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YEAR
10
Essential
Mathematicsfor the Australian Curriculum
second edition
David Greenwood | Jenny Goodman

Jennifer Vaughan | Sara Woolley
Stuart Palmer
Essential Mathematics Gold for the ISBN 978-1-316-63095-2 © Greenwood et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Australian Curriculum Year 10 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.
It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of

education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.
www.cambridge.edu.au
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316630952
© David Greenwood, Sara Woolley, Jenny Goodman and Jennifer Vaughan 2016
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2012

Reprinted 2013, 2014 (twice), 2015 (twice), 2016
Second edition 2016
Cover designed by Sardine Design

Typeset by Diacritech
Printed in China by C & C Offset Printing Co. Ltd.
A Cataloguing-in-Publication entry is available from the catalogue

of the National Library of Australia at www.nla.gov.au
ISBN 978-1-316-63095-2 Paperback
Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.edu.au/GO
Reproduction and Communication for educational purposes

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Contents
Strand and content description
About the authors viii

Acknowledgements ix
Introduction and how to use this book x
1 Measurement 2 Measurement and Geometry
Pre-test 4 Using units of measurement

1A Conversion of units CONSOLIDATING 5
1B Perimeter CONSOLIDATING 10
1C Circumference CONSOLIDATING 15
1D Area 19
1E Area of circles and sectors 25
1F Surface area of prisms 30
Progress quiz 35
1G Surface area of a cylinder 37
1H Volume of solids 41
1I Accuracy of measuring instruments 46
Maths@Work: Bricklayer 50
Puzzles and games 53
Review: Chapter summary 54
Multiple-choice questions 55
Short-answer questions 56
Extended-response question 57
2 Consumer arithmetic 58 Number and Algebra
Pre-test 60 Money and financial mathematics

2A Review of percentages CONSOLIDATING 61
2B Applications of percentages 66
2C Income 71
2D Income taxation 76
2E Budgeting 82
2F Simple interest 88
Progress quiz 92
2G Compound interest 94
2H Investments and loans 99
iii
iv Contents
2I Comparing interest using technology 106

Maths@Work: Finance manager 110
Extended-response questions 117
3 Algebra and indices 118 Number and Algebra
Pre-test 120 Patterns and algebra

3A Algebraic expressions CONSOLIDATING 121
3B Simplifying algebraic expressions 127
3C Expanding algebraic expressions 132
3D Factorising algebraic expressions 136
3E Multiplying and dividing algebraic
fractions 140
3F Adding and subtracting algebraic
fractions 145
Progress quiz 149
3G Index notation and index laws 1 and 2 150
3H Index laws 3–5 and the zero power 157
3I Scientific notation 162
3J Exponential growth and decay 166
Maths@Work: Electrical trades 172
4 Probability 180 Statistics and Probability
Pre-test 182 Chance

4A Review of probability CONSOLIDATING 183
4B Venn diagrams 189
4C Two-way tables 195
4D Conditional probability 199
4E Using tables for two-step experiments 203
Progress quiz 209
4F Using tree diagrams 210
4G Independent events 218
Maths@Work: Business analyst 222
Contents v
5 Statistics 230 Statistics and Probability
Pre-test 232 Data representation and interpretation

5A Collecting data 233
5B Frequency tables, column graphs and
histograms CONSOLIDATING 238
5C Dot plots and stem-and-leaf plots CONSOLIDATING 247
5D Range and measures of centre 254
5E Quartiles and outliers 260
5F Box plots 266
Progress quiz 272
5G Time-series data 273
5H Bivariate data and scatter plots 278
5I Line of best fit by eye 283
Maths@Work: Project manager on a
building site 288
Semester review 1 297

6 Straight-line graphs 306 Number and Algebra
Pre-test 308 Linear and non-linear relationships

6A Interpretation of straight-line graphs CONSOLIDATING 310
6B Distance–time graphs 317
6C Plotting straight lines CONSOLIDATING 323
6D Midpoint and length of a line segment 331
6E Exploring gradient 339
6F Rates from graphs 347
Progress quiz 353
6G y = mx + c and special lines 355
6H Parallel and perpendicular lines 362
6I Sketching with x- and y-intercepts 369
6J Linear modelling 375
6K Direct and inverse proportion 383
Maths@Work: Accountant or small
business owner 394
vi Contents
7 Geometry 404 Measurement and Geometry
Pre-test 406 Geometric reasoning

7A Parallel lines CONSOLIDATING 408
7B Triangles CONSOLIDATING 413
7C Quadrilaterals 419
7D Polygons 424
7E Congruent triangles 429
Progress quiz 436
7F Similar triangles 437
7G Applying similar triangles 444
7H Applications of similarity in measurement 449
Maths@Work: Pool builder 456
8 Equations 466 Number and Algebra
Pre-test 468 Linear and non-linear relationships

8A Solving linear equations CONSOLIDATING 469
8B Solving more difficult linear equations 477
8C Using formulas 484
8D Linear inequalities 488
8E Solving simultaneous equations graphically 494
Progress quiz 500
8F Solving simultaneous equations using
substitution 501
8G Solving simultaneous equations using
elimination 507
Maths@Work: Nurse 514
9 Pythagoras’ theorem and trigonometry 524 Measurement and Geometry
Pre-test 526 Pythagoras and trigonometry

9A Reviewing Pythagoras’ theorem CONSOLIDATING 527
9B Finding the length of a shorter side 533
9C Applications of Pythagoras’ theorem 538
9D Trigonometric ratios CONSOLIDATING 545
9E Finding side lengths 551
Contents vii
9F Solving for the denominator 556

Progress quiz 561
9G Finding angles 563
9H Angles of elevation and depression 568
9I Direction and bearings 577
Maths@Work: Surveyor 584
10 Quadratics and non-linear graphs 594 Number and Algebra
Pre-test 596 Patterns and algebra

10A Expanding binomial products 597 Linear and non-linear relationships
10B Factorising a difference of perfect
squares 602
10C Factorising trinomials of the form
x2 + bx + c 606
10D Solving equations of the form ax2 = c 610
10E Solving ax2 + bx + c = 0 using the null
factor law 616
10F Applications of quadratics 621
Progress quiz 625
10G Exploring parabolas 626
10H Graphs of circles and exponentials 635
Maths@Work: Driving instructor 642
Semester review 2 650

Appendix: Algorithmic thinking 664
Activity 1: Solving equations numerically 666
Activity 2: Measurement formulas and
maximising areas 670
Activity 3: Walk the Plank 674
Glossary 677
Answers 681
About the Authors
David Greenwood is the Head of Mathematics at Trinity Grammar School in

