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Handbook of
Polymers
2nd Edtion
George wypych
Toronto 2016
Published by ChemTec Publishing
38 Earswick Drive, Toronto, Ontario M1E 1C6, Canada
GENERAL
Common name - acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate copolymer
Acronym - ABA
COMMERCIAL POLYMERS
Some manufacturers - Solvay
Trade names - AvaSpire
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density at 20oC g cm-3 1.29-1.32
Melting temperature, DSC o
C 340; 340-345 (30-40% glass fiber); 340 (30% carbon fiber)
Thermal expansion coefficient, o
C -1 0.45-0.47E-4; 0.16-0.17E-4 (30-40% glass fiber)
23-80oC
Glass transition temperature o
C 150-158; 150-158 (30-40% glass fiber); 150 (30% carbon
fiber)
Heat deflection temperature at o
C 161-252; 213-286 (30-40% glass fiber); 267-276 (30% carbon
1.8 MPa fiber)
Volume resistivity ohm-m 2E16 (30-40% glass fiber)
Electric strength K20/P50, kV mm -1 16 (30-40% glass fiber)
d=0.60.8 mm
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Aromatic hydrocarbons - excellent
Esters - excellent
Halogenated hydrocarbons - excellent
Ketones - excellent
FLAMMABILITY
UL 94 rating - V-0; V-0 or V-1 (30-40% glass fiber)
TOXICITY
Carcinogenic effect - not listed by ACGIH, NIOSH, NTP
PROCESSING
Typical processing methods - extrusion blow molding, fiber spinning, film extrusion, injection
blow molding, injection molding, machining, profile extrusion,
thermoforming, wire and cable extrusion
Preprocess drying: temperature/ o
C/h/% 150/4/-; 149-175/2.5-4/- (30-40% glass fiber)
time/residual moisture
Processing temperature o
C 354-382; 366-404 (30-40% glass fiber)
Applications - aircraft, automotive, bearings, bushings, connectors, electrical/
electronics, film, fuel lines, gears, medical, oil/gas, semicon-
ductors, seals
Outstanding properties - ductile, high heat resistance, flame retardant
GENERAL
Common name - poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene)
IUPAC name - buta-1,3-diene; prop-2-enenitrile; styrene
CAS name - 2-propenenitrile, polymer with 1,3-butadiene and ethenyl-
benzene
Acronym - ABS
CAS number - 9003-56-9
RTECS number - AT6970000
Linear formula [CH2CH(CN)]x(CH2CH=CHCH2)y[CH2CH(C6H5)]z
HISTORY
Details - ABS was patented in 1948 and introduced to commercial
markets by the Borg-Warner Corporation in 1954
SYNTHESIS
Monomer(s) structure -
H2C CHC N H2C CHCH CH2
STRUCTURE
Domain size of rubber nm <1,000 (emulsion polymerization); 500-5,000 (mass polymer- Lucarini, M; Pedulli, G F; Motyakin,
ization) M V; Schlick, S, Prog. Polym. Sci.,
28, 331–340, 2003.
Cis content % 32.3-97.0 (polybutadiene); 1.5-51.6 (trans in polybutadiene) Yu, Z; Li, Y; Zhao, Z; Wang, C;
Yang, J; Zhang, C; Li, Z; Wang,
Y, Polym. Eng. Sci., 49, 2249-56,
2009.
COMMERCIAL POLYMERS
Some manufacturers - BASF; Daicel; Denka; Formosa; Sabic
Trade names - Lustran, Terluran; Cevian; Novodur; Tairilac; Cycolac
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density at 20oC g cm-3 1.03-1.09; 0.93 (melt) Terluran, BASF; Cevian, Daicel
Bulk density at 20 C o
g cm -3 0.6
Refractive index, 20oC - 1.540
Transmittance % 80-90 Cevian, Daicel
Haze % 0.4-5
o
Gloss, 60 , Gardner (ASTM D523) % 85-95 (glossy); 1.8-6.6 (matt) Arino, I; Kleist, U; Rigdahl, M,
Polym. Eng. Sci., 45, 733-44, 2005.
Melting temperature, DSC o
C 220-260 Terluran, BASF; Karahaliou, E K;
Tarantili, P A, Polym. Eng. Sci., 49,
2269-75, 2009.
Softening point o
C >90 Terluran, BASF
Volume resistivity ohm-m 1E+13; 1E+1 (with 0.18 vol fraction of Ni coated mica) Terluran, BASF; Kandasubramani-
an, B; Gilbert, M, Macromol. Symp.,
211, 185-95, 2005.
Contact angle of water, 20oC degree 80.9; 89.7 Accu Dyne Test, Diversified
Enterprizes; K. Fukuzawa, in
Adhesion Science and Technology,
H. Mizumachi, ed., International
Adhesion Symposium, Yokohama,
Japan, 1994.
