Saint Cecilia! He glanced at Mark, to see how this unexpected
transformation had affected him; but Mark’s face was averted, and
he gave no sign, though in reality he was enjoying a debauch of
exquisite musical thoughts.
Presently the spell, a weird Russian air, died away in a long
sobbing sigh, and, save for a murmur among the servants, there
ensued quite a remarkable pause, broken at length by Mrs. Brande,
who exclaimed as if she had suddenly awoke—
“Very pretty indeed! And how did you like it, Captain Waring?”
“Like it!” he echoed indignantly. “My dear madam, what a feeble
and inadequate expression! Miss Gordon plays magnificently.”
“Oh indeed, no,” she protested. “I can play music that I can feel—
and that is easy, and I began to learn the violin when I was four
years old, so that my fingers are pretty supple; but when I think of
other people’s playing, such as Sarasate, I realize that I am nothing
more than a well-meaning amateur, and never will be otherwise. I
cannot master any excessive technical difficulties. I have no
brilliancy—still,” with a happy little sigh, “I am glad that you liked it.”
“Yes, my dear,” said her aunt, nodding her head approvingly. “And
now let us have something lively. Suppose you play a polka?”
But the violin was already in its case. Honor had laid it there with
the air of a mother consigning an infant to its rest.
“Oh, Miss Gordon, what a shame!” expostulated Mark Jervis. “I
could lie on this sunny slope, under the rhododendrons, listening to
you for days.”
“You would not find it very comfortable in the rains,” remarked Mrs.
Brande, with some asperity. She did not approve of penniless young
men thus launching compliments at her accomplished niece. “And
now we had better be getting on, if we are to reach Binsa before
dark.”
The next and last day of their march the party were proceeding as
usual in pairs; Honor and Captain Waring led the van, whilst Jervis
and Mrs. Brande, who was a heavy load, lagged behind. The further
they journeyed, the steeper grew the precipices, the wilder the
scenery, the narrower the paths. At one place in the woods, high
above them, grazed a herd of so-called tame buffaloes—tame with
natives, wild with Europeans. The huge bull, with his hairy head and
enormous horns—though he carried a bell—was tame with no one!
Hearing strange voices below, he lifted up his hideous china-blue
eyes, stared fiercely about him, and then came crashing downhill for
some dozen yards, but his prey—Honor and her escort—had already
passed by, and were out of reach. He stood still in a meditative
attitude, and gave vent to an angry and disappointed bellow.
After a considerable interval, another group came into view. Mrs.
Brande’s gay jampannis and scarlet dandy rug settled the question.
In half a moment he had blundered through the undergrowth, and
placed himself in a warlike attitude upon the path—exactly six yards
ahead of the party. The unanimity with which Mrs. Brande’s bearers
dropped her, and fled up trees, was only equalled by the agility
displayed by the lady herself, in leaping out of the dandy and
scrambling down the khud! Nothing remained on the track but the
empty vehicle, the buffalo, and Jervis.
He promptly jumped off his pony, snatched up a jampanni’s pole,
on the end of which he raised the red rug, and boldly advanced like a
matador in the arena. When the bull lowered his ponderous head to
charge, he threw the rug over his horns with as much coolness and
dexterity as if he had merely to deal with a stuffed animal! But this
animal was dangerously animated. Rushing furiously forward, he
tumbled blindly over the dandy, and with a loud crash, rolled down
the khud, which, luckily for him (and Mrs. Brande) was not of sheer
descent. The lady’s piercing screams attracted the notice of her
niece, and—of what was far more to the purpose—the boy who was
in charge of the herd. Probably he had been fast asleep, but he now
came racing through the brushwood, routed up the buffalo, whose
fall had undoubtedly quenched his spirit, and drove him away, laden
with the hearty curses of the jampannis. These valiant gentlemen
had now descended to mother earth, as brave as lions. The rug was
in ribbons, the dandy in matchwood, but no one was injured. “What
was to be done?” inquired Captain Waring, vainly struggling to
preserve a grave countenance, as he saw Mrs. Brande, who