Melbourne and has 22 years’ experience teaching mathematics from Years
7 to 12. He has run numerous workshops within Australia and overseas
regarding the implementation of the Australian Curriculum and the use of
technology for the teaching of mathematics. He has written more than 30
mathematics titles and has a particular interest in the sequencing of curriculum
content and working with the Australian Curriculum proficiency strands.
Sara Woolley was born and educated in Tasmania. She completed an Honours
degree in Mathematics at the University of Tasmania before completing
her education training at the University of Melbourne. She has taught
mathematics in Victoria from Years 7 to 12 since 2006, has written more
than 10 mathematics titles and specialises in lesson design and differentiation.
Jenny Goodman has worked for 20 years in comprehensive State and selective
high schools in NSW and has a keen interest in teaching students of
differing ability levels. She was awarded the Jones medal for education at
Sydney University and the Bourke prize for Mathematics. She has written for
Cambridge NSW and was involved in the Spectrum and Spectrum Gold series.
Jennifer Vaughan has taught secondary mathematics for more than 30 years in
NSW, WA, QLD and New Zealand, and has tutored and lectured in mathematics
at Queensland University of Technology. She is passionate about providing
students of all ability levels with opportunities to understand and to have success
in using mathematics. She has taught special needs students and has had extensive
experience in developing resources that make mathematical concepts more
accessible, hence facilitating student confidence, achievement and an enjoyment
of maths.
Stuart Palmer has been a head of department in two schools and is now an
educational consultant who conducts professional development workshops for
teachers all over New South Wales and beyond. He is a Project Officer with the
Mathematical Association of New South Wales, and also works with pre-service
teachers at The University of Sydney and The University of Western Sydney.
viii
Acknowledgements
The author and publisher wish to thank the following sources for permission to reproduce material:
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ix
Introduction
This second edition of Essential Mathematics Gold for the Australian Curriculum sees the Gold series revised,
updated, redeveloped and seamlessly blended with HOTmaths to create a comprehensive learning package that is
specially designed for students who require additional support in mathematics.
An Interactive Textbook (complimentary) for the student and Online Teaching Suite (available separately) for the
teacher are new for the second edition. The print textbooks have been carefully revised and updated. New topics
have been added to reflect changes to the Australian Curriculum and incorporate selected parts of new state
syllabuses, particularly the Victorian Curriculum and the New South Wales Syllabus.
The following four themes have guided the second edition:
Differentiation in the classroom
• All non-core sections are labelled as ‘Consolidating’ (indicating a revision section) or with a gold star
(indicating a topic that could be considered challenging) to help teachers decide on the most suitable way
of approaching the course for their class or for individual students.
• Building and Progressing working programs are suggested for all exercises (see ‘Guide to the working
programs’ on the following page for information).
• Two auto-marked quizzes for each section in the Interactive Textbook are aligned with the Building and
Progressing learning pathways.
• Two chapter tests per chapter in the Online Teaching Suite have also been aligned to the Building and
Progressing learning pathways.
• The Test Generator inside the Online Teaching Suite provides a high level of flexibility for the teacher to
create tests from questions containing four difficulty levels.
Mathematical literacy
• In conjunction with margin definitions in the print book, ‘enhanced’ pop-up definitions in the Interactive
Textbook feature visual and audio aids to help students learn definitions in a multi-dimensional way.
• In the Interactive Textbook, simple drag-and-drop and fill-the-gap activities in each chapter allow students
to get comfortable using mathematical language and to consolidate definitions.
• In the Online Teaching Suite, maths literacy worksheets featuring a wide range of activities can be
downloaded to be used as classwork or homework.
Practical application of mathematics
• A new feature in each chapter called ’Maths@Work’ for Years 9 and 10, and ‘Life Maths’ for Years 7 and 8,
provides case studies to show how the maths learnt in the chapter is relevant to the workplace and to
everyday life.
Using technology
• ’Maths@Work’ and ’Life Maths’ activities feature a section dedicated to giving students practise at using
technology such as spreadsheets and calculators in ways they will encounter in the workforce and in
everyday life.
• Throughout the textbook, questions best suited to be completed on a calculator are indicated with a
calculator icon.
• In the Interactive Textbook, a fully-functional scientific calculator pops up when students click or tap on the
calculator icon.
• CAS calculator activities in the Year 10 Interactive Textbook provide calculator practise for students going to
study maths in Year 11.
While not part of the ACARA curriculum, Algorithmics is an exciting, powerful way of applying technology to
mathematics (and vice versa) and one that is relevant and accessible to students of all ages and ability levels. We have
therefore included a new appendix chapter on Algorithmics in each book that takes an introductory, activity-based
approach to the subject.
x
Guide to the working programs
New to the second edition, the working programs that were previously only available to teachers in separate supporting
documents have been updated, refined and subtly embedded in the exercises. The suggested working programs provide two
pathways through the book to allow differentiation for Building and Progressing students.
As with the first edition, each exercise is structured in subsections that match the Australian Curriculum proficiency strands
(with Problem-solving and Reasoning combined into one section to reduce exercise length), as well as ‘Gold Star’ ( ). The
questions* suggested for each pathway are listed in two columns at the top of each subsection.
• The left column (lightest shade) shows the questions Building Progressing
in the Building working program.
• The right column (darkest shade) shows the questions
UNDERSTANDING 1-3 3
in the Progressing working program.
Gradients within exercises and proficiency FLUENCY 4-6 4-6(1/2)
strands PROBLEM-SOLVING
The working programs make use of two gradients AND REASONING 7-9 8-11
that have been carefully integrated into the exercises.
A gradient runs through the overall structure of – 12
each exercise – where there’s an increasing level of
sophistication required as a student progresses through
the proficiency strands and then to the ‘Gold star’
question(s) – but also within each proficiency strand; the
first few questions in Fluency are easier than the last few,
for example, and the first few Problem-solving and Reasoning questions are easier than the last few.
The right mix of questions
Questions in the working programs have been selected to give the most appropriate mix of types of questions for each learning
pathway. Students going through the Building pathway are given extra practise at Understanding and basic Fluency and only
the easiest Problem-solving and Reasoning questions. The Progressing pathway, while not meant to be challenging, spends a
little less time on basic Understanding questions and a little more on Fluency, Problem-solving and Reasoning. The Progressing
pathway also includes the ‘Gold star’ question(s).
Choosing a pathway
There are a variety of ways of determining the appropriate pathway for students through the course. Schools and individual
teachers should follow the method that works best for them.
If required, the chapter pre-tests can be used as a diagnostic tool. The following are recommended guidelines:
• A student who gets 40% or lower should heavily revise core concepts before doing the Building questions, and may require
further assistance.
• A student who gets between 40% and 75% should do the Building questions.
• A student who gets 75% and higher should do the Progressing questions.
For schools that have classes grouped according to ability, teachers may wish to set either the Building or Progressing
pathways as the default pathway for an entire class and then make individual alternations depending on student need. For
schools that have mixed-ability classes, teachers may wish to set a number of pathways within the one class, depending on
previous performance and other factors.
* The nomenclature used to list questions is as follows:

• 3, 4: complete all parts of questions 3 and 4 • 2-4(½): complete half of the parts of questions 2, 3 and 4
• 1-4: complete all parts of questions 1, 2, 3 and 4 • 4(½), 5: complete half of the parts of question 4 and all parts
• 10(½): complete half of the parts from question of question 5
10 (a, c, e, ..... or b, d, f, .....) • — : complete none of the questions in this section.
For more
An overview of the Essential detail, see
the guide in
Mathematics Gold for the Australian the online
Interactive
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Chapterr
Measurement
1
What you will learn
1A Conversion of units (Consolidating) 1H Volume of solids
1B Perimeter (Consolidating) 1I Accuracy of measuring instruments
1C Circumference (Consolidating)
1D Area
1E Area of circles and sectors
1F Surface area of prisms
1G Surface area of a cylinder
Australian curriculum
MEASUREMENT
Substitute values into formulas to determine an
unknown (ACMNA234)
Solve problems involving surface area and volume

for a range of prisms, cylinders and composite
solids (ACMMG242)
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Tiny lead spheres and a very large glass cone

Melbourne Central shopping centre houses the of falling molten lead formed into small spherical
historic Coop’s Shot Tower which made spherical balls due to the forces of surface tension. The shot
lead shot for use as pellets in shotguns. The tower also cooled as it fell and was collected in a water
was built around 1890 and owned and run by the trough at the bottom. Six tonnes of lead shot were
Coops family. It is 50 m high or 9 storeys, and produced weekly until 1961.
has 327 steps which were ascended by the shot Above the Shot Tower is the largest glass cone of
maker carrying up his heavy load of lead bars. To its type in the world. It is built of steel and glass with a
produce the spherical lead shot, the lead bars were total weight of 490 tonnes. The cone itself has a base
heated until molten then dropped through a sieve or diameter of 44 m and a height of 48 m. It reaches 20
colander from near the top of the tower. The drops storeys high and has 924 glass panes.
4 Chapter 1 Measurement
1 Name these shapes. Choose from the words trapezium, triangle, circle, rectangle,
Pre-test
square, semicircle, parallelogram and rhombus.
a b c
d e f
g h
2 Write the missing number.

a 1 km = m b 1m = cm c 1 cm = mm
d 1L = mL e 0.5 km = m f 2.5 cm = mm
3 Find the perimeter of these shapes.

a b c 2.5 mm
5m
1.3 mm
11 m 2.1 mm
3 cm
4 Find the area of these shapes.
a b c
2 cm 7m 6 km
5 cm
10 m
5 Find the area of these triangles using A = 1 bh.

2
a b c
2 cm
4m 4 km
4 cm
7m 3 km
6 Use C = pd and A = pr2 to find the circumference and area of this circle. Round your answer
to two decimal places.
10 m
d = 10, r = 5
Measurement and Geomentry 5
1A 1A Conversion of units CONSOLIDATING
To work with length, area or volume measurements, it

is important to be able to convert between different
units. Timber, for example, is widely used in buildings
for frames, roof trusses and windows, to name a few. It
is important to order the correct amount of timber so
that the cost of the house is minimised. Although plans
give measurements in mm and cm, timber is ordered in
metres (often referred to as lineal metres), so we have
to convert all our measurements to metres.
Building a house also involves many area and
volume calculations and unit conversions.
Let’s start: House plans

All homes start from a plan, which is usually designed by an architect and shows most of the basic
features and measurements that are needed to build the house. Measurements are given in millimetres.
4500 2700 3200 4700 1000 2200 1000 3500
100
1000
2500
MEALS
4500
BED 1
BED 4 LIVING
2000
WIR FAMILY
5200
1500
KITCHEN
12 100
4200
BED 3 RUMPUS 3100
6100
GARAGE BED 2
WC
1500
1600
1300 6500 3200 2000 1000 1700 3500 3600

22 800
• How many bedrooms are there?