Surface free energy mJ m-2 35-42 D.A. Markgraf, in Film Extrusion
Manual, 2nd Ed., T.I. Butler, ed.,
TAPPI Press, Norcross, GA, 2005,
p. 299.
Speed of sound m s-1 36.2-37.5 Alan R. Selfridge, IEEE Trans. Son-
ics Ultrasonics, SU-32, 3, 381-394,
1985.
Acoustic impedance 2.31-2.36 Alan R. Selfridge, IEEE Trans. Son-
ics Ultrasonics, SU-32, 3, 381-394,
1985.
Attenuation dB cm-1, 10.9-11.3 Alan R. Selfridge, IEEE Trans. Son-
5 MHz ics Ultrasonics, SU-32, 3, 381-394,
1985.
Flexural strength MPa 55-125 Jin, F-L; Lu, S-L, Song, Z-B; Pang,
J-X; Zhang, L; Sun, J-D; Cai, X-P,
Mater. Sci. Eng., A527, 3438-41,
2010; Terluran, BASF; Cevian,
Daicel
Flexural modulus MPa 2150-2300 Vitands, E, Antec, 2986-2991, 1996.
Elastic modulus MPa 1208-1939 Lee, J-W; Lee, J-C; Pandey, J; Ahn,
S-H; Kang, Y J, J. Compos. Mater.,
44, 1701-16, 2010; Karahaliou, E K;
Tarantili, P A, Polym. Eng. Sci., 49,
2269-75, 2009.
Young modulus MPa 1810-2390 Basurto, F C; Garcia-Lopez, D;
Villarreal-Bastardo, N; Merino, J C;
Pastor, J M, Composites: Part B, 47,
42-7, 2013.
Compressive strength MPa 65-86; 120 (30% glass fiber)
Melt viscosity, shear rate=1000 s-1 Pa s 140-250 Xue, M-L; Yu, Y-L; Rhee, J M; Kim,
N H; Lee, J H, Eur. Polym. J., 43, 9,
3826-37, 2007.
Melt volume flow rate (ISO 1133, cm3/10 2-34 Terluran, BASF
procedure B), 220oC/10 kg min
Pressure coefficient of melt G Pa-1 33.7 Aho, J; Syrjala, S, J. Appl. Polym.
viscosity, b Sci., 117, 1076–84, 2010.
Melt index, 230oC/3.8 kg g/10 min 1.5; 2.5-7.0; 18-34 Karahaliou, E K; Tarantili, P A,
Polym. Eng. Sci., 49, 2269-75,
2009; (-); Jin, F-L; Lu, S-L, Song,
Z-B; Pang, J-X; Zhang, L; Sun, J-D;
Cai, X-P, Mater. Sci. Eng., A527,
3438-41, 2010,
Water absorption, equilibrium in % 0.7-1.03 Terluran, BASF
water at 23oC
Moisture absorption, equilibrium % 0.21-0.35 Terluran, BASF
23oC/50% RH
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Acid dilute/concentrated - no resistance to concentrated; good resistance to dilute Terluran, BASF
Greases & oils - limited resistance; insoluble: mineral oil Terluran, BASF
FLAMMABILITY
Autoignition temperature o
C >400 Terluran, BASF, MSDS
Limiting oxygen index % O2 18.1-20.5; 23-35 (with flame retardants) Yan, l; Zheng, Y; Liu, J; Shang, H,
J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 115, 957-62,
2010; Hourston, D J, Shreir’s Corro-
sion, Elsevier, 2010, Chapter 3.31,
2369-2386; Li, Y; Zheng, Y; Liu, J;
Shang, H, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 115,
957-62, 2010; Ren, Y-y; Chen, L;
Zhang, Z-y; Wang, X-l; Yang, X-s;
Kong, X-j; Yang, L, Polym. Deg.
Stab., 109, 285-92, 2014.
Heat release kW m-2 1037; 602-796 (with organoclays); 243-268 (with flame Du, X; Yu, H; Wang, Z; Tang, T,
retardant Polym. Deg. Stab., 95, 587-92,
2010; Yu, B; Liu, M; Lu, L; Dong, X;
Gao, W; Tang, K, Fire Mater., 34,
251-61, 2010.
NBS smoke chamber Ds 800 Padey, D; Walling, J; Wood A, Poly-
mers in Defence and Aerospace
2007, Rapra, 2007, paper 15.
THERMAL STABILITY
Activation energy under nitrogen kJ mol-1 134.5-242.4 Yang, S; Castilleja, J R; Barrera, E
V; Lozano, K, Polym. Deg. Stab.,
83, 3, 383-88, 2004; Polli, H; Pon-
tes, L A M; Araujo, A S; Barros, J M
F; Fernandes, V J, J. Therm. Anal.
Calorimetry, 95, 1, 131-34, 2009.
Activation energy under air kJ mol-1 156.3 Yang, S; Castilleja, J R; Barrera, E
V; Lozano, K, Polym. Deg. Stab.,
83, 3, 383-88, 2004.