presented a truly distressing spectacle, emerging from the bushes,
on her hands and knees. The back of her dress was split right across
the shoulders, her veil hung round her neck, and she was covered
with sand and bits of twigs.
Mark had hastened to her assistance, and her niece, as she
picked up her topee and umbrella, asked anxiously “if she was hurt?”
“No,” she panted, sitting down and dusting herself with her
handkerchief, “I’m not a bit the worse.”
“But your dandy is in smithereens!” said Captain Waring. “What is
to be done?”
“I know what has been done. Young man,” solemnly addressing
herself to Jervis, “you saved my life, as sure as I sit here, and you
stand there. If you had not had the courage to throw the rug over his
head, he would have come down the khud, and gored me to death—
I’m not a woman of many words” (fond delusion) “but I won’t forget it
—nor will P.” In moments of unusual excitement, or when with her
intimates, she invariably spoke of her husband as “P.”
“Oh, Mrs. Brande,” he replied, “you think a great deal too much of
it—it was only a buffalo.”
“Only a buffalo!” she repeated. “You little know them; in another
minute I’d have been only a corpse. They are the most dangerous
brutes you can come across, and so cunning. Ha,” changing her
voice to another and sharper key, “Jait Sing, you base coward! I shall
cut every one’s pay two rupees. I’ve a mind to stop your wood
tickets. What a contrast to you,” she pointed her fat finger straight at
Jervis. “Lions, indeed, as all these Sings call themselves—pretty
lions—you are the bravest young man I ever saw!”
“Oh come, I say, Mrs. Brande,” expostulated Waring, playfully.
“You don’t know what I could do if I tried.”
“Well, as you did not try, I cannot say,” she answered dryly.
“It’s not such a marvellous feat, driving off an old buffalo——”
“Depends upon the humour the buffalo is in; and I’m surprised at
you belittling your own cousin, instead of being proud of him,”
pursued the lady with considerable heat, and entirely forgetting her
intended rôle with respect to this millionaire.
“How are you to get on, aunt?” inquired Honor; “but of course you
must go in my dandy and I can walk.”
“By no means, Miss Gordon; you shall ride my pony,” said Captain
Waring. “He has a grand roomy old saddle and a fine broad back,
and I will hold you from slipping off.”
To this arrangement Mrs. Brande (who had now recovered her
composure and her wits) saw no objection. Quite the contrary, it was
a capital idea. As for herself, she felt so shattered and so nervous,
that she could not allow Mr. Jervis out of her sight.
They were now within seven miles of Shirani, and oh! what
interminable miles—they seemed leagues—leagues of dreary
monotonous road, winding and twisting round barren fawn-coloured
hills, and apparently taking them straight into the very heart of Asia.
They wound up and down valleys, to the crest of a range, which hid,
as they fondly hoped, long-looked-for Shirani. Alas! it but gave them
a view of yet another valley—yet another rounded hill slope. Honor
was not surprised to hear that a lady of her aunt’s acquaintance, on
her first visit, had, after a series of these maddening
disappointments, collapsed on the journey, and given way to a storm
of hysterical tears. Sometimes Honor walked—walked by
preference, but at others, she mounted the pony in deference to her
chaperon’s wishes. She did not enjoy her ride, it consisted of a
gradual slide, slide, slide, a recover, then slide, slide, again. She
declined Captain Waring’s eagerly tendered arm—support was twice
as irksome as walking. Would this detestable road never, never,
come to an end?
Ah, there were the pine trees of Shirani at last! In another twenty
minutes, they were among them. As the little party debouched into
the mall, Mrs. Brande heading the procession, Honor bringing up the
rear, with Captain Waring leading her pony, they came face to face
with Mrs. Langrishe, walking with her most stately air, between a
soldierly looking man and a small, beautifully dressed, fair-haired
girl.
Yes, she could not have failed to notice and take in the full
significance of Mrs. Brande’s rentrée (indeed she and her rival had
exchanged bows), and dusty, hot, and thirsty, as that lady was, this
was one of the happiest and proudest moments of her life!
CHAPTER XVI.
A MESSAGE FROM MISS PASKE.
Although she had only caught a fleeting vision of Mrs. Brande’s