• What are the dimensions of the master bedroom (i.e. BED 1)?
• What are the dimensions of the master bedroom, in metres?
• Will the rumpus room fit a pool table that measures 2.5 m × 1.2 m, and still have room to play?
• How many cars do you think will fit in the garage?
• What do you think is going to cover the floor of the kitchen, meals and family rooms?
Key ideas
To convert units, draw an appropriate diagram and use it to find the conversion factor.
For example:
1 km
1000 m 10 mm
1 m2 100 cm
1 cm3
10 mm
100 cm
10 mm
1 km = 1000 m 1 m2 = 100 × 100 1 cm3 = 10 × 10 × 10
= 10 000 cm2 = 1000 mm3
Conversions:
Length ×1000 ×100 ×10 To multiply by 10, 100, 1000 etc. move
the decimal point one place to the right
km m cm mm for each zero;
e.g. 3.425 × 100 = 342.5
÷1000 ÷100 ÷10
×10002 ×1002 ×102 To divide by 10, 100, 1000 etc. move the
Area
decimal point one place to the left for each zero;
km2 m2 cm2 mm2 e.g. 4.10 ÷ 1000 = 0.0041
÷10002 ÷1002 ÷102
Volume ×10003 ×1003 ×103 102 = 10 × 10 = 100

1002 = 100 × 100 = 10 000
km3 m3 cm3 mm3
10002 = 1000 × 1000 = 1 000 000
÷10003 ÷1003 ÷103 103 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000
1003 = 100 × 100 × 100 = 1 000 000
10003 = 1000 × 1000 × 1000
= 1 000 000 000
Exercise 1A UNDERSTANDING 1–3 3
1 Write the missing numbers in these sentences involving length. 1 km

a There are m in 1 km. 1000 m
b There are mm in 1 cm.
c There are cm in 1 m.
2 Write the missing numbers in these sentences involving area units.

a There are mm2 in 1 cm2 . 1 cm2 10 mm
b There are cm2 in 1 m2 .
c There are m2 in 1 km2 . 10 mm
3 Write the missing numbers in these sentences involving volume units.

a There are mm3 in 1 cm3 . 10 mm
b There are m3 in 1 km3 . 1 cm3
c There are cm3 in 1 m3 . 10 mm
10 mm
FLUENCY 4–6 4–6(½)
Example 1 Converting length measurements
Convert these length measurements to the units shown in the brackets.

a 8.2 km (m) b 45 mm (cm)
Solution Explanation
a 8.2 km = 8.2 × 1000 1 km 1 km = 1000 m
= 8200 m 1000 m
Multiply when converting to a smaller unit.
b 45 mm = 45 ÷ 10 1 cm 1 cm = 10 mm
= 4.5 cm 10 mm
Divide when converting to a larger unit.
4 Convert the following measurements of length to the units given

When converting
in the brackets.
to a smaller unit,
a 4.32 cm (mm) b 327 m (km) c 834 cm (m) multiply. Otherwise,
d 0.096 m (mm) e 297.5 m (km) f 0.0127 m (cm) divide.
Example 2 Converting area measurements
Convert these area measurements to the units shown in the brackets.

a 930 cm2 (m2 ) b 0.4 cm2 (mm2 )
a 930 cm2 = 930 ÷ 10 000 1 m2 = 100 × 100

= 0.093 m2 1 m2 100 cm = 10 000 cm2
100 cm
Example 1
1A
b 0.4 cm2 = 0.4 × 100 1 cm2 = 10 × 10
= 40 mm2 1 cm2 10 mm = 100 mm2
10 mm
5 Convert the following area measurements to the units given in

the brackets. 1 cm2 = 100 mm2
a 3000 cm2 (mm2 ) b 0.5 m2 (cm2 )
2 2 1 m2 = 10 000 cm2
c 5 km (m ) d 2 980 000 mm2 (cm2 )
e 537 cm2 (mm2 ) f 0.023 m2 (cm2 ) 1 km2 = 1 000 000 m2
Example 3 Converting volume measurements
Convert these volume measurements to the units shown in the brackets.

a 3.72 cm3 (mm3 ) b 4300 cm3 (m3 )
a 3.72 cm3 = 3.72 × 1000 1 cm3 = 10 × 10 × 10

= 3720 mm3 10 mm = 1000 mm3
1 cm3
10 mm
10 mm
b 4300 cm3 = 4300 ÷ 1 000 000 1 m3 = 100 × 100 × 100

= 0.0043 m3 100 cm = 1 000 000 cm3
1 m3
100 cm
100 cm
6 Convert these volume measurements to the units given in

the brackets.
1 cm3 = 1000 mm3
a 2 cm3 (mm3 ) b 0.2 m3 (cm3 )
1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3
c 5700 mm3 (cm3 ) d 0.015 km3 (m3 )
1 km3 = 1 000 000 000 m3
e 28 300 000 m3 (km3 ) f 762 000 cm3 (m3 )
PROBLEM-SOLVING AND REASONING 7–9 8–11
7 An athlete has completed a 5.5 km run. How many metres did the athlete run?
8 Determine the metres of timber needed to construct the following frames.
a b
200 cm 60 cm
240 cm
60 cm 60 cm 60 cm 60 cm 60 cm 60 cm
60 cm 140 cm
40 cm
9 Find the total sum of the measurements given, expressing your
answer in the units given in the brackets. Convert to the units in
brackets. Add up to find
a 10 cm, 18 mm (mm) the sum.
b 1.2 m, 19 cm, 83 mm (cm)
c 453 km, 258 m (km) d 400 mm2 , 11.5 cm2 (cm2 )
e 0.3 m2 , 251 cm2 (cm2 ) f 0.00003 km2 , 9 m2 , 37 000 000 cm2 (m2 )
g 482 000 mm3 , 2.5 cm3 (mm3 ) h 0.00051 km3 , 27 300 m3 (m3 )
10 A snail is moving at a rate of 43 mm every minute. How many centimetres will the snail move in
5 minutes?
11 Why do you think that builders measure many of their lengths using only millimetres, even their
long lengths?
— 12
Special units
12 Many units of measurement apart from those relating to mm, cm, m and km are used in our
society. Some of these are described here.
Length Inches 1 inch ¥ 2.54 cm = 25.4 mm
Feet 1 foot = 12 inches ¥ 30.48 cm
Miles 1 mile ¥ 1.609 km = 1609 m
Area Squares 1 square = 100 square feet
Hectares (ha) 1 hectare = 10 000 m2
Volume Millilitres (mL) 1 millilitre = 1 cm3
Litres (L) 1 litre = 1000 cm3
Convert these special measurements to the units given in the brackets. Use the conversion
information given above to help.
a 5.5 miles (km) b 54 inches (feet) c 10.5 inches (cm)
2
d 2000 m (miles) e 5.7 ha (m ) f 247 cm3 (L)
g 8.2 L (mL) h 5.5 m3 (mL) i 10 squares (sq. feet)
3
j 2 m (L) k 1 km2 (ha) l 152 000 mL (m3 )
1B 1B Perimeter CONSOLIDATING
Perimeter is a measure of length around the outside of

a shape. We calculate perimeter when ordering ceiling
cornices for a room or materials for fencing a paddock
or when designing a television shape.
Let’s start: L-shaped perimeters

The L-shaped figure below includes only right (90°)
angles. Only two measurements are given.
• Can you figure out any other side lengths?
• Is it possible to find its perimeter? Why?
10 cm
13 cm
Key ideas
Perimeter is the distance around the outside of a two-dimensional
Perimeter The total
shape. distance (length)
• To find the perimeter we add all the lengths of the sides in the around the outside
same units. of a figure
7m
8m
P = 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 24 m
4m
5m
• When two sides of a shape are the same length they are labelled with the same markings.
x
y P = 2x + y + z
z
Exercise 1B UNDERSTANDING 1, 2 2
1 Write the missing word: The distance around the outside of a shape is called the .
2 Write down the value of x for these shapes.
a b c
7.1 x
6 x x 4.3
FLUENCY 3, 4 3–4(½)
Example 4 Finding perimeters of basic shapes
Find the perimeter of these shapes.