Temperature of maximum o
C 428-445 (1st step); 554 (2nd step) Yang, S; Castilleja, J R; Barrera, E
degradation (air) V; Lozano, K, Polym. Deg. Stab.,
83, 3, 383-88, 2004; Karahaliou, E
K; Tarantili, P A, Polym. Eng. Sci.,
49, 2269-75, 2009.
Weight loss % 85.6 (1st step); 13.8 (2nd step) Yang, S; Castilleja, J R; Barrera, E
V; Lozano, K, Polym. Deg. Stab.,
83, 3, 383-88, 2004.
WEATHER STABILITY
Activation wavelengths nm 320, 385
Depth of UV penetration m 110-150 Jouan, X; Gardette, J L, J. Polym.
Sci., Polym. Chem., 29, 685, 1991;
Bokria, J G; Schlick, S, Polymer, 43,
3239-46, 2002.
Products of degradation - hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids, andydrides, gamma Santos, R M; Botelho, G L;
lactones, chain scission Machado, A V, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,
2005-14, 2010.
Stabilizers - UVA: 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxybenzophenone; 2-hydroxy-
4-methoxybenzophenone; 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-p-
cresol; 2-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol;
2-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetraethylbutyl)phenol;
2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-phenol;
2-[4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-5-(octyloxy)
phenol; ethyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate; HAS: 1,3,5-tri-
azine-2,4,6-triamine, N,N’’’[1,2-ethane-diyl-bis[[[4,6-bis[butyl-
(1,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl]
imino]-3,1-propanediyl] bis[N’,N’’-dibutyl-N’,N’’-bis(1,2,2,6,6-
pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-; bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piper-
idyl) sebacate; 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl stearate;
N,N’-bisformyl-N,N’-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-
hexamethylendiamine; alkenes, C20-24-.alpha.-, polymers
with maleic anhydride, reaction products with 2,2,6,6-tet-
ramethyl-4-piperidinamine; 1, 6-hexanediamine, N, N’-
bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-, polymers with 2,4-di-
chloro-6-(4-morpholinyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 1,6-hexanediamine,
N,N’-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-, polymers with
morpholine-2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine reaction products,
methylated; Phenolic antioxidants: ethylene-bis(oxyethylene)-
bis(3-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-m-tolyl)-propionate); 2,6,-di-tert-
butyl-4-(4,6-bis(octylthio)-1,3,5,-triazine-2-ylamino) phenol;
pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)
propionate); 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-[[3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-
2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl] methyl-4-methylphenyl ac-
rylate; isotridecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)
propionate; 2,2’-ethylidenebis (4,6-di-tert-butylphenol);
2,2’-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tertbutylphenol); 3,5-bis(1,1-
dimethyethyl)-4-hydroxy-benzenepropanoic acid, C13-15 alkyl
esters; phenol, 4-methyl-, reaction products with dicyclopen-
tadiene and isobutene; Phosphite: trinonylphenol phosphite;
isodecyl diphenyl phosphite
BIODEGRADATION
Colonized products bathroom fixtures, health care products, pipes
Stabilizers - Microban, nanosilver
TOXICITY
NFPA: Health, Flammability, - 1/1/0
Reactivity rating
Carcinogenic effect - not listed by ACGIH, NIOSH, NTP
MAK/TRK mg m-3 styrene: 86; acrylonitrile: 7; 1,3-butadiene: 11
Oral rat, LD50 mg kg -1 >5,000
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Cradle to grave non-renewable MJ/kg 92-95
energy use
PROCESSING
Typical processing methods - calendering, casting, electroplating, extrusion, film lamination, Sarkar, K; Gomez, C; Zambrano, S;
injection molding, rotational molding, thermoforming, vacuum Ramirez, M; de Hoyos, E; Vasquez,
forming, vacuum metallization H; Lozano, K, Mater. Today, 13, 11,
12-14, 2010.
Preprocess drying: temperature/ o
C/h/% 80-95/2-4/0.01
time/residual moisture
Processing temperature o
C 190-275; 220-260 (injection molding)
Processing pressure MPa 5 (backpressure); 53 (holding pressure) Ingnell, S; Kelist, U; Rigdahl, M,
Polym. Eng. Sci., 50, 2114-21,
2010.