niece, Mrs. Langrishe had sharp eyes, and one glance had been
sufficient to assure her that the girl was not the least like what she
had expected. She was slim and dark, and, though covered with
dust, and wearing a frightful one rupee topee, undeniably a lady, and
not at all of the dairymaid type.
And how exultant the old woman had looked! Literally puffed out
with pride, as she was carried past, with the millionaire in close
attendance. Not that that detail was of the slightest consequence.
Lalla knew him intimately, and she would get her to write him a nice,
friendly little note, and ask him to drop in to tea.
Meanwhile Honor had been presented to her uncle, who, far from
being disappointed, was agreeably surprised to find that she was the
image of his favourite sister Hester, who had died when she was
eighteen. This resemblance (which he kept to himself) ensured the
new arrival an immediate entrée to her uncle’s good graces. And
Mrs. Brande, accustomed to his cool and rather cynical manner, was
amazed at the warmth of the reception he accorded to his hitherto
unknown niece.
For several days the young lady was kept at home in strict
seclusion, until her complexion had recovered the journey and her
boxes had arrived from the railway. Her aunt was determined not to
submit her treasure to the fierce gaze which beats upon a newly
arrived girl, until she was altogether at her best. She, however, could
not close her doors to numerous ladies who came to call upon Miss
Gordon, and thus secure an early and private view. Honor was
compelled to sit in state in a hideous drawing-room, where every
colour was shouting at another, and listen to her aunt telling visitors
how beautifully she played the fiddle, and what long hair she had,
and how she took threes in shoes, and how useful she was in the
house already. Also, she did not spare them full particulars of the
buffalo adventure, nor fail to sing loud praises of Mr. Jervis, or to
enlarge on his cousin’s agreeable escort and particular attentions en
route. Then Mrs. Brande discussed her servants and the outrageous
price of ghee and charcoal.
“Come, let us sit in the verandah,” whispered Mrs. Sladen, who
had read the girl’s expressive face. “You will get quite used to it,” she
continued, when they were outside; “you will do it yourself some day.
We all do; but you will have a very happy home here, in spite of the
price of potatoes! Your aunt is delighted with you, as you may see,
and you will soon have plenty of topics to discuss. She has been
lonely enough till now. She and Mr. Brande, although much attached
to one another, have few tastes in common. He is fond of literature,
and devoted to tennis and rackets; and although he is older, he is so
active that he seems years her junior. Your coming has given her a
fresh start and new pleasures. She is a dear, good woman, and as
single-hearted as a little child.”
Mrs. Sladen and Honor had taken to one another at once. Honor
had been down (after dusk) to Mrs. Sladen’s house—been
presented to Colonel Sladen, and shown the photographs of Mrs.
Sladen’s little girls—Charlotte and Mabel, and had heard their last
letters—a proof that she was in high favour with their mother. Honor
was not accustomed to sitting with her hands before her, and
promptly found occupation in various ways—she ran messages,
wrote notes and orders, arranged flowers, and ventured on
respectful suggestions with regard to the drawing-room, a fine
apartment, expensively furnished in the worst taste imaginable—a
supreme contrast to Mrs. Langrishe’s room, which was the prettiest
in Shirani. People little suspected how that leisurely lady dusted it
entirely herself, shook out draperies, arranged flowers, and washed
the china ornaments with her own delicate hands. Her room, as she
understood it, made an effective background for herself—and she
spared no pains to frame Ida Langrishe in the most becoming
fashion. The floor was covered with fine old prayer-rugs, the tables
were strewn with curios, the walls hung with valuable water colours,
and scattered at suitable intervals were inviting armchairs.
Ill-natured people assured one another that the Persian rugs,
carvings, and silver bowls were all so many offerings from “men.”
Even so Mrs. Langrishe would have been the first to admit,
“Presents to Granby and myself. Colonel Greene, a dear old thing,
brought us the carpet from Peshawar; and Mr. Goldhoofe sent those
silver things from Delhi. I must say that our friends never forget us.”
Mrs. Langrishe, as we know, had fully determined to hand over the