a b 3m
2 cm
3 cm
5m
4 cm
3.5 cm
4.5 m
a Perimeter = 3 + 2 + 4 + 3.5 Add all the lengths of the sides together.
= 12.5 cm
b Perimeter = 5 + 4.5 + 3 × 3 Three lengths have the same markings and

= 18.5 m therefore are the same length.

a 3 cm b c
6m
6m 3 km
5 cm
4 cm
4m
5 km
7m
Sides with the same
markings are the
same length.
1B d 3m e f
6.4 cm
2.5 m
2.5 m
a 1.3 cm b
22 mm
1.8 cm
17 mm
1.2 cm
8 mm
2.4 cm
18 mm
c d
220 m
2m
7m
185 m
3m
e 0.5 km f
34 cm 32 cm
12 cm
2.6 km
Example 5 Finding a missing side length
Find the value of x for this shape with the given perimeter. 4.5 m
xm
P = 11.9 m
2.1 m
3.4 m
4.5 + 2.1 + 3.4 + x = 11.9 All the sides add to 11.9 in length.
10 + x = 11.9 Simplify.
x = 1.9 Subtract 10 from both sides to find the value of x.
5 Find the value of x for these shapes with the given perimeters.
a b 3m c 2 mm
2 cm 3 cm
3m 2 mm
xm 4 mm
x cm
5m x mm
Perimeter = 9 cm Perimeter = 13 m Perimeter = 14 mm
Add up all the sides and then

determine the value of x to
6 Find the value of x for these shapes with suit the given perimeters.
the given perimeters.
a 2m b c
5m x cm 2x mm
7m
5.3 cm
xm
Perimeter = 17 m Perimeter = 22.9 cm Perimeter = 0.8 mm
Example 6 Working with concrete slabs
For the concrete slab shown: 18 500 mm

a Draw a new diagram, showing all the measurements
m
m
in metres.
0
m
80
m
b Determine the lineal metres of timber needed to
16
0
surround it. 10
14
3500 mm
a 18.5 m Convert your measurements and
place them all on the diagram.
14.1 m 1 m = 100 × 10 = 1000 mm
16.8 m 15 m
Add or subtract to find the missing
2.7 m
measurements.
3.5 m
b Perimeter = 18.5 + 16.8 + 3.5 + 2.7 + 15 + 14.1 Add all the measurements.
= 70.6 m
The lineal metres of timber needed is 70.6 m. Write your answer in words.
1B 7 For the concrete slabs shown:

i Draw a new diagram with the measurements in metres.
ii Determine the lineal metres of timber needed to surround it.
a m 10 6 b 15000 mm
m 0 0 m m
0 0 m m 0
48 00
15
c 16 800 mm d 14600 mm
3500 mm
14 000 mm 16000 mm
4700 mm 4500 mm
18700 mm
e 2700 mm 3900 mm f 2300 mm
2500 mm
2400 mm
12500 mm 8100 mm
10900 mm
13000 mm
12700 mm
8 A rectangular paddock has perimeter 100 m. Find the width of the paddock if its length is 30 m.
9 The equilateral triangle shown has perimeter 45 cm. Find its side length.
x cm
10 Write formulas for the perimeter of these shapes, using the

pronumerals given. A formula for perimeter
a b c could be P = l + 2w or
x y P = a + b + c.
l w
z
l
d b e f
s
a l
— 11, 12
How many different tables?
11 A large dining table is advertised with a perimeter of 12 m. The length and width are a whole
number of metres (e.g. 1 m, 2 m, …). How many different-sized tables are possible?
12 How many rectangles (using whole number lengths) have perimeters between 16 m and 20 m,
inclusive?
1C 1C Circumference CONSOLIDATING
To find the distance around the outside of a circle –

the circumference – we use the special number
called pi (p). Pi provides a direct link between the
diameter of a circle and the circumference of that
circle.
The wheel is one of the most useful
components in many forms of machinery and its
shape, of course, is a circle. One revolution of a
vehicle’s wheel moves the vehicle a distance equal
to the wheel’s circumference.
Let’s start: When circumference = height

Here is an example of a cylinder.
• Try drawing your own cylinder so that its height is equal to the circumference
of the circular top.
• How would you check that you have drawn a cylinder with the correct height
dimensions? Discuss.
Key ideas
The radius (r) is the distance from the centre of a circle to a
Radius The distance
point on the circle. from the centre of a
The diameter (d) is the distance across a circle through its centre. circle to its
– Radius = 1 diameter or diameter = 2 × radius
outside edge
2 Diameter A line
Circumference (C) is the distance around a circle. passing through the
– C = 2p × radius centre of a
circle with its end
= 2pr points on the
or C = p × diameter r circumference
d
= pd Circumference The
– p is a special number and can be found on distance around the
outside of a circle;
your calculator. It can be approximated the curved boundary
by p ¥ 3.142. C
1C
Exercise 1C UNDERSTANDING 1–3 3
1 Write the formula for the circumference of a circle using:

a d for diameter b r for radius
2 What fraction of a circle is shown here?
a b c
3 a What is the diameter of a circle when its radius is 4.3 m?

b What is the radius of a circle when its diameter is 3.6 cm?
FLUENCY 4, 5 4–5(½)
Example 7 Finding the circumference of a circle
For the circumference of these circles to two decimal places.

a b
2 cm
2.65 mm
a C = 2pr Write the formula involving the radius, r.
= 2p(2) Substitute r = 2.
= 12.57 cm (to 2 d.p.) Round your answer to two decimal places.
b C = pd Write the formula involving diameter.

= p(2.65) Substitute d = 2.65.
= 8.33 mm (to 2 d.p.) Round your answer to two decimal places.
4 Find the circumference of these circles, to two decimal places.

a b c 5 km Use
C = 2pr
3m or C = pd.
10 m
d e f
19.44 mm
18 cm
1.07 km
Example 8 Finding perimeters of composite shapes
Find the perimeter of this composite shape, to two decimal places.

3m
5m
2m
P = 3 + 5 + 1 × 2p(2) Add all the sides, including half a circle.

2
= 8 + 2p Simplify.
= 14.28 m (to 2 d.p.) Round your answer as instructed.
5 Find the perimeter of these composite shapes, to two decimal places.