Additives used in final products - Fillers: antimony oxide, carbon black, glass beads, magne-
sium hydroxide, nickel or copper coated carbon fibers, talc;
Plasticizers: hydrocarbon processing oil, phosphate esters
(e.g., triphenyl phosphate, resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate),
or oligomeric phosphate), long chain fatty acid esters, and
aromatic sulfonamide; Antistatics: ethanol,2,2’-iminobis-,N-
coco alkyl derivatives, glycerol monostearate, polyaniline,
polyesteramide, sodium alkyl sufonate; Antiblocking: talc; Re-
lease: cetyl palmitate, fluorocarbon, methyl behenate, paraffin
wax; Slip: bis-stearamide wax
Applications - appliance (refrigerator liners, kitchen appliance housings, vac-
uum cleaners, power tools), automotive (instrument panels,
consoles, door parts, knobs, trim, wheel covers, mirror and
headlight housing, front radiator grilles), business machines
(computers, discs, phones), furniture, hot tubs, lawn and
garden equipment, luggage, lunch and tool boxes, medical
applications, military, packaging, pipes and fittings, recreation
(snowmobiles, boats, vehicles), toys
Outstanding properties - combination of 3 monomers gives specific advantages: Huang, P; Tan, D; Luo, Y, J. Env.
styrene gives rigidity, electrical properties, easy processabil- Sic., Technol., 3, 3, 148-58, 2010.
ity and surface gloss, butadiene improves low temperature
toughness, and acrylonitrile improves ABS’ chemical, weath-
ering and heat resistance and increases tensile strength
BLENDS
Suitable polymer - chitosan, EPDM, ground rubber, PA6, PANI-EB, PC, PLA,
PTT, PVC, SAN
Compatibilizers - SBM
ANALYSIS
FTIR (wavenumber-assignment) cm-1/- hydroxy 3460; carbonyl 1646, 1718, 1722, 1730, 1785; Jouan, X; Gardette, J-L, J. Polym.
C=N 2237; C-O 1450, 950; styrene 700, 765, 1028, Sci., Polym. Chem., 29, 685,
1449, 1456-1495, 1582-1601; poly-1,2-butadiene 910-911; 1991; Motyakin, M V; Schlick, S,
Poly. Deg. Stab., 91, 7, 1462-70,
poly-trans-1,4-butadiene 966-967; C=C of 1,2 structures
2006; Santos, R M; Botelho, G L;
1640 Machado, A V, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,
2005-14, 2010.
GENERAL
Common name - alkyd resin
Acronym - AK
CAS number - 63148-69-6; 68333-62-0
RTECS number - WZ6250000
HISTORY
Person to discover - Berzelius; Kienle Hofland, A, Prog. Org. Coat., in
press, 2011.
Date - 1847, 1920s, 1976
Details - Berzelius condensed glycerol tartrate; in 1920s, Kienle devel- Ploeger, R; Scalarone, D; Chian-
oped alkyd resins; in 1976 artist’s alkyd paints were introduced tore, O, J. Cultural Heritage, 9,
by Winsor & Newton 412-19, 2008.
SYNTHESIS
Monomer(s) structure - polyol and dicarboxylic acid or anhydride
Monomer(s) molecular weight(s) dalton, g/ >1000
mol, amu
Oil or fatty acids contents % >70 (very long oil); 56-70 (long oil); 46-55 (medium oil); 35-45 Ploeger, R; Scalarone, D; Chian-
(short oil) tore, O, J. Cultural Heritage, 9,
412-19, 2008.
Formulation example wt% glycerol 25.9, oil 33.3, phthalic anhydride 40.8 Atimuttigul, V; Damrongsakkul, S;
Tanthapanichakoon, W, Korean J.
Chem. Eng., 23, 4, 672-77, 2006;
Ikhuoria, E U; Maliki, M; Okieimen,
F E; Aigbodion, A I; Obaze, E O;
Bakare, I O, Prog. Org. Coat., 59,
134-37, 2007.
Method of synthesis - the mixture of oil, glycerol, and catalyst is heated to a required Atimuttigul, V; Damrongsakkul, S;
temperature and phthalic anhydride is added to accomplish Tanthapanichakoon, W, Korean J.
esterification Chem. Eng., 23, 4, 672-77, 2006.
Temperature of polymerization o
C 210-260 Atimuttigul, V; Damrongsakkul, S;
Tanthapanichakoon, W, Korean J.
Chem. Eng., 23, 4, 672-77, 2006.
Time of polymerization h 5 Atimuttigul, V; Damrongsakkul, S;
Tanthapanichakoon, W, Korean J.
Chem. Eng., 23, 4, 672-77, 2006.
Pressure of polymerization Pa atmospheric Atimuttigul, V; Damrongsakkul, S;
Tanthapanichakoon, W, Korean J.
Chem. Eng., 23, 4, 672-77, 2006.
Catalyst - LiOH; Mn and Co compounds (drying catalyst) Atimuttigul, V; Damrongsakkul, S;
Tanthapanichakoon, W, Korean J.
Chem. Eng., 23, 4, 672-77, 2006;
Ikhuoria, E U; Maliki, M; Okieimen,
F E; Aigbodion, A I; Obaze, E O;
Bakare, I O, Prog. Org. Coat., 59,
134-37, 2007; Erich, S J F; Laven,
J; Pel, L; Huinink, H P; Kopinga, K,
Prog. Org. Coat., 55, 105-11, 2006.