drawing-room to her niece, it would be such good practice for the
child, and really the flowers took up an hour every morning. She
would find many ways of making Lalla useful. But that young lady
steadily objected to these plans, she immediately made her aunt
aware that she considered herself merely ornamental. “Oh dear no!
she never arranged flowers, she had no taste in that line, and
besides, it would spoil her hands. Dust the drawing-room! dear Aunt
Ida must be joking; why, that was the bearer’s business. Get out the
dessert! oh!” with a peal of ringing laughter, “she was not to be
trusted. She would eat every chocolate, and all the best French
sweets!”
So whilst Mrs. Langrishe laboured, as usual, over her household
tasks, her fair niece, with a locked door, lay upon her bed, reading a
novel, tried new experiments in the hairdressing line, or wrote notes.
No, no; she had not come to Shirani to be a lady-help. She had
always heard that her aunt Ida was very clever; but, luckily, she had
her wits about her also!
During Honor Gordon’s period of enforced retirement, she went
early every morning for a solitary walk along a pretty sandy road,
that wound among the dark aromatic pine woods—a road with sharp
angles, and deep leafy ravines, green with ferns and ivy. It was early
in May, and the ground was strewn with pine-needles, which
deadened the footfall; the firs were thin and bare, and through their
dark branches she caught glimpses of the snows, that like a great
white rampart hung in mid-air, between a brilliant blue sky and an
opal-tinted mist. Honor enjoyed these rambles immensely, though
she rarely met a soul, save a syce exercising a horse, or an ayah
wheeling a perambulator. Her sole companion was “Ben,” who luckily
had “taken to her,” and with whom she had established relations of
such a friendly character, that she had actually been installed in the
unexpected position of his “aunt.”
Occasionally they made joint excursions down the khud, he in
search of the private larders of other dogs, she in quest of ferns and
moss for table decoration. Ben was a personage of such importance
at Rookwood that he demands half a chapter to himself. He was a
dog with fixed opinions, and hated Mrs. Langrishe—and one or two
other people—in the same degree that he hated cold boiled meat.
Sport was his passion, the chewing up of Suède gloves his
weakness. He was a fox-terrier with a history. As a pup, he had been
presented by a man to a girl, on the principle of “love me love my
dog,” but alas, the false maiden had loved neither the one nor the
other; she heartlessly jilted the man, and abandoned the dog to his
fate. However, her ayah (prudent soul) ere she went down the hill,
sold the pup to a bheestie for the sum of two annas (an ancient
debt), he happened to be Mrs. Brande’s servant, and was
excessively vain of his purchase, but left him most of the day tied by
a strip of pink calico to a conspicuous tree in her compound, where
he suffered him to “eat the air,” and but little else. Mrs. Brande, en
route to feed her well-to-do fowls, noticed the famishing animal; and
as she often threw him a crust, he naturally hailed her advent with
extravagant demonstrations of delight and feeble yelps of joy. Her
easily softened heart was touched by the raptures of the starving
puppy, and after some parley she bought him from the bheestie for
the sum he swore he had paid—to wit, ten rupees—in order to feed
him up and get him a good master. But Ben was thoroughly satisfied
with his present quarters, and soon made himself completely at
home. He displayed an easy intimacy with armchairs and cushions,
he had undoubtedly been accustomed to sweet biscuits and to good
society, and his mistress pointed out with just pride that he
understood English perfectly! Of course she eventually adopted
“Ben,” he made himself indispensable, he refused to be separated
from his patroness, and became her shadow, and soon ceased to be
a shadow himself. He grew from a dirty, starving, shivering whelp,
into an extremely handsome dog, with a fine gloss on his coat. Did
he ever remember his own evil days, as he lounged of an afternoon
sunning himself at the gate of Rookwood, and passed in scornful
review, curs less happy and of low degree? Are dogs snobs?
Whether snob or not, Ben was brave, he lowered his tail to none,
and when the big wild cat that created such havoc among the
poultry, went to ground under the messhouse, “Ben Brande,” as he
was called, was the only one of the assembled mob of terriers, who,