a b c
Don’t forget to add the
3m straight sides to the
1 mm
(4 2 4)
fraction 1 , 1 or 3 of
8m 10 m 1 cm 4 cm the circumference.
d e f
2.8 cm
2 cm 20 cm
3m
5m 14.14 cm
6 David wishes to build a circular fish pond. The diameter of the pond is to be 3 m.
a How many lineal metres of bricks are needed to surround it? Round your answer to two
decimal places.
b What is the cost if the bricks are $45 per metre? (Use your answer from part a.)
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“Well, I’m glad you’ve got here. We’ve been having a picnic up at
the house. Julie’s been having the hysterics and MacDonald—you
never knew MacDonald, did you?”
Applegate listened politely. He had a curious feeling that Julie and
her hysterics were already very far away and unimportant to him, but
he did not wish to be so brutal as to show this.
“When did MacDonald return and where has he been?” he asked,
gravely.
“He got here yesterday. He says he had a shock or something in
that accident—anyhow, he just couldn’t remember anything, and
when he come to he didn’t know who he was, nor anything about
himself, and all his papers and clothes had been burnt, so there was
nothing to show anybody who he was. He could work, and he was all
right most ways. Says he was that way till about six months ago,
when a Frisco doctor got hold of him and did something to his head
that put him right. He has papers from the doctor to show it’s true.
His case attracted lots of attention out there. Of course he wrote to
Julie when he came to himself, but his letters went to our old
address and she never got them. So then he started East to see
about it. He says he’s got into a good business and is going to do
well.”
There was a long silence. Presently Hopson began again,
awkwardly:
“I don’t know how you feel about it, but I think Julie’d ought to go
back to him.”
Applegate’s heart began to beat in curious, irregular throbs; he
could feel the pulsing of the arteries in his neck and there was a
singing in his ears.
“Of course Julie agrees with you?” he said, thickly.
“Well, no; she don’t. That’s what she wanted me to talk to you
about. She can’t see it but one way. She says he died, or if he didn’t
it was the same thing to her, and she married you. She says nobody
can have two husbands, and it’s you who are hers. I told her the law
didn’t look at it that way, and she says then she must get a divorce
from MacDonald and remarry you. MacDonald says if she brings suit
on the ground of desertion he will fight it. He says he can prove it
ain’t been no wilful desertion. But probably he could be brought
round if he saw she wouldn’t go back to him anyhow. MacDonald
wouldn’t be spiteful. But he was pretty fond of Julie.”
Applegate had stopped suddenly in the middle of Hopson’s
speech. Now he went forward rapidly, but he made no answer.
Hopson scrutinized his face a moment before he continued:
“Julie says you won’t be spiteful either. She says maybe she was a
little hasty in what she said just before she came up here. But you
know Julie’s way.”
“Yes,” said Applegate, “I know Julie’s way.”
Hopson drew a breath of relief. He had at least discharged himself
of his intercessory mission.
“I tell Julie she’d better put up with it and go with MacDonald. The
life would be more the sort of thing she likes. But her head’s set and
she won’t hear to anything Henriette or I say. You see, that’s what
Julie holds by, what she thinks is respectable. And it’s about all she
does hold by.” He hesitated, groping blindly about in his
consciousness for words to express his feeling that this passionate,
reckless nature was only anchored to the better things of life by her
fervent belief in the righteousness of the established social order.
“Julie thinks everything of being respectable,” he concluded,
lamely.
“Is it much farther to your house?” asked Applegate, dully.
“Right here,” answered Hopson, pulling his key from his pocket.
They entered a crude little parlor whose carpet was too gaudy, and
whose plush furniture was too obviously purchased at a bargain, but
its air was none the less heavy with tragedy. A single gas-jet
flickered in the centre of the room. On one side a great, broad-
shouldered fellow sat doggedly with his elbows on his knees and his
face buried in his hands. There was resistance in every line of his
figure. On the sofa opposite was Julie in her crimson dress. As she
lifted her face eagerly, Applegate noticed traces of tears upon it. Mrs.
Hopson, who had been moving about the room aimlessly, a pale and
ineffective figure between these two vivid personalities, came to a
standstill and looked at Applegate breathlessly. For a moment no
one spoke. Then Julie, baffled by the eyes she could not read,
sprang to her feet and stretched out her hands with a vehement
gesture.
“John Applegate, you’ll put me right! You will. I know you will. I
can’t go back to him! How can I?” Her hungry eyes scrutinized his
still, inexpressive face.
“John, you aren’t going to turn me off?” Her voice had a despairing
passion in it. “You won’t refuse to marry me if I get the divorce?
Good God! You can’t be such a devil. John! oh, John!”
Applegate sat down and looked at her apathetically. He was not
used to being called a devil. Somehow it seemed to him the term
was misapplied.
“Don’t take on so, Julie,” he said, quietly. The room seemed to
whirl around him, and he added, with a palpable effort:
“I’ll think it over and try to do what is best for both of us.”
At that MacDonald lifted his sullen face from his hands for the first
time and glanced across at the other man with blood-shot eyes.
Then he rose slowly, his great bulk seeming to fill the room, and
walking over to Applegate’s chair stood in front of it looking down at
him. His scrutiny was long. Once Applegate looked up and met his
eyes, but he was too tired to bear their fierce light and dropped his
own lids wearily.
MacDonald turned from him contemptuously and faced his wife,
who averted her head.
“Look at me, Julie!” he cried, appealingly. “I am better worth it than
he is. Good Lord! I don’t see what you see in him. He’s so tame! Let
him go about his business. He’s nobody. He don’t want you. Come
along with me and we’ll lead a life! You shall cut a dash out there. I
can make money hand over fist. It’s the place for you. Come on!”
For a moment Julie’s eyes glittered. The words allured her, but her
old gods prevailed. She threw out her arms as if to ward off his
proposal.
“No, no,” she said, shrilly. “I cannot make it seem right. You were
dead to me, and I married him. One does not go back to the dead. If
I am your wife, what am I to him? It puts me in the wrong these two
years. I cannot have it so, I tell you. I cannot have it so!”
Applegate felt faint and sick. Rising, he groped for the door. “I
must have air,” he said to Hopson, confusedly. “I will come back in a
minute.”
Once outside, the cool November night refreshed him. He dropped
down upon the doorstep and threw back his head, drinking in long
breaths as he looked up at the mocking stars.
When he found at last the courage to ask himself what he was
going to do, the answer was not ready. The decision lay entirely in
his hands. He might still be free if he said the word; and as he
thought of this he trembled. He had always tried to be what his
neighbors called a straight man, and he wanted to be straight in this
also. But where, in such a hideous tangle, was the real morality to be
found? Surely not in acceding to Julie’s demands! What claim had
she upon the home whose simple traditions of peace and happiness
she had trampled rudely under foot? Was it not a poor, cheap
convention of righteousness which demanded he should take such a
woman back to embitter the rest of his days and warp his children’s
lives? He rebelled hotly at the thought. That it was Julie’s view of the
ethical requirement of her position made it all the more improbable
that it was really right. Surely his duty was to his children first, and as
for Julie, let her reap the reward of her own temperament. The Lord
God Himself could not say that this was unjust, for it is so that He
deals with the souls of men.
It seemed to him that he had decided, but as he rose and turned to
the door a new thought stabbed him so sharply that he dropped his
lifted hand with a groan.
Where had been that sense of duty to his children, just now so
imperative, in the days when he had yielded to Julie’s charm against
his better judgment? Had duty ever prevailed against inclination with
him? Was it prevailing now?
High over all the turmoil and desperation of his thoughts shone out
a fresh perception that mocked him as the winter stars had mocked.
For that hour at least, the crucial one of his decision, he felt assured
that in the relation of man and woman to each other lies the supreme
ethical test of each, and in that relation there is no room for
selfishness. It might be, indeed, that he owed Julie nothing, but
might it not also be that the consideration he owed all womankind
could only be paid through this woman he had called his wife? This
was an ideal with which he had never had to reckon.
He turned and sat him down again to fight the fight with a chill
suspicion in his heart of what the end would be.
Being a plain man he had only plain words in which to phrase his
decision when at last he came to it.
“I chose her and I’ll bear the consequences of my choice,” he said,
“but I’ll bear them by myself. His aunt will be glad to take Teddy, and
Dora is old enough to go away to school.” Then he opened the door.
Hopson and his wife had left the little parlor. Julie on the sofa had
fallen into the deep sleep of exhaustion. MacDonald still sat there,
with his head in his hands, and to him Applegate turned. At the
sound of his step the man lifted his massive head and shook it
impatiently.
“Well?” he demanded.
“The fact is, Mr. MacDonald, Julie and I don’t get along very well
together, but I don’t know as that is any reason why I should force
her to do anything that don’t seem right to her. She thinks it would be
more”—he hesitated for a word—“more nearly right to get a divorce
from you and remarry me. As I see it now, it’s for her to say what she
wants, and for you and me to do it.”
MacDonald looked at him piercingly.
“You know you’d be glad of the chance to get rid of her!” he
exclaimed, excitedly. “In Heaven’s name, then, why don’t you make
her come to me? You know I suit her best. You know she’s my sort,
not yours. She’s as uncomfortable with you as you with her, and
she’d soon get over the feeling she has against me. Man! There’s no
use in it! Why can’t you give my own to me?”
“I can’t say I don’t agree with you,” said Applegate, and the words
seem to ooze painfully from his white lips, “but she thinks she’d
rather not, and—it’s for her to say.”
A CONSUMING FIRE
He is a man who has failed in this life, and says he has no chance
of success in another; but out of the fragments of his failures he has
pieced together for himself a fabric of existence more satisfying than
most of us make of our successes. It is a kind of triumph to look as
he does, to have his manner, and to preserve his attitude toward
advancing years—those dreaded years which he faces with pale but
smiling lips.
If you would see my friend Hayden, commonly called by his friends
the connoisseur, figure to yourself a tall gentleman of sixty-five, very
erect still and graceful, gray-headed and gray-bearded, with fine gray
eyes that have the storm-tossed look of clouds on a windy March
day, and a bearing that somehow impresses you with an idea of the
gracious and pathetic dignity of his lonely age.
I myself am a quiet young man, with but one gift—I am a finished
and artistic listener. It is this talent of mine which wins for me a
degree of Hayden’s esteem and a place at his table when he has a
new story to tell. His connoisseurship extends to everything of
human interest, and his stories are often of the best.
The last time that I had the honor of dining with him, there was
present, besides the host and myself, only his close friend, that
vigorous and successful man, Dr. Richard Langworthy, the eminent
alienist and specialist in nervous diseases. The connoisseur
evidently had something to relate, but he refused to give it to us until
the pretty dinner was over. Hayden’s dinners are always pretty, and
he has ideals in the matter of china, glass, and napery which it would
require a woman to appreciate. It is one of his accomplishments that
he manages to live like a gentleman and entertain his friends on an
income which most people find quite inadequate for the purpose.
After dinner we took coffee and cigars in the library.
On the table, full in the mellow light of the great lamp (Hayden has
a distaste for gas), was a bit of white plush on which two large opals
were lying. One was an intensely brilliant globe of broken gleaming
lights, in which the red flame burned strongest and most steadily; the
other was as large, but paler. You would have said that the prisoned
heart of fire within it had ceased to throb against the outer rim of ice.
Langworthy, who is wise in gems, bent over them with an