Number average molecular dalton, g/ 2,300-2,400; 3,754-6,611 (hyperbranched resins); 2550-4677 Murillo, E A; Vallejo, P P; Lopez,
weight, Mn mol, amu (hyperbranched resins) B L, Prog. Org. Coat., 69, 235-40,
2010.
Mass average molecular weight, dalton, g/ 23,900-30,300; 8,125-19,537 (hyperbranched resins)
Mw mol, amu
Polydispersity, Mw/Mn - >10; 2.16-295 (hyperbranched resins); 1.94-2.58 Vallejo, P P; Lopez, B L; Murillo,
E A, Prog. Org. Coat., 87, 213-21,
2015.
STRUCTURE
Cross-sectional surface area of nm2 0.34 Swarup, S; Nigam, A N, J. Appl.
chain Polym. Sci., 39, 1727-31, 1990.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density at 20oC g cm-3 1.10-1.25
Color - yellow to white
Refractive index, 20oC - 1.467-1.493
Gloss, 60o, Gardner (ASTM D523) % 85-95 (coating); 85.2-90.9 Vallejo, P P; Lopez, B L; Murillo,
E A, Prog. Org. Coat., 87, 213-21,
2015.
Odor - none
Decomposition temperature o
C 150-250 (peroxide decomposition); 250-400 (oxidative decom- Lazzari, M; Chiantore, O, Polym.
position); >400 (volatilization) Degrad. Stab., 65, 303–13, 1999.
Hansen solubility parameters, D, MPa0.5 20.42, 3.44, 4.56 (long oil); 18.50, 9.21, 4.91 (short oil)
P, H
Dielectric constant at 100 Hz/1 - 3.5-5
MHz
Speed of sound m s-1 x 1.29-1.35
10-3
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Acid dilute/concentrated - poor
Alcohols - very good
Alkalis - poor-good Huang, Q H; Liu, C; Chen, S; Bai,
G; An, Q; Cao, J; Zheng, S; Liang,
Y; Xiang, B, Prog. Org. Coat., 87,
189-96, 20015.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons - good
Aromatic hydrocarbons - good
Esters - good-fair
Greases & oils - good-fair
Halogenated hydrocarbons - fair-poor
Good solvent - acids
Non-solvent - carbon tetrachloride, methyl acetate, methanol
FLAMMABILITY
Ignition temperature o
C 40
WEATHER STABILITY
Activation wavelengths nm 330
Products of degradation - chalking, oxidation of double bonds
Stabilizers - UVA: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone; 2,4-dihydroxy-
benzophenone; 2-benzotriazol-2-yl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol;
2-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol; N-(2-
ethoxyphenyl)-N’-(4-isododecylphenyl)oxamide; HAS: decane-
dioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl)
ester, reaction products with 1,1-dimethylethylhydroperoxide
and octane; 2,4-bis[N-butyl-N-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetra-
methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-6-(2-hydroxyethylamine)-1,3,5-
triazine; bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate and
methyl 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl sebacate; 2-dodecyl-
N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)succinimide; polymer of
2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-7-oxa-3,20-diaza-dispiro [5.1.11.2]-hene-
icosan-21-on and epichlorohydrin; Screener: TiO2; Phosphite:
phosphoric acid, (2,4-di-butyl-6-methylphenyl)ethylester
BIODEGRADATION
Colonized products paints and coatings (triglycerides highly crosslinked and with Shogren, R L; Petrovic, Z; Liu, Z;
nondegradable linkages are not biodegradable) Erhan, S Z, J. Polym. Environ. 12,
3, 173-78, 2004.
Typical biodegradants - esterase action is responsible for the microbial degradation of
alkyd resins
Stabilizers - azole+iodopropargyl butylcarbamate, octylisothiazolinone,
silver nanoparticles
TOXICITY
NFPA: Health, Flammability, - 1/2/0
Reactivity rating
Carcinogenic effect - not listed by ACGIH, NIOSH, NTP
Mutagenic effect - none known
Oral rat, LD50 mg kg-1 >2000
Skin rabbit, LD50 mg kg -1 non-irritant
PROCESSING
Typical processing methods - compounding/mixing, grinding, sand milling, molding
Additives used in final products - Fillers: calcium carbonate, clay, glass fiber, iron oxides, litho-
pone, mica, silica, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide
Applications - adhesives, artist’s paints, coatings, electrical applications,
fibers, paints, pavement marking, printing inks, putties, var-
nishes
BLENDS
Suitable polymers - acrylics, epoxy, melamine, melamine-formaldehyde
ANALYSIS
FTIR (wavenumber-assignment) cm-1/- O-H 2500-3500, carbonyl 1731-1701, C=C 1648 (olefinic Suarez, P A Z; Einloft, S; de Basso,
unsaturations), 1600-1500 (aromatic ring), C-O-H 1406, C-O N R; Fernandes, J A; da Motta,
1275 L; do Amaral, L C; Lima, D G, e-
Polymers, 58, 1-8, 2008.