as a looker on expressed it, “was man enough to follow him, kill him,
and drag him out.” Ben Brande lost an eye thereby, but gained a
magnificent reputation.
Of course Ben was spoiled. His mistress talked to him incessantly;
he had his own little charpoy in her room, his morning tea in her
company, and now and then he was permitted to invite his pal
“Jacko,” a red terrier, to dine and spend the day! (Once they had
elected to spend it quietly in Mr. Brande’s dressing-room, where they
devoured several pairs of boots, a sponge-bag, and the back of
“Nancy.”) Ben escorted his mistress in her walks and drives. Many a
time she went out solely on his account, and it was an indisputable
fact that he had favourite roads, and his “grandmamma”—as the
infatuated lady called herself—always studied his wishes. On those
occasions when “his grandpapa and grandmamma” were dining
abroad, he never went to bed, but established himself at the
entrance until their return (however late), and passers-by could
always tell that the Brandes were at a “burra khana” when they saw
an upright little white figure sitting by the gatepost. Indeed it was
whispered, that the reason Mrs. Brande was always so early to
depart, was simply that she did not like to keep Ben waiting up! She
never said so, but every one knew that Ben was the real motive for
her premature departure. And this was the animal who now
accompanied Honor, and who had accorded her his patronage and
friendship. One morning, as they were strolling homewards, he with
a large stone in his mouth, and she carrying an armful of ferns, they
nearly came into collision with another couple—the angles were
abrupt—walking noiselessly on pine needles. They proved to be
Toby Joy, who was also attended by a dog, and sauntering along
hand-in-hand with a young lady, a dainty, white-skinned little person,
with fluffy light hair, small keen eyes, admirably arched brows and a
tip-tilted nose.
Honor was by far the most embarrassed of the trio, and blushed a
good healthy blush—of which she was heartily ashamed. Why
should not other people enjoy the delicious morning air? As to
walking hand-in-hand, she ought to be the last person to object; had
she not walked hand-in-hand herself with an absolute stranger?
“Good morning, Miss Gordon,” said Toby, slowly relinquishing Miss
Paske’s fingers, and doffing his cap. “So you have got up here all
right in spite of the buffalo! Let me introduce you to Miss Paske.”
The girls bowed, and looked at one another gravely.
“We are getting up that burlesque I told you about, and have come
out early to study our part together.”
“How praiseworthy of you,” said Honor, in simple good faith. “And
what is the piece to be?”
“The Babes in the Wood,” responded Miss Paske with an odd
smile, and looking Honor over with her bright little eyes. “Don’t you
think it will be suitable to the dear simple people at Shirani?”
“I really don’t know,” replied the other, with a puzzled face.
“Well, I hope you will come to see it,” and with a patronizing nod
she moved on. But Ben and Jumbo (Mrs. Langrishe’s dog) were not
disposed to part thus! The household feud had evidently extended to
them. They had been tiptoeing round one another for some time,
with considerable stiffness in their gait, emitting low and insulting
growls, that now culminated in a sort of gurgling snarl, as they flew at
one another’s throats. Miss Paske gave a little stifled shriek, and
scrambled hastily up the bank, whilst Honor and Toby made
desperate attempts to separate the combatants. They each caught
hold of a dog by whatever came first, leg or tail; but the dogs refused
to be parted, and to and fro, and up and down, they struggled and
scrambled in a mutual frenzy. Meanwhile, Lalla, who was now at a
safe elevation, actually appeared delighted at the performance, and
laughed and clapped her hands ecstatically. At last, by the expedient
of pouring sand on their heads, the dogs were choked off, and each
side was bottle-holder to a furious, panting, struggling animal.
“I think we had better separate at once,” gasped Honor, who only
restrained Ben with the greatest difficulty.
“Yes, the sooner the better,” agreed Toby, who was also wrestling
with an eager armful.
As Honor turned homewards, with Ben hanging longingly over her
shoulder, Miss Paske, who had tripped down from her coign of
’vantage, called after her, in her sweetest, clearest tones—
“Be sure you tell Mrs. Brande, that her dog got the worst of it.”
END OF VOL. I.
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON

AND BECCLES.
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation errors/omissions have been fixed.
Page 21: “you have jus” changed to “you have just”
Page 246: “Grandby and myself” changed to “Granby and myself”
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MR. JERVIS,
VOL. 1 (OF 3) ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions

will be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright
in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and
distribute it in the United States without permission and without
paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General
Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to
abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using
and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project
Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this
agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms
of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with
its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it
without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it
away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.

Textbook Fibre Optics Principles and Advanced Practices Second Edition Al Azzawi Ebook All Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Textbook Fibre Optics Principles and Advanced Practices Second Edition Al Azzawi Ebook All Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fibre optics : principles and advanced

practices Second Edition Al-Azzawi

Biotechnology Operations: Principles and Practices

Principles of Electron Optics Basic Geometrical Optics

Automotive Accident Reconstruction-Practices and

Optics in Our Time 1st Edition Mohammad D. Al-Amri

Welding : principles and practices Bohnart

Biological safety principles and practices Byers

Entropy and Information Optics : Connecting Information

Understanding Physics JEE Main Advanced Optics and

© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-7432-1 (Hardback)

and the CRC Press Web site at

Chapter 1 Fibre-Optic Cables ....................................................................................................... 1

1.18 Applications of Fibre-Optic Cables ............................................................... 29

Chapter 2 Advanced Fibre-Optic Cables .................................................................................... 45

2.2.10Liquid Crystal Photonic Band Gap Fibre Cables ............................. 54

Chapter 3 Light Attenuation in Optical Components ................................................................. 63

3.4.5.5 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable

Chapter 4 Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Installations ................................................................. 83

4.4 Standard Hardware for Fibre-Optic Cables .................................................. 91

Chapter 5 Fibre-Optic Connectors ..............................................................................................99

5.12 Connectors versus Splices ........................................................................... 111

Chapter 6 Passive Fibre-Optic Devices .....................................................................................121

6.6 Coupler Construction ..................................................................................125

6.17.7 Results and Discussions ............................................................... 149

Chapter 7 Wavelength Division Multiplexer ............................................................................. 153

7.9.9 Results and Discussions ............................................................... 174

Chapter 8 Optical Amplifiers .................................................................................................... 177

Chapter 9 Optical Receivers and Senders ................................................................................. 189

9.5.3 Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Detectors .......................................... 197

Chapter 10 Optical Switches .......................................................................................................209

10.9.7 Safety Procedure ........................................................................238

Chapter 11 Laser Technology ..................................................................................................... 251

11.10.4.3 Heterojunction Laser Diodes........................... 272

Chapter 12 Optical-Fibre Communications ................................................................................307

12.14 SONET/SDH............................................................................................... 331

Chapter 13 Fibre-Optic Lighting ................................................................................................ 349

13.6 Fibre-Optic Lighting System ....................................................................... 354

14.6 Light Wavelength Measurements ............................................................ 371

14.10.11 Conclusion ...............................................................................383

Chapter 15 Photonics Laboratory Safety and Safety Ethics ....................................................... 387

Appendix A: Details of the Devices, Components, Tools and Parts .......................................407

Although she had only caught a fleeting vision of Mrs. Brande’s

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

START: FULL LICENSE

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

You might also like