exclamation of delight.
“Fine stones,” he said; “where did you pick them up, Hayden?”
Hayden, standing with one hand on Langworthy’s shoulder, smiled
down on the opals with a singular expression. It was as if he looked
into beloved eyes for an answering smile.
“They came into my possession in a singular way, very singular. It
interested me immensely, and I want to tell you about it, and ask
your advice on something connected with it. I am afraid you people
will hardly care for the story as much as I do. It’s—it’s a little too
rococo and sublimated to please you, Langworthy. But here it is:
“When I was in the West last summer, I spent some time in a city
on the Pacific slope which has more pawnbrokers’ shops and that
sort of thing in full sight on the prominent streets than any other town
of the same size and respectability that I have ever seen. One day,
when I had been looking in the bazaars for something a little out of
the regular line in Chinese curios and didn’t find it, it occurred to me
that in such a cosmopolitan town there might possibly be some
interesting things in the pawn-shops, so I went into one to look. It
was a common, dingy place, kept by a common, dingy man with
shrewd eyes and a coarse mouth. Talking to him across the counter
was a man of another type. Distinction in good clothes, you know,
one is never sure of. It may be only that a man’s tailor is
distinguished. But distinction in indifferent garments is distinction
indeed, and there before me I saw it. A young, slight, carelessly
dressed man, his bearing was attractive and noteworthy beyond
anything I can express. His appearance was perhaps a little too
unusual, for the contrast between his soft, straw-colored hair and
wine-brown eyes was such a striking one that it attracted attention
from the real beauty of his face. The delicacy of a cameo is rough,”
added the connoisseur, parenthetically, “compared to the delicacy of
outline and feature in a face that thought, and perhaps suffering,
have worn away, but this is one of the distinctive attractions of the
old. You do not look for it in young faces such as this.
“On the desk between the two men lay a fine opal—this one,” said
Hayden, touching the more brilliant of the two stones. “The younger
man was talking eagerly, fingering the gem lightly as he spoke. I
inferred that he was offering to sell or pawn it.
“The proprietor, seeing that I waited, apparently cut the young man
short. He started, and caught up the stone. ‘I’ll give you—’ I heard
the other say, but the young man shook his head, and departed
abruptly. I found nothing that I wanted in the place, and soon passed
out.
“In front of a shop-window a little farther down the street stood the
other man, looking in listlessly with eyes that evidently saw nothing.
As I came by he turned and looked into my face. His eyes fixed me
as the Ancient Mariner’s did the Wedding Guest. It was an appealing
yet commanding look, and I—I felt constrained to stop. I couldn’t
help it, you know. Even at my age one is not beyond feeling the force
of an imperious attraction, and when you are past sixty you ought to
be thankful on your knees for any emotion that is imperative in its
nature. So I stopped beside him. I said: ‘It is a fine stone you were
showing that man. I have a great fondness for opals. May I ask if you
were offering it for sale?’
“He continued to look at me, inspecting me calmly, with a
fastidious expression. Upon my word, I felt singularly honored when,
at the end of a minute or two, he said: ‘I should like to show it to you.
If you will come to my room with me, you may see that, and another;’
and he turned and led the way, I following quite humbly and gladly,
though surprised at myself.
“The room, somewhat to my astonishment, proved to be a large
apartment—a front room high up in one of the best hotels. There
were a good many things lying about which obviously were not hotel
furnishings, and the walls, the bed, and even the floor were covered
with a litter of water-color sketches. Those that I could see were
admirable, being chiefly impressions of delicate and fleeting
atmospheric effects.
“I took the chair he offered. He stood, still looking at me,
apparently not in haste to show me the opals. I looked about the
room.
“‘You are an artist?’ I said.
“‘Oh, I used to be, when I was alive,’ he answered, drearily. ‘I am
nothing now.’ And then turning away he fetched a little leather case,
and placed the two opals on the table before me.
“‘This is the one I have always worn,’ he said, indicating the more
brilliant. ‘That chillier one I gave once to the woman whom I loved. It
was more vivid then. They are strange stones—strange stones.’
“He said nothing more, and I sat in perfect silence, only dreading
that he should not speak again. I am not making you understand
how he impressed me. In the delicate, hopeless patience of his face,
in the refined, uninsistent accents of his voice, there was somehow
struck a note of self-abnegation, of aloofness from the world,
pathetic in any one so young.
“I am old. There is little in life that I care for. My interests are
largely affected. Wine does not warm me now, and beauty seems no
longer beautiful; but I thank Heaven I am not beyond the reach of a
penetrating human personality. I have at least the ordinary instincts
for convention in social matters, but I assure you it seemed not in the
least strange to me that I should be sitting in the private apartment of
a man whom I had met only half an hour before, and then in a
pawnbroker’s shop, listening eagerly for his account of matters
wholly personal to himself. It struck me as the most natural and
charming thing in the world. It was just such chance passing
intercourse as I expect to hold with wandering spirits on the green
hills of paradise.
“It was some time before he spoke again.
“‘I saw her first,’ he said, looking at the paler opal, as if it was of
that he spoke, ‘on the street in Florence. It was a day in April, and
the air was liquid gold. She was looking at the Campanile, as if she
were akin to it. It was the friendly grace of one lily looking at another.
Later, I met her as one meets other people, and was presented to
her. And after that the days went fast. I think she was the sweetest
woman God ever made. I sometimes wonder how He came to think
of her. Whatever you may have missed in life,’ he said, lifting calm
eyes to mine, and smiling a little, ‘you whose aspect is so sweet,
decorous, and depressing, whose griefs, if you have griefs, are the
subtle sorrows of the old and unimpassioned’—I remember his
phrases literally. I thought them striking and descriptive,” confessed
Hayden—“‘I hope you have not missed that last touch of exaltation
which I knew then. It is the most exquisite thing in life. The Fates
must hate those from whose lips they keep that cup.’ He mused
awhile and added, ‘There is only one real want in life, and that is
comradeship—comradeship with the divine, and that we call religion;
with the human, and that we call love.’
“‘Your definitions are literature,’ I ventured to suggest, ‘but they are
not fact. Believe me, neither love nor religion is exactly what you call
it. And there are other things almost as good in life, as surely you
must know. There is art, and there is work which is work only, and
yet is good.’
“‘You speak from your own experience?’ he said, simply.
“It was a home thrust. I did not, and I knew I did not. I am sixty-five
years old, and I have never known just that complete satisfaction
which I believe arises from the perfect performance of distasteful
work. I said so. He smiled.
“‘I knew it when I set my eyes upon you, and I knew you would
listen to me and my vaporing. Your sympathy with me is what you
feel toward all forms of weakness, and in the last analysis it is self-
sympathy. You are beautiful, not strong,’ he added, with an air of
finality, ‘and I—I am like you. If I had been a strong man.... Christ!’
“I enjoyed this singular analysis of myself, but I wanted something
else.
“‘You were telling me of the opals,’ I suggested.
“‘The opals, yes. Opals always made me happy, you know. While I
wore one, I felt a friend was near. My father found these in Hungary,
and sent them to me—two perfect jewels. He said they were the twin
halves of a single stone. I believe it to be true. Their mutual relation
is an odd one. One has paled as the other brightened. You see them
now. When they were both mine, they were of almost equal
brilliancy. This,’ touching the paler, ‘is the one I gave to her. You see
the difference in them now. Hers began to pale before she had worn
it a month. I do not try to explain it, not even on the ground of the old
superstition. It was not her fault that they made her send it back to
me. But the fact remains; her opal is fading slowly; mine is burning to
a deeper red. Some day hers will be frozen quite, while mine—mine
—’ his voice wavered and fell on silence, as the flame of a candle
fighting against the wind flickers and goes out.
“I waited many minutes for him to speak again, but the silence was
unbroken. At last I rose. ‘Surely you did not mean to part with either
stone?’ I said.
“He looked up as if from a dream. ‘Part with them? Why should I
sell my soul? I would not part with them if I were starving. I had a
minute’s temptation, but that is past now.’ Then, with a change of
manner, ‘You are going?’ He rose with a gesture that I felt then and
still feel as a benediction. ‘Good-by. I wish for your own sake that
you had not been so like my poor self that I knew you for a friend.’
“We had exchanged cards, but I did not see or hear of him again.
Last week these stones came to me, sent by some one here in New
York of his own name—his executor. He is dead, and left me these.
“It is here that I want your counsel. These stones do not belong to
me, you know. It is true that we are like, as like as blue and violet.
But there is that woman somewhere—I don’t know where; and I
know no more of their story than he told me. I have not cared to be
curious regarding it or him. But they loved once, and these belong to
her. Do you suppose they would be a comfort or a curse to her? If—if
—” the connoisseur evidently found difficulty in stating his position.
“Of course I do not mean to say that I believe one of the stones
waned while the other grew more brilliant. I simply say nothing of it;
but I know that he believed it, and I, even I, feel a superstition about
it. I do not want the light in that stone to go out; or if it should, or
could, I do not want to see it. And, besides, if I were a woman, and
that man had loved me so, I should wish those opals.” Here Hayden
looked up and caught Langworthy’s amused, tolerant smile. He
stopped, and there was almost a flush upon his cheek.
“You think I am maudlin—doting—I see,” he said. “Langworthy, I
do hope the Lord will kindly let you die in the harness. You haven’t
any taste for these innocent, green pastures where we old fellows
must disport ourselves, if we disport at all. Now, I want to know if it
would be—er—indelicate to attempt to find out who she is, and to
restore the stones to her?”
Langworthy, who had preserved throughout his usual air of strict
scientific attention, jumped up and began to pace the room.
“His name?” he said.
Hayden gave it.
“I know the man,” said Langworthy, almost reluctantly. “Did any
one who ever saw him forget him? He was on the verge of
melancholia, but what a mind he had!”
“How did you know him, Langworthy?” asked Hayden, with
pathetic eagerness.
“As a patient. It’s a sad story. You won’t like it. You had better keep
your fancies without the addition of any of the facts.”
“Go on,” said Hayden, briefly.
“They live here, you know. He was the only son. He unconsciously
acquired the morphine habit from taking quantities of the stuff for
neuralgic symptoms during a severe protracted illness. After he got
better, and found what had happened to him, he came to me. I had
to tell him he would die if he didn’t break it off, and would probably
die if he did. ‘Oh, no matter,’ he said. ‘What disgusts me is the idea
that it has taken such hold of me.’ He did break it off directly and
absolutely. I never knew but one other man who did that thing. But
between the pain and the shock from the sudden cessation of the
drug, his mind was unbalanced for awhile. Of course the girl’s
parents broke off the engagement. I knew they were travelling with
him last summer. It was a trying case, and the way he accepted his
own weakness touched me. At his own request he carried no money
with him. It was a temptation when he wanted the drug, you see. It
must have been at some such moment, when he contemplated
giving up the struggle, that you met him in the pawn-shop.”
“I am glad I knew enough to respect him even there,” murmured
Hayden, in his beard.
“Oh, you may respect him, and love him if you like. He died a
moral hero, if a mental and physical wreck. That is as good a way as
any, or ought to be, to enter another life—if there is another life.”
“And the woman?” asked the connoisseur.
“Keep the opals, Hayden; they and he are more to you than to her.