NMR (chemical shifts) ppm CH=CH 5.30, CH2OCOR 4.21, CH3, CH2, CH 0.5-3 Murillo, E A; Vallejo, P P; Lopez,
B L, Prog. Org. Coat., 69, 235-40,
2010.
GENERAL
Common name - poly(acrylonitrile-co-styrene-co-acrylate)
IUPAC name - 2-propenoic acid, butyl ester, polymer with ethenylbenzene
and 2-propenenitrile
CAS name - 2-propenoic acid, butyl ester, polymer with ethenylbenzene
and 2-propenenitrile
Acronym - ASA
CAS number - 9003-54-7; 26299-47-8; 26716-29-0
HISTORY
Person to discover - Herbig and Salyer; Siebel and Otto
Date - 1964; 1965
Details - first patent; refined product
SYNTHESIS
Monomer(s) structure - O
H2C CHC N H2C CHCOCH3
STRUCTURE
Crystallinity % 0
COMMERCIAL POLYMERS
Some manufacturers - BASF; Sabic
Trade names - Luran S; Geloy
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density at 20oC g cm-3 1.06-1.1; 1.18 (15% glass fiber)
o
Bulk density at 20 C g cm -3 0.6
Refractive index, 20 Co - 1.57-1.677
o
Gloss, 60 , Gardner (ASTM D523) % 93-94
Odor - faint specific
Melting temperature, DSC o
C 180-200
Softening point o
C >85 to >100
Decomposition temperature o
C 320; 395(TGA onset)
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Acid dilute/concentrated - resistant
Alcohols - resistant-fair
Alkalis - resistant
Aliphatic hydrocarbons - resistant
Aromatic hydrocarbons - non-resistant
Esters - non-resistant
Greases & oils - resistant
Halogenated hydrocarbons - non-resistant
Ketones - non-resistant
Good solvent - chloroform, dichlorobenzene, diethyl ether, DMF, ethyl benzo-
ate, ethyl chloride, mesityl oxide, methyl chloride, methyl
propyl ketone, xylene
Non-solvent - acetamide, ethylene glycol, glycerin, triethanolamine
FLAMMABILITY
Flammability according to UL-94 class HB
standard; thickness 1.6/0.8 mm
Ignition temperature o
C >400
Autoignition temperature o
C >400
Limiting oxygen index % O2 19
Char at 500 C o % 1.12
Volatile products of combustion - CO, CO2, cyanides, ammonia, acrylonitrile, styrene, nitrogen
WEATHER STABILITY
Tensile strength retention % 104 (40 months outdoors)
Erosion rate (exposure for 10 m year -1 8.8E-10 (Florida) 12.0E-10 (Arizona)
years)
Stabilizers - UV absorbers: 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-p-cresol; 2-(2H-
benzotriazole-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol; 2-(2H-
benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetraethylbutyl)phenol;
2-[4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-5-(octyloxy)
phenol; HAS: 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, N,N’’’[1,2-ethane-
diyl-bis[[[4,6-bis[butyl(1,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)
amino]-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl]imino]-3,1-propanediyl]-bis[N’,N’’-
dibutyl-N’,N’’-bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-;
bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate; 2,2,6,6-tet-
ramethyl-4-piperidinyl stearate; 1, 6-hexanediamine, N,
N’-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-, polymers with
2,4-dichloro-6-(4-morpholinyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 1,6-hexanedi-
amine, N,N’-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-, polymers
with morpholine-2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine reaction products,
methylated; Phenolic antioxidant: phenol, 4-methyl-, reaction
products with dicyclopentadiene and isobutene; Screener:
carbon black
BIODEGRADATION
Stabilizers silver compound is added to Luran S BX 13042 to impart its Anon., Plast. Addit. Compounding,
surface with germicidal effect Nov/Dec., p. 19, 2008.
TOXICITY
HMIS: Health, Flammability, Re- - 1/1/0
activity rating
Carcinogenic effect - not listed by ACGIH, NIOSH, NTP
PROCESSING
Typical processing methods - extrusion, injection molding, thermoforming
Preprocess drying: temperature/ oC/h/% 80-90/2-6/0.02-0.04
time/residual moisture
Processing temperature oC 225-280 (injection molding); 200-230 (pipe extrusion); 200-250
(sheet extrusion)
Processing pressure MPa 0.3-1 (back); 5-10 (injection)
Additives used in final products - Fillers: carbon black, glass beads; release agents; thermal
stabilizers
Applications - exterior cable enclosures, impact modifier for PC, large screen
displays, marine applications, mirrors for personal watercraft,
pool accessories, profiles, recreational vehicle antennas, sheet
outdoor furnishings, ski bindings, skylights, spas
ANALYSIS
FTIR (wavenumber-assignment) cm-1/- C=O – 1733, C-O-C – 1169, CH3 – 1387, 1456 Tomar, N; Maiti, S N, J. Appl.