She—in fact it is very soon—is to marry another man.”
“Who is—”
“A gilded cad. That’s all.”
Langworthy took out his watch and looked at it. I turned to the
table. What had happened to the dreaming stones? Did a light flash
across from one to the other, or did my eyes deceive me? I looked
down, not trusting what I saw. One opal lay as pale, as pure, as
lifeless, as a moon-stone is. The other glowed with a yet fierier
spark; instead of coming from within, the color seemed to play over
its surface in unrestricted flame.
“See here!” I said.
Langworthy looked, then turned his head away sharply. The
distaste of the scientific man for the inexplicable and irrational was
very strong within him.
But the old man bent forward, the lamp-light shining on his white
hair, and with a womanish gesture caught the gleaming opal to his
lips.
“A human soul!” he said. “A human soul!”
AN UNEARNED REWARD
It is the very last corner of the world in which you would expect to
find a sermon. Overhead hang the Colorado skies, curtains of
deepest, dullest cobalt, against which the unthreatening white clouds
stand out with a certain solidity, a tangible look seen nowhere else
save in that clear air. All around are the great upland swells of the
mountains, rising endlessly, ridge beyond ridge, like the waves of the
sea. In a hollow beside the glittering track is the one sign of human
existence in sight—the sun-scorched, brown railway station. It is an
insignificant structure planted on a high platform. There is a red tool-
chest standing against the wall; a tin advertisement of somebody’s
yeast-cakes is nailed to the clap-boards; three buffalo hides, with
horns still on them, hang over a beam by the coal-shed, and across
the side of the platform, visible only to those approaching from the
west, is written, in great, black letters:
THE WAGES OF SIN IS DEATH.
This legend had no place there on the September afternoon, some
years ago, when Carroll Forbes stepped off the west-bound express
as it halted a minute at the desolate spot. Because it looked to him
like the loneliest place in all the world the notion seized him
suddenly, as the train drew up beside the high platform, to catch up
his valise and leave the car. He was looking for a lonely place, and
looking helplessly. He snatched at the idea that here might be what
he sought, as a drowning man at the proverbial straw.
When the train had gone on and left him there, already repenting
tremulously of what might prove his disastrous folly, a man, who was
possibly the station agent—if this were indeed a station—came
limping toward him with an inquiring look.
Forbes was a handsome man himself, and thoroughly aware of
the value of beauty as an endowment. He was conscious of a half-
envious pang as he faced the blonde giant halting across the
platform. This was, or had been, a singularly perfect specimen of the
physical man. Over six feet in height, muscular, finely proportioned,
fair-haired and fair-skinned, with a curling, blonde beard, and big,
expressionless blue eyes, he looked as one might who had been
made when the world was young, and there was more room for
mighty men than now.
The slight, olive-skinned young man who faced him was conscious
of the sudden feeling of physical disadvantage that comes upon one
in the presence of imposing natural objects, for the man was as
august in his way as the cliffs and canyons.
“I am a—an artist,” said Carroll Forbes. “Is there any place
hereabouts where I can get my meals and sometimes a bed, while I
am sketching in the mountains?”
The man stared at him.
“Would it have been better if I had said I was a surveyor?” asked
Forbes of his confused inner consciousness.
“We feed folks here sometimes—that is, my wife does. Mebbe you
could have a shake-down in the loft. Or there’s Connor’s ranch off
north a ways. But they don’t care about taking in folks up there.”
“Then, if you would ask your wife?” ventured Forbes, politely. “I
shall not trouble you long,” he added.
“Ellen!”
A woman appeared at the door, then moving slowly forward, stood
at her husband’s side, and the admiration Forbes had felt at the sight
of the man flamed into sudden enthusiasm as he watched the wife.
She was tall, with heavy, black hair, great eyes like unpolished jet,
one of the thick white, smooth, perfectly colorless skins, which
neither the sun nor the wind affect, and clear-cut, perfect features.
Standing so, side by side, the two were singularly well worth looking
at.
“What a regal pair!” was Forbes’s internal comment; and while
they conferred together he watched them idly, wondering what their
history was, for of course they had one. It is safe to affirm that every
human creature cast in the mould of the beautiful has, or is to have,
one.
“She says you c’n stay,” announced the man. “Just put those traps
of yours inside, will you?” and, turning, he limped off the length of the
platform at a call from somebody who had ridden up with jingling
spurs.
Forbes, left to his own devices, picked up his valise, then set it
down again and looked around him helplessly, wondering if there
was a night train by which he could get away from this heaven-
forsaken spot.
“If you want to see where you can sleep,” said a voice at his side,
“I will show you.” It was the woman. She bent as she spoke to pick
up some of his impedimenta, but he hastily forestalled her with a
murmur of deprecation.
She turned and looked at him, and as he met her eyes it occurred
to him that the indifference of her face was the indifference of the
desert—arid and hopeless. The look she gave him was searching
and impersonal; he saw no reason for it, nor for the slow, dark color
that spread over her face, and there was less than no excuse for the
way she set her lips and stretched a peremptory hand, saying, “Give
me those,” in tones that could not be disobeyed. To his own
astonishment he surrendered them, and followed her meekly up a
ladder-like flight of steps to the rough loft over the station. It was
unfinished, but partitioned into two rooms. She opened the door of
one of these apartments, silently set his luggage inside, and
vanished down the stairs.
Forbes sat down on the edge of a broken chair and looked about
him.
“Now, in heaven’s name,” he demanded of the barren walls, “what
have I let myself in for, and why did I do it?”
To this question there seemed no sufficient answer, and for awhile
he sat there fretting with the futile anxiety of a man who knows that
his fate pursues him, who hopes that this turning or that may help
him to evade it, yet always feels the benumbing certainty that the
path he has taken is the shortest road to that he would avoid. When
at last—recognizing that his meditations were unprofitable—he rose
and went down the stairs, it was supper-time.
The woman was uncommunicative, but he could feel that her eyes
were on him. The man—it occurred to Forbes that he had probably
been drinking—was talkative. After the meal was over they went
outside. Forbes, by way of supporting his pretence of being an artist,
took out a pocket sketch-book and made notes of the values of the
clouds and the outlines of the hills against the sky in a sort of artistic
short-hand. The man Wilson sat down on a bench and began to talk.
Between the exciting effects of the whiskey he had taken, the
soothing influence of the cigar Forbes proffered him, and a natural
talent for communicativeness, he presently went on to tell his own
story. Forbes listened attentively. It seemed a part of the melodrama
of the whole situation and was as unreal to him as the flaming
miracle of the western skies or his own presence here.
“So the upshot of it all was that we just skipped out. She ran away
with me.”
It was a curious story. As Forbes listened he became aware that it
was one with which he had occasionally met in the newspapers, but
never in real life before. It was, apparently, the story of a girl
belonging to a family of wealth and possibly of high social traditions
—naturally he did not know what importance to attach to Wilson’s
boast that his wife belonged “to the top of the heap”—who had
eloped with the man who drove her father’s carriage.
The reasons for this revolt against the natural order of her life was
obscure; there was, perhaps, too high a temper on her side and too
strict a restraint on the part of her guardians. There was necessarily
a total absence of knowledge of life; there was also the fact that the
coachman was undoubtedly a fine creature to look at; there might
have been a momentary yielding on the part of a naturally dramatic
temperament to the impulse for the spectacular in her life.
But whatever the reasons, the result was the same. She had
married this man and gone away with him, and they had drifted
westward. And when they had gone so far west that coachmen of his
stamp were no longer in demand, he took to railroading, and from
brakeman became engineer; and finally, being maimed in an
accident in which he had stood by his engine while the fireman
jumped—breaking his neck thereby—he had picked up enough
knowledge of telegraphy to qualify him for this post among the
mountains. He and his handsome wife lived here and shared the
everlasting solitude of the spot together, and occasionally fed stray
travellers like this one who had dropped down on them to-day.
“He drinks over-freely and he swears profusely,” mused Forbes,
scrutinizing him, “but he is too big to be cruel, and he still worships
her beauty as she, perhaps, once worshipped his; and he still feels
an uncouth pride in all that she gave up for his sake.”
It had never occurred to him before to wonder what the after-life of
a girl who eloped with her father’s servant might be like. He
speculated upon it now. By just what process does a woman so
utterly déclassée adjust herself to her altered position? Would she
make it a point to forget, or would every reminder of lives, such as
her own had been, be a turning of the knife in her wound? Would not
a saving recollection of the little refinements of life cling longer to a
weak nature than to a strong one under such circumstances?
This woman apparently gave tongue to no vain regrets, for her
husband was exulting in the “grit” with which she had taken the
fortunes of their life. “No whine about her,” was his way of expressing
his conviction that the courage of the thoroughbred was in her.
“No, sir; there’s no whine about her. Un she’s never been sorry,
un, s’help me, she sha’n’t never be,” concluded Wilson. There were
maudlin tears in his eyes.
“Few men can say that of their wives,” said Forbes’s smooth,
sympathetic voice. “You are indeed fortunate.”
While her husband was repeating the oft-told tale of their conjugal
happiness, Ellen Wilson had done her after-supper work, and,
slipping out of the door, climbed the short, rocky spur to the north of
the station. Beyond the summit, completely out of sight and hearing,
there was a little hollow that knew her well, but never had it seen her
as it saw her now, when, throwing herself down, her face to the
earth, she shed the most scalding tears of all her wretched years.
They were such little things this stranger had done—things so
slight, so involuntary, so unconscious that they did not deserve the
name of courtesies, but they were enough to open the flood-gates of
an embittered heart. There was a world where all the men were
deferential and all the women’s lives were wrapped about with the
fine, small courtesies of life—formal, but not meaningless. It had
been her world once and now was so no longer.
Good or bad, she knew little and cared less, this man had come
from that lost world of hers, as she was made aware by a thousand
small signs, whose very existence she had forgotten; and silently,
fiercely she claimed him as an equal.
“I—I too was—” Slow tears drowned the rest.
She could have told him how a déclassée grows used to it. She
knew how the mind can adjust itself to any phase of experience, and
had learned that what woman has undergone, woman can undergo
—yes, and be strong about it. She knew how, under the impulse of
necessity, the once impossible grows to be the accepted life, and the
food that could not be swallowed becomes the daily bread.
When the struggle for existence becomes a hand-to-hand fight,
traditions of one’s ancestry do not matter, except, possibly, that some
traditions bind you to strength and silence, while others leave you
free to scream. She knew what it was to forget the past and ignore
the future, and survey the present with the single-hearted purpose of
securing three meals a day, if possible; two, if it were not.
She had forgotten with what facility she might the faces and
scenes that once were dear to her. She had nothing to do with them
any longer, as she knew. She might, perhaps, have heard their
names without emotion. But, even in this day and generation and
among this democratic people, in the soul of a woman bred as she
had been the feeling for her caste is the last feeling that dies. And to
her anguish she found that in her it was not yet dead.
The color died from the sky, and the stars came swiftly out.

Textbook Essential Mathematics For The Australian Curriculum Gold David Greenwood Et Al Ebook All Chapter PDF

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Essential Mathematics for the

Australian Curriculum Gold David

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David Greenwood | Jenny Goodman

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

First published 2012

Cover designed by Sardine Design

A Cataloguing-in-Publication entry is available from the catalogue

ISBN 978-1-316-63095-2 Paperback

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About the authors viii

1 Measurement 2 Measurement and Geometry

Pre-test 4 Using units of measurement

2 Consumer arithmetic 58 Number and Algebra

Pre-test 60 Money and financial mathematics

2I Comparing interest using technology 106

3 Algebra and indices 118 Number and Algebra

Pre-test 120 Patterns and algebra

4 Probability 180 Statistics and Probability

Pre-test 182 Chance

5 Statistics 230 Statistics and Probability

Pre-test 232 Data representation and interpretation

Semester review 1 297

Pre-test 308 Linear and non-linear relationships

7 Geometry 404 Measurement and Geometry

Pre-test 406 Geometric reasoning

8 Equations 466 Number and Algebra

Pre-test 468 Linear and non-linear relationships

9 Pythagoras’ theorem and trigonometry 524 Measurement and Geometry

Pre-test 526 Pythagoras and trigonometry

9F Solving for the denominator 556

Pre-test 596 Patterns and algebra

Semester review 2 650

David Greenwood is the Head of Mathematics at Trinity Grammar School in

Cover: Used under licence 2016 from Shutterstock.com / leungchopan.

* The nomenclature used to list questions is as follows:

Hints next to exercise

Search functions Note-taking

Enhanced pop-up definitions

Student Class Access to all HOTmaths

Solve problems involving surface area and volume

© Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA)

Tiny lead spheres and a very large glass cone

2 Write the missing number.

3 Find the perimeter of these shapes.

5 Find the area of these triangles using A = 1 bh.

1A 1A Conversion of units CONSOLIDATING

To work with length, area or volume measurements, it

Let’s start: House plans