Polym. Sci., 113, 1657-63, 2009.
GENERAL
Common name - bromobutyl rubber
Acronym - BIIR
CAS number - 68441-14-5
HISTORY
Person to discover - R A Crawford and R T Morrissey
Date - 1954
Details - BFGoodrich researchers obtained 3 patents for bromination of
butyl rubber
SYNTHESIS
Isoprene contents mol% 1.7-2 Xiong, X; Wang, J; Jia, H; Fang,
E; Ding, L, Polym. Deg. Stab., 98,
2208-14, 2013.
Bromine contents wt% 1.8-2.2
Method of synthesis - the manufacture of the bromobutyl rubber is a two step pro-
cess: the polymerization of isobutylene and isoprene to pro-
duce butyl rubber, followed by bromination to form bromobutyl
rubber; a slurry of fine particles of butyl rubber dispersed in
methyl chloride is formed in the reactor after Lewis acid initia-
tion; bromine is added to the butyl solution in highly agitated
reaction vessels
Catalyst - aluminum trichloride, alkyl aluminum dichloride, boron
trifluoride, tin tetrachloride, and titanium tetrachloride
Mass average molecular weight, dalton, g/ 350,000-450,000
Mw mol, amu
Polydispersity, Mw/Mn - 1.5
STRUCTURE
Trans content % 50-60 (isoprenyl units)
COMMERCIAL POLYMERS
Some manufacturers - ExxonMobil; Lanxess
Trade names - Bromobutyl rubber; Bromobutyl
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density at 20oC g cm-3 0.92-0.93
Color - amber
Odor - none to mild
Decomposition temperature o
C >170
Activation energy of thermal kJ mol-1 213 Xiong, X; Wang, J; Jia, H; Fang,
decomposition E; Ding, L, Polym. Deg. Stab., 98,
2208-14, 2013.
Thermal conductivity W m-1 0.125 Xiong, X; Wang, J; Jia, H; Fang,
E; Ding, L, Polym. Deg. Stab., 98,
K-1
2208-14, 2013.
Long term service temperature o
C 316 (dry), 232 (wet)
Vicat temperature VST/A/50 o
C 85
Permeability to oxygen, 25oC cm mm 3 0.71-0.78
m-2 day-1
mm Hg-1
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Acid dilute/concentrated - good
Alkalis - good
Aliphatic hydrocarbons - poor
Aromatic hydrocarbons - poor
Halogenated hydrocarbons - poor
FLAMMABILITY
Ignition temperature o
C >210
Autoignition temperature o
C >300
Volatile products of combustion - CO, CO2
TOXICITY
NFPA: Health, Flammability, - 1/1/0; 1/1/0 (HMIS)
Reactivity rating
Carcinogenic effect - not listed by ACGIH, NIOSH, NTP
PROCESSING
Typical processing methods - calendering, mixing, molding, vulcanization
Processing temperature o
C 150 (vulcanization)
Process time min 20
Additives used in final products - accelerator (MTBS); antidegradants (amine type), antioxidant;
curing agents (ZnO, Zn stearate); fillers (carbon black and
mineral fillers, such as silica, clays, talc, whiting), peroxide
(e.g. dicumyl); release agent (metal stearates), retarder
(MgO); plasticizers (petroleum based oils), sulfur; tackifying
resins (phenolic, phenol-formaldehyde, phenol-acetylene,
hydrocarbon resins; UV stabilizer (carbon black)
Applications - automobile tires, conveyor belts, hoses, membranes, pharma-
ceutical stoppers, seals, protective clothing, tank lining, tire
interliners
Outstanding properties - fast cure, low gas transition temperature, low permeability to
air, gases, moisture, processing safety
BLENDS
Suitable polymers - butyl rubber, chlorobutyl rubber, EPDM, SBR
GENERAL
Common name - polybismaleimide
IUPAC name - poly[N,N’-(1,4-phenylene)dimaleimide]
CAS name - [1,1’-bi-1H-pyrrole]-2,2’,5,5’-tetrone, homopolymer
Acronym - BMI
CAS number - 62238-79-3, 26140-67-0
SYNTHESIS
Monomer(s) structure - C2H2(CO)2O; diamine
Monomer(s) CAS number(s) - 108-31-6; large number of amines used
Monomer(s) molecular weight(s) dalton, g/ 98.06; from 100 to over 500
mol, amu
Method of synthesis - maleic anhydride and diamines are reacted in the presence of Jiang, B; Hao, J; Wang, W; Jiang,
catalyst such as triethylamine, these are further cured to form L; Cai, X, Eur. Polym. J., 37, 463-
crosslinked polymers. Thermal curing is promoted by the pres- 70, 2001.
ence of radical or ionic initiators. BMI can also be synthesized
by Diels-Alder reaction (see ref.)
Temperature of polymerization o
C 225-290
Time of polymerization h 0.5
Catalyst - triethylamine
Yield % 93-97 (Diels-Alder)
Activation energy of polymeriza- kJ mol-1 87.8-111.9
tion
COMMERCIAL POLYMERS
Some manufacturers - Hexcel, Huntsman; Neopreg
Trade names - HexPly, Kerimid; Kinel
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density at 20oC g cm-3 1.25-1.27
Melting temperature, DSC o
C 90-360; 166-202 (naphthalene-containing)
Storage temperature o
C <0
Shelf life month 12 (at -18oC); 6 (at 4oC)
Decomposition temperature o
C 400-430
Thermal expansion coefficient, o
C -1 4.9-5.2E-5
23-80oC
Glass transition temperature o
C 316-380; 225-232 (wet); 291-334 (naphthalene-containig) Wang, C-S; Hwang, H-J, J. Appl.
Polym. Sci., 60, 857-63, 1996.
Maximum service temperature o
C 232 (short term); 316 (structural integrity)
Long term service temperature o
C -75 to 204
High temperature stability (spe- 400-430 Kumar, D; Kaur, J, J. Macromol.
cial grades) Sci., Part A: Pure Appl. Chem., 29,
11, 267-275, 1992.
Dielectric constant at 100 Hz/1 - 3.09/3.4-3.7; 3.31 (47% glass fiber)
MHz
Elongation % 3
Flexural strength MPa 637.8 (53% glass fiber); 917 (60% carbon fabric)
Flexural modulus MPa 31,100; 56,800 (carbon fabric)
Compressive strength MPa 480.6 (53% glass fiber); 889 (carbon fabric)
Fracture toughness MPa 0.46-0.97
m(1/2)
Strain energy release rate, G1C kJ m-2 0.067
Shear strength MPa 96.5 (carbon fiber); 120 (carbon fabric)
Shrinkage % 0.007 (cure)
Water absorption, equilibrium in % 3.8-4.4
water at 23oC
Moisture absorption, equilibrium % 4.3
23oC/50% RH
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Alcohols - poor
Aromatic hydrocarbons - good
Esters - poor
Halogenated hydrocarbons - poor
Ketones - poor
Good solvent - methylethylketone, methylisobutylketone, dichloromethane,
chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, methanol, ethanol, and
hot toluene
Non-solvent - DMAC, DMSO, chloroform
FLAMMABILITY
NBS smoke chamber mg m-3 0.025
Burning rate (Flame spread 10
index)
Toxicity of smoke HCN 5-10
(ppm)
Char at 500oC % 7.6-18.5 (air); 43-71 (nitrogen); 43-44 (700oC) Liu, Y-L; Chen, Y-J, Polymer, 45,
1797-1804, 2004; Surender, R;
Mahendran, A; Than araichelvan,
A; Alam, S; Vijayakumar, C T, Ther-
mochim. Acta, 562, 11-21, 2013.
TOXICITY
Oral rat, LD50 mg kg-1 >2,000
Skin rabbit, LD50 mg kg-1 >5,400
PROCESSING
Typical processing methods - curing by free radical mechanism, prepreg preparation
Processing temperature o
C 177-191; post cure at 232-246
Processing pressure kPa 586 (vacuum)
Process time h 6-4; post-cure time: 8
Applications - prepreg systems used in civil and military aircrafts, electrical
boards, adhesives
Outstanding properties - dimensional stability at high temperatures, high service tem-
perature, low thermal conductivity
BLENDS
Suitable polymers - PEI, PEEK, PES, silicone
ANALYSIS
FTIR (wavenumber-assignment) cm-1/- C=O 1775-1780, 1710-1720; C-N-C 1390-1400; C=C Wang, C-S; Hwang, H-J, J. Appl.
680-690 Polym. Sci., 60, 857-63, 1996.
GENERAL
Common name - polybenzoxazine Ghosh, N N; Kiskan, B; Yagci, Y,
Prog. Polym. Sci., 32, 1344-91,
2007.
IUPAC name - 3-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine
Acronym - BZ
HISTORY
Person to discover - Holly, F W; Cope, A C Ghosh, N N; Kiskan, B; Yagci, Y,
Prog. Polym. Sci., 32, 1344-91,
2007.
Date - 1944
Details - condensation reaction of primary amines with formaldehyde
and phenol
STRUCTURE
Crystallinity % 0 Kim, W-K; Mattice, W L, Compu-
tational Theoretical Polym. Sci., 8,
3/4, 353-61, 1998.
COMMERCIAL POLYMERS
Some manufacturers - Henkel, Huntsman
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density at 20oC g cm-3 1.1-1.19 Parkpoom, L; Wongkasemjit, S;
Chaisuwan, T, Mater. Sci. Eng. A,
527, 77-84, 2009.